Politics Exam

Provides a level of dignity in social situation

Social

Deng Xiaping was the unofficial head of state from 1978 -1989. He was persecuted during the CR because of his capitalist opinions in a socialist system. Deng's reforms made China return as an global economic superpower. The Constitution was written in 1982, and still stands today, but largely fails to protect basic human rights.

A New Constitution, In Theory 1982

(1985 - Present) - 1985 Uluru Referendum ; Gave Aboriginal people a say in management of Uluru (discouraging people to climb on sacred site) However full ownership wasn't granted. - 1988 The Long March ; Aboriginals protest on the 200th anniversary of settlement - 1992 Mabo Case ; A man; Eddie Mabo challenged Queensland government over ownership of the Torres Straight Islands of Meriam people. ; Argued that 'Terra Nullius' was wrong and that there was system of ownership that could be proven. Supreme court of Queensland denied claim — upheld 'Terra Nullius' ; He Appealed to the High Court, they decided; Terra Nullius was a void as it was proven that there was a system of ownership before British ; Native title could be claimed if a continuous spiritual connection of the land was shown. - 1993 Native Title Act. ; Federal Parliament chose to respond to Mabo decision by creating a Native Title Act. Major step towards the Australian Gov. recognising Aboriginal rights ; However, there was public uproar and backlash, showing that indigenous peoples rights were not fully respected - 1997—National Sorry Day ; Annual day that recognises abuses that were committed against the indigenous people during Stolen Generation. However there was still refusal from the state to apologise for this officially. - 2008: PM Kevin Rudd's Apology ; Monumental event for Aboriginal people who finally felt full recognition of the abuses committed against Aboriginal people during the Stolen Generation. However, Compensation was ruled out.

Acceptance and Reconciliation? Phase 5

(1937 - 1960) - Assimilation ; forget culture and fit into white society - 'Half-castes' posed a problem to the idea that Aboriginals would 'die out'. - Done by taking 'half-caste' children to missions to grow up as 'white' (children were forbidden to speak their native language) (Known as 'Assimilation Policy') (Now known as the 'Stolen Generation') This continued till the 1970s - Auber Octavius Neville ( 1875-1954) Chief Protector. - 1905 Aboriginal Act amended under Neville to give Aborigines department more authority over removal of 'half caste' children. - Slow emergence of Aboriginal rights - National Day of Mourning ; January 26th 1938 (150 years after settlement) -- Protest for Indigenous civil rights and citizenship like white Australians, land returned, equal employment opportunity, health standards, housing and education -- and their children wouldn't be taken away - Organised by Australia Aborigines League -- William Cooper, Will Ferguson, Jack Patton. - Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 - right to vote and citizenship in Australia. Came into force Jan 29th 1949

Assimilation Phase 3

A system of government ruled by one person with absolute power. They are in a domineering role or position with supreme political power, gaining control through force of fear. E.g. autocratic gov. is China and North Korea.

Autocracy

(Section 128 of the Constitution)

Changing the constitution

Legislature

Chapter 1 : Constitution

Executive

Chapter 2 : Constitution

Judiciary (High Courts)

Chapter 3 : Constitution

1. Elected Representatives 2. Free, fair, regular Elections 3. Civil Liberties/Rights 4. Rule of Law 5. Independent Judiciary 6. Organised Opposition party

Characteristics of a Democracy

1. Known to the public, easily understood and considered to be necessary. 2. Reflect the values of the community. 3. Consistent in content and application. 4. Stable and capable of being enforced. 5. Capable of changing in order to meet the changing needs and demands of society.

Characteristics of effective laws

Checks are mechanisms which allow each arm of government to review or override the actions of the other two arms. There are many different checks on power within the Australian Government. They all aim to ensure accountability, which means that legal decisions can be challenged, and that all arms of Government act according to the law.

Checks for Separation of Power

Hears all matters for children aged between 10 and 17

Children's Court

The military's position as defender of the party means it will always involve politics. Officers and men still have to declare their loyalty to party principles, study its teachings and read leaders' important pronouncements. Shed 1 million men in a bid to concentrate on quality not quantity.

China's Armed Forces

Made up largely of gov. officials, army officers and model workers. 20% women, 77% are over 35 y.o. 31% have college degrees. Makes up the biggest political party in the world.

China's Communist Party

Complicated mix of party priorities. law's are seen as a way to manage economy and peoples lives, rarely to protect them from state or enshrine individual rights. Law-making is complicated.

China's Courts and Prosecutors

Most powerful organ of state. Made up of nearly 3000 delegates. Delegates hold office for 5 yrs. The sporadic and unwieldy nature means that the real influence lies wit he standing committee of 150 members.

China's National People's Congress

As China's population reached over 1 billion in the late 1970s the Chinese government faced problems. The government responded to make women in urban areas may only have one child. This encouraged sterilisation, birth control, abortion and infanticide. Though this has slowed down China's population rate, it came at a very high human cost.

China's One Child Policy 1979

24 members, the country's most influential leaders, once a decision is made all members are bound to it. All men, no women, power lies with the first 9 members. It is secretive and unclear.

China's Politburo

Cabinet which oversees China's vast government machine. It answers to the state council, submits legislation and measures which the NPC them approves. The full council meets once a month.

China's State Council

President : Xi Jingping 1. Communist Party (Rules over all) 2. Politburo ( Exerts Influence over Military Affairs Commission, National people's Congress, State Council) 3. National People Congress ( Elects/approves Military Affairs Commission, Courts and Prosecutors, State Council) 4. State Council (Approves Provinces and Townships) 5. Courts and Prosecutors 6. Armed Forces

China's System of Government

The concern for basic human rights and freedoms that are guaranteed -- identified in the Bill of Rights and the constitution. (Freedom of Speech and Right to Privacy)

Civil Liberties/Rights

Provides basic rights as a citizen of a country

Civil Rights

Courts - laws evolved over time through court decisions

Common Law

The basic laws and principles of a nation, state or social group that determine the powers and duties of the gov. and guarantee certain rights to the people in the nation. A written instrument embodying the rules of a political or social organisation.

Constitution

A representative democracy with a monarch, whose power is limited by the Constitution. Australia's monarch is QEII as we are still part of the commonwealth and under her rule. America is to part of the commonwealth and they have a president. (Australia)

Constitutional Monarchy

A standalone court that investigates the reasons behind a person's death

Coroner's Court

1. High Court of Australia 2. Court of Appeal (Full court of federal or family court) 3. Supreme Court (Federal or Family Court) 4. District Court 5. Magistrate's Court (Coroner's Court or children's court)

Court Hierarchy Australia

- Solving economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character - Coordinate Humanitarian life - Man-made disasters - Natural disasters - Coordinates responses to emergencies - Refugee's and development program

Deliver Humanitarian Aid

government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. E.g. Australia, U.S, Canada, U.K.

Democracy

Direct democracy (can also be known as a pure democracy) is a form of democracy in which people decide policy initiatives direct, countries with smaller populations usually have direct democracies. E.g. Switzerland

Direct Democracy

1. Criminal Division -- Has jurisdiction to hear indictable matters punishable by maximum 20 years imprisonment 2. Civil Division -- Hears civil matters for claims between $75,000 and $750,000

District Court of Western Australia

Specific: When Commonwealth of Australia was established it granted federal parliament specific powers. Concurrent: Constitution further provided some areas where both state and federal parliaments could make laws referred to as concurrent powers. Residual: The Constitution allowed State governments to retain their individual constitutions and some of their law making powers, known as residual powers.

Divisions of Power

A double dissolution occurs when both the Senate and the House of Representatives are shut down in order for a federal election to take place. A double dissolution election is different to regular elections, when only half the Senate seats are contested. In a double dissolution, the Governor-General dissolves both the Senate and the House of Representatives at the same time, meaning every seat in both chambers is contested. This is the only time that all senators stand for election at the same time.

Double Dissolution

Provides basic economic and career standards right to fair wage.

Economic

Society is based on a number of economic values ; protection of private property, which advocates and promotes the ownership of property by private individuals. e.g. breaking and entering, damage of another property. Pursuit of profit --- Australia has a market economy in which the individual pursuit of profit is seen as the most efficient means of economic production that at the same time guarantees the liberties and freedoms of individuals. e.g. intellectual property law, free trade, anti-monopolies.

Economic Values

- Principal Body for coordination, policy review and policy dialogue - Recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues as well as implementations of internationally agreed development goals - Central mechanism for the UN system - Has 54 members elected by the General Assembly (Chapter 13)

Economic and Social Council

Representatives must be elected by the civilians of the country.

Elected Representatives

- Zimbabwe, China, North Korea

Examples of autocratic governments

Administers laws and Legislation. The Prime Minister and the Governor General and Cabinet (who has all the power) and Public Services. Responsible for the selection and introduction of legislation into parliament. They administer government policy and legislation. Accept responsibility for outcomes of the gov. policy.

Executive

The FCWA is vested with both state and federal jurisdiction to hear matters relating to family law.

Family Court of WA

Hears matters relating to trade practices, mergers and misuse of market powers

Federal Court of Australia

Canberra. Federal Parliament makes law carried out by the Federal Government. Two Houses: House of Reps and the senate. Members and Senators are elected by Australian voters. PM is a member of the House of Reps and leader of the federal Government. Constitution allows Federal Parliament to have more powers than the state and local governments. Responsible for services such as: Telecommunications, Employment, Airports, Defence, Pensions/family support.

Federal Parliament

System of Government where the power is divided between central (commonwealth/federal) and regional (state)

Federalism

After the civil war between communists and Chinese nationalists, communists claimed the mainland established new neo-societ government that eclipsed its predecessor in size and economic power. It's founder was Mao Tse-tung who was the soviet counterpart to Joseph Stalin,

Founding of the People's Republic of China 1949

When electing a representative the electors must be under no outside influence or restrictions and the elections must be held every 4 years so the civilian population can change there mind if the feel their representative is not suitable anymore.

Free, fair, regular elections

1. To maintain social cohesion and harmony in communities, there are laws that recognise and preserve moral, social, political and economic values. Laws such as Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion and Preservation of life laws 2. Maintaining order and providing sanctions to law-breakers. Laws establish boundaries of acceptable conduct and legal structures allowing disputes to settle peacefully. E.g. citizens' rights, powers of police and anti-terrorism laws. 3. Allow change. Laws change as society changes and what benefits society at that point in time. E.g. Safety belts in buses, equal opportunity in the work place.

Functions of Law

- Main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN - 193 members - Meet in NY for annual General Assembly and debate - Decisions on important questions

General Assembly

Royal Assent - The Governor General signs the bill Bill becomes an act of Parliament -- a law for Australia

Governor General Reading

1. Original Jurisdiction -- Has authority to hear matters regarding the constitution and disputes between states 2. Appellate Jurisdiction -- Hears appeals from original jurisdiction of the High Court, the Federal Court and the State Supreme Courts

High Court of Australia

- 1st Reading --the bill is introduced to the HR - 2nd Reading -- Members debate and vote on the main idea of the bill - House Committee -- Public inquiry into the bill and reporting back to the house. - Consideration in detail -- members discuss the bill in detail, including any changes to the bill - 3rd Reading -- members vote on the bill in its final form - The bill is passed in the HR and sent to the Senate

House of Representatives Reading

A right which is believed to belong to every human being regardless of race, religion or gender. Basic Standards to live life with freedom and dignity. These are political, legal and civil.

Human Rights

The judges should have the freedom to decide cases impartially, in accordance with their interpretation and facts. Make their decisions without restriction or outside influence

Independent Judiciary

(1960 - 1985) - Means acceptance of some Aboriginal culture with the expectation that should still 'fit in' with society - More recognition of Aboriginal rights - 1966 Gurundji Wave Hill Strike (illegal to pay Aboriginal's same as non-aboriginal workers until 1968-paid in rations) August 22 1966, 200 Aboriginal stockmen and families walked off Wave Hill pastoral station, Northern Territory, owned by the British aristocrat, Lord Vestey. Initial strike about pay wages and living conditions but it spread to include the more fundamental issues about traditional lands. Nationally, people resisted idea of handing back land to original owners. 9 yrs later in 1975, with the change of government, Prime minister Whitlam handed over title of land to Gurundji Aboriginal people — the first act of restitution to Aboriginal people and start of the land rights movement. - 1967 Referendum ; achieved two things: -- alteration of Section 51 of Const., giving federal government power over Aboriginal affairs instead of states. -- Removal S127, allowing Aboriginal people to be counted in census. Majority of the Australian population voted 'Yes'/ In favour of changes (90.8%) Impact-symbolic - 1975 Racial Discrimination Act -- Intro by Gough Whitlam, crime to discriminate against any persons for racial reason - Response to international pressure

Integration Phase Four

- Principle Judicial organ of the UN - It's seat is at the Peace palace in the Hague - Settle in accordance with National Law, legal disputes submitted by the states - Give advisory opinion on legal questions by the UN specialised agencies

International Court of Justice

(1788 - 1850) - Captain Cook declared the Australia to be 'Terra Nullius'--'nobody's land' - British took the land and forced Aboriginals off the land and denied them the right to hunt for food. - Treated Aboriginals as 'less than human'--it wasn't a crime to shoot them

Invasion Phase 1

Makes the judgements about the law and upholds it. Settles disputes and enforces the law whilst interpreting and applying the constitution. Keeps the other arms of gov. in check and upholds the rule of law.

Judiciary

- 1 person has complete power over the gov., - leader gains power through force + fear, - people are left with no real choice, - leaders care more about themselves than the citizens, - gov. uses military force and threats to control citizens, - cruel and unusual punishments are common, - imprisonment or death to anyone anti-government, - if a citizen does something that the government does not approve of, he or she will be punished or killed, - secret police keep people in fear modern technology is used to for the government to spy on citizens, - power attained through violence, rigged (fixed) elections, dictator threatens other countries, - anyone who opposes leader/leadership is severely punished or killed - living conditions are typically poor for citizens, - Freedom and rights are not protected

Key Features of Autocratic Governments

Ways that we conduct ourselves around others. Includes ; Respect for the law, respect for life, equality, freedom and tolerance and protection of the weak

Social Values

(Section 1 of the Constitution) A parliament function which creates new laws, removes old ones and alters existing ones. In parliament they are the 'supreme law-makers'. They pass bills so they can become law: A draft of a law is known as a bill. It must be read, debated, voted and approved by both houses. - commonwealth - House of Representatives - Senate - The Crown (GG)

Legislative

Make laws and decisions, bylaws, on local, town or city matters. Local gov. are known as shires, municipalities, boroughs, towns or cities. Leader is known as a mayor or shire president. Pay for different services with state and federal grants and taxes, called rates, from land owners. Responsible for services such as: Libraries, rubbish collections, called rates, swimming pools, child care centres, street signs and traffic control

Local Councils

1. Criminal Division -- Deals with summary and 'either way' offences which carry maximum term of imprisonment is 3 years or less a. Drug Court -- A specialised court to assist people whose offending behaviour is a result of entrenched drug use b.Family Violence Court -- A specialised court to provide intervention to offenders with charges relating to domestic violence 2. Civil Division -- Has jurisdiction to hear civil claims under $75,000

Magistrate's Court of Western Australia

1. Maintain International Peace and Security 2. Promoting a sustainable future 3. Protecting Human Rights 4. Upholding International Law 5. Delivering Humanitarian Aid

Main Objective of the UN

1. General Assembly 2. Security Council 3. Economic and Social Status 4. Trusteeship Council 5. International Court of Justice.

Main Organs of UN

- Post WWII (1945) - Maintaining peace and international security - Allow people to grow - Assist countries to recover from conflict - Nuclear weapons dismantlement - General Assembly's forums for countries

Maintain International Peace and Security

Xi jingping asked for absolute loyalty from the Chinese State media. He told editors, reporters that they just pledge absolute loyalty to the Communist Party and follow its leadership in 'thought, politics and action.'

Media in China

Because of China's size, factionalism was extremely high. This led to China's gov. to compete with regional and ideological movements in a paranoid and repressive manner. China's human rights movements have been bought about in the pursuit for national uniformity. Tibet was an area within mainland that had been regarded as autonomous or semi-autonomous because of it's distinct culture. Mao ordered it's invasion and conquest in 1950.

Occupation of Tibet 1950

Set up by senate and HR to investigate bills or issues in more detail than possible in the chamber. Most members of parliament, except ministers and parliamentary secretaries, serve on committees. They are made up of 6 -10 gov. and non-gov. members of parliament. Invites public experts and officials to make a written statement outlining views about bill or issue. Check on the work of the gov to make sure that it is doing it's job properly. Under detailed questioning from the non-government, senators, ministers and department officials may reveal details and department officials reveal details about gov. practice that have previously not been made public. Estimates hearings may lead to improvement in the way government may lead to improvements. They remind governments that it is accountable to Australians for it's policies and actions

Parliamentary Committees

There are 5 phases of Australia's dealings with indigenous Australians. 'Invasion', 'Segregation', 'Assimilation', 'Integration' and 'Acceptance and Reconciliation?'

Phases of Indigenous History

Since Ancient Greece, thinkers have argued that morality and values are based on human reason -- humanism. Humanist views puts individuals at the centre of social life. A humanist society protects individuals right to life and be a part of society

Philosophical Values (Humanist Values)

Basic rights when confronting the government

Political Rights

Power is balanced between the three arms of government, so checks can operate. If power was not balanced, and one arm was to powerful, checks on that arm would not be effective. This means that each arm should only use power according to the Australian Constitution. The Separation of Power comes from France and is put in place to prevent absolute power.

Principles of Separation of Power

Justice, Fairness and Equality -- Utilitarianism ; when the law provides happiness for the greatest number, Mercy ; Laws need to be tempered by mercy, Redressing Inequality ; Laws should aim to create a more 'equal' society, Predictable ; people have the right to know is being alleged agains them and to be able to defend that accusation and to be heard in court, Consistent ; in sentencing and in judgement, over time and geographical space.

Principles of the rule of law

1. Start a bill and present it to federal parliament 2. If passed by parliament, proposal must be presented to Australian voters in a referendum 3. Takes place between 2-6 months after it has been passed 4. Before referendum, parliament prepares arguments against the proposed change (sent to the Australian electoral commission (AEC) in charge of running referendums) 5. Arranges 'yes' or 'no' cases with statement of proposed change to be posted to every Australian on electoral roll. 6. Voters name is marked off the electoral roll when they vote 'yes' or 'no' on the ballot paper. 7. Referendum approved if majority of voters across the nation and majority in states (double majority)

Process of Referendum

- Achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character - Promoting and encouraging the respect of the human race. - Improving people's wellbeing - Development that promotes prosperity - Economic opportunity - Protection of the Environment

Promote Sustainable Future

- UNDHR - Protecting Human Rights - International Bill of HR - Human Rights Treaty Bodies -- Monitor HR treaties

Protect Human Rights

To secure peace, economic prosperity and progress for the world's people. The UN was the 2nd attempt by world powers to establish an international organisation to foster peace and prosperity globally. In Washington D.C 1943, representatives of China, U.K, U.S and Soviet Union met to develop a blueprint for a new international organisation.

Purpose of UN post WWII

A vote to approve the change of the Australian Constitution. Section 128 sets out certain rules to be followed so the change is approved.

Referendum

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951 Refugee Convention, is a United Nations multilateral treaty that defines who is a refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum.

Refugee Convention 1951

Our values have origins from religion. Australia has religious orientation is based on judeo-christian religion. Example: the ten commandments

Religious Values

A system of democracy where the citizens elect a representative for their country. E.g. Australia

Representative Democracy

The idea that no one is above the law. Both citizens and their representatives are to be held accountable under the law and seen as equals in the eyes of the law.

Rule of Law

Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia states that: When a law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the former shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be invalid.

Section 109 of the Constitution

- Has primary responsibility/ maintenance of international peace and security - 15 members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent) - All members are obligated to comply with council decisions - Using force to maintain and restore international peace and security - Security Council has presidency who rotates and changes every month

Security Council

(1850 - 1937) - 'Social Darwinism' -- means survival of the fittest (Aboriginals were expected to die out) - Paternalistic attitude towards the Aboriginals -- treated them like children and that they didn't know what was best for themselves. - Constitution -- Section 127 ; Aboriginals shall not be counted in the Australian census. -- Section 51 ; different states have different laws regarding the Aboriginal people. -- Section 41 ; Any adult who is eligible to vote in state elections is able to vote in federal ones. - 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act. ; No Aboriginal can vote in federal elections unless under the S41. Excluded non-white people from Federal elections - 1905 Aboriginal Act ; Start of the Stolen Generation ; segregation of Aboriginal people of full descent (believed to be extinct) and assimilation of 'half-caste' children. - Chief protector of the Aborigines was legal guardian of all Aboriginals under the age of 16 - Aboriginal Reserve ; States and missions - run by gov. and churches - Ask permission to get a job, get married or leave reserve.

Segregation Phase 2

- 1st Reading --the bill is introduced to the Senate - 2nd Reading -- senators debate and vote on the main idea of the bill - Senate Committee -- Public inquiry into the bill and reporting back to the senate Committee of the whole -- senators discuss the bill in detail, including any changes to the bill - 3rd Reading -- senators vote on the bill in it's final form - The bill is passed by the senate

Senate Reading

Executive, Judiciary and Legislative put in place to prevent absolute power.

Separation of Powers

Every state or territory in Australia has it's own government, parliament and parliament house. Laws made about state matters at parliament house, located in State's capital city. Leader of state government is the premier. Every state, bar Queensland, has 2 houses in parliament -- the upper house (legislative council) and the lower house (legislative assembly). Each territory has one house is parliament. Responsible for services such as: Hospitals, schools, roads, railways, forestry, fire brigade, ambulance and police.

State Government

Statute Law: Parliament bills are passed by parliament to create law (Bill becomes a law - Act.)

Statute Law

Since 1901 there have been 44 proposed changes to the Constitution and only 8 have been agreed to. 1906 ; Senate Elections. 1910 ; State Debts. 1928 ; State Debts. 1946 ; Social Services. 1967 ; Aboriginals (This was the most successful with 90.77% of the country voting 'YES'). 1977 ; Senate Casual vacancies, referendums -- territories, retirement of judges.

Successful Referendums in Australia's history

1. General Division -- Criminal Division ; Has jurisdiction over criminal matters which carry life in prison as a maximum possible penalty. --Civil Division ; Hears probate matters and civil claims in excess of $750,000 2. Appeals Division -- hears appeals from single judge decisions of the supreme court, criminal matters from the Magistrates Court and the District Court, and the civil appeals from the District Court.

Supreme Court of Australia

By 1966, Nikita Khrushchev's concerns regarding the "cult of personality" surrounding Stalin had discredited Stalinism and brought about a new kind of Soviet ideology that did not glorify the head of state. This did not help Mao within the Communist Party and the failure of his domestic policy initiatives — and the 'Great leap forward' didn't help him. Mao started the cultural revolution in concern of his own power, and this reasserted Maoist doctrine by force. The cultural revolution killed 3 million people.

The Cultural Revolution 1966

A scheduled five-year plan based on Stalin's model from the 1930s (resulted in 8.5 million deaths) was intended to modernise the Chinese economy. Farmers were reemployed to other industries but without securing any other food sources, and forced them to used inefficient farming techniques which colluded with natural disasters that took place at the same time. Between 1958- 1960, there were 48 million Chinese deaths

The Great Leap Forward 1958

After the cultural revolution (which lasted 10 years) and Mao's death in 1976, the communist party took a small step back. The trial of the 'Gang of Four' — included Mao's Wife Jiang Qing and three accomplices — was an indictment of the Cultural Revolution. Mao wasn't officially blamed, but he never had to be. The trial was cleansing of Wang Kwangmei, widow of the former Chinese president, who was arrested and executed in the 1960s due to Mao's paranoia. Wang was the witness in the 'Gang of Four' trial.

The Trial of the Gang of Four 1976

Federal, State, Local

Three levels of government in Australia

May 1989, a million Chinese, mostly students, crowded in central Beijing to protest for democracy and call for resignations from the Chinese Communist Party leaders. For three weeks protestors held daily vigils, marches and chants. June 4th 1989, troops and security policy stormed into Tiananmen, firing into crowds of protestors. Tens of thousands of students tried to escape the rampaging Chinese forces. Some fought back stoning troops and setting fire to vehicles. Reporters and Western diplomats estimated at least 300 or perhaps thousands were killed. As many as 10,000 were arrested. The Chinese gov. shocked allies and enemies of the Cold War. Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, wished the Chinese to adopt his own domestic reform program to democratise China. The U.S congress imposed economic sanctions no more than 3 weeks later against the People's Republic of China in response to the Brutal violation of HR.

Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989

- Established in 1945 by the UN charter of international supervision - By 1994 all trust territories had attained self-government on independence - Meet on required occasions - Request of majority of it's members on the General Assembly or Security Council

Trusteeship Council

An International organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.

United Nations

A statement of the standards of human rights acceptable to United Nations member states. Consists of an opening preamble and 30 articles. Adopted on 10 December 1948

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- Respect for International Law - Security Council -- achieve peacekeeping - Codifies Major principles of International relations - International Court of Justice - Settles disputes submitted by states - Advisory on legal questions

Uphold International Law

Human Rights Lawyer. Tried to fight for fair and just trial for the rape and sexual exploitation of young teenage girls by their school principle who only got charged with prostitution. She was threatened by the government and is now presumed missing. She ended torture and interrogation because of her attempts to challenge the government

Wang Yu Case

"Nobody is safe under a dictatorship"

Wang Yu Quote

A standalone court that deals with proceedings relating to disputes over mining tenements in WA

Warden's Court