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POLS1101-Chap6-9

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2. The basic powers of Congress are outlined in Article I, Section 2

13. John Marshall maintained that the national government's legitimacy was both independent of and superior to that of the individual states for which of the following reasons? a. The national government had been approved directly by the citizenry in special ratification conventions. b. The national government had been approved directly by the states in special ratification conventions. c. The national government had been approved directly by the House and Senate in special ratification conventions. d. The national government had more resources, including a larger standing army.

2. One aspect of the Senate designed to insulate it from transient shifts in public mood is which of the following? a. One third of the Senate's membership stand for reelection every 2 years. b. Senators cannot simultaneously run for other offices. c. The President can veto business on the Senate agenda. d. The Senate elects its own president.

20. The incumbency advantage in the House of Representatives a. rose from 1 or 2 points in the 1960s to almost 8 points by 2002, but has since declined to the levels seen in the 1950s. b. continues to increase every decade as mapmakers draw districts that perfectly fit the needs of lawmakers. c. was eliminated when the House of Representatives adopted a system of proportional representation. d. decreased from an average of 8 points in 2002, but has started rising again in recent elections as national forces play little role in congressional elections.

25. Because candidate-centered electoral processes give members of Congress far more incentive to be individually responsive than collectively responsible, which of the following is also true? a. The pursuit of reelection makes logrolling an attractive strategy. b. Over time, revenues tend to rise while spending tends to drop. c. Individual irresponsibility leads to collective responsiveness. d. Candidates present themselves as agents of the party rather than as individuals.

3. Jefferson's response to the appointment of members of the defeated Federalist Party by Adams to the federal judiciary was a complaint that a. the Federalists had "retired into the judiciary as a strong hold." b. those appointed to the federal bench by Adams were too old and viewed the job as a retirement of sorts. c. he wanted to bring criminal charges against some of the men appointed to the judiciary by Adams but could not because of judicial immunity. d. the judicial branch had exerted an unconstitutional independence.

30. The Rehnquist Court a. rebalanced the power relationship between the state and federal governments. b. rebalanced the power relationship between the executive and legislative branches. c. formally rejected a limited view of the scope of the commerce clause. d. adhered to activist arguments to refocus the Supreme Court on how legislation complies with the Constitution.

33. The Speaker of the House a. is elected by majority vote and serves as the majority party's leader and agent with the power to appoint committees, make rules, and manage the legislative process. b. is the seniormost member of the chamber and is primarily responsible for presiding over floor debates. c. has the ability to exercise command authority through powers specified in Article II of the Constitution in order to reduce transaction costs. d. is largely a ceremonial position.

37. Why did Congress establish regulatory commissions? a. to hedge against the potential political costs of delegation by restricting the influence of presidents and party politics on regulatory decisions b. to avoid placing bureaucratic layers between a president and agencies c. an admission that Congress needed more information if it was going to regulate the economy more effectively d. members of Congress focused on short-term concerns so they decided that commissions could make better long-term decisions

40. What was key object of federal regulation in the 19th century? a. railroads b. newspapers c. environment d. housing

40. Which of the following are true about unanimous consent agreements in the Senate? a. They can be killed by a single objection. b. They are misnamed, because they only refer to a unanimous consent of the majority party. c. They are simple rubber stamps of bills that originated in the House. d. They are copies of matching bills that proceed simultaneously in the House.

55. Presidents have traditionally deferred to senators on the nomination of justices to fill which court? a. district courts b. courts of appeals c. D.C. circuit court d. Supreme Court

7. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution contains a. the specific powers of the U.S. Congress. b. the specific powers of the U.S. House of Representatives. c. the specific powers of the U.S. Senate. d. the specific prohibitions on the U.S. Congress.

12. What is a key difference between a parliamentary system and that which we have in the United States? a. Parliament is unicameral, which is the case in Britain and Canada. b. The leader of the party with the most seats in parliament becomes prime minister. c. Parties are organized around traditional castes rather than on the basis of issues. d. Most parliaments are elected based on a cumulative voting system.

15. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled which of the following? a. That federal taxation of private property or income was unconstitutional. b. That state taxation of federal property or its activities was unconstitutional. c. That state taxation of private property or income was unconstitutional. d. That federal taxation of state property or its activities was unconstitutional.

17. Which of the following is true about the way U.S. senators are now chosen? a. They continue to be chosen by state legislatures today, although many states hold elections that guide the legislatures regarding the people's choice. b. Since 1913, senators have been elected by the people because of the Seventeenth Amendment. c. Senators are now elected but subject to confirmation hearings in the House. d. Since 1913, senators have been elected by the people because of the Fourteenth Amendment and the gerrymander.

21. Evidence of the Supreme Court's historical sympathy for protecting property rights can be seen in its interpretation of the language of the Fourteenth Amendment, which defined corporations as persons to invoke which of the following? a. the doctrine of nullification b. the due process clause c. federal desegregation laws d. the necessary and proper clause

21. The influence of national forces in congressional elections a. only matters in Senate elections since senators are elected statewide. b. matters because the correlation between the vote share of congressional candidates and presidential candidates at the state and district levels has increased and so congressional elections are treated as national events. c. has declined in recent years as incumbents have gotten much better at separating themselves from the collective fate of their parties. d. does not really matter because House and Senate candidates have developed sophisticated campaign strategies that allow them to win seats in the other party's presidential territory.

23. The relationship between members of Congress and their districts a. demands that members remain absolutely loyal to the policy considerations of their constituents. b. involves a great deal of responsiveness on issues as well as soliciting and processing casework, which enables them to keep in touch and stay visible. c. has little effect on members because the 2-year term demands that their only focus is on legislating. d. varies depending on how confortable members feel about their chances of deterring a primary challenger.

24. Regarding the difference in incumbency advantage between the House of Representatives and the Senate, it is safe to say that a. overall, Senate election outcomes are no more variable than House election outcomes. b. overall, Senate election outcomes are more variable than House election outcomes. c. overall, House election outcomes are more variable than Senate election outcomes. d. while the House has a substantial incumbency advantage, there is no incumbency advantage in the Senate.

24. The unprecedented vigor with which the Supreme Court struck down laws regulating business during the 1920s did which of the following? a. It won the Court the admiration of many elected officials, who found that the justices obstructed congressional efforts to respond to the demands and needs of their constituents. b. It won the Court the enmity of many elected officials, who found that the justices obstructed their efforts to respond to the demands and needs of their constituents. c. It won the Court the admiration of many in the military, who found that the states obstructed congressional efforts to respond to the demands and needs of the armed services. d. It led to the first multiple impeachment of Supreme Court justices in the history of the Court.

25. What was the real purpose of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's court-packing plan? a. Implementing mandatory retirement ages for judges so that Roosevelt could appoint new judges who would be sympathetic to his New Deal programs. b. The opportunity to appoint as many as six new justices that would give the Court a majority of justices sympathetic to his New Deal programs. c. The opportunity to appoint as many as six new justices that would give the Court a majority of justices who would consistently rule congressional actions unconstitutional. d. The opportunity to appoint as many as six new justices that would give the Court a majority of justices who would be sympathetic to the United States fighting in Europe.

35. Political parties in Congress a. have grown less unified over time, and there is less agreement on major votes and the ideological gap between the parties has shrunk. b. have grown more unified with higher levels of support on party unity votes as well as becoming more polarized along ideological lines. c. have witnessed the Democratic Party become more unified and more ideologically homoegeneous while Republicans remain fractured into competing coalitions. d. have gotten much stronger in the House of Representatives while growing weaker and less ideologically polarized in the Senate.

37. House party leaders are which of the following? a. members' bosses, not their agents b. members' agents, not their bosses c. a shadow government d. lobbyists

38. Under the Constitution, the President pro tempore presides over the Senate a. whenever the Speaker of the Senate is absent. b. whenever the Vice President is absent c. whenever both the Vice President and the Speaker of the House are absent. d. whenever the Vice President is absent, unless the President is available.

38. Which of the following statements about federal district courts is true? a. The number of district courts in a state equals its number of representatives in the House. b. They are trial courts and most cases in the federal system must start here. c. The judges are elected for 10-year terms to promote responsiveness. d. The decisions cannot be appealed unless the Supreme Court agrees that the case is important

38. Which of the following statements about independent regulatory agencies is correct? a. The appointees serve at the pleasure of the President. b. Presidents appoint members subject to Senate approval to serve fixed, staggered terms of no fewer than 5 years. c. Having one person responsible for making decisions significantly reduces the transaction costs. d. It enables Congress to take direct responsibility for favorable agency decisions.

44. What is the approximate size the nonmilitary federal civilian workforce? a. 1.9 billion personnel b. 1.9 million personnel c. 7.6 million personnel d. 19 million personnel

47. What is one of the advantages of stare decisis for judicial decision-making? a. It reduces the burden on the Court because cases with similar facts do not need hearings. b. It frees the Court to monitor closely those decisions that fail to follow precedent or are otherwise unresolved. c. It enables the Court to ensure that the lower courts are closely following the decisions of the Court in order to reduce the independence of judges. d. It provides the Court with a legal rationale for defending its decision-making from congressional interference.

48. Fire alarm oversight describes a. Congress working hard to directly monitor whether agencies are implementing laws faithfully and efficiently. b. Congress designing procedures that allow interest groups and ordinary citizens to raise an alarm when something has gone wrong. c. Congress delegating power to the executive branch to raise an alarm when an agency is not faithfully and efficiently implementing laws. d. the ability of citizens to bring concerns about federal regulations directly to the Supreme Court to reduce the transaction costs of monitoring federal agencies.

50. Which of the following is true about the rules that agencies make? a. They are advisory only and do not bind the agencies. b. They have the force of law; however, the agencies can waive them at their discretion. c. They are subject to confirmation by the Senate and authorization by the President. d. They can be vetoed by the executive but not counteracted by executive order.

10. In distributing power between the House and the Senate, the final compromise regarding the authority to raise or spend money required that bills raising revenue originate in which of the following? a. the Senate, with the House having an unrestricted right to amend them b. the House, with the Senate having a very limited right to amend them c. the House, with the Senate having an unrestricted right to amend them d. the Senate, with the House having a very limited right to amend them

13. Which of the following statements about congressional districts in the House of Representatives is accurate? a. The size of the House continues to increase every 10 years since the Constitution requires 1 representative for every 33,000 residents. b. States have only gained seats following the decennial census and never lost them. c. Population movements have meant that states in the south and the west have gained seats at the expense of industrial states in the northeast and Midwest. d. The Constitution requires that the geographic size of each congressional district needs to be substantially similar.

15. Since the 1964 Supreme Court case Wesberry v. Sanders, congressional districts must have which of the following? a. symmetric shapes b. proportional representation of minorities c. equal populations d. no built-in incumbency advantage

19. Regulating railroads and monopolies along with providing services to citizens are examples of what kinds of cases that the Supreme Court faced during its second era of judicial review? a. boundaries between national and state power b. civil rights and liberties c. government regulation of the economy d. government regulation of individual preferences

19. Which of the following statements about congressional elections is most accurate? a. Reelection only matters for members of the majority party. b. Reelection matters very little since there is frequent turnover in Congress. c. Winning reelection is essential to everything members want to achieve in office as is the party winning the majority. d. Reelection matters in the House since its members are popularly elected, but does not matter much in the Senate because its members are appointed.

22. In midterm elections, a. the President's party often gains seats because supporters of the other party are demoralized and do not turn out to the polls. b. the President runs for reelection so it provides a boost to all of the candidates from his party running for reelection. c. the President's party often loses seats, but the size of the losses depends on the performance of the economy and the President. d. the President's performance or that of the economy has little effect on explaining the outcome of midterm elections.

22. Which of the following statements about Supreme Court decisions concerning state regulations of business is accurate? a. The Court defined the public interest very precisely and provided the states with wide latitude to regulate all types of businesses. b. The Court defined the public interest very precisely and prohibited the states from engaging in most forms of regulation. c. The Court struggled to develop a consistent doctrine for defining the public interest so the courts were inundated with these cases. d. The Court struggled to develop a consistent doctrine for defining the public interest so it meant that few cases were filed and the issue was eventually resolved by Congress.

28. Why did the Supreme Court turn to cases involving the relationship between individuals and the government during its third era? a. There were so many cases in the past that had been decided incorrectly that the Court decided to correct those errors. b. The President and Congress requested that the Court tackle these tough questions that could not be resolved through the legislative process. c. The confluence of forces brought these cases when it was receptive to fresh issues over which it could assert its authority. d. The passage of new constitutional amendments provided citizens with greater access to the courts if they felt that the government had infringed on their rights.

3. James Madison was referring to ______ when he wrote in Federalist No. 62 that its necessity was "indicated by the propensity of all single and numerous assemblies to yield to the impulse of sudden and violent passions, and to be seduced by factious leaders into intemperate and pernicious resolutions." a. the House of Representatives b. the executive veto c. the Senate d. the Supreme Court

31. What is the consequence of the Supreme Court enlisting its prerogative of judicial review broadly? a. It has forced the Supreme Court into resolving more political disputes and discredited the Court as a nonpartisan referee. b. The Court has gotten caught up in political fights with the legislative branch as Congress frequently passed constitutional amendments to overturn Court decisions. c. It has placed the Court as the political system's chief referee responsible for keeping the political institutions in the proper orbit. d. Presidents have become more willing to utilize their executive powers because the Court leaves policy gaps when striking down legislation Congress passed.

36. Why does the effectiveness of the Supreme Court depend on delegation? a. As agents for the legislative and executive branches, the Court wants to minimize hidden action. b. The Court depends heavily on the executive and legislative branches to enforce its opinions. c. The Court must persuade the lower federal judiciary, by the strength of its opinions, to implement its policies. d. The Constitution gives the Supreme Court exclusive control over judicial policy and the Court wants to avoid congressional hearings or constitutional amendments.

37. Why are federal courts of limited jurisdiction? a. They only handle specific types of cases. b. They only handle civil cases. c. They hear federal questions and cases involving citizens of different states. d. They process all cases through briefs rather than hearing testimony to limit the number of cases.

39. The power and influence Senate leaders exert depends on a. the balance of power between the majority and minority parties. b. the rules adopted at the beginning of each Congress. c. their personal political skills and the extant of intraparty divisions. d. their ability to force members to agree on unanimous consent agreements.

39. When George H. W. Bush was President, during his first 3 years in office, he delivered a minor address on average once every 3 days, and when Bill Clinton became President, during his first 3 years in office he did which of the following? a. He also delivered a minor address every three days. b. He delivered a minor address almost every other week. c. He delivered a minor address almost every other day. d. He avoided so-called minor addresses almost entirely.

39. Which of the following statements about the U.S. Courts of Appeal is true? a. The nation is divided into four geographic regions for hearing appeals from the district courts. b. They are responsible for hearing appeals of all cases, federal and state, in their geographic region. c. They usually review district court decisions in three-judge panels. d. The pool of appellate judges is drawn from the district court judges.

4. One major difference between the House of Representatives and the Senate is which of the following? a. The House meets for a longer term each year. b. The members of the House of Representatives were originally chosen by the state legislatures; senators were elected. c. The House allocates seats by population; the Senate is composed of two members from each state. d. The Senate chooses its own leader

43. How can the amount of federal spending increase dramatically despite the fact that the federal workforce has scarcely grown at all? a. Most government programs are financial, so recipients simply receive a check from the government. b. Innovation and technology have made government employees much more efficient. c. Through delegation of administrative duties to state and local government agencies, Congress can add programs, which voters like, without increasing the federal bureaucracy, which voters do not like. d. It means that the amount of federal spending is wasted on duplicate programs and corruption is rampant within federal programs without effective oversight.

46. Bureaucrats' most important political relationship is usually with Congress, for which of the following reasons? a. There is no agency slack in the principal-agent relationship. b. Congressional committees appoint the heads of administrative agencies. c. It controls the organization, authority, budgets, and staffing of agencies. d. The executive branch delegated all authority for the bureaucracy to Congress in the 1920s.

54. The role of the federal judiciary in overseeing the federal bureaucracy a. is biased in favor of the government since the courts defer to the expertise of the federal government. b. has only focused on the rules of the agencies and avoided any questions about whether agencies were authorized to issue regulations. c. has interpreted the Administrative Procedures Act in such a way that requires almost as much care in making rules as deciding cases. d. is largely nonexistent because the Supreme Court regards rule-making as a political question outside of its purview.

54. What does the nomination of federal judges illustrate? a. Presidents strive to find nonpartisan individuals to fill seats on the bench in order to ensure that the laws are interpreted properly. b. The President nominates and the House either accepts or rejects, and this shared responsibility provides politicians in these institutions with their best chance to influence judicial policies. c. The President nominates and the Senate either accepts or rejects, and this shared responsibility provides politicians in these institutions with their best chance to influence judicial policies. d. The Speaker nominates and the Senate either accepts or rejects, and this shared responsibility provides politicians in these institutions with their best chance to influence judicial policies.

55. The role of party leaders in voting a. is absolute because they can threaten members who do not follow the party line. b. is quite minimal as members closely follow the interests of their districts to maximize their chances of winning reelection. c. is constructing legislative packages members feel comfortable supporting and if they succeed no persuasion is necessary. d. matters much more in the Senate than in the House because there are fewer legislators.

10. Marshall's ruling in Marbury v. Madison is a testament to his strategic political skills for which of the following reasons? a. it gave Marshall's political principal, Marbury, virtually everything he sought. b. Marshall actually had another justice write the opinion and Marshall dissented, thus avoiding blame for the controversy. c. it led to Marshall ultimately being chosen as Jefferson's Vice President in his second term. d. it did not command the other political actors to do anything to affirm the Court's authority.

14. Marshall's explanation of the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution can be summed up as allowing congressional action a. only when the President certifies that the action is necessary and proper for the administration of justice. b. only if the action is explicitly provided for in the Constitution. c. as long as the executive agreed with the action and it was not specifically prohibited by the Constitution. d. as long as the means are plainly adapted to achieve an enumerated power and not specifically prohibited by the Constitution.

16. Which of the following statements about gerrymandering today is accurate? a. Democrats have a significant advantage because their irregular voters can easily be mobilized so that makes Republican House members more vulnerable. b. The adoption of nonpartisan commissions has wiped out any partisan advantage so every congressional district is competitive. c. Even with gerrymandering, House election results generally do not follow partisan leanings of the district because of ticket splitting. d. Republicans have an advantage because their regular voters are distributed more efficiently across House districts so fewer votes are wasted in highly skewed districts.

18. What was one of the consequences for the Supreme Court that resulted from the defeat of the Confederacy during the Civil War? a. The Court was bound to support the national government in any dispute since the war settled all questions related to the distribution of national and state powers. b. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments empowered the Court to fight discrimination. c. The Court faced a barrage of lawsuits related to the destruction of private property as a result of the fighting. d. The Court was obliged to devote more attention than ever before to policies emanating from the lower levels of government.

2. The Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which accomplished which of the following? a. It fixed the number of justices of the Supreme Court at nine to ensure that the new President would be able to mold the federal judiciary. b. It made an advisory council to the federal judiciary comprising all the chief justices of the state supreme courts. c. It tied judges' salaries to the number of cases filed. d. It sharply raised the number of district and appellate courts and thereby created new judgeships for the outgoing Federalists to fill.

20. What was one of the major economic problems caused by the Articles of Confederation that brought the delegates together in Philadelphia? a. state support of slavery b. the federal government infringing on states' rights c. state governments infringing on federal jurisdiction d. state raids on property rights

26. Each member of Congress pursues a strategy that makes him or her succeed individually, but Congress as an institution becomes shackled with collective blame for the overall consequences. What is this an example of? a. agency loss b. coordination problem c. free-rider problem d. prisoner's dilemma

29. Following the civil rights era, the Court began to start rolling back what constitutional interpretation? a. a broad reading of the necessary and proper clause b. the notion of dual citizenship c. the generous interpretation of the take care clause d. the expansive view of the commerce clause

29. How has Congress responded to the problem of performing complex social tasks efficiently? a. coordination and agenda control b. command authority and division of labor c. agenda control and specialization d. division of labor and specialization

34. Who is the current Chief Justice of the United States? a. Earl Warren b. William Rehnquist c. Antonin Scalia d. John Roberts

35. What was the effect of the Supreme Court's decision upholding the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act? a. It damaged the legitimacy of the Court because the public has seen the decision as nakedly political. b. It upset conservatives who were disappointed that the Court had not continued the trend of redefining the commerce clause. c. It upset liberals who were disappointed that the Court had ruled the penalties in the Affordable Care Act constituted a tax. d. It made neither side completely happy but enhanced the credibility of the Court over the long term.

41. Independent regulatory agencies a. generally have clear and well-defined goals to ensure the best chance of success. b. rarely have conflicts with other agencies since Congress attempts to minimize competing goals. c. have the same structures, duties, and procedures so it is easy to move personnel across agencies. d. are political creations so that unresolved political conflicts may be built into an agency's structure.

41. Which of the following is true about the committee systems in Congress? a. They are explicitly provided for in Article I of the Constitution. b. They were designed by Madison at the Continental Convention. c. They have been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Buckley v. Valeo. d. They are the an organizational pillar upholding the institutional power of Congress.

5. The qualifications for office for the Senate and the House of Representatives contained in the Constitution differ by which of the following? a. length of residence in the state of representation b. whether a felony conviction disqualifies a candidate c. the limitations on numbers of consecutive terms members may serve d. age and length of citizenship

55. Which of the following is considered a classic example of an iron triangle? a. labor regulations b. defense procurement c. civil rights cases d. agriculture, water, and public works

11. The assignment of bills to committees is quite controversial since the Speaker has absolute control over this process.

14. A majority of Americans approves of congressional performance and its members are well appreciated.

14. The federal government is only allowed to provide funding to other government agencies and cannot give money to private organizations or corporations

2. After the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison, it immediately started to strike down a large number of laws Congress passed as unconstitutional.

3. To reduce transaction costs and encourage political cooperation, the Framers decided that the President and Congress should not be elected separately.

5. Probably no more than half of the President's legislative proposals are considered by congressional committee or subcommittee.

7. Article III of the Constitution established the entire federal judiciary and provided each level with the same power of judicial review.

7. The Constitution clearly defines what offices constitute the President's Cabinet and any addition requires a constitutional amendment.

7. The State of the Union address has been diminished in importance so presidents simply send a written message to Congress instead of making a prime-time address.

7. The levels of partisanship and ideological homogeneity within each of the parties have declined in recent years.

8. All of the cabinet-level agencies were created at the same time when the Constitution was ratified in 1788.

11. Independent executive agencies, as organizations, look much like the divisions within regular executive departments and are headed by presidential appointees subject to Senate approval.

12. After bills have been referred to committee, the most common outcome is that nothing happens.

12. As the Supreme Court has freed itself to focus on cases that contain important, unresolved policy issues, the proportion of controversial cases has increased dramatically, and thus there are higher numbers of dissenting and concurring opinions.

8. The courts of appeals usually hear cases in three-judge panels.

9. The President's personal staff system is based in the White House Office.

9. The Supreme Court typically decides fewer than 100 cases annually.

9. The process for spending money involves two steps in each chamber: Committees of Jurisdiction authorize spending for specific programs and the Appropriations Committee appropriates money for those programs.

10. President Roosevelt relied on staff competition to solve the dependency problem that afflicts all principals who rely on agents for information and advice.

2. At the party nominating conventions, presidential candidates were valued a great deal more for their widespread popular appeal and willingness to distribute patronage than their policy pronouncements.

47. Which committees are responsible for making decisions about exercising Congress's power of the purse? a. House and Senate Appropriations Committees b. House Ways and Means Committee and Senate Finance Committee c. House and Senate Budget Committees d. Senate Ways and Means Committee and House Budget Committee

1. The short, 2-year terms in the House of Representatives were designed by the Framers of the Constiution to a. make the Senate the more powerful of the two houses. b. keep the House as close to the people as possible. c. keep the House subordinate to the other branches of government. d. ensure that incumbents would always have an advantage.

1. Why was the election of 1800 a pivotal event for constitutional developments in the United States? a. It was the first time presidential elections were conducted under the Twelfth Amendment. b. Had power not been transferred peacefully, it would have put the integrity of the Constitution in doubt and future politicians would have a prisoner's dilemma of abiding by the rules or reneging. c. The concerns over the transition of power illustrated the trade-offs between transaction costs and conformity costs. d. The questions surrounding the peaceful transfer of power raised important questions about the tragedy of the commons and the willingness of the defeated party to use arcane constitutional moves to protect their power.

42. What type of committee exists from one Congress to the next unless it is explicitly disbanded? a. conference b. standing c. select d. ad hoc

56. What allows iron triangles and captured agencies to survive? a. The fact that Congress is fairly lax about engaging in oversight in many areas of public policy b. Keeping the costs they impose on everyone small enough to avoid attracting serious attention from political entrepreneurs in Congress or the White House who may be scouting for popular issues to champion. c. Keeping the benefits they provide generous enough to avoid attracting the scouting of political entrepreneurs in Congress or the White House who may be scouting for programs to cut. d. The fact that most Americans do not care about the government as long as they receive their benefits in a timely manner.

57. Issue networks are a. the formal channels of control within a bureaucracy. b. ever-changing sets of politicians, lobbyists, experts, and entrepreneurs who shape policy domains. c. news-oriented social media sites such as the Facebook page of MSNBC or Fox News. d. the scope of authority of a department.

57. Presidential nominations to the federal bench a. focus solely on the skills and qualifications of nominees and exclude any considerations of region, race, or religion. b. can significantly shift judicial policy when one party controls the presidency over time through the cumulative impact of nominations. c. are noncontroversial affairs as senators generally defer to the President's wishes since the Constitution grants the President a first-mover advantage. d. generally move at a consistent pace through a President's administration to ensure that cases are disposed of promptly.

58. Which of the following is required for a congressional override of a presidential veto? a. a three fifths vote in each chamber b. a two thirds vote in each chamber c. a two thirds vote in at least one chamber and a simple majority in the other d. a simple majority vote in each chamber

10. President Washington was given the sole right to remove department heads by which authority? a. Article II of the Constitution b. a unanimous vote in the First Congress c. a narrow vote in the First Congress with Vice President Adams casting the tie-breaking vote d. the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison

12. Which of the following areas has not been the focus of one of the Supreme Court's historical eras?

27. Despite a sharp increase in diversity in the 1990s, Congress remains overwhelmingly White and male because of which of the following? a. The incumbency advantage can never be overcome. b. The Voting Rights Act has not lived up to its promise. c. White males still dominate the most common stepping-stones to Congress. d. Women and minorities seem less interested in working in politics.

1. President Obama's executive orders a. simply filled in policy gaps missing in congressional legislation. b. have declined since the Democratic Party maintains control of both chambers of Congress. c. have had little impact since they address largely symbolic issues. d. have created political tension because he has addressed controversial issues such as immigration and the implementation of the Affordable Care Act.

56. When voting by roll call, which of the following is true? a. The votes are voice votes, so the public is not able to tell how each member of the House or Senate voted. b. All Republicans vote and then all Democrats vote. c. Voting is done in order of seniority. d. The House votes electronically votes and the Senate votes by roll call.

58. Deregulating the bureaucracy and empowering frontline bureaucrats would make agencies more efficient and it would make bureaucrats a. rotate jobs more easily. b. more prone to corruption. c. more accountable to U.S. citizens. d. less accountable to elected officials.

1. Article III of the Constitution explicitly provides the Supreme Court with the power of judicial review.

1. Presidents have always had a large role as a government actor in the history of the United States.

11. Judicial activism is a term often associated with conservative decisions by the courts restricting the conventional view of criminal or civil rights.

1. Presidents and cabinet members can never be aware of every detailed operation of the government they head, even when the bureaucratic failure comes with such a great cost.

1. The minimum age for House members is 25 years and the minimum age for senators is 30 years.

10. Congress tried to cope with its growing workload by adding staff and specialized research agencies.

13. The Department of Justice is by far the most frequent and most important litigant in the federal court system, where it is the primary representative of the federal government.

13. The scope of federal regulation continues to shift in response to real-world events.

14. More recently, presidents have focused on the religion, sex, and race of nominees in an effort to build support with constituencies who might reward having one of their own appointed to the Supreme Court.

2. Unelected officials must decide what the law, circumstances, and common sense require of them in given situations, and after they exercise their best judgment, citizens and representatives proclaim that it is not what they wanted the bureaucracy to do.

3. The overwhelming public outcry against Taney's reasoning in Dred Scott case left the Supreme Court seriously discredited.

4. Bureaucratic organization is found not just in governments but in modern business corporations and spiritual enterprises.

4. While the Supreme Court generally delivered pro-business decisions, it consistently upheld state prohibitions against the sale of alcohol.

15. The President is commander in chief of the nation's armed forces because a. Congress specifically delegated this authority to the office after the Civil War. b. the Supreme Court declared this to be the case at the outset of World War I. c. the Constitution declares it. d. the states voted to transfer this power to the executive after the War of 1812.

11. Proportional representation gives a party which of the following? a. a share of seats in the legislature matching the share of votes it wins on election day b. a share of seats only equal to the number of districts won by a plurality by one of its candidates c. a greater liklihood of becoming one of two viable parties d. a limited ability to be represented in the legislature, as the party only gets to be involved in a small proportion of the votes cast

11. The acceptance of judicial review following the decision in Marbury v. Madison was a. affirmed by the other branches over time by establishing precedent. b. quickly overturned by Congress once the Federalists regained control. c. quickly affirmed by the other branches of government as a reasonable compromise. d. ignored by the other branches since the Supreme Court could not enforce its decisions.

14. Opposition-controlled congresses write longer laws on average because they a. try to anticipate efforts by an unsympathetic administration to suborn or redirect policy. b. are more likely to be in conflict. c. use these longer bills to "go public" and undermine public support for the President. d. are ever diligent against efforts to dissolve Congress and call for new elections.

16. Examining the President's role as commander in chief reveals which of the following? a. Presidents often commit troops and engage hostilities and then go to Congress for authority to continue. b. Providing Congress the power to declare war has limited the role of the President in foreign affairs. c. The worst fears of the Framers were realized because presidents take advantage of their ability to declare to protect their power. d. The Framers got the balance of power between the executive and the legislative branches over war powers exactly right.

16. President Andrew Jackson chose Roger Taney to be the successor to Chief Justice John Marshall for which of the following reasons? a. Taney, like Jackson, was an advocate of states' rights. b. They had been friends since law school. c. Jackson looked for someone who would continue the strong federalist leanings of John Marshall. d. Jackson looked for someone who would take a more federalist-leaning outlook than Marshall.

17. Congress's authority to declare war is, in most respects, a hollow check, for which of the following reasons? a. Presidents can order an extended military engagement without a declaration of war. b. The power to declare war is not explicitly in the Constitution. c. A declaration of war must be submitted to the states for approval. d. Congress must constitutionally defer to any declaration of war by a president with previous military experience.

17. The Supreme Court opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford asserted which of the following? a. Slaves were not citizens under the Constitution and Congress could not outlaw slavery in the new territories. b. A slave had a right to seek freedom across state lines. c. Congress could outlaw slavery in the new territories, but any slaves who escaped had to be returned to their owners. d. Congress had misinterpreted the intentions of the Framers and slave owners should be allowed to import more slaves from overseas.

17. Why does bureaucratic organization develop? a. Solving the huge problems of coordination and delegation raised. b. It increases transaction costs so the bureaucracy struggles to get its work done. c. It promotes efficient decision making and the best possible implementation of public policy. d. It helps politicians exercise more control over public policies.

18. The model bureaucracy is best described as a. a purposive machine with interchangeable human parts designed to facilitate collective action while enabling principals to control agents. b. a hierarchical structure in which commands flow upward and information flows downward. c. an abdication of responsibility through delegation. d. an economic market.

2. Most executive orders a. arise from the authority and responsibilities explicitly delegated to the President by law. b. are quickly overturned by congressional action. c. fail to cite the authority that allows the President to take action. d. represent decisions by a president to disregard the plain text of the Constitution.

20. How does Article II define executive power? a. It is long on generalities and short on details but embodies limits on presidential discretion. b. It defines very clearly with strict limitations on exactly what the President is permitted. c. There are no mentions of any kind of executive power since the Framers wanted the President to act as a figure head. d. Ambiguously, but most of the problems have been resolved with constitutional amendments strengthening presidential power.

22. The Pendleton Act, the basis for the modern civil service, initially did which of the following? a. put about 10% of federal jobs under the merit system b. put all federal jobs under the merit system c. removed about 85% of federal jobs from the merit system d. removed about 50% of federal jobs from the merit system

25. Franklin Roosevelt required all department communications to Congress that could affect future budgets be cleared through the Bureau of the Budget, the predecessor to a. the Office of Management and Budget b. the Internal Revenue Service c. the Trilateral Commission d. Department of the Treasury

27. The Constitution gives presidents a modest role in the legislative arena including which of the following? a. the veto and the ability to call Congress into special session b. signing statements c. sending the Vice President to preside over the House of Representatives d. the right to dissolve Congress and schedule new elections

28. Why was the creation of the Department of the Interior a major victory for members of Congress from the western states? a. It meant that the government would pay more attention to their constituents' concerns: public lands, natural resources, and Native American affairs. b. It ensured the future entrance of additional western states. c. It marked the first political victory for western members over more established members from the east and south. d. It shifted the battle over slavery out of electoral politics because bureaucrats would decide the fate of slavery on public lands

29. Which of the following statements about the President's role in the legislative process is correct? a. They start with their party allies, but while shared electoral fates provide incentives for cooperation, they will not bow to the President's wishes. b. The President can count on absolute support of his party especially on issues he designates as priority items. c. Cooperation with the opposition party is the norm as those partisans hope some of the President's popularity rubs off on them. d. He generally succeeds in building bipartisan coalitions especially on matters of national security.

31. The seniority rule routinely allocates first choice in committee assignments to majority party members who a. have served the longest time in Congress. b. have served the longest time in government, regardless of the branch. c. are from the oldest states. d. are the most senior in age.

32. When the Supreme Court issues rulings on whether an agency has conformed substantively and procedurally to the law's guidelines, it is an example of what kind of authority? a. statutory interpretation b. determining the plain meaning of the words c. applying the rulebook as a disinterested third party d. textualism

32. Which of the following is true about the line item veto? a. It was struck down by the Supreme Court as violating the Constitution's separation of powers doctrine. b. It was upheld by the Court as constitutional but subsequently repealed by Congress. c. It was achieved by court action. d. It was passed by the House but defeated by a filibuster in the Senate

34. The structure of the Department of Homeland Security a. reflected the President's national security rationale for reducing transaction costs and trumped Congress's normal reluctance to risk higher conformity costs and agency losses. b. was a rational decision where the President and Congress were able to agree on a common set of objectives for the new department. c. imposed strict limitations on presidential power to limit conformity costs and avoided expanding the President's command authority. d. resulted from a judicial settlement when the Supreme Court ruled that during wartime presidents could unilaterally reorganize agencies related to the President's responsibility as commander in chief.

34. Veto threats a. must be credible, explicit, and public to be effective. b. are often communicated privately to Congress so that both sides can find room for compromise. c. are generally ineffective because members of Congress do not like presidents trying to tell them how to do their job. d. have declined in popularity as presidents have found other tools for influencing Congress.

35. Which of the following is a major reason for delegating authority to an independent executive agency? a. to avoid placing bureaucratic layers between the President and the agency b. because the private sector always provides these services more cheaply c. because they are defense-related industries d. because the President typically can appoint the commissioners without Senate approval

36. While helping presidents compete successfully with opposition-controlled Congresses, the development of cable television and other mass communications technology has also done which of the following? a. Eroded the President's capacity to enlist television to go public. b. Made going public more effective for presidents. c. Caused opposition parties to be less likely to win control of Congress. d. Made the Supreme Court a much more important institution regarding public policy.

37. At least in part because of cable television, from 1965 to 2015 the percentage of households that watch the State of the Union address has done which of the following? a. decreased from about 55% to roughly 30% b. remained roughly the same c. increased from about 35% to more than 55% d. Increased from about 20% to more than 75%

4. All of the challenges the bureaucracies face are different facets of what dilemma? a. delegation b. transaction costs c. prisoner's dilemma d. tragedy of the commons

42. Independent government corporations a. deliver the kinds of services usually provided by private corporations. b. provide most public services in the United States and do so free of any political interference. c. represent decisions by the government to take over the means of production during national emergencies. d. have largely been eliminated because the federal government has embraced privatization.

42. The President's leadership of public opinion a. depends on the public's appraisal of him as president, and appeals from unpopular presidents are likely to be ignored. b. is exceptionally strong because he can command so much public attention and has access to more information. c. is nonexistent because of the growth of cable television and social media making it easier for the public to ignore the President. d. is effective only on foreign policy issues where the public tends not to have well-formed attitudes.

42. What are the limits faced by the Supreme Court in exercising internal control? a. Subordinates do not defer to their principals and seek guidance because the life tenure of judges insulates the judges from one another. b. Sharing responsibility for removal power with Congress makes it hard to agree on the conditions under which judges should be punished. c. Once the Court decides a case, they are not allowed to hear it again even if a lower federal court disregards the ruling. d. Presidential vetoes of Supreme Court rulings make the Court reluctant to take on highly charged political issues.

44. In 1937, the President's Committee on Administrative Management, also known as the Brownlow Committee, concluded its detailed analysis of the state of the presidency with which of the following? a. "The President needs help." b. "There is no need to expand the administrative capabilities of the presidency." c. "The President can no longer be subjected to congressional budgetary control." d. "There is a cancer on the presidency, that is growing."

44. The seniority rule avoids which of the following two unwelcome alternatives in legislative organization? a. elections and appointments b. gerrymandering and standing committees c. executive appointments and House managers d. a closed conference and cloture

45. Writs of certiorari a. force the justices to take a hard, strategic look at petitions before promoting them, so political strategy is an important consideration. b. provide the Supreme Court with an opportunity to consider cases but a majority of justices must agree to hear the case argued. c. can only be read by the justices to protect confidential information so justices generally do not accept writs of certiorari. d. usually mean that once the Court has decided to hear a case there is a clear majority for reaching a decision.

47. It was fitting that a separate presidential staff would arise during Roosevelt's presidency because a. Roosevelt persuaded Congress to create many relief agencies outside of the bureaucracy so this increased management responsibilities for the President. b. fighting a two-front war combined with managing the economy increased the demands for information. c. Congress was willing to give the President whatever he wanted since there was unified Democratic control. d. Roosevelt's management skills were so poor that the existing bureaucracy no longer wanted to oversee federal programs.

50. Which of the following statements about opinion writing at the Supreme Court is true? a. Once the majority opinion is drafted, it often undergoes prolonged internal bargaining as the writer tries to persuade the other justices that the legal arguments are correct. b. To ensure that the wishes of the Supreme Court are followed, all of the decisions are tightly written so there is no blurring of the message. c. There is really no difference in effect between a unanimous decision and a 5-4 decision because both decisions still establish a majority for an outcome. d. Members issue few dissenting or concurring opinions because the caseload at the Supreme Court is so extensive that members spend most of their time writing majority opinions.

51. The use of rules in the House of Representatives a. specifies when, how long, and under what procedures a bill will be considered. b. specifies how members must conduct themselves during debates in the chamber. c. has grown increasingly open in recent years as the majority party tried to encourage more amendments to pass bipartisan legislation. d. is under the control of the party leadership, and rank-and-file members have no means for expressing their concerns.

51. Which of the following is true about how the interested outsiders recruited by the Administrative Procedures Act monitor the activities of bureaucratic agents? a. the agents monitor on Congress's behalf b. the agents monitor to avoid bureaucratic oversight by Congress c. the agents monitor to ensure the agents of foreign governments abide by state regulations d. the agents monitor simply for the purposes of hiring and firing employees within the agencies

52. To end a filibuster in the Senate, cloture must be invoked by how many votes? a. three fifths of the Senate membership, currently 60 votes b. three fifths vote of a joint committee of House and Senate members c. a majority vote in each of the majority and minority party caucuses d. a majority vote

53. A discharge petition does which of the following? a. brings a bill directly to the floor without committee approval when signed by a majority of House members b. discharges a bill from further consideration by the House once a committee has voted it down c. is a mechanism for removing a member of the House from office for bad conduct such as treason or the commission of a felony d. is the procedure through which all bills passed in the House are transmitted to the Senate for consideration

53. The Office of Management and Budget is best described as a. the President's primary control instrument over the bureaucracy. b. an independent agency charged with helping Congress balance the budget. c. the accounting subdivision of the Department of Homeland Security. d. a citizen-run good-government watchdog group.

54. Floor debates in Congress are a. public spectacles where members work hard to persuade their colleagues of whom many are undecided. b. for public consumption so members can make arguments justifying their votes to constituents, guide administrators and courts when interpreting legislation, and legitimizing policy choices. c. closed to the public so that members can engage in frank and honest conversations about the issues under consider. d. critical for determining the outcomes of votes since most members try to keep an open mind about proposed bills.

58. Federal district court judges a. manage to favor the ideological preferences of the President who appointed them. b. are unable to favor the ideological preferences of the President who appointed them because their opinions are constrained by the appeals court and the Supreme Court. c. are not required to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. d. are normally tapped to chair the subcommittee hearings for the House Judiciary Committee.

59. In the lawmaking process, a. unorthodox lawmaking requires heavy investments of leaders' resources. b. Congress must follow a regular order to ensure that all policymaking choices are legitimate. c. it is easy for majorities to enact their preferred policy outcomes because the rules favor swift action. d. the rules of the House favor the minority party while the majority party exercises clear control in the Senate.

6. How did the Framers address the question of government administration at the Constitutional Convention? a. not very clearly although they gave the President appointment power but left it to Congress to establish executive departments and determine how they would be staffed b. ignored the issue entirely since they believed that the federal government would carry out a few, well-defined tasks relating to diplomacy and national security c. in tremendous detail as they specified the creation of specific agencies and defined the powers of those agencies in Article VIII d. not very clearly, but they did believe that the President should have absolute control over officials serving in the executive branch

6. Proposed qualifications for holding office in the House or the Senate that were explicitly rejected by the Framers include which of the following? a. property holding and religious qualifications and a reelection restriction b. prior service in the military and a minimum education level c. an oath to swear allegiance to the party with which a candidate affiliated during the election d. prior experience in elected office at the state level

6. Which of the following statements about presidential power is accurate? a. The president has enough resources for coordinating national responses during emergencies, but insufficient authority to usurp the Constitution. b. The internal checks of the presidency were designed to be similar to the type of checks used to control the legislative branch. c. The Constitution provides the President with a long list of enumerated powers to promote the independence of the executive branch. d. Presidential power is absolute because of broad and easily invoked emergency powers that allow the President to gain an upper hand over his opponents.

7. President Grover Cleveland noted which of the following about presidential appointments? a. "I make one ingrate and ten enemies." b. "It's the biggest and best source of my power." c. "I love it more than any other aspect of my job." d. "I couldn't care less who is in my cabinet; I'm the President and they work for me."

8. The colonial experience with the king's governors and other royal officials had which of the following effects on the members of Congress? a. They became wary of delegating too much authority to the executive. b. They became anxious to delegate authority to the executive. c. They became wary of delegating too much authority to the courts. d. They became anxious to delegate authority to the bureaucracy.

8. Which of the following describes the impact of Marbury v. Madison? a. It did not immediately strengthen the Court's power in its relations with the President or Congress. b. It was dramatic and immediate, as the Court declared over one hundred federal laws unconstitutional within a few years of the decision. c. It was short-lived, as Congress passed legislation repealing the Judiciary Act of 1801 and with it the power of judicial review. d. It was institutionalized with the passage of the Twelfth Amendment.

10. The President's role in 19th-century politics was which of the following? a. It was relatively minor since newspapers rarely reported on the President and focused most of their coverage on Congress. b. The focus was during presidential election years as presidents pulled the party train but receded into the background during midterm election years. c. It was confined primarily to vetoing legislation and issuing executive orders. d. It involved significant travel as the President often campaigned to win support for his legislative priorities.

11. The advantages of delegating authority to a unified executive were clear to the Framers of the Constitution, but so was the potential drawback which was a. the Senate might not concur with the delegation. b. executives might pursue ends contrary to those desired by congressional majorities. c. the States might override the delegation. d. President George Washington was vocally opposed to this plan.

14. President George Washington sought to meet the problem of delegation in part by doing which of the following? a. by regularly replacing officials regardless of the performance of the civil servant b. by appointing men of superior reputation, education, and means c. by abdicating responsibility for the appointment process to Congress d. by holding public referenda on high-profile appointments

18. The most important constitutional limitation on the President's leadership in foreign affairs is which of the following? a. The requirement that a two thirds majority of the House ratify treaties b. The requirement that a two thirds majority of the Senate ratify treaties c. The requirement that a two thirds majority of both the House and the Senate ratify treaties d. The War Powers Act

2. What is an important consequence of the need for secrecy in some bureaucratic operations? a. The President operates with a significant informational advantage over Congress. b. It can be for lawmakers at the top of the legislative and executive branches to oversee how a bureaucracy implements the laws they pass. c. There are often critical gaps in communication that leave street-level bureaucrats unsure of the purpose of the mission. d. The bureaucracy is capable of carrying out any operations it wishes without fear of legislative accountability.

21. Which of the following describes the group dubbed the "Whiskey Ring" during the Grant administration? a. His inner circle of advisors, so named because of Grant's famous fondness for whiskey. b. A group of revenue officials, all political appointees, who conspired with distillers to evade taxes on a massive scale. c. A group who planned to invade the neighboring territories to the west and set up a new country, so named because they shipped weapons hidden in whiskey barrels. d. A group of treasonous Union soldiers who were convicted and hung as a result of their use of alcohol smuggling to support the Confederacy.

21. Which of the following is true about the lawmaking powers that Congress shares with the President? a. Power is shared through a special law that allows the President to vote in the Senate. b. Power is shared by delegating to the executive branch the discretion to implement policy. c. Power is shared through the line item veto. d. Power is shared by submitting proposed laws to the secretaries of legislation for each state before holding a final vote.

24. Controlling the bureaucracy is a. primarily the job of Congress through legislative vetoes and extensive police patrol oversight. b. a shared responsibility for the legislative and executive branches, but the agents often play their multiple principals against one another. c. primarily the job of the executive branch since the Constitution gives the President the responsibility for making sure the laws are faithfully executed. d. a judicial responsibility since there are no concerns about reelection, and the Supreme Court is best positioned to interpret the meaning of legislative statutes.

24. The institutionalized presidency describes a. the formal powers of the President. b. the set of offices and staff created to assist the President. c. the various Cabinet positions created to manage the executive branch. d. the division of powers among various actors in the executive branch.

26. The dramatic conversion of the Supreme Court agenda and its view of federal power came about through which of the following? a. institutional reform b. the replacement of retiring justices with new ones c. a constitutional amendment limiting the Court's jurisdiction d. congressional action limiting the Court's jurisdiction

27. Which of the following is true about Franklin Roosevelt's appointment of seven new members of the Supreme Court between 1937 and 1941? a. The Court became known as "Roosevelt's Posse." b. The Court began to pay attention to civil rights and liberties. c. Three of the seven appointments were given to his close relatives. d. The Court, then deeply divided, very seldom reached a clear majority on any significant issue.

28. The challenges that spurred members to develop the modern Congress fall into two classes: problems besetting the House and Senate as organizations and problems arising from a. reducing the scope of areas in which Congress passes laws or sets policies. b. the competing individual and collective needs of members. c. allocating more complex policy issues solely to the more experienced Senate for resolution. d. abdicating responsibility for policy to the bureaucracy and letting the states take over.

3. Which of the following statements about the development of bureaucracies is accurate? a. The Framers were suspicious of bureaucracies, so Article IV of the Constitution provides critical authority. b. The Framers did not clearly envision them, but the departments and bureaus that constitute the executive branch are necessary to turn ideas into realities. c. Government could function efficiently without bureaucracies if Congress took its lawmaking responsibilities seriously. d. Bureaucracies exist only at the federal level, since state and local governments simply follow the policy priorities of the national government.

30. The constitutional foundations of the veto a. allow the President the absolute authority to block congressional actions and completely dominate the national agenda. b. represent a carefully tailored authority to check legislative abuses while denying the executive unilateral authority. c. are not carefully delineated in the Constitution so its use is ambiguous. d. allow the President to aggressively use the veto to block legislative action.

30. The creation of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1953 did which of the following? a. It marked the beginning of the Supreme Court's oversight of school desegregation. b. It not only marked the Republican Party's acceptance of the legitimacy of the federal government's expanded role in providing for the economic welfare of Americans but also was a ploy to reduce the autonomy of officials appointed by the Democrats during the New Deal. c. It marked the end of budget deficits at the national level. d. It not only marked the acceptance by the Democratic Party of the legitimacy of the federal government's expanded role in providing for the economic welfare of Americans but also was a ploy to reduce the autonomy of officials appointed by the Republicans during the New Deal.

33. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 a. was a preemptive move by President Bush's administration to counter the threat of global terrorism. b. was the most far-reaching government reorganization in fifty years as it involved more than 180,000 employees and budgets totaling more than $33 billion. c. consolidated the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency into a single department to improve coordination. d. was rolled back by the passage of the Patriot Act that gave the President unlimited authority to act as commander in chief so long as the threat of global terrorism existed.

39. The main responsibility of the Federal Reserve System is a. making all travel arrangements for nonmilitary government personnel. b. making monetary policy. c. making decisions about spending and taxes to reduce the size of the national debt. d. conducting congressional oversight of the Treasury Department.

4. The doctrine of judicial review a. is expressly provided for in the Constitution. b. holds that the Supreme Court possesses the authority to rule acts of Congress unconstitutional. c. is a modern creation of activist judges from the civil rights era. d. is only used to issue nonbinding advisory opinions.

4. Which of the following statements about executive orders is accurate? a. Executive orders are permanent and nearly impossible to change. b. Executive orders are not laws because they are confined by the scope of discretion delegated to the President. c. There are few disagreements on whether executive orders fall on the right side or wrong side of the Constitution's limitations. d. Modern presidents generally do not issue many executive orders because they prefer that Congress pass laws so any decisions are permanent.

40. From the time of Franklin Roosevelt onward, generally speaking, which of the following is true about presidential travel? a. Each president has spent more days on foreign political travel and fewer days on domestic political travel. b. Each president has spent more days on both foreign and domestic political travels. c. Each president has spent more days on domestic political travel and fewer days on foreign political travel. d. Each president has spent fewer days on both foreign and domestic political travels.

41. Which of the following statements about the organization of the federal judiciary is accurate? a. All of the lower courts must follow the decisions of the Supreme Court so there is consistency in the law. b. It is a decentralized organization, physically dispersed across the nation, and administered by individual, life-tenured judges. c. The clean lines of authority stemming from the organizational structure create a tightly supervised hierarchy. d. The Supreme Court has a wide variety of administrative tools that it can use to make sure that its agents implement the Court's policies.

43. The initial period of presidential goodwill a. is marked by high levels of national support and presidents increasingly speak to bipartisan audiences. b. has gotten shorter because of partisan polarization as opponents quickly swing to disapproval so presidents often speak to audiences of like-minded partisans. c. has gotten longer because political polarization has decreased, and there is a greater interest in resolving political gridlock. d. has never really existed in the United States because presidential elections are partisan affairs so his opponents are not interested in cooperation.

43. Which of the following statements about standing committees is not true? a. They have fixed jurisdictions and stable memberships that facilitate specialization. b. The seats on each of the standing committees is equally divided between the parties to foster a more cooperative legislative process. c. Committee membership is generally stable, but changes occur when legislators seize opportunities to move up to committees they deem more important and desirable. d. Members pursue committee assignments that allow them to serve special constituent interests as well as their own power and policy goals.

44. For the 8,000 or so certiorari requests it receives each year, the Supreme Court's rule to determine whether any given case is heard is a. at least one of the nine justices must favor hearing the case. b. four of the nine justices must favor hearing the case. c. five of the nine justices must favor hearing the case. d. the justices must unanimously favor hearing the case.

46. A multiple referral sends a bill to which of the following? a. to the Supreme Court and the executive for simultaneous preapproval b. to multiple committees at the same time or in sequence, in whole or piece by piece c. to the Attorneys General of the states for consideration d. to the floor of the House and the Senate at once for a simultaneous final vote

46. The two critical elements of the Executive Office of the President are the a. National Security Council and the Bureau of the Budget. b. Office of Management and Budget and the White House Office. c. Congressional Budget Office and the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts. d. White House Travel Office and the Office of Personnel Management.

49. In both chambers, proposals for new legislation, known as bills, a. are considered under strict rules that allows every bill an equal chance of success. b. often carry their authors' names to gain personal credit and most bills are introduced simultaneously in each chamber. c. originate outside of Congress to allow the general public the opportunity to influence the policymaking agenda. d. are easier to pass than to kill because once a bill is introduced, it has momentum that is difficult to derail.

50. The White House Office a. is responsible for managing most aspects of executive branch agencies. b. is larger and more complex because of the expanded responsibilities of presidents and the centralization of tasks that used to be performed in agencies and departments. c. has a budget that is controlled by the President with little congressional input so the President can receive the best possible advice. d. was abolished after Watergate and its responsibilities were returned to the departments and agencies.

51. What does the process of opinion writing in Brown v. Board of Education illustrate about decision-making at the Supreme Court? a. On the most important issues facing the Court, the Chief Justice is always able to cobble together a majority. b. The price of broad support among the justices may be vague, imperfectly enforced doctrine. c. Dissenting opinions are critical for explaining the real outcome of the case. d. A unanimous Court decision almost always leads to easy implementation of decisions.

52. The President's control over the bureaucracy is a. absolute since the Constitution requires the President to ensure the faithful execution of the laws. b. limited because institutional realities impose formidable barriers to presidential influence. c. weak on matters of domestic policy, but the President's command authority enables him to cut through red tape on matters of foreign policy. d. limited by the Supreme Court, which has consistently struck down presidential efforts to exert more top-down authority over the executive branch.

53. Whether a president succeeds in converting the clerkship of the office into real leadership has less to do with the authority of the modern office than with which of the following? a. the existence of an external threat, since insecurity abroad leads to security at home b. the President's political skill c. the extent the President's party also controls Congress d. the state of the economy

53. Which of the following is not a tool that Congress and the President can use to rein in the Supreme Court? a. amending the Constitution b. reducing the salary of judges c. set the jurisdiction of the courts d. create lower courts

6. In its decision in Stuart v. Laird, what grounds did the Supreme Court use to determine whether the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801 was constitutional? a. Only the President could determine the organization of the judicial branch. b. Congress possessed the power to reorganize the judicial branch. c. The legislation exceeded the Constitution and any changes to the judiciary required a constitutional amendment. d. The judiciary was responsible for its own organization and did not like the increased size of the courts.

60. Which of the following best describes the Madisonian system that Congress epitomizes? a. It essentially means the aristocratic Senate alone dictates which bills become laws. b. It erects formidable barriers to collective action. c. It is nothing like what the Framers envisioned when they designed the institutions because it is too easy for one branch to stop the actions of another. d. It fails to accomplish the intended separation of power.

9. Compared with its 19th-century counterpart, which of the following is true about the modern cabinet? a. It is much more powerful and more of a stepping-stone to the White House. b. It has lost much of its luster as offices with real political clout. c. It more likely compromised the President's rivals. d. It is smaller and employs fewer people.

12. How did the executive branch struggle with the dilemma of delegation? a. The President struggled to ensure that Congress would provide enough money for the programs he requested. b. The President ensured that government employees were not taking bribes to ignore official policies. c. The President ensured that agents acting ostensibly on its behalf would faithfully carry out official policies. d. There was no guarantee that governors would automatically follow the president's preferences when implementing new policies.

12. How does divided government affect the normal state of affairs in Washington? a. It has had no effect since divided government has long been a feature of American politics. b. Presidents are forced to work harder in their negotiations with Congress. c. There is a zero-sum game as each side profits from the other side's failures. d. Presidents are less likely to rely on their unilateral powers since Congress can easily overturn such actions.

13. Modern presidents deal with an opposition Congress using vetoes and threats but also by a. declaring a state of national emergency. b. appointing a friendly Speaker of the House of Representatives and seeking allies to occupy positions of leadership in the Senate. c. pulling decisions into the White House through executive orders, centralized administration, and broad assertions of executive privilege. d. ensuring the Senate overrides any order issued by the House

15. When it came to governing, Andrew Jackson believed that no experience was necessary and thus took which of the following actions? a. He advocated a one-term limit on all elected positions. b. He appointed only nonlawyers to the judiciary. c. He advocated rotation in office. d. He sold administrative appointments to the highest bidders at public auctions.

16. What is the name of the practice where the winning political party dispenses government jobs? a. rotation in office b. political graft c. spoils system d. merit system

19. Bureaucratic organization imposes heavy conformity costs on both bureaucrats and the people they deal with in return for a. control of committees in Congress. b. a case-by-case treatment of issues with standards that vary from person to person. c. reducing transaction costs and agency losses. d. a lessening of red tape.

22. Delegation to the President a. is always done from programmatic necessity since the President has the ability to manage the bureaucracy effectively. b. produces tremendous responsiveness since the President depends on Congress for his budget. c. rarely produces the outcome Congress intends since the President leads a separate branch of government largely insulated from congressional control. d. creates better opportunities to implement policy since there is only one voice that develops the rules.

23. In 1905, in Lochner v. New York, the Supreme Court struck down a New York law restricting which of the following? a. the ability of Congress to limit hours worked per day by women b. the right of women to work the same number of hours as men c. the work hours of bakers to ten hours a day or sixty hours a week d. right to a 40-hr work week

23. The President's budget a. sets the basic framework for spending and taxing in the United States. b. is advisory, but Congress is required to vote on the President's budget so the voters have a clear choice of competing policy priorities. c. sets the spending priorities of the government and represents an opening bid in negotiations. d. has largely been dismantled as executive departments communicate directly with the Appropriations Committees to reduce political influences

23. Which of the following is a problem with a professional civil service? a. There is no way to ensure the hiring of competent individuals knowledgeable about government programs. b. The political parties can exercise undue influence over bureaucrats because of budgetary needs. c. The rules designed to protect career bureaucrats from political retaliation make it difficult to punish them for shirking or incompetence. d. The high levels of turnover hinder the effective implementation of public policies because of a lack of institutional memory concerning best practices.

26. Which of the following is true about agencies that rise to the department level and gain a seat in the President's Cabinet? a. They always have much larger budgets than those that do not rise to the department level. b. They receive subpoena power and the ability to force Congress to hold hearings and votes. c. They receive no special powers or privileges. d. They receive a seat on the Senate Select Committee.

26. Why has central clearance strengthened the President's hand in national policy? a. It allows the President to communicate with congressional leaders without consulting the cabinet first. b. It prevents agencies from communicating their policy differences with the President to Congress. c. It prevents agency officials from casually expropriating the President's endorsement for their legislative initiatives. d. It enables the President to assemble a coherent budget that funds national priorities instead of politically motivated projects.

28. Modern presidential leadership in the policymaking process is distinguished by a. complete control over the agenda and the ability to control the spending levels of government. b. reaction as Congress passes bills and presidents suggest minor alterations before signing them. c. sponsorship and promotion of major policies and a central role in administration. d. unilateral action because congressional gridlock has become so severe that there are no other options for solving the challenges facing the United States.

3. Who was the first president to take an expansive view of presidential powers under the "take care" clause? a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt b. Richard Nixon c. Theodore Roosevelt d. Barack Obama

30. The rules, customs, and procedures in Congress are designed to a. make it very difficult to pass bills and resolve differences between the chambers. b. empower members to pursue their policy and electoral goals. c. resolve or deflect conflicts so members can get on with the business of legislating. d. ease the passage of bills so that Congress can get more work done in a short period of time.

31. Which of the following is true about the Department of Energy? a. It was created by President George H.W. Bush as a diversionary political response to rising gas prices. b. It was abolished by President Ronald Reagan and its duties moved to the Department of the Interior. c. It was created by President Jimmy Carter as a political response to the energy shortage of the 1970s. d. It was stripped of the authority to regulate nuclear power plants and oil importation by President George W. Bush.

32. Which of the following statements about parties in Congress is accurate? a. Strong political parties exist in the House, but party is weak in the Senate because there are few members. b. Article I of the Constitution dictates the establishment of political parties to make it easier to resolve differences between the chambers. c. Party leaders assemble and maintain party coalitions, but they need tools to encourage cooperation, and members have to sacrifice some independence. d. Organizational reforms have reduced the pressures on Congress so the parties do not play a very important role any more.

33. Constitutional courts a. are all the inferior courts that were included in Article III of the Constitution. b. are established by the President to relieve the workload on the Supreme Court. c. are lower level courts designed to handle litigation that exercise the same power of judicial review as the Supreme Court. d. are created by the Supreme Court to minimize the workload of the justices and take advantage of specialization to produce better decisions.

56. When choosing Supreme Court nominees, presidents have done which of the following? a. They have chosen members of their own parties about half of the time. b. They have paid almost no attention to the party affiliation of the nominees. c. They have chosen members of their own parties over 90% of the time. d. They have only nominated members of their own parties.

33. Signing statements are a. the text of the President's remarks when signing bills. b. the recommendations from the Office of Management and Budget about the budgetary impact of bills. c. declarations presidents sometimes issue when approving a bill that they will not enforce or implement certain provisions of a bill. d. the explanation the President provides when exercising his ability to strike out objectionable parts of bills that he signs into law.

35. What is the name of the strategy presidents use to promote their policies by engaging in intensive public relations to induce cooperation from other elected officeholders? a. veto bargaining b. plebiscitary politics c. going public d. home style

36. NASA is an example of which of the following? a. a non-Cabinet-level department b. a Cabinet-level department c. an independent executive agency d. a department under control of the military

36. The powers that party leaders exercise a. have grown stronger in recent years since Congress decided to resume using earmarks. b. must be voted on at the start of each Congress so every member knows the rules. c. mainly take the form of favors that the leaders may grant or withhold, which can be substantial. d. are absolute because they can demand members vote for the party or face expulsion.

38. Today, appearing on prime time television is the most dramatic way of going public a. so almost every week modern presidents appear in prime time to push their policies. b. although the public is more responsive to radio addresses than television appearances. c. but presidents rely on it sparingly so they won't lose the public's attention. d. so presidents frequently try to appear on reality television shows.

40. Which of the following are the three layers of organization of the federal judiciary? a. state supreme courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court b. criminal law courts, civil law courts, and the Supreme Court c. the district courts, the circuit courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court d. state courts, district courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court

43. The ability of the Supreme Court to control its caseload a. has diminished because Congress requires the Court to hear all cases when there are different opinions in the circuit courts of appeals. b. has resulted in the Supreme Court increasing the number of cases it hears to weigh in on the most politically salient issues of the day. c. emerged in 1925 as Congress passed legislation allowing the Supreme Court to exercise greater discretion in the cases it hears. d. does not exist because the Constitution requires the Supreme Court to hear every appeal to ensure justice for all citizens.

45. Whether pursuing resources or autonomy, all bureaucracies have to engage in a. building close relationships with Congress because the legislative branch controls the budget. b. watching the Supreme Court closely because the justices also do not have to face the voters so they are willing to strike down bureaucratic rules as unconstitutional. c. politics that involves mobilizing supporters, gathering allies, negotiating mutually beneficial deals with other politicians, keeping in touch with people whose cooperation is needed, and adapting to the realities of power. d. partisan politics to ensure the election of presidents who are generally more committed to expanding the size and scope of federal programs.

48. Only litigants who are directly or adversely affected by a disputed action have the right, otherwise known as ______, to bring the case to court. a. substantive due process b. the Marbury Doctrine c. standing

49. When local law enforcement jurisdictions follow Miranda guidelines as standard operating procedure when making arrests, it is an example of the Supreme Court using a. standing doctrine. b. procedural doctrine. c. substantive doctrine. d. amicus curiae doctrine.

50. Committees and subcommittees of both houses of Congress frequently hold hearings on proposed legislation (bills) and other subjects within the scope of those committees. These hearings a. represent an opportunity to work through each section of the bill and rewrite to attract majority support. b. are governed by strict rules limiting which amendments members are allowed to offer. c. provide an opportunity to make a record for a particular proposal, evaluate how well a program is working, or simply to generate publicity. d. for members to cast votes for or against a particular piece of legislation in order to claim credit.

51. Which of the following statements about presidential management is accurate? a. To foster the best possible atmosphere, presidents try to maintain a collegial style. b. Since the establishment of the White House Office, every president has utilized a Chief of Staff to maintain order and discipline. c. Even with the chief of staff system modern presidents use, every recent president has experienced serious staffing problems that have erupted into public controversy, if not scandal. d. The relatively small size of the President's staff makes it easy for presidents to supervise and get the information they need.

52. What does the Supreme Court ruling in Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha illustrate about Supreme Court rulings? a. The rulings automatically become the law of the land and each of the branches has an obligation to enforce the decision. b. The rulings are submitted to the states for approval and if three quarters approve, the decision becomes binding on the country. c. The absence of enforcement authority has allowed Congress and the President at times to ignore Supreme Court rulings. d. Congress must pass a law that codifies the Supreme Court decision so it can officially be added to the U.S. Code.

52. What is the fundamental dilemma that all U.S. presidents face? a. Congress never appropriates enough money for all of the programs presidents want to establish. b. There is never enough time to engage in real governing because of the demands of campaigns. c. They have too little authority to satisfy the expectations for their performance. d. Public opinion is too temperamental to count on as a source of political support.

54. In Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents, Richard Neustadt argues in part that despite sharp expansion of statutory authority and the dramatic growth in the institutional resources, which of the following is true? a. The demands of the office have been reduced so much that they no longer exceed the resources available to meet those demands. b. The demands of Congress on the President no longer exceed the resources available to meet those demands. c. The demands of the office continue to exceed the resources available to meet those demands. d. The demands of the office exceed the resources available to meet those demands for the first time in our history.

57. If a bill fails because of a pocket veto, it means which of the following? a. While the House passed it, the Senate metaphorically stuck it in a pocket, forgot about it, and failed to send it to the President. b. While the Senate passed it, the House metaphorically stuck it in a pocket, forgot about it, and failed to send it to the President. c. Congress adjourned before 10 days elapsed after sending a bill to the President, and the President metaphorically stuck it in a pocket and forgot about it. d. Congress failed to give the President the constitutionally mandated 120 days to sign or veto the bill.

59. Because the president nominates and the Senate confirms federal court appointments, a. they are sent to the sitting Supreme Court justices for a formal recommendation before the President nominates them. b. they tend to be nonpartisan. c. they do not stray from mainstream public opinion for long. d. the doctrine of judicial review does not work.

7. Although initially ignored as a toothless partisan maneuver, Marbury v. Madison a. ultimately led to Aaron Burr's conspiracy trial. b. subsequently led Marbury from simple magistrate to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. c. subsequently came to be appreciated for establishing the Court's "coequal" status among the branches of government. d. subsequently came to be appreciated for establishing the Court's status as the most powerful among the branches of government.

7. The remarkable variety of arrangements adopted to administer government policies is largely a product of the endless search by Congress and the White House for which of the following? a. ways to maximize the greatest good for the public b. common ground through the bargaining process c. ways to maximize the potential political benefits d. a free market solution to societal problems

8. The relationship between 19th-century presidents and their cabinets was based on which of the following? a. loyalty b. cabinet members being the successful bidders for their posts c. reciprocity d. the whim of the Senate

9. How did Marshall's reasoning in Marbury v. Madison affect the balance of power between the Court and Congress? a. Through a clear and powerful interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall demonstrated that the Framers intended that the Court exercise judicial review. b. His opinion highlighted the critical role that presidents play in making appointments and ensuring that the President had sufficient staff to choose qualified individuals. c. He argued that the Constitution was superior to ordinary laws, and therefore, any legislative acts contrary to the Constitution is not law. d. Exploiting the political divisions in the country, Marshall fashioned an opinion that appealed to everyone and demonstrated that the Court was the only nonpolitical actor

1. What did the failure of Operation Fast and Furious illustrate about the bureaucracy? a. Small, lean organizations are capable of achieving dramatic policy successes. b. Bureaucracies function best when low-level agents closely follow the instructions of their principals. c. The future of bureaucracies involves working closely with other nation-states to handle issues that are no longer confined to one country. d. Successfully accomplishing tasks require coordinating employees and a hierarchical structure that can convey vital information to the top.

11. The modern presidency a. looks very much like the presidency of the 19th century. b. has evolved as constitutional amendments adding presidential power were ratified. c. is powerful because of the ability to require congressional consideration of the President's agenda. d. represents a cumulative product of the changing place of Washington in national and international affairs.

13. During the Federalist years, federal government workers were primarily occupied with which of the following? a. the Civil War b. education and health care policy c. defending the New York Harbor and the capital from foreign invasion d. delivering the mail and collecting duties and taxes

14. The term gerrymander refers to which of the following? a. the exclusion of reelection as a consideration in congressional redistricting b. establishing randomly drawn districts to ensure that no party has an unfair advantage c. the electoral strategy used by Gerald "Gerry" Ford d. the manipulation of the shape of a legislative district to benefit a certain incumbent or party

18. In the time since senators have been popularly elected rather than appointed, which of the following is true? a. Fewer senators seek reelection than sought reappointment. b. They have been far more successful at winning reelection than they were at winning reappointment. c. They have been far less successful at winning reelection than they were at winning reappointment. d. They have been about as successful at winning reelection as they had been in persuading state legislatures to return them to office.

19. Presidents can sidestep treaty rejections through a. the privileges and immunities clause of the Constitution b. the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution c. the supremacy clause of the Constitution d. executive agreements which are exempt from Senate ratification

20. The term for the labyrinthine procedures, layers of paperwork, and strict adherence to form for which bureaucracies are legendary is which of the following? a. prisoner's dilemma b. conformity costs c. rotation in paperwork d. red tape

25. As a proportion of the population, the federal workforce a. has increased sharply since 1990. b. grew sporadically and sharply from the 1870s until the New Deal period. c. shrank sharply during both the World Wars. d. shrank from the 1950s until the onset of the War on Terror.

27. What does the history of the President's Cabinet tell us about the political history of the United States? a. The system of checks and balances in the Constitution provided a robust limitation on presidential authority. b. Adding too many offices to the Cabinet overwhelms the President's ability to manage effectively. c. Most cabinet agencies exist for short periods of time and are abolished after fulfilling their functions. d. It paints a picture of the interests that have become powerful enough to command cabinet status.

29. Why did the Departments of Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce represent a new type of agency? a. Unlike prior departments, Congress appointed the heads of these departments. b. Unlike prior departments, which served particular clientele, each of these departments was established to serve general social purposes. c. Unlike prior departments, these departments operated under one secretary. d. Unlike prior departments, which served general social purposes, each of these departments was established to serve the particular clientele indicated by its title.

31. Which of the following statements about the President's veto is accurate? a. The veto enables the President to exert his authority absolutely. b. Presidents have rarely used the veto and prefer to negotiate with Congress. c. Overriding presidential vetoes is relatively easy so presidents use the veto scarcely. d. It allows presidents a clear, self-enforcing means of asserting their preferences.

32. What is the primary lesson that can be drawn from the scandal in the Veterans Administration in 2014? a. Concerted oversight efforts by Congress can reduce the dangers of agency loss. b. A strong president can overcome the tendency of bureaucracies to engage in hidden action. c. Implementing a system of tenure review for bureaucrats has improved responsiveness. d. The greatest vulnerability of the principals to the agents is an asymmetry in information.

34. The 1910 House revolt that weakened the office of Speaker and stripped Republican Speaker Joe Cannon of much of his power is an example of House members choosing to do which of the following? a. tolerate higher conformity costs to reduce their transaction costs b. avoid higher conformity costs by increasing their transaction costs c. create higher transaction costs by increasing their conformity costs d. tolerate higher transaction costs to reduce their conformity costs

41. President Eisenhower's 1959 "goodwill tour" around the world is generally recognized as the first international presidential travel that did which of the following? a. invited members of Congress to join the President overseas b. constituted a president's farewell tour c. utilized the Secret Service to protect the President d. was taken primarily for the purpose of garnering favorable publicity

45. Assignments to committees are a. chosen by the majority party. b. drawn by lot, or chance. c. irrelevant because the chair of a committee can override the appointments and remove any member. d. made by party committees under firm control of senior party leaders and ratified by the party membership.

45. The Brownlow Report a. was eagerly accepted by a Democratic Congress that wanted to ensure that President Roosevelt would have all the help he needed to enact the New Deal. b. was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, and this led President Roosevelt to propose significant changes to the Court. c. was stymied by legislative gridlock and President Roosevelt was forced to rely on his executive authority to get the help he needed. d. ignored the fact that the Constitution withholds the kind of authority from the President that CEOs typically enjoy, and Congress initially rebuffed the proposal and only relented to a scaled-down proposal.

46. Which of the following statements about the Court's selection of cases is accurate? a. A majority of the justices must agree to hear a case. b. The recommendation of the Solicitor General obligates the Court to hear a case. c. Congress passed legislation requiring the Court to take cases when states reach different decisions on a policy matter. d. The justices look for cases they can use to resolve ambiguities and conflicting circuit court decisions.

47. How do bureaucracies prosper? a. by delivering the effective implementation of federal programs at the lowest possible cost to American taxpayers b. focusing on providing diffuse national goods that keep the nation safe c. maintain strong alliances with wealthy individuals who are capable of establishing Super PACs promoting the benefits of an agency d. convincing their congressional principals that they are good and faithful agents and developing an appreciative constituency

48. It is possible to view the institutional presidency as a. a great drain on the resources of the federal government. b. the glue that enables the federal government to operate under increased policy demands. c. an effective counterweight to the expertise Congress possesses on most matters of public policy. d. a presidential branch of the government separate and apart from the executive branch that attempts to coordinate the executive and legislative branches in its own behalf.

48. The Budget Impoundment and Control Act a. created a unified spending process by combining the taxing and spending committees in each chamber. b. allowed Congress to override presidential vetoes of budgets with a simple majority vote. c. required Congress to consider the President's budget that presented a unified statement of government revenue and agency spending requests to promote greater fiscal responsibility. d. was designed to force members to vote on explicit levels of taxes, expenditures, and deficits so members would have to take direct responsibility for fiscal consequences of many separate decisions.

49. Congress uses a variety of methods to keep its bureaucratic agents in line including a. firing the head of independent agencies and regulatory commissions whenever Congress disagrees with them politically. b. recalling petitions, public referenda, and other grassroots approaches. c. executive vetoes. d. hearings and investigations, mandatory reporting, and limitation riders.

49. The Office of Management and Budget a. keeps Congress well informed on international affairs. b. consents to treaties and trade agreements negotiated by the President. c. was created by Article III of the Constitution. d. is staffed by accountants, economists, and tax lawyers.

5. How does the Constitution solve the dilemma of delegation? a. It requires Congress to conduct regular oversight of bureaucratic agencies. b. It empowers the federal judiciary to review all bureaucratic decisions to ensure they are consistent with constitutional intent. c. It gives the President absolute control over the bureaucracy in terms of hiring and firing and setting budgets. d. It establishes a system of separated powers that provides distinct checks on the bureaucracy.

5. What is key to creating an energetic presidency? a. Creating a plural executive so power will be shared among different individuals who can find the best solutions. b. Giving the President a broad grant of power so he is capable of responding to any crisis. c. Providing the President with an unlimited term so he can consider national interests. d. Avoiding ambitious individuals who would use the temporary advantages conveyed by national crisis to permanently alter the constitutional order.

5. Which of the following statements about judicial review is accurate? a. The Framers expressed intent to place the Supreme Court on the same level as the legislative and executive branches. b. Electing the Supreme Court provided the foundation that allowed the judiciary to exercise its power without any concerns about their constitutional legitimacy. c. The Supreme Court can only exercise judicial review when the legislative and executive branches refuse to act. d. The supremacy clause allowed the Court to veto state laws, but not everyone agrees that the Court can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

8. The "necessary and proper clause" a. enables Congress to declare acts of the President unconstitutional. b. limits Congress to only performing the essential acts of government. c. requires Congress to provide a written justification for all of its actions. d. provides lawmakers with the single most expansive grant of power in the Constitution so lawmakers have authority over many different spheres of public policy.

9. Originally, the first three departments in the executive branch were which of the following? a. interior, treasury, and HUD b. war, interior, and justice c. treasury, energy, and justice d. treasury, foreign affairs, and war

9. Which of the following is a power explicitly given to Congress? a. the power to coin and borrow money b. the power to override a presidential veto with a simple majority vote c. the power to enact ex post facto laws d. the power to grant noble titles

These competing goals come about for which of the following reasons? a. because the government is so large that the other branches of government are no longer in control of the bureaucracy b. because of divided government c. because the two major political parties disagree on so much regarding appropriate policy d. because government pursues overlapping and conflicting goals in response to the diverse demands Americans place on it

17. Congress pays close attention to what its bureaucratic agents are doing because administrative oversight is a high priority since it helps members win reelection.

3. Since the federal government left such a small footprint in the nineteenth century, party members had little interest influencing federal appointments in their states and districts.

4. Gerrymandering is the process by which congressional districts are redistributed between the states based on changes in population.

5. Due to overwhelming Democratic majorities in Congress, President Roosevelt was able to expand the Supreme Court and protect his New Deal programs.

8. The size of the President's staff has generally remained small to promote effective oversight of executive branch activities.

9. Congress voted to create the Department of Transportation to improve the coordination of plans and policies for various transportation modes as well as reducing pork barrel spending.

10. The Department of Homeland Security is the third largest agency in personnel behind the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs, although other departments have larger budgets.

10. The Supreme Court allows interested groups not party to the litigation-interest groups, businesses, and government agencies, among others to submit amicus curiae briefs arguing that a certiorari petition should be granted or denied.

12. One of the major reasons Congress delegates authority to an independent agency is to avoid direct responsibility for unpopular decisions.

13. Much of the coalition building that produces successful legislation takes place as subcommittees and committees work out the details of bills.

15. Contrary to popular belief, civil servants generally perform their jobs as well as or better than people doing similar work in the private sector and they mirror the American public far more accurately than Congress.

16. Savvy bureaucrats design and manage their programs to build support in Congress by producing widely distributed local benefits even when their main purpose is generating diffuse national benefits.

3. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention struggled with putting the military under the control of a single individual, and one delegate proposed limiting the size of the army.

4. Since 1989, U.S. armed forces have almost been continuously engaged somewhere in the world.

5. Congress is not perfectly representative of the American people in terms of demographics.

5. Hidden information refers to agents knowing things that principals do not.

6. Politicians have found many ways to expand the government's activities without expanding its workforce.

6. Presidents justify their signing statements by arguing that provisions are unconstitutional either directly or by infringing on the discretionary prerogatives of the President.

6. The Roberts Court followed the tradition of the Rehnquist Court by scrutinizing and limiting new laws based on an assertion of federal government authority under the commerce clause.

6. When members pursue individual goals, it may undermine the reputation of their party or of Congress as a whole.

8. A party's committee members are, like party leaders, the party's agents, and party majorities use their ultimate control over committee assignments to keep their agents responsive to the party's desires.

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