Political Science Exam 3
Which of these groups vote at above average rates?
-college-educated individuals -upper-income Americans
Republicans are ______ times more likely than Democrats to say that Fox is their main source of news.
13
In the 1970s, the average reader devoted more than 30 minutes to reading the printed newspaper. That average is now ______ minutes.
16
In a properly drawn sample with a 3-percent sample error, 20% of 100 respondents indicate they intend to vote for a ballot measure. This means that there is high probability that between ______ percent of all voters actually plan to vote for the ballot measure.
17 to 23
Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in the United States?
19th
Approximately how many nonmembership organizations are registered with the Texas Ethics Commission?
2,000
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended voting rights to eighteen-year-olds?
26th
In 1980, the viewers of ABC, CBS, and NBC evening news were roughly 40 years of age, on average. Today that average is roughly ______ years of age.
60
In the United States, the voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ______ percent.
60
African Americans are an important part of the Democratic Party's coalition; nearly ______ percent of them regularly vote for Democrats.
90
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95 percent
Who would be least likely to be a member of a professional association?
A bank teller
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer.)
Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns. Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office.
The media's function of ______ setting refers to the media's ability to determine what the public thinks is important.
Agenda setting
The political socialization process takes place through ______ of socialization.
Agents
Which of the following types of interest groups is classified as an economic type?
Agriculture
Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?
Alienation
Which of the following best describes the voting electorate after the expansion of voting rights during the era of Jacksonian democracy?
All White Males
What relationship does the national Democratic or Republican Party have with the state and local parties?
All three levels are independent but work together.
The effort of the writers of the Constitution to devise a governing system that would guard against tyranny of the majority resulted in which consequence?
America's system of divided power provides abundant opportunities for interest groups to achieve their policy goals.
Why is participation in local organizations twice as high in the United States as it is in Europe?
Americans are more likely to attend church and engage in church-related community work. Americans have an incentive to participate because there is more local control over policy in the United States than in Europe.
If you were lobbying Congress, what would be the safest strategy for you to use?
Be aboveboard with members.
Which of the following nations has the highest average voter turnout rate?
Belgium
What protest movement of the modern era has had the most lasting effect?
Black Civil Right
All party organizations have a responsibility to ______.
Build support among voters
Among economic groups, which type are the most numerous?
Business Groups
Which of the cable news networks most fully treats news as a form of entertainment?
CNN
Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead role in elections now lies with the ______.
Candidate
Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______-centered campaigns.
Candidate
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered? (Choose every correct answer.)
Candidates organize their own campaigns. The same parties are represented nationwide.
Support for poverty programs is highest among which two religious denominations?
Catholics, Jews
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to ______.
Change in the same direction
People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in ______.
Civic Duty
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
Class-based European organizations encourage participation. Americans face more voter registration requirements.
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a party ______.
Coalition
______ goods are those that belong to all people and cannot be withheld on an individual basis, such as clean air or water.
Collective
Which of the following statements best describes collective bargaining?
Collective bargaining is the process of negotiation between an employer and a group of employees so as to determine the conditions of employment.
The incentives that most noneconomic groups offer include ______.
Collective goods
Which of the following is an example of a group that cannot draw strength from geographic distribution?
Commercial shrimp fisherman
The media carry out a(n)__function when they disseminate information from political leaders to the public.
Common Carrier
Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?
Congress
In general, which political values do white evangelical Protestants support?
Conservative Values
Which of the following types of interest groups is not classified as an economic interest group?
Consumer
Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?
Cross Cutting
_____ is a service that alerts local newsrooms to topics that are trending on social media.
CrowdTriangle
One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are ______.
Cumulative
Opponents of voter ID laws tend to be ______.
Democrats
The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
Diminished
______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.
Direction
Local party organizations generally play an active role ______.
During Campaign Periods
In general, Americans who believe that the government should not interfere with the free market are ______.
Economic Conservatives
In general, Americans who believe that government should use its power to help people who are economically disadvantaged are ______.
Economic liberals
An activity in which an interest group engages in order to influence the outcome of an election is known as
Electioneering
______ refers to the various activities in which interest groups engage to try to influence the outcome of elections.
Electioneering
The elimination of the___meant that radio stations no longer had to air a conservative talk show if they aired a liberal one.
Fairness
Stories on the Internet that maintained the coronavirus pandemic was a hoax perpetuated by Democrats in order to damage President Trump are an example of ______.
Fake News
True or false: Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States.
False
True or false: An enormous group such as the taxpayers of the United States can exert a major influence on public policy.
False
True or false: CNN has continued to emphasize hard news rather than sensationalism.
False
True or false: Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines.
False
True or false: Local, state, and national party organizations are hierarchical in structure.
False
True or false: Long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship and political division do not have an impact on political socialization.
False
True or false: Members of minority groups, secular-minded people, and people living in urban areas lean heavily toward the Republican Party.
False
True or false: Rupert Murdoch originally intended Fox News to be an objective, nonpartisan news channel.
False
True or false: Thanks to the Internet, the typical American watches more news today than in the 1970s.
False
True or false: The #MeToo movement did not have much of an impact on the people whose behavior it was targeting.
False
True or false: The Occupy Wall Street movement was limited to New York City.
False
True or false: When the United States was founded, all white men were given the right to vote.
False
The ______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.
Family
The Texas Farmers Union (not to be confused with the Texas Farm Bureau) represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
Family farms and ranches
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?
Florida North Carolina Nevada
To what extent does religious denomination affect views about public policy?
For many individuals, religion plays a significant role in their political opinions.
In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.
Fourfold
Texas has a ___government structure because power is dispersed to many state agencies with little or no central control.
Fragmented
When journalists highlight certain aspects of a situation and downplay other aspects, they are engaged in ______.
Framing
During the Trump presidency, the opinions of and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issue did Republicans change their opinion?
Free Trade
Individuals may benefit from the work of interest groups even if they don't participate in the groups' activities. Because of this, some groups have difficulty recruiting members, a phenomenon known as the
Free-Rider Problem
The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a(n)
Gender Gap
The interests of state and federal agencies are represented by ______.
Government Organizations
In an iron triangle, ______ provide campaign contributions to ______ in order to gain their support for a particular policy proposal.
Groups; Members of Congress
A few decades ago, the media system centered on broadcast news networks, but Americans now have a ______ media system, where they can pick from a wide variety of outlets.
High-Choice
Citizens who are party identifiers have ______ levels of voter turnout rates than those who identify as independent.
Higher
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States?
Higher-income citizens are the most active because they have the resources to participate effectively.
The situation where people align themselves politically with other members of a group they belong to, such as race or religion, is called ______.
Identity Politics
Which of the following refers to a general belief about the role and purpose of government?
Ideology
The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?
Income Equility
Who typically benefits the most from PAC campaign donations?
Incumbents
The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.
Inside lobbying
Which of the following refers to how strongly people feel about their position on an issue—for example, "very important" or "not important at all"?
Intensity
an organization that seeks to influence government decision making. It is also known by the names faction, special interest, or organized interest.
Interest Group
Which of the following represents a shared view of pluralists and their critics?
Interest groups are important to bringing the concerns of groups of individuals to the attention of government.
What is the primary reason that geographic distribution positively affects the power of interest groups?
It allows groups to command the interest of more legislators.
Which of the following is a benefit to the public that results from the promotion of a special interest?
It can have a positive effect on other interests, such as through job creation.
What purpose does party competition serve in American politics?
It narrows down options for voters. It allows groups of voters to act in unison.
What is the effect of "information overload," as noted by Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon?
It reduces people's ability to concentrate on any particular message.
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter identification card in order to vote?
It upheld the Indiana law.
Why did the communist movement fail in America?
Its goals were too at odds with American values.
Why is it unnecessary for the Texas Municipal League to maintain constant contact with its members?
Its processes are so organized that it functions efficiently without it.
Which political leader wrote that the government must dilute the influence of factions and interest groups by filtering their views through properly structured governing institutions?
James Madison
The Texas Farm Bureau represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
Large Agricutural Producers
Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important ______.
Later in life
______ refers broadly to efforts by groups to influence public policy through contact with public officials.
Lobbying
Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists?
Lobbyists identify bills that need their attention. Lobbyists provide information on specific pieces of legislation.
What major cable news network was launched to be the liberal alternative to Fox?
MSNBC
Which of the following limit government officials' ability to govern solely according to public opinion?
Many people have opinions on issues they know little about. Many people support policies that are inconsistent with each other. Few people are well informed on public affairs.
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School resulted in which of the following?
March for Our Lives demonstrations National School Walkout Day
The movement against gun violence had a relatively low profile until the mass killing at ______.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
Jobs, higher wages, and tax incentives are all examples of ______ incentives to joining interest groups.
Material
All media outlets, whether broadcast, print, cable, or on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are called the news
Media
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop ______ political opinions.
Moderate
Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ______ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns.
More
Why is the news shaped by news organizations need to attract and keep viewers?
Most news organizations choose coverage that will draw an audience for advertisers.
Which statement best describes the "softening" of American news in the 1980s and 1990s?
Most news outlets incorporated celebrity gossip, sensational crimes, and human-interest stories to attract a broader audience.
Senior citizens in the United States have a ______ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.
Much Higher
When a political party makes a(n) ______ for an elected office, it selects a person to run as the party's candidate in the general election for that office.
Nomination
The type of interest group that addresses issues of concern to the general public and not just the group's members is called a(n)
Noneconomic interest group
What problem has recently arisen in using telephone polling?
Nonresponse rates have increased sharply.
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
Open
Political scientist Mancur Olson argues that small interest groups can be more powerful than larger groups as long as they are more ______.
Organized
Most partisan Internet sites also take the "______" approach described in the Tufts University study.
Outrage
Tufts University's Sarah Sobieraj and Jeffrey Berry's study described the basis for partisan talk show programming as paritsan "______."
Outrage
What is a potential problem with the media's watchdog function, according to critics?
Overzealous coverage of minor scandals heightens the public's distrust of government officials.
In some campaigns, which of the following has begun to replace in the political party as the nominating and electing agent?
PACs
How has PAC influence affected candidates' party loyalty?
PACs have decreased loyalty to parties since they finance races and help candidates much like parties do.
The highlighting of candidates' attributes and policy positions to appeal to voters is called ______.
Packaging
Who led the impassioned plea for tougher gun control measures after the Parkland shooting?
Parkland students
Free societies thrive on the ______ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
Participation
Why is it important that the media perform the common-carrier function?
People cannot support or oppose a leader's plans if they do not know about them.
The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?
People from less conservative areas have relocated to the South.
An interest group may form a(n)_______whose main goal is to raise and spend money to influence the outcome of elections.
Political Action Committee
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.
Political Parties
A public opinion____ is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.
Poll
Which of the following is true of the professionalism of the Texas legislature?
Poor working conditions and low pay contribute to high turnover among legislative staff.
The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the ______.
Populist Party
Internet political participation peaks during which of the following?
Presidential Elections
_______ goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest group.
Private
The strongest reform party in U.S. history was the ______.
Progressive Party
Voting for a candidate's promises rather than his or her past actions is an example of what is called ______ voting.
Prospective
Which statement best describes the prevalent view of the public concerning protest activists in the United States?
Protest activity should be tolerated.
Outside lobbying is aimed at bringing ______ pressure to bear on policymakers.
Public
______ incentives for joining an interest group include the satisfaction that you are participating in a worthy effort.
Purposive
What new technology led to the chaos that spurred the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission?
Radio
A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party ______.
Realignment
Capture theory argues that ______ sometimes focus more on the needs of industries than on the public interest.
Regulatory agencies
Which are the major political parties in the United States?
Republican and Democratic
The Texas Apartment Association, the Texas Restaurant Association, and the Beer Alliance of Texas are all examples of ______.
Retail Trade Groups
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.
Retrospective
Which of the following is an example of a government organization?
SLIGs
What is the degree of accuracy of a public opinion poll called?
Sampling Error
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as ______.
Social Capital
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of ______.
Socialization
Stories about celebrities, sensational crimes, and scandals in high places have been labeled ______.
Soft News
Which of the southern states has fewer than 400 registered lobbyists?
South Carolina
Which of the following voting blocs migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 1990s?
Southern Whites
When casting a ______, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
Split Ticket
Which of the following is not an example of a state and local interest group?
State Board of Education
In order to raise enough funds for their campaigns, political candidates raise money from all of the following groups except ______.
State Governments
States with ______ political parties tend to have weaker interest group influence.
Strong
Super PACs are legally forbidden from which of the following?
Super PACs are legally forbidden from which of the following?
Compared to iron triangles, the relationship between actors in an issue network tends to be more ______.
Temporary
Which of the following states have 800 or more registered lobbyists within the state?
Texas New York California
Which of the following is an example of a peak business organization?
Texas Association of Manufacturers
Which of the following is an example of a specialized "educational" association?
Texas High School Coaches Association
What is the largest news outlet that began on the Internet?
The Huffington Post
Adolph Ochs, the architect of objective journalism, had taken ownership of which newspaper?
The New York Times
Which is a reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?
The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party had become stronger in the Northeast.
Why does the Texas oil industry lobby focus on influencing the Texas Railroad Commission?
The Texas Railroad Commission oversees the state oil industry.
Which statement best describes economic activity in Texas?
The Texas economy is highly diversified, with a strong presence in several industries.
What event marked a turning point in the American press's approach to politicians' motives and actions?
The Watergate Scandal
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
The are open to all citizens. They operate at the local level.
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.
The condition of the Economy
In terms of political socialization, which of the following is considered a primary agent?
The family
Which of the following statements best summarize the control the governor of Texas enjoys over state agencies?
The governor makes few significant appointments to state agencies and therefore possesses minimal control over policy decisions.
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?
The parties reorganize themselves.
How does a well-compensated, professional legislative staff reduce the influence of interest groups?
The staff provides most of the research for legislators, who rely less on interest group research.
What was Madison's constitutional solution to the problem of factions?
The system of checks and balances
How does the party structure in Texas affect interest group power and influence?
The weakened structure of party competitiveness strengthens interest group influence.
The views of younger citizens in particular are affected by major events because ______.
Their opinions are not yet deeply rooted
Why do men and women differ in their political opinions?
Their political opinions reflect their gendered positions in society, which tend to differ.
In describing sources of news on the Web, what do analysts mean by the metaphor "the long tail"?
There are a few heavily visited websites on one end and thousands of lightly visited sites on the other.
How has the interest group tactic of entertaining legislators changed over the years?
There is far less provision of entertainment, food, and bribes, but it is still a key part of the process.
Which of the following statements are true regarding U.S. elections?
They allow voters to choose party nominees. They are held more frequently than in other countries.
How are issue networks formed?
They are formed by individuals who have expertise regarding a particular policy issue as well as various views on it.
Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?
They are usually part of presidential campaigns.
Which of the following accurately describe ways in which interest groups can use litigation to advance their cause?
They can sponsor litigation on behalf of their members. They can file amicus briefs.
How do media gatekeepers affect American citizens?
They determine what messages we see and hear.
How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?
They viewed political parties with suspicion.
What best describes partisan media outlets in the era of the information commons?
They were very rare
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of ______.
Third Parties
Saliency refers to how important people think an issue is compared to other issues.
True
True or false: According to political scientist Mancur Olson, interest groups with smaller memberships usually prevail because they are able to join together and pool resources.
True
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy.
True
True or false: Saliency refers to how important people think an issue is compared to other issues.
True
True or false: Texas is one of the 27 states that has right-to-work laws.
True
True or false: The Tea Party movement was opposed to higher taxes to support government programs.
True
True or false: The accuracy of a poll is reduced when respondents express an opinion on an issue even though they have not thought about the issue before.
True
True or false: The instant gratification people receive from cell phones and other message sources conditions them to seek more of messages.
True
True or false: Those interest groups that are poorly organized run the risk of being ignored politically.
True
True or false: Voter turnout decreased in the United States once states enacted registration laws around 1900.
True
______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
Americans participate more in politics than do citizens of other western democracies except in which of the following activities?
Turning out to vote on election day
The U.S. government functions as a(n) ______ system.
Two-Party
Current election laws in the United States favor ______.
Two-Party System
Suffrage is the right to
Vote
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as ______.
Voter turnout
The media serves a(n)___function when it alerts the public to unethical or illegal activities by the government.
Watchdog
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
Welfare assistance has higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans. Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues.
Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League?
Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League?
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream.
Which of the following are reasons why the amount of traditional news the typical American watches has declined since the 1970s?
Younger people stopped watching the dinner-time news. Cable television and other high-choice media became available.
Interest groups tend to rely on the courts to advance their policy goals when they have ______.
a cause that's unpopular with the public a low chance of achieving their goals through legislation
State party organizations are usually small and are directed by ______.
a full-time chairperson
An "astroturf organization" is one that lacks ______.
a grassroots organization
A group that raises and spends money for the purpose of influencing the outcome of an election is known as ______.
a political action committee
What is a social or political movement?
a way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy
The news media's partisan function means that they ______.
act as advocates for particular viewpoints
Unlike CNN, Fox News was launched with the purpose of ______.
adopting a partisan approach to the news
Generally, protests ______ have not been popular in the United States.
against U.S. military action
In an attempt to influence court decisions, interest groups may file "friend of the court" briefs, otherwise known as ______ briefs.
amicus curiae
What is a super PAC?
an independent expenditure only committee
Which of the following would be considered expressions of public opinion?
approval ratings for a city's mayor participating in a telephone poll concerning candidates for a national election turnout at a political rally
Lobbyists generally direct their efforts at lawmakers who ______.
are inclined to support their group or cause
The Pharmaceutical Industry Labor-Management Association (PILMA) sought to defeat a bill in Texas to lower drug prices. PILMA has no individual members and receives most of its money from the pharmaceutical industry. It is best described as a(n) ______.
astroturf organization
Which of the following industries have, in the past, dominated the Texas economy?
banking cotton oil cattle
Which of the following best describes why many interest groups form political action committees (PACs)?
because contributing to candidates' campaigns can help gain access for interest group lobbyists
Which of the following media were subject to the FCC's Fairness Doctrine?
broadcast radio broadcast television
The interest-group system in the United States overrepresents ______.
business interests
Which of the following is a way in which special interest groups can donate money to candidates?
by forming a political action committee (PAC)
How do Americans participate virtually in politics?
by using resources and joining discussions on social media
The onset of ______ increased the entertainment content in traditional news outlets as audiences for those outlets began to shrink.
cable television
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that ______.
citizens use to evaluate issues and developments help in forming a common cause
Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?
citizens' groups
Over 70 percent of Americans' political participation via community activities takes place in which of the following?
civic organizations school-related groups church-related groups
A PAC is a specialized kind of interest group that ______.
collects and distributes money to candidates for office
In the early decades of the twentieth century, some publishers responded to "yellow journalism" by ______.
committing to objective journalism
Which of the following help interest groups participate more effectively in group politics?
contacts money skills
Which of the following are prohibited by Texas law from making campaign contributions to candidates for statewide or legislative office?
corporations labor unions
Which of the following would be considered outside lobbying activities used by interest groups?
creating public service announcements to be aired on television having group members send letters to their legislators organizing a protest on the steps of Congress
A ______ is a representative who acts in response to what their constituencies say they want, no matter their own personal opinion.
delegate
Which of the following forms of political participation require citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources?
demonstrating for political causes volunteering in a political campaign
While the relationship between actors in an iron triangle tends to be more long-lasting, issue networks tend to ______.
disband once an issue is settled
The Black Lives Matter movement has sought, primarily, to highlight ______.
disparities in local officials' treatment of Black and white citizens
Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate will sometimes accomplish which of the following?
draw attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates encourage one or both major parties to address issues introduced by the third party
When does the process of political socialization begin?
early childhood
Interest groups that are not directly involved in litigation may file amicus curiae briefs to ______.
encourage a ruling that is beneficial to their cause
What is fake news?
entirely fictional stories that originate on the Internet
Which of the following are the components of an iron triangle?
executive agencies congressional committees interest groups
Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?
face-to-face meetings with members of Congress
A person known as a(n)_____ rider derives a benefit without contributing to its achievement.
free
Which of the following constitutional rights most protect the role of interest groups in the U.S. political system?
freedom of association
Which of the following factors are said to adversely affect voter turnout in the United States?
frequent elections voter registration laws
In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that ______.
getting smaller, more focused business groups to work together on an issue can be highly effective
The Occupy Wall Street movement, which began in 2011, was inspired by anger at the ______.
government bailout of the financial industry during the financial crisis of 2008
Who among the following are not required by the Texas Ethics Commission to register as lobbyists?
government officials who lobby in their official capacity employees of news media outlets
The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?
government subsidies for health insurance higher taxes
The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?
group attachments party identification ideological leanings
Secondary socializing agents who influenced public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic include which of the following?
health care experts public officials
Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation?
highest 20 percent of income earners
A person's sense of loyalty to a political party is known as party ______.
identification
Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
identifying with political parties, leaning towards particular ideologies
Which type of third party is organized around a framework concerning the nature and role of government in society?
ideologically oriented parties
Which of the following are tactics widely used by conservative and liberal partisan talk shows?
imagined catastrophe name calling character assassination
Political parties began to emerge in the United States ______.
in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them
Which of the following has the lowest voting rates?
independents
Who or what can be a part of membership organizations?
individual citizens businesses
What is the primary goal of lobbying?
influencing members of the legislature
Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.
information that supports the group's policy positions
For a movement to succeed, it must ______.
institutionalize its goals
Political scientists focus on which of the following dimensions when evaluating public opinion?
intensity salience direction
The Texas Municipal League, which represents Texas city officials, derives its greatest strength from ______.
its influential membership
In what ways does a professional association differ from a trade association?
its members typically hold a state-issued professional license the state regulates the scope of its members' practice
Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement?
lawmakers who supported federal spending and higher taxes
Which of the following are among interest groups' judicial lobbying options?
lawsuits influencing the selection of federal judges filing amicus curiae briefs
Which of the following are ways that American children are taught patriotism in schools?
learning to admire the Founding Fathers reciting the Pledge of Allegiance
Adults under 30 years of age are ______ those over 50 to follow the news.
less likely than
What is the most common technique used by interest groups to promote their interests?
lobbying the state legislature
Which of the following make it likely that interest groups will continue to dominate state politics in Texas?
low levels of political participation the decentralized administrative structure the traditionalistic/individualistic political culture
Today's political campaigns rely on which of the following to be successful?
media producers campaign strategists pollsters
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout?
middle-aged people from the upper class
Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because ______.
misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality
When the Fairness Doctrine was eliminated in 1987, most radio stations dropped their ______.
newscasts
Although the American press originally had a political orientation, it eventually shifted to a journalistic orientation, which emphasizes ______.
newsworthy information and events
What is the Largest Category of interest Groups?
non-membership organizations
journalism refers to news reporting that is based on "fact" rather than opinion and that presents both sides of a partisan debate.
objective
American newspapers were originally ______.
partisan
Until the early 20th century, the major party's nominees for president were selected via which method?
picked by the party organization
A reason political parties have emerged whenever democracy has been established is that ______.
political parties provide individuals a way to join together in order to exercise their collective influence
When the journalists use framing, they are ______.
presenting a selective version of reality
Which of the following accurately ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?
presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates
What is the primary goal of retail trade associations?
protecting their trades from undesirable state regulation
Which of the following functions do news media perform?
provide a channel through which political leaders communicate to the public act as a watchdog that scrutinizes official behavior provide political information that attracts an audience
One of the positive contributions that interest groups make is ______.
providing a form of representation for organized groups
Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise Blacks in the post-Civil War South despite the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?
publicized lists of voters literacy tests
The #MeToo movement's larger goal was to ______.
raise awareness of sexual misconduct
Which of the following are part of the money chase of politics?
raising funds pursuing wealthy patrons
The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are ______.
relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others
What three sources of division in the United States are now most closely linked to partisanship?
religion geography race
Which of the following are private goods? (Choose every correct answer.)
retirement plans jobs
Through various methods of random ______, pollsters attempt to select a subset of the population that is representative of the population's views.
sampling
Today, political candidates tend to ______.
set up and run their own campaign organizations
The social media hashtag #MeToo was intended to ______.
show the extent to which women are subject to sexual assault and harassment
Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.
single-issue parties
Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.
straight ticket
In terms of leadership and organization, the Texas Municipal League draws strength from its ______.
strong, proactive legislative committee quick adoption of stands on key legislative items
Peak business organizations focus on which of the following goals?
supporting legislation that would foster a "good business climate" in Texas
Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements ______.
takes place largely outside established institutions
Which of the following media typically have a signaling function?
television networks wire services daily newspapers
Which of the following rules required a broadcast station to provide a "reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views of public importance"?
the Fairness Doctrine
Which of the following events had a lasting influence on the political views of younger citizens in particular?
the Great Depression of the 1930s the terrorist attacks in 2001 World War II (1939-1945)
Sensational and largely inaccurate newspaper reports on the cruelty of Spanish rule in Cuba may have helped spark ______.
the Spanish-American War
What organization provides legislative staff assistance in research and information?
the Texas Legislative Council
More people in the United States participate in election campaigns than people in other countries do because ______.
the United States has more elected posts than other countries do
The killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis in 2020 led to ______.
the largest protests yet of police violence against Black Americans
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) involved which issue affecting interest groups?
the limit on corporate and union spending in federal elections
State and local interest groups (SLIGs) represent ______.
the organization, not its individual members
In priming, who or what determines how people will interpret the information they receive?
the press
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
the size of the sample
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
The United States has a high-choice media system, which means that _____.
there are a large number of sources from which people can choose to get their information
What are the three types of agricultural interest groups in Texas?
those that represent suppliers those that represent general farming interests those that represent commodity groups
Why do pollsters rely most on the scientific method of random sampling?
to ensure that everyone has an equal chance of being included in the sample
What was the goal of yellow journalism?
to lure in readers by any means
What is the chief goal of grassroots lobbying efforts by interest groups?
to mobilize supporters to advocate for their organization
Which of the following are the chief targets of interest groups when they lobby the executive branch?
top officials of federal agencies
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the first and second finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.
top-two
Which of the following groups are currently most likely part of the Democratic coalition?
union members 18-29 year olds African Americans
What three basic elements are usually involved in a party realignment?
unusually powerful and divisive issues a shift in voters' partisan support in elections an enduring change in the parties' policies and coalitions
Which of the following voting restrictions increases the burden on citizens who move frequently?
voter registration requirements
Which of the following are traditional functions of the news media (press)?
watchdog signaling common-carrier
When do private thoughts become public opinion?
when they are revealed to others
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner take all system
