POS Exam #1

The predictions of the Gallup Poll for nineteen presidential elections since 1936 have been deviated from actual voting results by less than ___ percentage point(s).

1

The _________ was a governing document that failed because it did not provide an effective means for the government to raise money, it did not include an independent leader to direct the government, and it did not give the government the power to regulate commerce.

Articles of Confederation

The Federalist Papers were drafted by​

M​adison, Hamilton, and Jay

Which metaphor best describes dual federalism?

layer cake

The process of preclearance is used when states are

redistricting

The Constitution explicitly recognizes

the national government and state governments

Using the state to redistribute income is a policy based on​

the philosophy of Karl Marx

A sample of one thousand randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus) _____ percentage points

three

Anarchism is the political opposite of​

t​otalitarianism

With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 23 percent of the American population is

unaffiliated

To amend the Articles of Confederation required a(n)

unanimous vote of the Confederation Congress

According to the text, it is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain _________ in its internal politics

undemocratic

Problems with establishing democracy in Iraq are, according to the text, chiefly a function of the fact that

"There is no meaningful Iraqi identity."

Based on 2012 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the United States is home to as many as __________ local governments of different sorts.

10,000

A proponent of states' rights and enumerated powers would be more likely to quote the _________ Amendment to the Constitution

10th

The _________ guaranteed citizenship to all persons, including blacks.

14th Amendment

Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the

1950s

As some historians estimate, _____ percent of Americans opposed the Revolution in July 1776

20

Including the Bill of Rights, __________ amendments have been added to the Constitution.

27

A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have.​

54

Although w​hite Americans do not know what it is like to be black, _____ of whites report being satisfied with society's treatment of blacks

67%

Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by __________ states.

9

Which of the following is not a reason that states have improved their ability to govern capably over the last few decades?​

All previously unelected officials, such as those in programs that deal with transportation and social services, are now elected.

Since the 1990s the Court has typically favored states, however, the best example of a decision in which the court did NOT defend state prerogatives is

Bush v. Gore

I​n a globalized world we are sometimes closely tied through trade to former enemies. In 2014-2015, which country supplied nearly one-third of foreign students in American educational institutions?

China

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of public opinion?

Citizens are typically unwilling to offer opinions on matters outside their experience, even when asked by pollsters.

Which of the following statements regarding the New Deal era is incorrect?

Congress temporarily claimed extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency

_________ theorists have a narrower view of the scope of social and economic rights that should be guaranteed by a d​ emocratic government than _________ theorists

C​onservative, liberal

The online communication channels that allow citizens to register opinions and complaints to government officials is called

E-government

__________ allows a person to acquire information and documents online and also provides a medium to register opinions and complaints to government officials

E-government

Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?

Government should do what a majority of the public wants.

The concept of democracy was initially defined centuries ago in ancient

Greece

Numerous recent preemptions have focused on

Homeland Security

The Framers wanted to build public opinion into our government structure by creating

House of Representatives

Democratic governments that have in the decades since World War II been, at times, avowedly socialist include

Italy and Poland

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson's statement that "all men are created equal" is similar to which theorist's belief that government is based on the "consent of the governed"?

John Locke

Which political philosopher inspired the phrase "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke

Protection of private property is NOT a valid objective of government according to​

Karl Marx

Which of the following philosophers is usually associated with socialism?

Karl Marx

In the 2011 Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Whiting decision, the Roberts Court upheld which state law?

Legal Arizona Workers Act

Article I of the Constitution refers to the

Legislative Branch

Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?

Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives.

The Supreme Court first declared that the courts have the power to overturn government acts that conflict with the Constitution in

Marbury v. Madison

The first fighting in the American Revolution happened in ________ in early 1775.

Massachusetts

What rules govern the use of referenda at the federal level?

No provisions exist for the use of referenda at the federal level

The first political institution that young children tend to focus on is the

President

In 1787, a Boston newspaper derisively referred to "Rogue Island" instead of Rhode island because

Rhode Island was the only state that did not send delegates to the meeting in Philadelphia

Two nations with deep ties to the principle of communism that have moved in the direction of more private property are

Russia and China

Which of the following accurately characterizes presidential poll results?

Survey results can be prone to random error because interviewers receive superficial responses.

Which document proclaimed, "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not ... expressly delegated to the United States"?

The Articles of Confederation

Which document proclaimed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights"?

The Declaration of Independence

The government's role in redistributing income to promote economic equality has been a major source of debate in the United States ever since

The Great Depression

Which of the following is an incorrect description of the cooperative federalism model?

The functions and responsibilities of the national and state governments are clearly defined

Which of the following is NOT an essential premise of dual federalism?

The relationship between nation and state is best characterized by cooperation

According to the New Jersey Plan, how was representation to be structured in Congress?

There would be one house, and all states would have equal representation in it

Which political philosopher expressed the sentiment that life in a state of nature would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short?"

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke's views on government are expressed in

Two Treatises on Government

While government at all levels and private sector businesses all share responsibilities over managing the nations' ports, each port has a ______________ assigned to be the captain of the port.

US Coast Guard officer

Which of the following statements concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?

Women are more likely to favor death penalty.

The main positive result of the Annapolis Convention was

a call for a larger meeting of the states, with a broader mission

A confederation can best be described as

a loose association of independent states

national sovereignty is defined as

a political entity's externally recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs

According to the theory of dual federalism, __________________ the nation and the states.

a rigid wall separates

Thomas Hobbes's ideal form of government was

a single ruler with unquestioned authority

According to the text, in the past few years, there has been ________ in the number of democracies around the world

a slight decline

The Great Compromise provided for

a two-chamber legislature with equal representation for all states in one chamber and population-based representation in the other.

Some have argued that the use of the drug Midazolam in executing inmates is ____________; in the 2015 case Glossip v. Gross, the Court _________ with this assertion

a violation of the Eighth Amendment; disagreed

As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents.

adult peer groups and the mass media

O​ne example of government focus on equality of outcome is

affirmative action programs

Foreigners who live in the United States but are not citizens of the United States are known as

aliens

According to the text, political liberals feared stronger states' rights because it​

allowed inequality and supported racism.

Competitive grants are awarded based on

an application submitted by prospective recipients.

REAL ID, a federal mandate that imposes security standards for state driver's licenses, is an example of

an unfunded mandate

A pure ____ would even protest traffic laws

anarchy

When compared with the U.S. Constitution, most American state constitutions

are longer and more detailed

The fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq h​ ad weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the

backfire effect

In his 2014 State of the Union address, President Obama proposed that the minimum wage

be raised to $10.10

A polling company surveying public opinion on Obama's health-care plan finds public opinion to be almost evenly divided, for and against. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

bimodal

Suppose Congress funds elementary education by giving states a grant. The states may then designate the specific educational programs (elementary, secondary or vocational) to receive the funds. This is an example of a _________ grant.

block

In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote

both order and equality over freedom.

Parental influence on party identification is greater when

both parents strongly identify with the same party

Government actions that are commonly engaged in by the U.S. government include​

building interstate roads

Studies of the congressional agenda of the United States demonstrate that it is characterized by an emphasis on

business-related legislation

Whether a political system is "democratic" is chiefly defined by which of the following?

cannot be simply defined as it is not a "yes or no" question

Formula grants and project grants are both types of _________ grants.

categorical

Recently, media outlets have started including________in their sampling, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans.

cell phones

The power of the president to veto laws is an example of

checks and balances

Under separation of powers, the U.S. system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of

checks and balances

Although globalization can threaten national security, this can create desirable outcomes, as shown by the international community's attempt to force Bashar al-Assad to surrender Syria's

chemical weapons

Through the transmission model of partisanship, party identification is passed on to

children

Compared to citizens in other nations, Americans are more likely to

choose freedom over equality

According t​o the self-interest principle, p​ eople tend to

choose what benefits them personally

I​n a system of participatory democracy,

citizens govern themselves, without electing representatives

The basic standard of substantive democracy is that government must guarantee

civil rights and liberties

In response to the use of national mandates and restraints that have become so dominant, theorists have developed a new theory known as _____ federalism.

coercive

Documents leaked by Edward Snowden showed that the National Security Agency had

collected data on domestic phone conversations of ordinary Americans

The ___________ gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states

commerce clause

The Greek word demos, which is the root of the term democracy, means

common people

According to the text, only libertarians and ____________ are consistent in their attitude toward the scope of government activity

communitarians

Americans are likely to think of freedom and equality as​

complementary

The original draft of the Declaration of Independence

condemned the king's support of the slave trade

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is an example of _________ federalism

cooperative

The use of highway construction funds has been an effective means to promote

cooperative federalism

Under the Constitution, the slave trade

could be ended after twenty years

The text suggests that the United States struggled to promote democracy in countries that

could not accept high degree of tolerance and freedom allowed to all groups in society

The constitution e​ xpressly gives the federal government the power to _____________ within the states

c​reate a postal system

A politician who appeals to and often deceives the masses by manipulating their emotions and prejudices is a(n)

demagogue

During his 2016 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders had difficulty explaining his political views as a

democratic socialist

Deciding on the legality of marijuana through ballot propositions is an example of

direct democracy

The Great Depression represented a shift away from __________ and toward

dual federalism; cooperative federalism

Conservatives are often associated with ___________, while liberals are often associated with

dual federalism; cooperative federalism.

According to the text, politicians openly call for more order

during times of social strife

The text suggests that there are _________ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization

economic

In the current American context, a liberal would tend to promote

economic equality ahead of freedom, and freedom ahead of social order.

Capitalism is best described as a(n)

economic system in which production and property are privately owned, with a minimum of government interference

The "necessary and proper" clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is an example of a(n) "__________ clause."

elastic

Suppose that top government jobs for both political parties are filled only from an inner circle of top corporate leaders. This would be evidence for

elite theory

The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics -- particularly wealth and business connections -- is called

elite theory

Article I, Section 8 of the constitution articulates the principle of _________, granting Congress limited powers

enumerated powers

States' rights supporters believe that Congress should restrict its a​ ctivities to

enumerated powers

Communitarians are willing to use government to promote both order and

equality

The notion that American public schools are open to all is an example of

equality of opportunity

When one person has the same chance to succeed in life as another, this is called

equality of opportunity

If universities increase funding for women's sports so that they receive comparable funding to men's, that is an example of

equality of outcome

A central question in the McCulloch case was whether or not Congress had the power to

establish a national bank

Social order is usually defined as

established patterns of authority and traditional modes of behavior

The constitutional amendment process requires

extraordinary majorities.

A sign that pluralist democracy might NOT be working well in the United States is the

fact that the best represented sectors in Washington are business and professional groups

For most people, the first agent of political socialization is

family

The major agents of early socialization in the United States are

family, school, community, and peers.

Shays's Rebellion consisted of

farmers trying to prevent foreclosure on their property for high taxes levied to finance the state's wartime debt

Since 1995 the Supreme Court has frequently​

favored states rights

The main disadvantage of the pluralist model is that it

favors groups who need help the least

Supporters of the Constitution named themselves

federalists

The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators

follow the general contours of public opinion

In the presidential elections since 1968, the South has tended to vote

for Republican candidates

Unless they are impeached, federal judges serve

for life

During the 1990s, Congress prohibited private businesses from discriminating in employment, public services, and public accommodations on the basis of physical or mental disabilities. This act creates a clash between

freedom and equality

Communist regimes that gave their police great powers to arrest and imprison suspicious people raised a conflict between

freedom and order

Franklin Roosevelt's four freedoms included all of the following except

freedom from inequality

Which of the following is not categorized as a civil liberty in the United States?

freedom of equality

A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values

freedom over order

As a general trend, college-educated individuals are more likely to choose

freedom over social order

I​ ndividuals with higher education and income tend to favor _______ over

freedom; order or equality

​Governments tend to respond to public opinion. In recent years, this has become particularly true regarding issues involving

gay rights

A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a

governor

Medicaid is an example of a(n)

grant-in-aid.

A voter who is uninformed about the issues might rely on political party labels to make a decision. This type of mental shortcut which requires hardly any information is called

heuristics

A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of

high income and high education.

The procedural view of democracy is most concerned with

how government decisions are made

The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to

identify more with the Democratic Party than men do.

A power NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) _________ power.

implied

The Constitution did not give Congress the authority to establish the Internal Revenue Service. Congress did so, however, to implement its power to "lay and collect taxes." This is an example of the use of a(n) _________ power.

implied

The power of Congress to charter a bank is an example of what type of power?

implied

Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the early Supreme Court generally

increased national power

A citizen's group gathers enough signatures on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal. This proposal would represent a(n)

initiative

When citizens circulate petitions to gather a certain minimum number of signatures to put a policy question on the ballot, it is called a(n)

initiative

When the authors say that we live in an era of "globalization," they mean that citizens and nations are increasingly

interdependent

Any organization of individuals formed on the basis of common interest to influence public policy is called a(n)

interest group

Although they are instruments of majoritarian democracy, initiatives are often sponsored by

interest groups

What Madison called factions, are today called

interest groups

A government unit created to perform particular functions, such as fire protection and water purification and distribution is known as a(n)

intergovernmental agency.

The___________is the term researchers use to characterize the overall collection of national, state and local governments in the United States.

intergovernmental system

In McCulloch v. Maryland, t​he Court argued that "the power to tax...

involves the power to destroy

If a senatorial candidate talks about reducing taxes as a way to "return money to the people" that candidate is using ____ as a way to define the topic of taxes.

issue framing

One of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is that

it permits policies that violate standards of substantive democracy

The key principle argued in the case Marbury v. Madison was

judicial review

Studies on decision making concerning public policy issues suggest that much of the elite's power comes from the ability of elites to

keep issues off the political agenda

Under the U.S. Constitution, the national government

lacks a general police power

A sample size that is _____ will more accurately represent the population.

larger

Since the overthrow of its military strongman Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, Libya has experienced

lawlessness

Government can promote social equality through policies other than income redistribution. According to the text, in 2015, the Supreme Court promoted equality when it held that _____ was/were unconstitutional.

laws banning same-sex marriage

As derived from John Locke's philosophy, the doctrine of liberalism holds that government should

leave citizens free to further their individual pursuits

One similarity between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan was that both plans

left unspecified how many people might comprise the executive

The broad, basic definition of government given by the text is

legitimate use of force within specified geographic boundaries to control human behavior

How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?

less likely

African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely than whites to have _______ policy preferences on abortion

liberal

An American, who supports the creation of election districts that are likely to vote for minority candidates for public office and wants more restrictions on business owners' hiring decisions, is likely to be a

liberal

Today, Americans aged 17-24 are much more __________ than the general public.

liberal

_____are more likely to favor generous government support for education and housing

liberals

A(n) _____is likely to believe that helping the needy should be a matter of individual choice

libertarian

People who are not religious are more likely to be categorized as

libertarian.

According to your text, the difference between libertarianism and John Locke-inspired liberalism is

libertarianism puts a greater emphasis on individual freedom

In 2014, voters in Switzerland approved an initiative to​

limit immigration

The American Revolution was a costly war that

l​asted for 8 years and 5 months

According to Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, the proper objective of government is to

maintain order

A popular election is the primary mechanism for democratic government in which model?

majoritarian model

Cohesive political parties with well-defined programs contribute to the

majoritarian model of democracy

A requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service that maintains a minimum national standard is called a(n)

mandate

Which metaphor best describes cooperative federalism?

marble cake

Surveys conducted over the Internet have been criticized because they

may not be representative of the whole nation

Established procedures and organizations that translate public opinion into government policy, like elections, are known as institutional

mechanisms

In recent years, the Supreme Court has denied states the power to execute individuals who are

mentally disabled and/or 17 years old

Once ratified, the Constitution was quickly amended with the Bill of Rights to assuage concerns that this new government

might infringe on personal liberty

All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except

minority rights

An important problem with the procedural view of democracy is that it can clash with​

minority rights

The most frequent response (such as "I favor") in a public opinion distribution is known as the

mode

In most democracies other than the United States, there is __________ support for the view that jobs and incomes for the unemployed are a right

much more

Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model of democracy more difficult to sustain.​

m​ajoritarian

When Roger B. Taney became chief justice in 1836, the Court imposed firm limits on the powers of

national government

A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as the__________ clause

necessary and proper

When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n) _____ distribution.

normal

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a

normal distribution

The text of the Constitution deals with slavery by

not mentioning it directly

Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds votes in both the House and the Senate or by​ a

n​ational convention.

A form of government that puts power in the hands of an elite is a(n)

oligarchy

An estimated _________ American colonists remained loyal to the British Crown

one in five

An autocracy is a political system ruled by

one individual

Which of the following is not one of the political principles relied on by the founders?

one person, one vote

In general, libertarianism is characterized by

opposing all government action except that which protects life and property

According to the text, the concept of _____ encompasses preserving life, protecting property, and maintaining patterns of social relationships.

order

Using a two-dimensional model of political ideology, conservatives are more likely to support

order over freedom and freedom over equality

When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _________; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach _________.

order, equality

New England town meetings are an example of

participatory democracy

Portland's incorporation of neighborhood associations into its municipal government is an example of​

participatory democracy

As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ________ to development of

patriotic r​itual; good citizenship.

According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is

plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end.

The complexity of the American federal system encourages

pluralism

While majority rule is defined as decision making by 50 percent plus one person, _________ is defined as decision making by most participants

plurality rule

A country abiding by the principle "one person, one vote" is practicing

political equality

Each citizen having one vote demonstrates

political equality

A consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government is a(n)

political ideology

The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called

political ideology.

The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called

political socialization

The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means

power

Which of the following is not a power granted to the president under the Constitution?

power to declare war

The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as

preemption

Most governments at least claim to __________ while they maintain order.​

preserve individual freedom

The______principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best

primacy

According to procedural theory, the government should do

procedural

According to the ____________ view of democracy, anti-gay marriage laws are democratic

procedural

_________ theory implies that a group should determine what the majority of its participants want to do

procedural

_____ addresses the questions "Who should participate in decision making? and How many votes are needed to reach a decision?"

procedural democratic theory

The Bill of Rights is at the core of our

procedural theories of democracy

Democratization is the

process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one

In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to

prohibit slavery

The last seventeen amendments to the Constitution fall into three main categories: they make public policy, they correct deficiencies in the government's structure or they

promote equality

The chief goal of the drafters of the Articles of Confederation was to​

protect state's rights

The value of using political concepts in understanding government is that they​

provide for a broader view than looking at specific events

Services that benefit all citizens and are not likely to be produced by the voluntary acts of individuals are known as

public goods

The collective attitude of the citizens on a given issue is known as

public opinion

The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college especially if professors encourage students to

question authority

Political differences between the South and the rest of the country today are often rooted in attitudes about

racial politics and social issues.

Participatory democracy today is

rare in the United States and in other democracies

The process of redrawing boundaries for electoral jurisdictions is known as

redistricting

An election on a public policy issue is called a(n)

referenda

Twenty-four states allow for _____ which is a policy question that the state legislature places on the ballot and allows citizens to vote on it

referenda

In 2015 the government of Ireland held a(an) __________, in which voters legalized gay marriage

referendum

The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is to

reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy.

Although the United States is a capitalist country, the government does intervene in the economic arena, primarily through

regulating private businesses

The national government has come to rely increasingly on its_______power to shape state policies

regulatory

One primary challenge to democratization in Iraq after the overthrow of dictator Saddam Hussein is the

religious conflict between Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam

The three-fifths compromise resolved the issue of​

representation of slaves

Most democracies give power to

representatives

A republic is a government

resting on the consent of the governed through their representatives

The chief objective of the First Continental Congress was​ to

restore peaceful relations between the colonies and Great Britain

A(n) _____ forbids state governments from exercising certain powers. a. mandate

restraint

Originally, the Constitutional Convention's purpose was to

revise the Articles of Confederation

The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as

separation of powers.

The fifty-five signatories of the Declaration of Independence were courageous in their actions because

signing the Declaration was treason and punishable by hanging and drawing and quartering

When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

skewed

Since surveying the American public about ideology began, the ideological distribution of the public has become

skewed toward conservatism.

The notion that government alauthority springs from the consent of the governed is derived from

social contract theory

After the Constitution was amended to permit the federal government to levy a progressive income tax, government could more effectively further the goal of

social equality

Agreement among substantive theorists breaks down when the discussion moves from civil rights to

social rights and economic rights

Western Europe's experience with democratic socialism demonstrates that

socialism can be practiced along with personal freedoms and democratic participation

A person who favors government ownership of some basic industries and a strong government role in directing the economy would best be labeled a(n)

socialist

Hobbes's state of nature refers to

society without government

A​ n individual's _____ status is based on a combination of education, occupational status, and income.

socioeconomic

When a political opinion is based on what is considered to be in the best interest of the nation rather than what people think is in their own interest it is an example of

sociotropic responses.

National _____ means that each national government is given the right to govern its own people as it wishes and no other nation can interfere with that.

sovereignty

The Daughters of Liberty opposed British rule by

spinning their own cloth rather than buying imported British products

A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is called a _____ distribution.​

stable

According to the text, one could see the rise of coercive federalism as simply shifting the pluralist struggle from

state capitals to Washington D.C..

The lines that define congressional districts are usually drawn by

state legislatures

Preclearance is the process of​

submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval.

Freedom of religion or freedom of speech are _________ principles

substantive

The ____________ view of democracy is likely to see anti-gay marriage laws as undemocratic

substantive

The anti-gay marriage laws and amendments passed in many states in recent years w​ ere overturned in by the Supreme Court in 2015. In other words,

substantive democratic theory outweighed procedural democratic theory

Among the most undemocratic​ features of the U.S. Constitution is the

s​tate equality rule

A government pursuing laissez-faire policies would

take a hands-off attitude toward the economy

The Bill of Rights consists of the first __________ amendments to the Constitution

ten

From the 1930s to the mid-1990s, the Supreme Court

tended to support expansion of national authority.

The main argument against the need for a bill of rights was that

the Constitution established a government of limited powers; because it was not given the power to regulate individual liberties, no bill of rights was necessary

Which amendment was repealed by Congress, after the Prohibition that it enacted was an utter failure?

the Eighteenth Amendment

hen responding to the economic downturn that afflicted the nation at the beginning of his first term, President Obama drew on the logic of

the New Deal and the preamble to the U.S. Constitution.

A major event that led to greater British taxation of American colonies was

the Seven Years' War.

Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government​ are settled by

the Supreme Court

Which amendments were the only ones to limit the activities of individuals?

the Thirteenth and Eighteenth Amendments

An example of a government policy that promotes social equality without redistributing income is

the U.S. Supreme Court holding that state laws banning same-sex marriage were unconstitutional

The national government can act on individuals if​

the action is based on a constitutionally delegated power

One result of the Second Continental Congress was

the adoption of the Declaration of Independence

The broad, basic definition of politics given by the text is

the authoritative allocation of values for a society

The original procedure for selecting the vice president, under the electoral college, was

the candidate with the next-greatest number of votes would become vice president

Historian Jack Rakove argues that in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was arguing for

the collective right of revolution and self-government

Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when

the community is homogeneous

In the last 200 years, Congress has tremendously increased the scope of the national government by using

the elastic clause combined with its enumerated powers

The extent of the influence of any socializing agent depends on

the extent of our exposure to it, our communication with it, and our receptivity to it.

The power to coin money belongs to __________ and the power to grant divorces belongs to

the federal government; the states

Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from __________ to _________.

the mass electorate; organized groups

Antifederalists attacked the proposed Constitution on the grounds that

the national government it created was too strong

In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.

the national government's taxing power

The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies, or democracies based on

the number of citizens involved in governing

The chief obstacle to ratification of the Constitution by the states was

the omission of a bill of rights

Which model of government does the Constitution best fit?

the pluralist model

In America, when the wealthy and the rest of the population have differing policy goals

the preference of the wealthy will most often prevail

One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that

the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government.

Home rule is

the right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas

Today, the mass media conduct many polls using

the telephone

Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that

the way a pollster words a question can determine the answer.

The primary contribution of the Federalist papers is

their insight into the defense of the Constitution

The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that

there are limits to the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause

An underlying assumption of the text is that perfect freedom and order can never be achieved because

these two values are inherently in conflict and cannot be provided simultaneously

Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship

transmission

The basic premise of federalism is that

two or more governments share power and authority over the same land and people.

To date, all constitutional amendments have been proposed by

two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate

Shays's Rebellion was ultimately defeated by

t​he Massachusetts militia

The plan presented at the Constitutional Convention generally favored b​ y large states was

t​he Virginia Plan

Article VI of the constitution contains provisions establishing​

t​he supremacy clause and the no religious test clause

Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 each argue, from different angles, that the constitution combats

t​yranny of the majority

The concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making is

universal participation

The idea that all adults within the boundaries of a political community should be allowed to vote is known as

universal participation

Although public opinion does not fluctuate erratically, change can occur​

when different generations with different experiences enter the electorate

The desire to avoid potential foreign prosecution of its soldiers and the desire to continue practicing the death penalty led the United States in 2002 to

withdraw from the 1998 treaty creating an International Criminal Court

Alexander Hamilton is probably best known for

writing the Federalist Papers

Based on the text, which of these factors does NOT determine the accuracy of the sample? ​

year sample is taken