Political Science 147 Final Exam Study Guide

Governance Indicators

"Traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised." -Process that government is selected, monitored, and replaced -capacity of government to formulate and implement sound policies -respect of citizens and state for the institutions that govern them -Responses indexed onto a scale of +/- 2.5. 0 = Neutral, +2.5 = good, -2.5=bad. Countries are ranked in percentile terms so can compare nations to each other over time

Civil society strength in Egypt versus Tunisia

Egypt -90% Muslim, 74% literacy, 12 years of education, 36% of pop are active internet users Tunisia -98% Muslim, 79% literacy, 15 years of education, 40% of pop. active internet users

Control of Corruption

Extent public power is exercised for private gain, as well as capture of state by elite and private interests

demonstration effects

an event in one place acts as a catalyst for a similar process in another place at approximately the same point in time. Waves of democratization by region --Arab Spring

Regulatory quality

-Ability to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit/promote private sector development

Muslim Brotherhood's role in democratization in Egypt vs. Ennahdha's role in Tunisia

- ballots not bullets -though officially illegal, has proven to be the largest and most effective non-violent opposition movement, politically and socially within mainstream Egyptian society -political party inspired by Muslim Brotherhood, formed right after collapse of Ben Ali's govt helped bring about Tunisia's first free and fair elections in 2011

Conflict minerals

--Like diamonds that rebel groups can smuggle and sell to fund rebellion like buying weapons

Symptoms of a failed or failing state; Failed State Index

-Cannot enforce rules in own territory, or portion of it -No monopoly over legitimate use of force -Not able to use permanent institutional apparatus to provide public services, including basic security, to citizens

Extractive Political Institution

-Concentrate political power in elite and place few constraints on them -Elites extract resources from the rest of society. Economic institutions are structured by this elite to extract resources from the rest of society -Nations fail when extractive institutions continue over long periods because extraction better elites than losing power, even though results are bad for nations -Economic growth is possible in the short term if: -Elites can allocate resources to high productivity activities that they control (rentier states)-A centralized state limits inclusive economic institutions to specific sectors of the economy, in order not to jeopardize overall political control (CHINA) -Ultimately lead economic failure -Feedback loop between extractive economic and political institutions. Economic power is used to secure political power and vice versa.

Social Criteria of Failed or failing state

-DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURES - natural disasters, disease, population growth, food and water scarcity -REFUGEES/IDPs (REF)- presence of refugee camps -GROUP GRIEVANCES (GG) - ethnic or religious violence, discrimination -HUMAN FLIGHT - migration per capita, human capital, migration of educated population (brain drain)

Impact of the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution in England

-Emergence of democratic pluralism after Glorious Revolution as critical juncture for Britain as opposed to Soviet Union. -Limited power of the king and the executive which led to the first inclusive political institutions. Due to this, economic institutions started to become more inclusive -Government adopted more property rights -Foundation for a pluralistic society -Government adopted set of economic institutions that provided incentives for investment, trade and innovation (property rights, arbitrary taxation abolished, monopolies abolished) -Two major factors: centralized state and constraint on monarch and executive power

Causes of state failure

-Experience of colonialism and the way resources and territory are arbitrarily decided 1. leader and associates concentrate power, usually in a dictator and connected family/ethnic narrow group 2. As a result, distribution of economic and political power is likely to appear both unfair and not subject to change under rules of the game 3. Group in power siphons off state wealth to feed power base: visible and excessive corruption leads to decline in legitimacy 4. Increase unable to deliver public services and divert state resources to narrow elite. Lack of economic resources, population growth, too inefficient to collect taxes, refugees/military spending demand more spending -With declining legitimacy, elites repress to stay in power, which further drains state funding for military and police -Violence can trigger violent counter reaction. Especially when rebels have viable sources of funding like conflict minerals, topography supports guerrilla tactics, or neighboring countries in turmoil an provide bases for rebel activity • Summary ○ Leaders with narrow political base ○ Distribution of wealth and state power appears unfair and unchangeable ○ Leaders corruption; use of state resources ○ Over time, shocks endanger state's ability to both deliver public services and continue distributing rents to their own narrow base; legitimacy declines more ○ Elites begin to repress population ○ Population reacts violently ○ ->downward spiral

England and E Europe/Russia

-Feudal economy: peasants could not leave land without permission of lord. Owed lord unpaid labor in return for some use of land -Black Death causes severe labor scarcity -Lords attempt to increase unpaid work days required of peasants -Peasants threaten to leave for lord with fewer unpaid days, or move to growing towns

Civil Liberties

-Free and independent media and other forms of cultural expression? -Religious institutions and communities free to practice their faith and express themselves in public and private? -academic freedom? educational system free of extensive political indoctrination? -Freedom of assembly, demonstration, and open public discussion? -Freedom of NGOs, trade unions and peasant orgs and collective bargaining? -right to own property and establish private businesses independent of unduly influence by external forces? -independent judiciary? -rule of law prevail in civil and criminal matters? Police under direct civilian control? -protection from political terror, unjustified imprisonment, or torture? -laws policies, practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of population? -open and free private discussion? -freedom of travel or residence, employment, or institution or higher education? -Personal social freedoms, including gender equality, marriage partners, am size? -Equality of opportunity and absence of economic exploitation?

Effect of topography on state failure

-mountain ranges, rivers and jungles are ideal for guerrilla warfare common of small rebel groups against larger more equipped militaries -more places for wanted people to hide and harder to eliminate problem, people/groups

Difference in England and E Europe/Russia

-In England, lords bargain with peasants to keep them because the threat for them to leave is credible, conditions for them to improve. Power of lords declines, feudalism declines, and workers gain bargaining strength -E Europe, fewer towns than England and further apart, land larger and more consolidated, making threats invalid so lose rights and more repressed. Power of lords increase. -England on course to be inclusive political institution, while E Europe on course to be repressive/extractive political institution.

Political Regime in Pakistan after Independence

-Independence Party represented economic elites -Not internally democratic -Foundational leadership dies slowly after independence, leading to fragmentation -Pakistan fails to establish democracy -Military coup in 1958 leads to long term record of repeated attempts to establish democracy that always end in coups -Pakistan's first prime minister (Liaquat Ali Khan) had record for longest tenure as prime minister 63 years later -First free elections (1970) after the coup even results in a civil war and split of Pakistan into two countries

Ethnic divisions in post-partition india vs post-partition pakistan

-India: more fragmented than pakistan ethnically but mostly united under one party. Castes based on ethnic, linguistic and religious lines. Religiously homogenous. -West Pakistan ethnically divided -Linguistically divided but official language the language of elites -East Pakistan (Bangladesh) ethnically homogenous -Both East and West Pakistan religiously homogenous

Political Regime in Bangladesh after Independence

-Initially establishes democratic government through elections in 1973 -Famine in 1974 leads to declaration of martial law and assassination of first elected Prime Minister in coup -Subsequent attempts to establish free elections end in coups -Since the 1990s, Bangladesh has mostly had elected governments, but it is only partly free, with its elected governments frequently challenged by violence, protests, and boycotts by opposition parties due to improper attempts by the government to suppress dissent

Problems with rentier states

-Lack of diversity in local economy -Price fluctuations cause by dependency on world markets -Income inequality is exacerbated -No incentive to industrialize/modernize economy -Increase opportunity for corrupt use of income received from rents -Lack of accountability to citizens -No need for fiscal system to tax people

Principle of bad neighbors

-Neighboring countries also in turmoil and provide bases for rebel activity, increase prospects of violent rebellion -problems and people leak over borders, having an effect on your stability because adds stress

Douglas North

-New Institutionalist: Economic growth determined by quality of institutions that support markets (property rights, transaction costs like contracts and credit) -Institutions: Humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions -Constraints: Formal rules such as constitutions, laws, and property rights -Informal Restraints: Sanctions, taboos, traditions, and codes of conduct. North's Stages of Economic Development 1. Local village exchange 2. interconnected regions exchange 3. Long distance trade a. Agency - Transfer goods b. Contract - enforce it 4. Development and rise of capital markets 5. Overwhelmingly urban (globalized specialization)

Political regime in india after independence

-Newly independent India establishes a democratic government -Parliamentary System -One prime minister (Jawaharlal Nehru) 1947-1964 -One strong political party -Worlds largest democracy, with regular free and fair elections -Multi party system provides representation for a variety of identities and interests (363 parties ran in 2009 and 15 parties won representation in legislature) -High turnout and peaceful transfers of power -Free press and civil society -Widespread support for democracy among voters -Federalism: Substantial powers to states, addresses cultural aspiration of different regions, allows for sharing and transfer of resources -State Policies: Affirmative action for under-represented minorities, Expanding social net->Providing rural employment guarantee program for poorest districts in India

Political stability and absence of violence

-Perceptions of likelihood of destabilizing or overthrow by unconstitutional means, including domestic violence and terrorism

Voice and accountability

-Perceptions of participation in selecting their government, freedom of expression, association, free media

Inclusive Political Institution

-Promote economic prosperity -Secure private property rights for majority of people which ensures willingness to invest because people have a stake in it. -Rule of law, physical security, enforcement of contracts -Provide public goods and services, including investment in infrastructure -State is only entity capable of providing all these services -Inclusive institutions are only stable when supported by both inclusive economic and political institutions. -Combination of inclusive and exclusive no bueno -Countries thrive on inclusive

Government effectiveness

-Quality of public and civil services, degree of independence from political pressures, policy formulation and implementation, credibility of commitment to such policies

Political criteria

-STATE LEGITIMACY - corruption, level of democracy, political participation, drug trade, political protests, illicit economy, government effectiveness -PUBLIC SERVICES - quality of healthcare, education provision, water/sanitation, roades/infrastructure, energy reliability, criminality, policing, internet access -HUMAN RIGHTS AND RULE OF LAW - civil liberties, human trafficking, torture, political prisoners, executions, press freedom, religious persecution -SECURITY APPARATUS - riots, small arms proliferation, military coups, rebel activity, bombings, fatalities from conflict -FRACTIONALIZED ELITES - power struggles, defectors, flawed elections -EXTERNAL INTERVENTION - sanctions, peacekeepers, foreign military intervention, credit rating

freedom house rankings. What they are, how they are scored, how to determine Free, Partly Free and Not Free States

-Score political and civil liberties 1-7 and civil 1-7. 1 being fully free and 7 being least free -1975: 25% free -2008 & 2014: 46% free -Countries with declines since 2008 have outnumbered gains

Dangers of failed states

-Since 1990's, wars in and among failed states have killed 8 million people and displaced another 4 million -Failed states have high cost to human life -breeding grounds of instability, mass migration, and murder, and reservoirs/exporters of terror. -Failed states are havens for criminal activity because state authorities to weak to enforce laws -Failed states export instability to neighbors and globally -Exporters of drugs, human trafficking, and mercenaries (increase risk of escalating conflict in the region)

Failed State Index

-Since 2005, done by Foreign Policy -Attempt quantify characteristics with 12 criteria: Social, economic, political -Up to 10 in each category and added, higher score=more symptoms of failure. Max 120, -70-80 is in danger -50-70 is borderline -Renamed as fragile states index

Effect of inequality/equality on democratic stability

-Stable democracy most likely at moderate levels, when middle class is substantial in size -inequality too low: fear of revolution will be low and popular demands will be easy to subside with short term payoffs rather than power sharing -Inequality too high: costs of power sharing seem threatening to elite so they repress rather than grant concessions -inequality is moderate: population will have incentive to demand share of power and elites see power sharing as less costly than repression ----> to democratization

license raj

-State led economic model from 1950s-1980s -The Licence Raj or Permit Raj is the elaborate system of licences, regulations and accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990 -The "permit, license, quota Raj": high level of state regulation (excessive need for government permits and licenses to operate businesses)->Consistent with with ISI but also intended to provide sources of patronage to sustain the Congress Party and political stability Why -In India, resources were primarily used for the purpose of containing conflict, rather than promoting development -Patronage (intended to keep the Congress Party in power) was considered necessary for political stability, and therefore inflated state expenditures, bureaucracy, and regulations that stifled growth

Implications of Weber's definition

-States that fail to coordinate unregulated militaries are not functional states -functional states function by reproducing the forms of violence that sustain existing social power relationships and suppressing forms of violence that threaten to disrupt them

Weber's definition of state

-That organization that has monopoly on legit use of physical force within a given territory -police and military main instruments of this force, but can be private groups as long as legitimacy derived from state -set of institutions that claim the right to make binding decisions for people within territory -Permanent admin apparatus with jurisdiction over a define territory

Economic Criteria of failed or failing state

-UNEVEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (GINI Index), urban-rural service gap, slum population -POVERTY AND ECONOMIC DECLINE - gdp/capita, gap growth, unemployment, government debt, and inflation

Hernando de Soto. Main argument and findings

-Went to test peruvian economy. How long and how much to set up a legal business? -289 days and $1,231 (32x the min salary) -Legal barriers and regulations are strangling economy, bribery and corruption rampant, forcing people into informal sector which was not a good option -individual property rights are key to growth, peru lacked legitimate contracts and credit -Informal sector grew more slowly because it lacked protection of formal, but formal sector was inefficient because of regulation -Need to make it possible for informal to become formal without excessive costs, advance rule of law -Capitalism works in west because poor given property rights so they can create wealth

Origins of Bangladeshi Independence

-West Pakistanis outnumbered East Pakistanis five to one in the civil service. Disparity was higher in the army -Political control and and bureaucratic control in West Pakistan, especially during military regime -Ethnic and linguistic differences --Imposition of Urdu as the official language, perceived preferences for West Pakistani economic policy made the Bengalis resentful of West Pakistan domination -civil war 1970 after pakistan fails to stabilize democratic rules-East Pakistan politician wins election. West favored and higher numbers cause bengali resentment->Pakistani military represses Awami party. -But east dominated in registered voters even though poorer and less power, but they had higher population so east wins and the other side refuses to accept and instead represses the East. East declares independence which leads to war backed by India -Established democracy but famine, protests, violence make it only partly free now

Resurrection of civil society

-after people power steps play out and softliners win, dem opposition gains traction -costs and risks of protest go down with government softliner leniency so more people participate in protest -demo elite begin to negotiate with softliners regarding conditions of transition, and it may result in democracy

effect of economic performance (growth rate) on regime stability

-countries that are performing well economically are more likely to sustain stable political regimes and vice versa -authoritarian more instability than democracy because they have less natural legitimacy

People power

-democracy results from active pressure by a democratic opposition combined with a vulnerable and divided authoritarian elite 1. most authoritarian regimes have a basic legitimacy problem. -Legitimacy: Popular acceptance of a government's authority --Government in China is legitimate because it delivers -Deep legitimacy: This set of rules for determining who gets to govern is better than any other set of rules 2. Legitimacy problem grows acute because of performance failure and becomes visible to regime through protest -Women and students are first to protest 3. Authoritarian elites split over how to address legitimacy problems into hardliners and softliners. 4. If hardliners win, they get repressed and democratization stops. If softliners win, democratic opposition takes this as an opportunity. --If softeners win: RESURRECTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY->as the costs and risks of protest go down, more people participate in protest --Democratic elites begin to negotiate with SOFTLINERS regarding conditions of transition ---May result in democracy

Regional records of success with democracy

-europe - free 88%, partly free 12% -Americas - free 67%, partly free 29%, not free 3% -asia pacific - 41% free, 36% partly free, 23% not free -africa - 20% free, 37% partly free, 43% not free -mid-east/n africa - 11% free, 17% partly free, 72% -Eurasia - 0% free, 42% partly-free, 58% not free

Rule of Law

-extent that agents confident in and abide by rules of society, especially quality of contract enforcement, property rights, police, courts, as well as likelihood of crime and violence

Political liberties

-head of government and legislature elected through free and fair elections? -electoral laws and framework fair? -people have right to organize in different parties and system open to rise and fall of competing parties? -sign of opposition vote and realistic opportunity for opposition to increase support or gain power through elections? -Cultural, ethnic, religious, or other minorities have full political rights? -People's political choices free from domination by military, foreign powers, totalitarian parties, religious hierarchies, economic oligarchies, or any powerful group? -freely elected reps determine policies of government? -government free from pervasive corruption? -government accountable to the electorate between elections and does it operate with transparency?

Definition of democracy

-meaningful and extensive competition -highly inclusive political participation -a level of civil and political liberties sufficient to ensure the integrity of political competition and participation

Muslim League

-origins: 1906 all india muslim league started as one group for muslim state and represented interests of landed and commercial elite -characteristics: lacked mass base like INCP so not as unified -1930s: Pushes for formation of a majority Muslim state in NW India under influence of Punjab poet Muhammed Iqbal leadership: both prominent leaders die shortly after independence so lack guidance and fractionalizes and ends up competing --Jinnah becomes first governor-general of Pakistan but dies in 1948 --Ali Khan becomes first prime minister but is assassinated in 1951 -1953: Muslim league splinters into several parties

Indian National Congress party

-origins: Established 1885, in 1907 openly advocated for Indian independence -Leadership: 1915 Ghandi becomes president and starts civil disobedience campaign -1920-1940: Indian National Congress Party expands across India establishing state-level branches, ending high dues and practices discriminating on basis of race or caste; also introduces the principle of election for leadership posts in party -1947-52: A congress dominated Assembly delivers a constitution establishing democracy

religious backgrounds that most favor or inhibit democracy

-protestant: good. Work ethic, aestheticism -catholic: sort of good, still Christian -other:not very good (confucian, hindus, buddhist) -muslim: bad -more intense fat practice, more likely that religion undermine democratic political culture and hurt democacy

Key elements of weber's state

-territory -enforces rules -capacity to use force -institutions/administrative apparatus -stability -legitimacy As opposed to: government which has group of people who control and make decisions for a country (legislators, administrators, president) Regime - form of government, system of management, set of rules for determining who gets to make the decisions for a country

Elements of a democratic political culture

-tolerance -compromise -belief in value of participation -literacy -social trust -efficacy -positive evaluations of democracy/government

Bangladesh's achievement of poverty reduction

1. Family planning: empowering women, free voluntary contraception, spread of primary education 2. tripling of rice harvest from 1971-2010 through introduction of new rice varieties that could be grown elsewhere 3. Grameen: originates in Bangladesh and spreads quickly there 4. NGOs: Bangladesh rehabilitation assistance committee (BRAC) and others started right after way but today provide poverty relief, health care, education, legal aid and development promotion

Morocco

1. Monarchy 2. Significant peaceful protests 3. some democratic reform but monarchy still in place 4. no oil, puts king under pressure because he can't buy his way out 5. high internet use, more western influences and organization 6. did not defect 7. played no role

Syria

1. Personalized dictatorship 2. violent protests, civil war 3. still ongoing civil war because lack of united opposition facing hardliners 4. some oil, 80% of government budget comes from oil revenues 5. not much internet use 6. fairly united in support of Assad 7. assad had support of iran, russia, china. US does not like assad nut not aiding instability because it could be worse. Assad faces little international dissent

Saudi Arabia

1. monarchy 2. minor protests 3. monarchy still in place, quickly paid off in other areas with oil rents 4. big oil state 5. moderate internet use 6. stuck with government 7. little outside pressure because has 1/5 of oil reserves

Bahrain

1. monarchy 2. significant violent protests 3. repressed successfully, monarchy stil in place 4. not much oil 5. high internet usage 6. no role, saudi military put down protests 7. US supported peaceful protesters, Saudi Arabia concerned for ethnic divides deepened by the king

Tunisia

1. not monarchy, personalized dictatorship 2. resurrection of civil society with government repression and military softlining 3. successful overthrow, mostly peaceful 4. gdp has grown 3.1%. Not a major oil producer. Mainly on manufacturing/services 5. highest internet usage in africa, likely why tunisia started arab spring rather than another state 6. unified and professionalized military reluctant to shoot at protestors, defected 7. US had little influence, outside actors on sidelines because events moved too fast to predict

Egypt

1. personalized dictatorship 2. overthrown with peaceful protest in one month 3. successful overthrow, mostly peaceful 4. not major oil producer, less promising than tunisia but still looking good 5. internet placed crucial role in organizing protests, especially young people 6. united and professionalized military, military did not approve of mubarak's son coming into power. Defected 7. US interested in keeping stable and allied, supported Mubarak when he wanted reform, later supported his resignation

Yemen

1. personalized dictatorship 2. violent protests, more extended than tunisia or egypt 3. successful overthrow but less peacefull, still unstable with tribal divides 4. not major oil producer 19% of gdp 5. low internet usage so less coordinated efforts 6. military splits, some defected and and attempted to assassinate saleh, others use violence towards protesters 7. US nervous of instability because could turn to al-qaeda, but don't want excessive violence--saudi arabia and them negotiate saleh out without full democracy

Libya

1. personalized dictatorship 2. violent rebel protests, civil war, gaddafi murdered 3. rebels formed united leadership with international recognition, violent transition 4. oil based economy 5. low interenet usage 6. parts of military defected to rebels 7. US tells gaddafi to resign. UN able to put no-fly zone. Gaddafi forced to flee and eventually killed

Hardliners vs softliners

Hardliners - Want to solve by repressing dissenters. Softliners - want to solve by loosening some restrictions and letting the dissenters vent

Examples of top failing states

South sudan, somalia, central african republic, congo, sudan, chad, afghanistan, yemen, haiti, pakistan, zimbabwe

Rentier States

Rentier States: -State that relies exclusively on: -External revenue -Revenue flows exclusively controlled by state -Revenue that requires few people to produce -Rentier States do not need to extract taxes from population to function -Make few demands on population and population do not make demands for accountability -State never develops capacity -Due to surplus of resources, rentier states buy political loyalty -Usually ineffective autocracies

India vs China vs Brazil on Governance Indicators

china PS, GE, RQ india RL, CC brazil VC Advantage - china 3/6 / india 2/6 /brazil 1/6

Dense civil society: effects on democracy

civil society: voluntary civic and social organizations or institutions dense civil society: lots of organizations with overlapping membership more dense civil society leads to sustaining stable democracy because it promotes democratic political culture of tolerance and participation. Respect and value of others you may disagree with. -Holding government accountable

effects of ethnic diversity on democracy

monoethnic countries more likely to sustain stable democracy than multi-ethnic countries low social trust, tolerance, compromise in multiethnic, more likely to have conflict