Political Science- Final Exam
What did the civil rights act do for African Americans and women?
- 1964 Civil Rights Act. Title VII. Bars discrimination in employment based on race, sex, religion or national origin. Law was upheld on the basis of the commerce clause. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Ollie's Barbeque (1964) - 1991 Civil Rights Acto Overturned parts of 8 Supreme Court cases included Wards Cove. Put burden of proof back on the employer. Had to show that the practice is "job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity."
prisoners' dilemma
- A situation in which two (or more) actors cannot agree to cooperate for fear that the other will find its interest best served by reneging on an agreement. - Like the game of chicken
dark money
- funds given to politically active nonprofits that can receive unlimited donations from corporations, individuals, and unions but are not required to disclose their donors. - The donors remain anonymous
the welfare state
A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
set-aside programs
A program requiring that a percentage of government procurement contracts be reserved for disadvantaged businesses.
health insurance exchanges
A set of state-regulated and standardized health care plans in the United States, from which individuals may purchase health insurance eligible for federal subsidies.
the problem of collective action
A situation in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work.
What is hyperpluralism? Does this pose a problem for the implementation of policy that is in the general interest? (lecture)
A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function.All interest groups check so much we get gridlock, can't govern because too many groups. Intense interest group activity leads to gridlock in government; the exploding number of groups chokes off our ability to govern. Standard view (more access to the "people") and left-populist critique (rich have too much access) are wrong .
hyperpluralism
A theory of American democracy contending that groups are so strong that government, which gives in to the many different groups, is thereby weakened.
How does the right of association serve as a check on majority tyranny?
Because nearly anyone can associate so minorities will always have a voice Overlapping memberships and groups check each other. Prevents majority tyranny (Madison)
What are the problems in using GDP as a measure of the health of the economy? (Gertner in TED)
GDP is an inaccurate measure of a nation's overall economic well-being. A "human development index" would better report the nation's performance, as it is based on more factors than just spending, good or bad.
supreme court's rulings on Obamacare
Get rid of individual mandate
great society
Great society: President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
How does Theodore Lowi argue that the political relationships in the policy making process are determined by the type of policy that is at stake? (Lowi in TED)
Policy is more stable when it can be broken down into many small issues. Making redistributive policy more stable than regulatory.
equality of outcome
Quotas and affirmative action -- Lyndon Johnson and the metaphor of the athletes. Executive Order 11246 (1965). "Set asides" for "small disadvantaged businesses." Interpreted as minority owned. Expanded under Nixon. - Passive (make size of the applicant pool more diverse) and active affirmative action (race is a "plus factor" in the hiring or admissions decision). - Public opinion reveals a racial divide on the issue. Whites very opposed (by 3-1 margins in most polls), blacks support (by about 2-1).
Jim Crow laws
State and local laws that mandate racial segregation in all public facilities in the south, many borders, and some northern communities
the social security trust fund
The "bank account" into which Social Security contributions are "deposited" and used to pay out eligible recipients. did not work because there was nothing physical to back up the fund
14th amendment
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed.
just and unjust laws
Unjust Laws -majority group compels a minority group to obey the statute but does not make it binding on itself -inflicted on the minority who was denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law Just -majority is willing to obey it
How did he distinguish between just and unjust laws? (lecture and King in TED)
Unjust Laws -majority group compels a minority group to obey the statute but does not make it binding on itself -inflicted on the minority who was denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the lawJust -majority is willing to obey it "How does one determine when a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law, or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas, an unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal and natural law."- Distinction between just and unjust laws. Have an obligation to break unjust laws. Comparison to pro-life movement.
sexual discrimination and harassment
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that tends to create a hostile or offensive work environment. Sexual harassment is a form of Sex Discrimination that occurs in the workplace.
What are the implications for civil rights of how you answer this question? (Warshawsky and Jones, TED)
Warshawsky- Being American has to do with a belief in the American system and the idea that as an American you are "called to a higher duty in human history"Jones- Americans are tolerant, and will be even more open and tolerant toward ethnic, racial, and religious diversity in the future.
Is it a threat to democracy or the engine of economic growth?
William states the rising economic inequality is threatening the economic progress and democratic political system in the United States. Will says it's the engine of economic growth.
Would reducing regulations help income inequality and promote growth? (Williams, Will, and Hinkle in TED)
Williams- higher levels of income inequality powerfully depress political interest, the frequency of political discussion and participation in elections among all but the most affluent citizens, providing compelling evidence that greater economic inequality yields greater political inequality Will-Supply side economics is the best economic policy because, by stimulating the employers within the economy, that will create incentives to join the workforce and partake in the economic boom that was caused through cutting takes on job creators. Hinkle- Government needs to get off our backs. - Copyrights and Patents are overly protected - The immigration policies are too tight - Occupational licensing rise the barrier of people entering the labor market - Zoning issue needs more attention
entitlements
a claim for government funds that cannot be abridged without violating the rights of the claimant; for example SS benefits or payment on a contract
disparate impact
a condition in which employment practices are seemingly neutral yet disproportionately exclude a protected group from employment opportunities
What are the argument against health care reform? (APT Chap 16, Obama and Haislmaier in TED)
o Competitiveness for US companies: auto industry spends more on health care than steel. All of our major competitors have national health care, not employer provided. o Third party payments - no market forces. Compare to decision to buy a car. How to introduce market forces? Not enough information.Not price sensitive- don't shop around for best money value o As a consequence, we spend much more than any other developed country, but have worse health outcomes. o Yet, people who have insurance, like their coverage. Fear of rationing. o Those who aren't covered, typically have the worst outcome
Olson's theory of interest groups
check on majority tyranny, truman said interest groups give minority stakeholders voice and provide check but olson says it is a collective action problem and actually you can get a tyranny of the minority, smaller groups more likely to organize so larger influence than large groups not well organized. nations with strong interest groups are in decline compared to those with weak groups
classical liberalism vs ascriptive Americanism
classical liberalism refers to individualism and freedom, whereas ascriptive americanism is also important to understand in what it means to be an American. this refers to heirarchies, where the higher class has better protection by gov't. this can apply to women's suffrage and Jim Crow Laws. rogers smith isn't arguing for this, but rather asserting its important to know
is income inequality a problem
depending on who you ask. some say yes others say it shows that the economic system is working
the Republicans plans to save Social Security
establish individual investment accounts ranging from 2-6%//cut future benefits//raise retirement age to 70//fund by borrowing or indexing current and future benefits to inflation instead of wages//privatize part of social security while retaining some public guarantees
nonviolent direct action
examples of non-violent direct action (also known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance) can include sit-ins, strikes, workplace occupations, blockades, or hacktivism, while violent direct action may include political violence, sabotage, property destruction, or assaults.
social security
federal program of disability and retirement benefits, pay as you go (FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
informational benefits
for example, a subscription to a news paper. Once you subscribe, only you can get that news
strict scrutiny
is a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws. To pass strict scrutiny, the legislature must have passed the law to further a "compelling governmental interest," and must have narrowly tailored the law to achieve that interest
lily Ledbetter fair pay act
law stating that discrimination claims on the basis of sex, race, national origin, age, religion, and disability accrue with every paycheck
color-blind jurisprudence
laws that are designed not to benefit a race but a economic class
different health care options
medicare, medicaid
How did he urge his followers to change the unjust laws?
nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood---Non-violent protests 1. Collection of facts 2. Negotiation 3. Self-purification 4. Direct Action (civil disobedience)
What are the main arguments why this reform was necessary?
o 80/20 rule: 80% of health care costs are from 20% [people who get really sick] of the people (1% have 22% of expenses). 50% have almost no expenses. Thus the need for universal coverage: adverse selection if you eliminate pre-existing condition limits without universal coverage.
TANF (welfare reform)
temporary assistance to needy families. replaced "aid to families with dependent children" shifted towards states power and introduced new restrictions on receiving aid -> decrease in participants
Upon what principle is affirmative action based?
that a level playing field is not enough, there is still discrimination: field experiences do this Affirmative action is the process of a business or governmental agency in which it gives special rights of hiring or advancement to ethnic minorities to make up for past discrimination against that minority. -need to make up for past discrimination -helps provide diversity -provides role models for minority children in the profession -get rid of inequalities, create middle class that's diverse
segregation
the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.
the social safety net
the many programs that the federal government provides to protect Americans against economic and social misfortune
pluralism
the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation
Does this pose a problem for the implementation of policy that is in the general interest?
yes because the intense group activity leads to gridlock in the government. the exploding number of groups chokes off our ability to govern
reverse discrimination
(in the context of the allocation of resources or employment) the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.
protectionism
*the practice of shielding one or more industries within a country's economy from foreign competition through the use of tariffs or quotas
What are the arguments for and against affirmative action?
- Arguments in favor: o A level playing field is not enough. There is still discrimination: field experiments in employment and housing, implicit association tests. o Need to make up for past discrimination. o Helps provide diversity in the workplace and in higher education. o Provides role models for minority children in the professions. o Helps diminish economic inequality between the races by helping to create a middle class within racial minorities. - Arguments against: o reverse discrimination (can hurt others, specifically white Americans) o any classification by race is bad (colorized approach) o Resentment against affirmative action creates backlash against other race-based policies /social welfare policies o it promotes racial stereotyping and victimization (Clarence Thomas's view)
What contributions did interest groups make to the quality of democracy in early U.S. history? (deToqueville in TED)
- David Truman and de Tocqueville (TED) argue that interest groups are legitimate voices for intense preferences. - Interest groups and freedom of association allow people to advance towards the same goal of bettering the nation, but follow their own paths. Gives a political outlet for all types of political perspectives to be heard. Allows for compromises to be reached as all interest group attempts to build support among shifting coalitions on individual issues.
What can or should be done to save Social Security?
- Democrats' Plan o Raise payroll taxes by 3% and increase income ceiling that is taxable. o Chained CPI to slow growth of current benefits.o Gradually increase the retirement age to 70 (also Rs agree). o Maintain the basic structure of a public social insurance system. - Republicans' Plan o No increase in taxeso Establish individual investment accounts ranging from 2% to 6%. o Cut future benefits (raise retirement age?). o Fund by borrowing or slow the growth of benefits. o Privatize part of Social Security while retaining some public guarantees.
Which political reforms are most likely to improve the quality of our political process?
- Enhance responsibility: o Campaign finance reform o stronger parties o coordinate presidential and House elections (4 year term for House, 8-year for Senate; "team ticket" voting required). - Encourage participation: o Civic journalism o make it easier to vote (national holiday, weekend elections, same day registration) - More responsiveness: o term limits o balanced budget amendment o Lobbying reform o Election reform to promote third parties o Redistricting reform: bipartisan commissions - The "Third Way" o government investment in the infrastructure of the economy and politics, but decrease government involvement in other areas.
What are the arguments for and against the welfare system? (APT Chap 16)
- For: government should help the poor - Against: the government shouldn't get too involved; interfering with the free market
How is income inequality related to social policy (Lecture)
- Increasing income inequality - Basis for much of social welfare policy. Health care outcomes, crime, overall quality of life for people.
What are the different strategies interest groups use to get what they want? (lecture and APT chap. 10)
- Lobbying strategies: insider [one - on - one] (gaining access) vs. outsider [mobilizing membership to put pressure on representatives] (grassroots lobbying or "going public"). Encourage people to submit comments on rule changes (Devin Judge-Lord). Expand the scope of conflict (Schattschneider). - Litigation: using the courts. - Election politics -- electing sympathetic politicians. (most effective) Likely to have a bigger long-run impact than trying to change politicians' minds once they are in office (which is harder to do). - Encourage people to submit comments on rule changes (Devin Judge-Lord). Expand the scope of the conflict.
What are the ways that groups can solve the collective action problem? (lecture, APT, and Olson in TED)
- Overcoming the collective action problem. o Selective incentives: informational, material, solidary, or purposive benefits. o Group sponsorship (groups without real members; people just write checks). Foundations give donations Selective incentives or group sponsorship (groups without real members, people just write checks)
What are the goals, tools, and politics of economic policy? (APT, ch. 15 and lecture)
- Public order and private property o Some rule of law/basic rule of law - Maintaining a national market economy o We are a capitalist country o promoting the market o Protecting property rights (patents, copyrights, etc.) o regulating the market Monopolies, externalities, transparency and accountability- insider trading - Promoting social goals o taxation, redistributive policy, spending, the welfare state. - Full employment o Everyone who wants a job, has oneo costs of unemployment (lower taxes, higher spending for social welfare) o new positive for the economy
What is the problem that the nation currently faces with entitlement programs, especially Social Security?
- They are running out of money. - Baby boomers. The number of workers per SS recipient has fallen from 15 in 1950 to a little under three today. In twenty more years, it will only be 2.1 .- Population is aging, social security will be strained- not enough people working
What are the recent Supreme Court rulings on gay rights
-- Following the Windsor and Hollingsworth cases, the Supreme Court allowed appeals courts decisions to strike down bans on same-sex marriage to stand. This expanded SSM to 35 states. Winning streak for SSM was broken when the 6th Circuit Appeals court upheld the ban on Same Sex Marriage in KY, OH, MI, and TN. - Supreme Court addressed the conflict in the lower courts and upheld SSM in Obergefell v. Hodges in 2015. Marriage is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
de jure and de facto segregation
-Jures-relating to actions or circumstances that occur "by law" such as the legally enforced segregation of schools in the American South before the 1960's. -relating to actions or circumstances that occur outside the law or "by fact" such as the segregation of schools that resulted from housing patterns and other factors rather than from law
lobbyists
-Lobbying: individual or group who are paid to represent an organization to legislators or govt. officials -How lobbying works: start in govt., build relationships, understand their targets -Cialdini's 6 principles: liking (similarity/familiarity) and reciprocity (giving gifts)
What is the "multiple traditions" approach to understanding American civic identity? (Smith in TED)
-There is another, very different, tradition [other than Liberalism] in American Political thought that has been influential - We will better understand the present and future of American politics if we do not presume that they are rooted in essentially liberal or democratic values and conditions. Instead, we must analyze America as the ongoing product of often conflicting multiple traditions
What are the advantages and disadvantages of privatization, or even partial privatization? (lecture, John in TED)
-for SS: advantages--you would have some money in your retirement account that you can keep and when you die the money goes to your kids or whoever.//disadvantages: no easy way to pay for it. because it's a pay as you go system, there isn't really a way to switch over. also, people having their own money in retirement accounts could lose a lot of money if the stock market crashed. -not SS:
"inside" and "outside" strategies for interest groups
-inside: insiders have a better chance of their voice being heard -outsiders: getting people to come in contact with their governor or whoever, which builds a lot of support and attention (grassroots), and then you can run ads and stuff trying to convince members of congress to support or not support something (going public)
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
A 2010 landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that individuals, corporations, and unions could donate unlimited amounts of money to groups that make independent political expenditures.
Is anonymous campaign funding a problem? (Campaign Legal Center and Riches in TED)
CLC- why disclosure is needed by democracy: 1. Election-related fundraising and spending are important as transparency allows voters to make informed decisions 2. Dark money (political spending meant to influence the decision of a voter, where the donor is not disclosed and the source of the money is unknown) can be influential 3. Disclosures are not violating the First Amendment, the reason why it has not been well implemented is that the Federal Election Commission (FEC) has been holding it. Riches- how can disclosure be harmful: 1. Anonymous speech allows the public to focus on the messages rather than who is the messenger. 2. Disclosure silence the voices of critics, which in many cases are the underdog (NAACP example: members lives would be endangered if informations were disclosed) 3. Disclosure can be used by the dominant/majority political group to oppress the other side.
"don't ask, don't tell"
Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation
What role did the "commerce clause" play in the enforcement of the Civil Rights Act?
Commerce clause, provision of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) that authorizes Congress "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with Indian Tribes." The commerce clause has traditionally been interpreted both as a grant of positive authority to Congress and as an implied prohibition of state laws and regulations that interfere with or discriminate against interstate commerce.
contributory and non-contributory (or means-tested) programs
Contributory: -not means tested welfare, funded by taxes, SS, medicare. everybody who pays in can see their return. non-contributory: -means tested welfare, getting something for nothing, medicaid, food stamps, like handouts for those who qualify
new deal
FDR's plan to help the US during the great depression. Included programs such as the; CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), NRA (National Recovery Act), WPA (Works Progress Administration), PWA (Public Works Administration), AAA (Agriculture Adjustment Act), SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) , and FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation).
How did FDR's and Hoover's view of economic policy differ? (FDR and Hoover in TED)
FDR- Local governments and communities insufficient to deal with economic struggles. Federal government should then play a role in relief of unemployment. Hoover- The new deal is bad because it goes against the foundations of our country. We should run things together as individuals instead of expanding government.
What are the other contributions that interest groups make to the political system? (Truman and deToqueville in TED)
Interest groups allow people to support a particular cause, but not fully completely dedicate themselves to a party, as one group will not encompass all the interests of a particular individual. Individual expression and certainty in an uncertain world. Not one person is totally absorbed in one group. Brings organization to the political system.
intermediate scrutiny
Intermediate scrutiny is a test used in some contexts to determine a law's constitutionality. To pass intermediate scrutiny, the challenged law must further an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest.
How did Dr. Martin Luther King Junior view the white moderates and white churches in the struggle for civil rights?
King was frustrated with the white moderates and the church in the struggle for civil rights. They were not helping and he felt as though they were part of the problem. - "Injustice is a problem for justice everywhere" - "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection."
How did Abraham Lincoln differ from King in terms of his views on how to change policies he disagreed with? (Lincoln in TED)
Lincoln believed we should change things through the gov. system and follow all rules whereas King justified breaking the unjust rules - ". . .if the laws be continuously despised and disregarded if their rights to be secure in their persons and property held by no better tenure than the caprice of a mob, the alienation of their affections from the Government is the natural consequence; and to that, sooner or later, it must come." laws must be followed because without adherence to laws, we would have no society change must come from within the legislative system
What does it mean to be American?
Main debate on melting pot vs. tossed salad Assimilation ideal, become full americans when come or stronger and better as country if we embrace our diversity, enriches society - democracy, freedom, opportunity, education, and rule of law- different ideas depending on who you ask
What techniques were used to prevent AA from voting in the south before the voting rights act was passed in 1965?
Nearly a complete disenfranchisement of black voters in the South. Grandfather clause (you could vote in your grandpa voted--blacks grandpas couldn't vote bc they were slaves), intimidation, literacy tests, white primaries, poll taxes, loyalty oaths.
1964 civil rights act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
equality of opportunity
The Civil Rights movement and Martin Luther King, Jr. -everyone having the same rights, having the same opportunity to do things even if outcomes are not the same
civil rights movement
The civil rights movement was a mass popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship. Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century, it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s.
separate but equal
The idea that racial segregation was acceptable as long as the separate facilities were of equal quality supported by pless v. ferguson and struck down by Brown v. Board of Education
free rider problem
The problem faced by interest groups when citizens can reap the benefits of interest group action without actually joining, participating in, or contributing money to such groups.
the "ownership society"
The term used to describe the social policy vision of President George W. Bush, in which citizens take responsibility for their own social welfare and the free market plays a greater role in social policy. "you own up for your faults"
"reasonable basis" test
The use of evidence suggest that differences in the behavior of two groups can rationalize unequal treatment of these groups.
1965 voting rights act
This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.
affirmative action
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination
political action committee (PAC)
an interest group or a division of an interest group that can raise money to contribute to campaigns or to spend on ads in support of candidates, the amount a PAC can receive from each of its donors and the amount it can spend on federal electioneering are strictly limited. officially recognized fund-raising organizations that represent interest groups and are allowed by federal law to make contributions directly to candidates' campaigns
material benefits
benefits that can motivate participation in a group effort because they are available only to those who participate, such as member services offered by interest groups
selective incentives
benefits that can motivate participation in a group effort because they are available only to those who participate, such as member services offered by interest groups
What would Mancur Olson say about the ability of interest groups to serve as a check on majority tyranny?
check on majority tyranny, truman said interest groups give minority stakeholders voice and provide check but olson says it is a collective action problem and actually you can get a tyranny of the minority, smaller groups more likely to organize so larger influence than large groups not well organized He argues by comparison that nations with strong interest groups are on the decline compared to those with weak groups. To overcome collective action you can provide selective incentives (material or informational) or have group sponsorship and just use money. He believes that small groups gain more benefits from collective goods. People will always want the benefit of interest group without actually working. Mancur Olson (TED) --The logic of collective action: difficulties that groups have of forming in the first place. o The free rider problem o Size of the group.
What are the main features of health care reform (Obamacare)?
o Individual mandate (not enforced starting in 2019). - Most controversial part of Obama care -Everyone NEEDS to have insuranceo Subsidies for 22 of the estimated 28 million who buy insurance through the exchanges. People who make up to 4x the poverty rate ($88,000 for a family of 4, $44,000 for an individual) would get subsidies. Pay no more than 10% of income at the top of that range, less at the bottom end. o Employers with at least 50 employees have to provide health care or face a fine of $2,000 per employee. o Cannot deny coverage because of preexisting conditions. o Young adults can stay on their parents' policies until age 26. o Closes the Medicare prescription drug "doughnut hole."
What are the different types of interest groups and what are their characteristics?
occupational/economic interest: ex. realtors non-occupational/public interest or "citizen": try to work for collective goals. broader ideas, ex. Save the Children, American Civil Liberties Union single issue: ex. Pro-life vs. Pro-choice
brown v board of education
of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
reconstruction
period after civil war and strong civil rights laws being passed, impose very strong laws but struck down a few years later for Jim Crow laws and segregation in south
distributive, regulatory, and redistributive policies
policies designed to benefit a particular group (pork barrel) (widespread costs and concentrated benefits)
the Democrats plans to save Social Security
raise payroll taxes by 3% and increase income ceiling that is taxable//chained CPI (consumer price index--measures inflation) to slow growth of current benefits//gradually increase the retirement age to 70//maintain the basic structure of a public social insurance system
obergfell v hodges
same sex marriage is legal
solidary benefits
selective benefits of group membership that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising
purposive benefits
selective benefits of group membership that emphasize the purpose and accomplishments of the group
public goods
services or actions (ex. protecting the environment) that once provided to one person, become available to everyone, government is typically needed to provide public good s because they will be under provided by the free market
