politics unit 2

With regard to ideology, Americans...

Tend to stay identified with a political party consistently the rest of their lives, tend to identify with a party by their mid-20s, and tend to choose a political affiliation early in life (ALL OF THESE)

The Electoral College reflects in its numbers...

The representation in the Senate and House

Which income percentile of the American population is most likely to go beyond voting and participate in campaign work on behalf of candidates for office?

The top 10 percent

Modern-day pluralist thinkers support...

The views of de Tocqueville

Some of the most well-known national advocacy organizations in the first half of American history seemed to be formed to advocate for...

The vote for disenfranchised groups

In many other countries of the world, voter turnout is increased when...

The vote is mandatory

In order to inform oneself about election information, media sources that Melinda Jackson recommends includes...

The websites of major television broadcast channels, National Public Broadcasting television and radio, and the websites of major newspapers (ALL OF THESE

Which of the following statements is true regarding voter frequency?

A higher percentage of married people vote regularly than do unmarried people

A candidate's campaign can be compared to applying for...

A job

An example of an intersectional marginalized person is...

A low-income woman

Immigrants to the United States may have a political socialization that involves...

A mix of influences from their country of origin and the US

What phrase best fits the definition of a social movement?

It claims to represent a group that is being treated unjustly, It works outside the normal channels of government to create social or political change, and It uses people and organization to challenge power-holders (ALL OF THESE)

Why is the US Census the most accurate survey of the American people?

It comes closest to surveying every American citizen

The main means used to reach voters is...

Television

According to author Melinda Jackson, Americans...

Support the principle of one man; one vote, Believe in equality of opportunity, and Strongly support civil liberties as set forth in the Bill of Rights (ALL OF THESE)

Poll results vary based on...

Survey mode, sample size, and population definition

The four types of issues that advocacy groups deal with are...

Universal issues, majority issues, disadvantaged sub-group issues, and advantaged sub-group issues

Coalitions for advocacy groups that represent the marginalized are...

Very popular, as more than 98% of these advocacy groups form coalitions

The Electoral College was created in...

1787, when the Constitution was written

The branch of government that is targeted the most by advocacy organizations of the marginalized is the...

Congress

The primary model that is by far the LEAST used in congressional primaries is...

Top-two primary

The agencies which connect people to government are called...

"Linkage mechanisms"

Which pair is an example of a social movement AND an interest group that work on similar issues?

#Black Lives Matter and the NAACP

Approximately what percentage of House seats are up for re-election every two years?

100 percent

A candidate must win how many votes in the Electoral College to become president of the United States?

270

A recent survey of American adults found that just over ____ of Americans could name the three branches of government...

33 percent

Public opinion polls that follow scientific methods are...

A good predictor of public opinion and have only a small margin of error, if done correctly

Proportional elections in the rest of the world usually have...

A parliament

The "long 1960s" saw...

A resurgence in social movements

What is the "American Creed"?

A strong belief in the core political values of the nation

SNESJO is...

A survey of organizations that represent marginalized people

A "pressure group" is...

A voluntary association that tries to shape public policy, a "lobby group", and An "advocacy group" (ALL OF THESE)

An example of a disadvantaged subgroup of an advocacy group would be...

A woman of color in a women's organization

In the presidential election of 2012, the states that carried Barack Obama to victory were...

Across the nation-- in the West, the South, the Midwest, and the Northeast

Affirmative advocacy...

Actively seeks out coalitions and works with others at the state and local level, Looks for over-represented and under-represented issues in setting the agenda for activity, and Has a proactive agenda (ALL OF THESE)

Universal issues...

Affect all people in the US, regardless of race, gender, sexuality, disability, etc.

In the presidential election and re-election of Barack Obama, which voting group had greatest increase in voter registration and voting?

African American voters

Pluralists

Agree with de Tocqueville that groups are the cause and effect of democracy

In an open primary, Independents are...

Allowed to vote for a candidate from one of the political parties

The following is an example of an interest group...

American Association of University Professors (AAUP)

Yale law professor Alexander Bickel's concept of "counter-majoritarian difficulty" simply means that...

American people often have thought that the Court is undemocratic when it has decided issues that factor or protect minorities

Shay's Rebellion was...

An armed resistance to the authority of the state of Massachusetts

What is it called when a president makes a rule without getting the prior approval of the legislature or the courts?

An executive order

The candidate's website is NOT a good source of information when a person wants to find...

An unbiased account of the candidate's voting history

Public opinions matters because....

Our representatives in government should reflect voters' opinions

The Republican Party emerged...

Before the Civil War

The election that was recently controversial due to its very close Electoral College vote was...

Bush vs. Gore

According to author Melinda Jackson, the digital revolution has given us more information about the candidates...

But the information is not always accurate

The main agents of political socialization are...

Community leaders, Schools, and Family (ALL OF THESE)

Advocacy groups for the marginalized are likely to form coalitions to...

Compound the strength of their numbers, Have more credibility with the political elites, and Marshall scarce resources (ALL OF THESE)

Which of these states was NOT pivotal in the 2012 presidential election?

California

Which state has the most Electoral College votes?

California

Because of the current winner-take-all rules of the Electoral College, a third party candidate, like Ross Perot...

Can have a good percentage of the popular vote and yet get no Electoral College votes

Because of the winner-takes-all Electoral College system, a presidential candidate with a narrow popular vote win...

Can still have a very large margin of victory in the Electoral College vote

Although US politics is based on the two-party system, most Americans are actually centrists, or moderates. It follows, then, that...

Centrists voting for more moderates or centrists may be able to reduce gridlock

While liberal ideology and conservative ideology can be divided into four extremes, most people identify as...

Centrists, or political moderates

What kinds of organizations generally do NOT conduct political opinion polls?

Corporations

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning presidential debates?

Debates do not help the voter learn about the issues

While Americans overwhelmingly share core political values, the problem for the political system is...

Deciding how to implement these values in day-to-day matters

A core political value that nearly all Americans accept is...

Democracy, Equality, and Liberty (ALL OF THESE)

"Blue-dog Democrats" are...

Democrats who are conservative on economic issues

Political outsiders and excluded groups engage in which of the following activities?

Demonstrations, Sit-ins, and Street theater (ALL OF THESE)

The Founding Fathers...

Did not distinguish at first between formal interest groups and informal social movements, Were skeptical of the idea that faction would be good for American government, and Believed that all factions would lead to bloody social movements like Shay's Rebellion (ALL OF THESE)

Some argue that the increased participation of wealthy individuals in the political process is...

Distorting it and giving them too much voice

The higher your income status, the more likely you are to...

Do political campaign work, Participate in a political campaign meeting, and Give a political campaign donation (ALL OF THESE)

When is an incumbent most vulnerable in the electoral process?

During the primary election

A single-issue voter is someone who...

Has a strong opinion on a single issue so that he or she only considers that issue when voting

Which of the following is NOT a social movement?

EPA

Conservative and liberal ideologies differ mostly on...

Economic and social issues

The American people believe that justices on the US Supreme Court should be...

Elected and only for a 10-year term

Although political pundits on television and radio aim to inform the public, in their reporting they also look for...

Entertainment value to increase their ratings

Author Melinda Jackson notes that equality is generally defined as...

Equality of opportunity

"Random sample" in polling means...

Everyone has a chance of being included in the poll

According to Dara Strolovitch's affirmative advocacy standards, one should give a higher rating to advocacy organizations that...

Have a vision for the future, Have clear agendas that they discuss with their constituencies, and Form many strong coalitions (ALL OF THESE)

"Red states" refer to states that usually vote for the Democratic Party, while "blue states" refer to those that are reliable for the Republican Party...

False

De Tocqueville saw political groups as a "necessary evil" in American democracy...

False

Even if a nation is at war, economic issues will always dominate an election...

False

If the Electoral College did not exist in 2000 and the president was elected by popular vote alone, George W. Bush would still have won but by a very small margin...

False

States with very small populations have less proportional influence in the Electoral College than larger states...

False

The Democratic Party has conservative ideology...

False

The US has one of the highest voter turnout rates in the Free World...

False

The rules for voting are consistent across the nation...

False

The two-party system is so entrenched, the parties really do not have to adapt or attract new voters...

False

There are very few sources which supply news about politics these days...

False

Third parties dominated American politics until the last 50 years when just two parties started to dominate...

False

This was not the case ten years ago, but today opt-in, online surveys follow the best scientific methods and models...

False

Voters in the Millennial Generation (born 1981-2000), are more likely to be Independents than Democrats or Republicans and more likely to be Republicans than Democrats

False

Why are interest groups, political organizations, and social movements so numerous in the US?

Federalism and the separation of powers have created multiple points of access to political institutions, The 1st amendment protects speech, association, and the right to petition the government for redress of grievances, and The way people are elected to Congress does not do a very good job of representing minorities, who have to find other ways of getting their needs met (ALL OF THESE)

The first political parties in American were the...

Federalists and the Anti-Federalists

We can get the best measure of public opinion by...

Following scientific guidelines

Intersectionally marginalized people are those who...

Have multiple historic disadvantages in the political system, such as women of color

Browsing a candidate's website can...

Give the voter in-depth information about the candidate's position on the issues, give the biography of the candidate, and tell the voter what politicians and organizations are endorsing the candidate (ALL OF THESE)

Increased political polarization in Congress has led to...

Gridlock in congress

Shay's Rebellion happening only a few years after the American Revolution...

Had a real impact on the thinking on the delegates of the Constitutional Convention, like George Washington

The two candidates for the presidency in 2000, George W. Bush and Al Gore...

Had very similar personal profiles and backgrounds

Author of this essay, Melinda Jackson, says that the Electoral College vote can be changed without eliminating the Electoral College by...

Having all states follow the proportional rule (PPV) rather than the unit rule

How would Madison view a business lobby for the banks?

He would consider it an example of a destructive faction that exacerbates inequality in the country...

In Federalist No. 10, Madison wrote a great deal about...

His fears that faction would work against the public interest

Author Dara Strolovitch states that in judging the effectiveness of an advocacy organization which claims to represent the marginalized, we should ask the guiding question...

How active for the intersectional marginalized are they, what institutions do they target, and what coalitions do they form?

Melinda Jackson, author of this unit, states that presidential candidates use the debate to...

Introduce their favorable personal characteristics to the voters, distinguish themselves on the issues, and show empathy for voters' problems (ALL OF THESE)

The two states that usually hold their primaries first are...

Iowa and New Hampshire

Which of the following statements is true about voting in America?

In some states; citizens can vote directly on policies through initiatives and/or referenda, In terms of voter turnout, the US lags behind many advanced democracies, and Americans have many elections compared to other democratic countries (ALL OF THESE)

The "red" states in the US are geographically located...

In the Midwest and the South

Why do many social movements have to conduct public demonstrations in order to get their message to the public?

In the beginning, they lack powerful advocates for their cause, like politicians and wealthy people, They often do not have the money to appeal to others by using expensive media, like TV, and Sometime their causes conflict with other interests-- e.g., the wealthy, the police, politicians-- so they bypass them and reach out to the public at large (ALL OF THESE)

Today most Americans politically identify themselves today as...

Independents

Nineteenth-century pluralists believed that...

Interest groups would always pursue their own political interests vigorously, No single interest would win or lose all of the time, and Interest groups would always form (ALL OF THESE)

The pluralist view of power in action can be summed up as follows:

Interests compete for political power, resources, and money, but no one dominates the playing field

Who wrote the following words: "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire"?

James Madison

There are two men who have explained two dominant points of view about the benefits or lack of benefits from political interest groups. They are...

James Madison and Alexis de Tocqueville

Why do the American people sometimes feel resentful of the federal courts and find their decisions illegitmate?

Justices have life terms and are potentially insulated from the will of the American people

Besides parents and schools, what other agents of political socialization are there?

Labor unions, The media, and Religious leaders (ALL OF THESE)

Similar poll results of major pollsters demonstrate that they have...

Learned how to word the questions so as not to introduce bias

If a social movement wants to directly access the institutions of the government, it would engage in...

Lobbying, petitioning, and suing

The logic of the Funnel of Causality is that...

Long-term factors at the top of the funnel have a greater impact on a person's vote

Pluralism, when it refers to interest groups, means...

Many power holders and many points of access to power

When the Founders drafted the US Constitution, senators were elected by...

Members of the state legislatures

What is the difference between a general election and a mid-term election?

Mid-term elections take place two years into president's term in November, while general elections take place every four years in November and elect a president

The two things, according to author Melinda Jackson, that schools do to encourage active, engaged voters at an earlier age are...

Mock elections and student council elections

"Blue-dog Democrats" are conservative on economic issues and...

Moderate on social issues

Over time, presidential campaign ads have become...

More sophisticated, Briefer, and More issue oriented (ALL OF THESE)

"Policy feedback" suggests...

More stakeholders are created by changes in laws, The new stakeholders protect policies that benefit them, and Certain laws or policies create groups that did not exist before, because the law identifies mutual interests for them (ALL OF THEM)

Scholars have found that of the 12,000 organizations in Washington, D.C.

More than a third represent corporations, As little as a fraction of a percent may represent the poor and social welfare organizations, and Less than five percent represent labor unions (ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE)

Among the 34 wealthiest countries of the world (OECD), the frequency of voting of US voters was...

Near the bottom of the list

What percentage of Americans in recent years identify themselves as Independent?

Nearly 66%

If the US had a unitary system of government, as in England where the legislative and executive powers are both in one institution called the Parliament, would there be more likelihood of social movements?

No

It is sometimes called "first-past-the-post" and sometimes "winner-take-all," but this kind of election means that...

No matter how many votes are cast, and how many candidates there are, the one with the most votes wins

Which of the following statements about conservatives is true?

None of these! (conservative tend to favor higher taxes, conservative tend to favor more government regulation of business, and conservatives tend to support larger government)

Because social movements lack access to the reins of power and its resources, it uses other resources that are more readily available to it, such as...

Numbers, Energy, Commitment (ALL OF THESE)

Who of this group would vote most frequently and reliably?

Older college graduates

The election primary model used in most states for congressional elections is the...

Open primary

The Reason Americans vote a lot is because of...

Our federalist system

What has the greatest influence on decisions that Americans make when they vote?

Partisanship

Author Melinda Jackson and supporting research show that the factor which most determines how a person will vote is...

Party identification

Some theorists argue against the pluralists with a "rational actor" argument that says that...

People are rational and want to maximize benefits and minimize effort, so they do not spend their time and resources to organize

Besides going to the streets, an interest group can also use government by...

Petitioning the executive branch, Suing in the courts, and Lobbying the legislature (ALL OF THESE)

What is the margin of error for a sample of 1,000 voters?

Plus of minus three percent

One of the most important influences in political socialization outside of the family is...

Political leaders at the national, state, and local levels

The Founding Founders were preoccupied with the possibilities and dangers presented by...

Political parties, Organized interests, and Mass Movements (ALL OF THESE)

A form of "linkage mechanisms" is a/an...

Political party, Social movement, and Interest group (ALL OF THESE)

A major tenet of the Pluralist School is...

Power structures are easily permeable and interest groups do it all of the time, People naturally form interest groups to access these easily permeable power structures, and There are plural or many, power holders and many accesses to power (ALL OF THESE)

An issue where the courts were not sympathetic but the Congress ultimately decided in favor with legislation was...

Pregnancy rights

Voter turnout varies with the type of election. From the highest to the lowest the order in the US would be...

Presidential elections, mid-term elections, and primary elections

An example of a "public good" is...

Public libraries, Firefighters, and National Defense (ALL OF THESE)

Private interest groups...

Pursue narrow material interests intended to benefit a particular group, Try to get the government to do things that may or may not benefit the general public, and Do not have clear and set boundaries separating them from public interest groups (ALL OF THESE)

One way that pollsters use to select good "populations" is by...

Randomly generating contact numbers from a large list of telephone numbers

In the "long 1960s," advocacy organizations for marginalized people...

Rapidly increased in numbers

Rockefeller Republicans are...

Republicans who are somewhat liberal

Author Melinda Jackson states that a current practice of some states that may serve as a barrier to voting is...

Requiring voters to show a particular kind of ID at the poll

The pluralist view of power is...

Resources are widely scattered throughout the country, At least some resources are available to nearly everyone, and At any point in time; potential power exceeds actual power (ALL OF THESE)

Which of the following statements is true concerning the Electoral College vote in the 1992 election?

Ross Perot won 19 percent of the popular vote but received no Electoral College votes

James Madison

Said that "Liberty is to faction what air is to fire."

A factor of American elections that has NOT hindered diversity in Congress today is...

Southern states that directly and legally discriminate against African Americans with state segregation laws

To pursue their policy goals, advocacy organizations...

Testify at committee hearings, Organize letter-writing campaigns, and Lobby congresspeople directly (ALL OF THESE)

In the Federalist, No. 10, Madison argued...

That those who have and do not have property would always be contending with one another and form interest groups to carry on their battles, That "the various and unequal distribution of property" fueled faction, and That faction and class divisions fueled populist uprisings (ALL OF THESE)

According to the author of this unit, Dara Strolovitch, the law has been most valuable to social movements as they put pressure on the political system is...

The 1st Amendment

An example of an interest group offering a benefit to encourage people to join their organization is...

The American Association of Retired People (AARP) offering travel discounts

Scholars refer to Americans' core political values as...

The American Creed

In the 1940s and 50s, why did African American Civil Rights Movement pursue their agenda in the federal courts?

The Congress in this period was actually hostile to their cause

Why do both the government and private sectors assemble data on public opinion?

The US has a representative form of government; therefore; public opinion is important to lawmakers, Americans believe in the democratic process and therefore value public opinion, and public opinion polls are the best way to measure what people think (ALL OF THESE)

Perhaps the most powerful social movement of the early 19th century was...

The abolitionist movement

According to political scientist Melinda Jackson, why does college seem to be important in voting?

The college-educated make more informed voting decisions, the college-educated tend to not more frequently, and the college-educated tend to learn more about civic duty in college (ALL OF THESE)

National organizations that file amicus curiae briefs are targeting...

The courts

The "explosion" of national advocacy groups representing people of color, women, and low-income people resulted in...

The founding of over 700 groups

Even though interest groups who claim to represent the marginalized are not as effective as they think,

The growth of such groups is still a cause for hope

What is the "American Dream"?

The idea that any American in this democracy can have success with hard work and perseverance

What is incumbency advantage?

The incumbent has a very good chance of getting re-elected if he or she runs again

What is political scientist E.E. Schattsnedier's definition of the "pressure system"?

The informal system of interest groups that pressure the political system to get what they want

Why do the campaign staffs of presidential candidates pass up large states like California and Texas to concentrate on smaller states like New Mexico or Ohio?

The large states are reliably red or blue, so the campaigns go after states where the vote is closer and they can take all of the votes even with a small win

Extreme and persistent polarization of members of Congress has been a feature of American politics since about...

The late 1970s

Why do you think political scientists called the decade of the 1960s "the long 1960s"?

The major social movements of this period extended from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s-- it was actually two decades of social movements

When advocacy organizations target the judiciary, they are more likely to do so for...

The most advantaged people of their group

An example of an organization which claims to represent a large demographic group is...

The national organization of women (NOW), The national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP), and The Japanese American citizens league (JACL) (ALL OF THESE)

The number of electors each state receives in the Electoral College is based on...

The number of representatives the state has in Congress

There are more social movements in American democracy because...

There are multiple points of access to power, Of federalism, and Of the separation of powers (ALL OF THESE)

In most cases, because of political party primaries...

There is only one Democrat and one Republican on the ballot

If more political centrists were elected to Congress...

There would be less gridlock

If the US had proportional representation like most of the rest of the world...

There would be more third parties and third-party candidates

If the US gave up the Electoral College...

There would have to be an amendment to the Constitution

The problem with opt-in internet panels is that...

They have a greater margin of error, Participants self-select; leaving out significant sections of the public, and they do not use scientific methods (ALL OF THESE)

Political scientist E.E. Schattschneider says about the interest groups that claim to work for the poor people that...

They may be making things worse for these people

When women's groups wanted to fight pregnancy discrimination in the 1970s...

They went to the Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC), They went to Congress, and They chose a legislative and an executive strategy (ALL OF THESE)

Washington, DC, is not a state, therefore, Congress decided...

To give it three votes in the Electoral College based on its population

"Public goods" are equally available to everyone regardless of whether or not they participate in trying to get them...

True

According to the "funnel of causality", party identification is more psychological than anything...

True

Author of this unit essay, Dara Strolovitch, believes that groups that advocate for intersectionally marginalized people should have a "wish list" of long-term goals if they want to achieve success...

True

Compared to other countries, America is in the lead when it comes to frequency and number of elections...

True

Contemporary political observers echo the two views of de Tocqueville and Madison in how they view the role of political groups...

True

Even though some people fear the advocates for marginalized groups appeal to the courts too often, evidence shows that they, in fact, use the courts reluctantly and as a last resort...

True

In addition to the legislative branch, advocacy groups target the executive and judicial branches...

True

In an open primary, the voter can choose the primary election-- Democratic or Republican-- in which he or she would like to vote...

True

Liberals are more likely to support individual choice and freedom with regard to social issues than conservatives...

True

Members of Congress tend to be more partisan, or left or right leaning, than the public as a whole...

True

Nebraska and Maine are the only two states that do not use the unit rule but award electors in a proportional vote system...

True

Older people tend to have more party loyalty than younger people...

True

Older voters vote twice as frequently as younger voters...

True

Political scientist E.E. Schattschneider argued that they collective action problem is not the real problem, but the fact that 90 percent of people lack access to the resources to do the organizing, despite what the pluralists think...

True

Political scientist E.E. Schattschneider believes that a lack of resources deters participation in the political system-- not that people are merely waiting for others to do the job for them...

True

Polls show that Americans support the core political belief that women should have the same rights as men...

True

Public opinion matters because in a democratic system we believe that government policy should follow the public will...

True

Regional, cultural, religious, occupational, and ethnic diversity all tend to increase the formation of political groups and social movements...

True

Social movements have been important sources of social, political, and economic change in the United States...

True

Swing states are those that can switch back and forth from party to party and from election to election...

True

The difference between direct democracy and representative democracy is that in the former the voter votes directly on the issue, while in later the voter votes for a person who will vote for the voter...

True

The formation of interest groups and civil society organizations is an important part of the American political process...

True

The mission statement of the Sierra Club says their purpose is "to explore, enjoy, and protect the planet."

True

The women's movement can be very active on an issue such as affirmative action in higher education, which affects their more affluent members, but overlook welfare reform, an important issue for their more disadvantaged or marginalized members...

True

There are many more "private interest groups" than "public interest groups"

True

Wealthy people are far more likely to participate in interest groups than are poor people...

True

Which country has mandatory voting laws?

Turkey

Primary election debates are very important because...

Voters can compare the many candidates side by side, lesser-known candidates can get recognition with a good debate performance, and the debates educate the voters about new issues and party positions on those issues (ALL OF THESE)

In order to get a representative sample of public opinion, pollsters need to canvass...

Voters who have only a landline or only cell phone, as well as people who have both

Although there have been many parties in American history...

We have always had two major political parties that represent liberal and conservative views

What does the unit rule mean?

When a candidate wins most of the popular votes in a state, he or she takes all of the Electoral College votes

The collective action problem is...

When people decide not to organize because they can get the benefit of others' work, Overcome by material incentives; according to Mancur Olson, and The same thing as a free-rider problem (ALL OF THESE)

Historically, which group tends to vote with the most frequency?

White, high-income, highly educated Americans

Violence against women would be an issue that affects...

Women of all classes and races

According to author Dara Strolovitch, the first people to bring up the problem of intersectional marginalization were...

Women of color in the women's movement, who thought that upper class and white women's issue were getting too much attention

The tactic that social movements refrain from using to accomplish their goals is...

Working on behalf of the campaign of an incumbent legislator

Alexis de Tocqueville

Wrote his great book DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA at a time when Americans were forming many interest groups and associations in the 1830s

Are Americans more likely to vote in presidential elections than other types of elections?

Yes; consistently, Americans participate in presidential elections over other elections

The problem with intersectional marginalization is that...

You cannot claim that one form of marginalization is more important than another, When a person or group is faced with intersectionality issues, their problems do not just add to one another, they multiply and complicate each other, and The discrimination problems faced by people who belong to two disadvantaged groups are much greater than those with one disadvantage (ALL OF THESE)

Author Melinda Jackson asserts that you are more likely to be politically socialized if...

Your school and teachers gave you many opportunities to participate in elections and other political experiences, You participated at a young age in politics; for instance; attended rallies, and Your family talked about politics when you were young (ALL OF THESE)

Partisanship...

is a psychological identification

An example of an interest group that flows from "policy feedback" is...

the NAACP, the AARP, and The Sierra Club (ALL OF THESE)