POLS 2311 Exam 3
News produced by individuals and organizations who are not employed as professional journalists is called
citizen journalism
public opinion
citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events
Today the term ______ refers to someone who generally supports the social and economic status quo and is suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulas and economic arrangements
conservative
digital divide
The gap in access to the internet among demographic groups based on education, income, age, geographic location, and race/ethnicity
Normally, samples of how many people are considered sufficient for accurately measuring public opinion through the use of surveys?
1,000
In general, the FCC regulations apply only to
over-the-air broadcast media
media
print and digital forms of communication, including television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet, intended to convey information to large audiences
selection bias
A polling error in which the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions
_____ is a type of reporting in which the media adopts a skeptical or even hostile posture toward the government and public officials, such as occurred during the Vietnam War.
Adversarial journalism
____ refers to the power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems.
Agenda-setting
citizen journalism
news reported and distributed by citizens, rather than professional journalists and for-profit news organizations
Across racial and ethnic groups, a pattern emerges illustrating that MOST Americans get MOST of their news from which of the following? academic journals TV broadcasts newspapers Social media
TV broadcasts
random digit dialing
a polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of 10-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample
push polling
a polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion
bandwagon effect
a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner
democracy
a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials
equality of opportunity
a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
Medias power to bring public attention to particular issues or problem is known as
agenda-setting
values (or beliefs)
basic principles that shape a person's opinions about political issues and events
The power of the media to decide how the American people interpret political events and results is called agenda-setting.
framing.
More than three-fourths of daily print newspapers are owned by
large media conglomerates
The processes through which underlying political beliefs and values are formed are collectively called
political socialization
The term used to denote the beliefs that people have about political issues, events, institutions, and personalities is
public opinion
agents of socialization
social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values
Libertarian
someone who emphasizes freedom and believes in voluntary association with small government
socialists
someone who generally believes in social ownership, strong government, free markets, and reducing economic inequality
Which of the following news sources reaches the MOST Americans?
television
Among other freedoms in the United States, freedom of the press is protected by
the First Amendment of the Constitution.
What is the social desirability effect?
the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable, rather than what they actually believe
The now-defunct requirement that broadcasters provide time for opposing views when they air programs on controversial issues was called
the fairness doctrine
The fact that women tend to oppose military intervention more than men do is an example of
the gender gap
What is the most important external influences on how political opinions are formed in the marketplace of ideas?
the government, private groups, and the news media
marketplace of ideas
the public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete
Which of the following would be the MOST important factor in determining the reliability of a poll? size of the population the size of the sample the issue being polled the timing of the poll
the size of the sample
liberal
today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; governmental intervention in the economy and more economic equality; expansion of federal social services; and greater concern for consumers and the environment
Libertarianism is a political ideology that
emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.
______ is the type of journalism that includes news reporting and political commentary by ordinary citizens and even crisis coverage from eyewitnesses on the scene.
Citizen journalism
political ideology
a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government
"Public broadcasting" refers to any television, radio, and digital media that
receive funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why many Americans appear to prefer online news? the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets the depth of the information available online the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online the convenience of getting news online
the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets
Which of the following is not a reason that many Americans appear to prefer online news? (p. 190) a) the depth of the information available online b) the diversity of online viewpoints c) the convenience of getting news online d) the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets e) the up-to-the-minute currency of the information available online
the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets
Which of the following is true of media consolidation in the United States?
The 1996 Telecommunications Act accelerated the pace of consolidation.
By representing a wider range of political views than traditional news sources are able to, ______ have created a more democratic press.
online media
A ____ is a small group selected by researchers to represent the MOST important characteristics of an entire population.
sample
The term used in public opinion polling to denote the small group representing the opinions of the whole population?
sample
Which kind of polling error arises based on the small size of the sample?
sampling error
public-opinion polls
scientific instruments for measuring public opinion
The tendency to focus news coverage on only one aspect of an event or issue, avoiding coverage of other aspects, is known as
selection bias
Most leaks originate with
senior government officials, prominent politicians, and political activists
social desirability effect
the effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe
political socialization
the induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based
agenda-setting
the power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems
framing
the power of the media to influence how events and issues are interpreted
A push poll is a poll in which
the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion rather than measure the respondent's opinion
equal time rule
the requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public
conservative
today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements; conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens' freedom
In Red Lion Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission, the Supreme Court ruled that a radio station
was required to provide a liberal author with an opportunity to respond to a personal attack broadcast by one of the station's conservative commentators
social media
web-based and mobile-based technologies that are used to turn communication into interactive dialogue between organizations, communities, and individuals; social media technologies take on many different forms including blogs, Wikis, podcasts, pictures, video, Facebook, and Twitter
_____ of adults get their political news from Facebook and Twitter.
60%
Which of the following statements about education as an agent of political socialization is accurate? Government has traditionally prevented itself from taking part in political socialization through public education. Education has proven to be a strong predictor of tolerance for racial minorities. College graduates are more likely than other Americans to be associated with greater involvement in politics. College graduates are less likely to take part in political protests than other Americans.
College graduates are more likely than other Americans to be associated with greater involvement in politics.
Symbolic of the digital age, President Obama used which platforms for public communications?
Facebook and Twitter
Which of the following statements about the use of the Internet for obtaining news and political information is accurate? In 2014 some 35 percent of adult Internet users said they looked for news or information about politics or the upcoming campaigns online. Live video streaming is growing less popular on the Internet as online print articles grow in importance. Although the Internet transmits a great deal of political information, exposure to online campaign ads is quite low. Formats for obtaining news on the Internet are becoming more diverse and interactive.
Formats for obtaining news on the Internet are becoming more diverse and interactive.
liberty
Freedom from government control
Which statement best describes the relationship between public opinion and government policy? a) Public opinion almost never influences government policy. b) Government policy almost never influences public opinion. c) The relationship between government policy and public opinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shifts based on new government policies. d) public opinion always influences government policy because lawmakers are legally bound to enact the majority's preference 3) government policy never influences public opinion because most Americans pay very little attention to politics
The relationship between government policy and public opinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shifts based on new government policies.
The practice of push polling involves
asking loaded questions to subtly shape the respondent's opinion.
right of rebuttal
a Federal Communications Commission regulation giving individuals the right to have the opportunity to respond to personal attacks made on a radio or television broadcast
digital citizen
a daily Internet user with high-speed home Internet access and the technology and literacy skills to go online for employment, news, politics, entertainment, commerce, and other activities
gender gap
a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
simple random sample
a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent
socialism refers to
a political ideology that emphasizes freedom social ownership, strong government, and reducing economic inequality
sample
a small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of an entire population
attitude (or opinion)
a specific preference on a particular issue
Public broadcasting outlets that receive government funding through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars
account for less than 5 percent of media market share in the US
Which of the following is not an agent of socialization the family social groups education the political environment all of the above
all of the above
Adversarial journalism refers to
an aggressive form of journalism that attempts to expose and antagonize the status quo
news aggregator
an application or feed that collects web content such as news headlines, blogs, podcasts, online videos, and more in one location for easy viewing
Which of the following is not a core U.S. value?
big government
penny press
cheap, tabloid-style newspaper produced in the nineteenth century, when mass production of inexpensive newspapers first became possible due to the steam-powered printing press; a penny press cost one cent compared with other papers, which cost more than five cents
Which of the following was a federal regulation executed by the Federal Communications Commission but that is no longer maintained? fairness doctrine equal time rule right of rebuttal partisan fairness standard
fairness doctrine
A widely circulated story during the 2016 presidential election stating that the Pope had endorsed Donald Trump for president was a good example of
fake news
Out of the following, which set best describes the important forces in the marketplace of ideas, or, the interplay of opinions and views that takes place as competing forces attempt to persuade as many people as possible to accept a particular position on a particular issue? religion, government, public education government, news media, private groups news media, organized interests, religion individuals, public education, government
government, news media, private groups
Digital citizenship requires
high-speed internet access and the technical and literacy skills to evaluate and use information online
A ____ is the disclosure of confidential information to the news media.
leak
Political and social reform, government intervention in the economy, expansion of government social services and health care, and greater concern for the environment are views that are generally identified as belonging to which political ideology?
liberal
The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals' lives and property illustrates their commitment to
liberty
niche journalism
news reporting devoted to a targeted portion (subset) of a journalism market sector or for a portion of readers/viewers based on content or ideological presentation
Which of the following has risen over the last decade as traditional print media has declined? local news stations and dailies academic journals niche journalism national magazines such as Time and Newsweek.
niche journalism
What is the gender gap?
political and voting differences between men and women
Liberalism and conservatism are examples of
political ideologies
The set of underlying orientations, ideas, and beliefs through which individuals come to understand and interpret politics is called
political ideology
The process by which Americans learn political beliefs and values is called
political socialization
sampling error (or margin of error)
polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample
A familiar polling problem is the "bandwagon effect," which occurs when
polling results influence people to support the candidate marked as the probable victor in a campaign
The bandwagon effect occurs when
polling results themselves influence people to support the probable victor
What media in the United States are essentially free from government interference?
print media
Priming refers to the
process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.
priming
process of preparing the public to take a particular view of an event or political actor
broadcast media
television, radio, or other media that transmit audio and/or video content to the public
The fact that almost 90 percent of college graduates have home broadband access but only 63 percent of high school graduates do is an example of
the "digital divide"
The term public opinion is used to describe
the beliefs and attitudes that people have about issues, events, elected officials, and policies
The concept of a marketplace of ideas refers to
the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums
