POS Exam #1
The predictions of the Gallup Poll for nineteen presidential elections since 1936 have been deviated from actual voting results by less than ___ percentage point(s).
1
The _________ was a governing document that failed because it did not provide an effective means for the government to raise money, it did not include an independent leader to direct the government, and it did not give the government the power to regulate commerce.
Articles of Confederation
The Federalist Papers were drafted by
Madison, Hamilton, and Jay
Which metaphor best describes dual federalism?
layer cake
The process of preclearance is used when states are
redistricting
The Constitution explicitly recognizes
the national government and state governments
Using the state to redistribute income is a policy based on
the philosophy of Karl Marx
A sample of one thousand randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus) _____ percentage points
three
Anarchism is the political opposite of
totalitarianism
With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 23 percent of the American population is
unaffiliated
To amend the Articles of Confederation required a(n)
unanimous vote of the Confederation Congress
According to the text, it is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain _________ in its internal politics
undemocratic
Problems with establishing democracy in Iraq are, according to the text, chiefly a function of the fact that
"There is no meaningful Iraqi identity."
Based on 2012 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the United States is home to as many as __________ local governments of different sorts.
10,000
A proponent of states' rights and enumerated powers would be more likely to quote the _________ Amendment to the Constitution
10th
The _________ guaranteed citizenship to all persons, including blacks.
14th Amendment
Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the
1950s
As some historians estimate, _____ percent of Americans opposed the Revolution in July 1776
20
Including the Bill of Rights, __________ amendments have been added to the Constitution.
27
A January 2014 poll showed that ____ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they may have.
54
Although white Americans do not know what it is like to be black, _____ of whites report being satisfied with society's treatment of blacks
67%
Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by __________ states.
9
Which of the following is not a reason that states have improved their ability to govern capably over the last few decades?
All previously unelected officials, such as those in programs that deal with transportation and social services, are now elected.
Since the 1990s the Court has typically favored states, however, the best example of a decision in which the court did NOT defend state prerogatives is
Bush v. Gore
In a globalized world we are sometimes closely tied through trade to former enemies. In 2014-2015, which country supplied nearly one-third of foreign students in American educational institutions?
China
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of public opinion?
Citizens are typically unwilling to offer opinions on matters outside their experience, even when asked by pollsters.
Which of the following statements regarding the New Deal era is incorrect?
Congress temporarily claimed extra constitutional powers to meet the national emergency
_________ theorists have a narrower view of the scope of social and economic rights that should be guaranteed by a d emocratic government than _________ theorists
Conservative, liberal
The online communication channels that allow citizens to register opinions and complaints to government officials is called
E-government
__________ allows a person to acquire information and documents online and also provides a medium to register opinions and complaints to government officials
E-government
Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?
Government should do what a majority of the public wants.
The concept of democracy was initially defined centuries ago in ancient
Greece
Numerous recent preemptions have focused on
Homeland Security
The Framers wanted to build public opinion into our government structure by creating
House of Representatives
Democratic governments that have in the decades since World War II been, at times, avowedly socialist include
Italy and Poland
In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson's statement that "all men are created equal" is similar to which theorist's belief that government is based on the "consent of the governed"?
John Locke
Which political philosopher inspired the phrase "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke
Protection of private property is NOT a valid objective of government according to
Karl Marx
Which of the following philosophers is usually associated with socialism?
Karl Marx
In the 2011 Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Whiting decision, the Roberts Court upheld which state law?
Legal Arizona Workers Act
Article I of the Constitution refers to the
Legislative Branch
Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?
Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives.
The Supreme Court first declared that the courts have the power to overturn government acts that conflict with the Constitution in
Marbury v. Madison
The first fighting in the American Revolution happened in ________ in early 1775.
Massachusetts
What rules govern the use of referenda at the federal level?
No provisions exist for the use of referenda at the federal level
The first political institution that young children tend to focus on is the
President
In 1787, a Boston newspaper derisively referred to "Rogue Island" instead of Rhode island because
Rhode Island was the only state that did not send delegates to the meeting in Philadelphia
Two nations with deep ties to the principle of communism that have moved in the direction of more private property are
Russia and China
Which of the following accurately characterizes presidential poll results?
Survey results can be prone to random error because interviewers receive superficial responses.
Which document proclaimed, "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not ... expressly delegated to the United States"?
The Articles of Confederation
Which document proclaimed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights"?
The Declaration of Independence
The government's role in redistributing income to promote economic equality has been a major source of debate in the United States ever since
The Great Depression
Which of the following is an incorrect description of the cooperative federalism model?
The functions and responsibilities of the national and state governments are clearly defined
Which of the following is NOT an essential premise of dual federalism?
The relationship between nation and state is best characterized by cooperation
According to the New Jersey Plan, how was representation to be structured in Congress?
There would be one house, and all states would have equal representation in it
Which political philosopher expressed the sentiment that life in a state of nature would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short?"
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke's views on government are expressed in
Two Treatises on Government
While government at all levels and private sector businesses all share responsibilities over managing the nations' ports, each port has a ______________ assigned to be the captain of the port.
US Coast Guard officer
Which of the following statements concerning gender and political beliefs is incorrect?
Women are more likely to favor death penalty.
The main positive result of the Annapolis Convention was
a call for a larger meeting of the states, with a broader mission
A confederation can best be described as
a loose association of independent states
national sovereignty is defined as
a political entity's externally recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs
According to the theory of dual federalism, __________________ the nation and the states.
a rigid wall separates
Thomas Hobbes's ideal form of government was
a single ruler with unquestioned authority
According to the text, in the past few years, there has been ________ in the number of democracies around the world
a slight decline
The Great Compromise provided for
a two-chamber legislature with equal representation for all states in one chamber and population-based representation in the other.
Some have argued that the use of the drug Midazolam in executing inmates is ____________; in the 2015 case Glossip v. Gross, the Court _________ with this assertion
a violation of the Eighth Amendment; disagreed
As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _________ emerge as more important socialization agents.
adult peer groups and the mass media
One example of government focus on equality of outcome is
affirmative action programs
Foreigners who live in the United States but are not citizens of the United States are known as
aliens
According to the text, political liberals feared stronger states' rights because it
allowed inequality and supported racism.
Competitive grants are awarded based on
an application submitted by prospective recipients.
REAL ID, a federal mandate that imposes security standards for state driver's licenses, is an example of
an unfunded mandate
A pure ____ would even protest traffic laws
anarchy
When compared with the U.S. Constitution, most American state constitutions
are longer and more detailed
The fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq h ad weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the
backfire effect
In his 2014 State of the Union address, President Obama proposed that the minimum wage
be raised to $10.10
A polling company surveying public opinion on Obama's health-care plan finds public opinion to be almost evenly divided, for and against. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
bimodal
Suppose Congress funds elementary education by giving states a grant. The states may then designate the specific educational programs (elementary, secondary or vocational) to receive the funds. This is an example of a _________ grant.
block
In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote
both order and equality over freedom.
Parental influence on party identification is greater when
both parents strongly identify with the same party
Government actions that are commonly engaged in by the U.S. government include
building interstate roads
Studies of the congressional agenda of the United States demonstrate that it is characterized by an emphasis on
business-related legislation
Whether a political system is "democratic" is chiefly defined by which of the following?
cannot be simply defined as it is not a "yes or no" question
Formula grants and project grants are both types of _________ grants.
categorical
Recently, media outlets have started including________in their sampling, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans.
cell phones
The power of the president to veto laws is an example of
checks and balances
Under separation of powers, the U.S. system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of
checks and balances
Although globalization can threaten national security, this can create desirable outcomes, as shown by the international community's attempt to force Bashar al-Assad to surrender Syria's
chemical weapons
Through the transmission model of partisanship, party identification is passed on to
children
Compared to citizens in other nations, Americans are more likely to
choose freedom over equality
According to the self-interest principle, p eople tend to
choose what benefits them personally
In a system of participatory democracy,
citizens govern themselves, without electing representatives
The basic standard of substantive democracy is that government must guarantee
civil rights and liberties
In response to the use of national mandates and restraints that have become so dominant, theorists have developed a new theory known as _____ federalism.
coercive
Documents leaked by Edward Snowden showed that the National Security Agency had
collected data on domestic phone conversations of ordinary Americans
The ___________ gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states
commerce clause
The Greek word demos, which is the root of the term democracy, means
common people
According to the text, only libertarians and ____________ are consistent in their attitude toward the scope of government activity
communitarians
Americans are likely to think of freedom and equality as
complementary
The original draft of the Declaration of Independence
condemned the king's support of the slave trade
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is an example of _________ federalism
cooperative
The use of highway construction funds has been an effective means to promote
cooperative federalism
Under the Constitution, the slave trade
could be ended after twenty years
The text suggests that the United States struggled to promote democracy in countries that
could not accept high degree of tolerance and freedom allowed to all groups in society
The constitution e xpressly gives the federal government the power to _____________ within the states
create a postal system
A politician who appeals to and often deceives the masses by manipulating their emotions and prejudices is a(n)
demagogue
During his 2016 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders had difficulty explaining his political views as a
democratic socialist
Deciding on the legality of marijuana through ballot propositions is an example of
direct democracy
The Great Depression represented a shift away from __________ and toward
dual federalism; cooperative federalism
Conservatives are often associated with ___________, while liberals are often associated with
dual federalism; cooperative federalism.
According to the text, politicians openly call for more order
during times of social strife
The text suggests that there are _________ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization
economic
In the current American context, a liberal would tend to promote
economic equality ahead of freedom, and freedom ahead of social order.
Capitalism is best described as a(n)
economic system in which production and property are privately owned, with a minimum of government interference
The "necessary and proper" clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is an example of a(n) "__________ clause."
elastic
Suppose that top government jobs for both political parties are filled only from an inner circle of top corporate leaders. This would be evidence for
elite theory
The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics -- particularly wealth and business connections -- is called
elite theory
Article I, Section 8 of the constitution articulates the principle of _________, granting Congress limited powers
enumerated powers
States' rights supporters believe that Congress should restrict its a ctivities to
enumerated powers
Communitarians are willing to use government to promote both order and
equality
The notion that American public schools are open to all is an example of
equality of opportunity
When one person has the same chance to succeed in life as another, this is called
equality of opportunity
If universities increase funding for women's sports so that they receive comparable funding to men's, that is an example of
equality of outcome
A central question in the McCulloch case was whether or not Congress had the power to
establish a national bank
Social order is usually defined as
established patterns of authority and traditional modes of behavior
The constitutional amendment process requires
extraordinary majorities.
A sign that pluralist democracy might NOT be working well in the United States is the
fact that the best represented sectors in Washington are business and professional groups
For most people, the first agent of political socialization is
family
The major agents of early socialization in the United States are
family, school, community, and peers.
Shays's Rebellion consisted of
farmers trying to prevent foreclosure on their property for high taxes levied to finance the state's wartime debt
Since 1995 the Supreme Court has frequently
favored states rights
The main disadvantage of the pluralist model is that it
favors groups who need help the least
Supporters of the Constitution named themselves
federalists
The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators
follow the general contours of public opinion
In the presidential elections since 1968, the South has tended to vote
for Republican candidates
Unless they are impeached, federal judges serve
for life
During the 1990s, Congress prohibited private businesses from discriminating in employment, public services, and public accommodations on the basis of physical or mental disabilities. This act creates a clash between
freedom and equality
Communist regimes that gave their police great powers to arrest and imprison suspicious people raised a conflict between
freedom and order
Franklin Roosevelt's four freedoms included all of the following except
freedom from inequality
Which of the following is not categorized as a civil liberty in the United States?
freedom of equality
A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values
freedom over order
As a general trend, college-educated individuals are more likely to choose
freedom over social order
I ndividuals with higher education and income tend to favor _______ over
freedom; order or equality
Governments tend to respond to public opinion. In recent years, this has become particularly true regarding issues involving
gay rights
A notable trend in the backgrounds of recent presidents is experience as a
governor
Medicaid is an example of a(n)
grant-in-aid.
A voter who is uninformed about the issues might rely on political party labels to make a decision. This type of mental shortcut which requires hardly any information is called
heuristics
A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of
high income and high education.
The procedural view of democracy is most concerned with
how government decisions are made
The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to
identify more with the Democratic Party than men do.
A power NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) _________ power.
implied
The Constitution did not give Congress the authority to establish the Internal Revenue Service. Congress did so, however, to implement its power to "lay and collect taxes." This is an example of the use of a(n) _________ power.
implied
The power of Congress to charter a bank is an example of what type of power?
implied
Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the early Supreme Court generally
increased national power
A citizen's group gathers enough signatures on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal. This proposal would represent a(n)
initiative
When citizens circulate petitions to gather a certain minimum number of signatures to put a policy question on the ballot, it is called a(n)
initiative
When the authors say that we live in an era of "globalization," they mean that citizens and nations are increasingly
interdependent
Any organization of individuals formed on the basis of common interest to influence public policy is called a(n)
interest group
Although they are instruments of majoritarian democracy, initiatives are often sponsored by
interest groups
What Madison called factions, are today called
interest groups
A government unit created to perform particular functions, such as fire protection and water purification and distribution is known as a(n)
intergovernmental agency.
The___________is the term researchers use to characterize the overall collection of national, state and local governments in the United States.
intergovernmental system
In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court argued that "the power to tax...
involves the power to destroy
If a senatorial candidate talks about reducing taxes as a way to "return money to the people" that candidate is using ____ as a way to define the topic of taxes.
issue framing
One of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is that
it permits policies that violate standards of substantive democracy
The key principle argued in the case Marbury v. Madison was
judicial review
Studies on decision making concerning public policy issues suggest that much of the elite's power comes from the ability of elites to
keep issues off the political agenda
Under the U.S. Constitution, the national government
lacks a general police power
A sample size that is _____ will more accurately represent the population.
larger
Since the overthrow of its military strongman Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, Libya has experienced
lawlessness
Government can promote social equality through policies other than income redistribution. According to the text, in 2015, the Supreme Court promoted equality when it held that _____ was/were unconstitutional.
laws banning same-sex marriage
As derived from John Locke's philosophy, the doctrine of liberalism holds that government should
leave citizens free to further their individual pursuits
One similarity between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan was that both plans
left unspecified how many people might comprise the executive
The broad, basic definition of government given by the text is
legitimate use of force within specified geographic boundaries to control human behavior
How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?
less likely
African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely than whites to have _______ policy preferences on abortion
liberal
An American, who supports the creation of election districts that are likely to vote for minority candidates for public office and wants more restrictions on business owners' hiring decisions, is likely to be a
liberal
Today, Americans aged 17-24 are much more __________ than the general public.
liberal
_____are more likely to favor generous government support for education and housing
liberals
A(n) _____is likely to believe that helping the needy should be a matter of individual choice
libertarian
People who are not religious are more likely to be categorized as
libertarian.
According to your text, the difference between libertarianism and John Locke-inspired liberalism is
libertarianism puts a greater emphasis on individual freedom
In 2014, voters in Switzerland approved an initiative to
limit immigration
The American Revolution was a costly war that
lasted for 8 years and 5 months
According to Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, the proper objective of government is to
maintain order
A popular election is the primary mechanism for democratic government in which model?
majoritarian model
Cohesive political parties with well-defined programs contribute to the
majoritarian model of democracy
A requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service that maintains a minimum national standard is called a(n)
mandate
Which metaphor best describes cooperative federalism?
marble cake
Surveys conducted over the Internet have been criticized because they
may not be representative of the whole nation
Established procedures and organizations that translate public opinion into government policy, like elections, are known as institutional
mechanisms
In recent years, the Supreme Court has denied states the power to execute individuals who are
mentally disabled and/or 17 years old
Once ratified, the Constitution was quickly amended with the Bill of Rights to assuage concerns that this new government
might infringe on personal liberty
All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except
minority rights
An important problem with the procedural view of democracy is that it can clash with
minority rights
The most frequent response (such as "I favor") in a public opinion distribution is known as the
mode
In most democracies other than the United States, there is __________ support for the view that jobs and incomes for the unemployed are a right
much more
Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ___________ model of democracy more difficult to sustain.
majoritarian
When Roger B. Taney became chief justice in 1836, the Court imposed firm limits on the powers of
national government
A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as the__________ clause
necessary and proper
When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales ("liberal," "moderate," or "conservative"), the data plotted on a graph is a(n) _____ distribution.
normal
A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a
normal distribution
The text of the Constitution deals with slavery by
not mentioning it directly
Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds votes in both the House and the Senate or by a
national convention.
A form of government that puts power in the hands of an elite is a(n)
oligarchy
An estimated _________ American colonists remained loyal to the British Crown
one in five
An autocracy is a political system ruled by
one individual
Which of the following is not one of the political principles relied on by the founders?
one person, one vote
In general, libertarianism is characterized by
opposing all government action except that which protects life and property
According to the text, the concept of _____ encompasses preserving life, protecting property, and maintaining patterns of social relationships.
order
Using a two-dimensional model of political ideology, conservatives are more likely to support
order over freedom and freedom over equality
When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _________; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach _________.
order, equality
New England town meetings are an example of
participatory democracy
Portland's incorporation of neighborhood associations into its municipal government is an example of
participatory democracy
As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ________ to development of
patriotic ritual; good citizenship.
According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is
plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end.
The complexity of the American federal system encourages
pluralism
While majority rule is defined as decision making by 50 percent plus one person, _________ is defined as decision making by most participants
plurality rule
A country abiding by the principle "one person, one vote" is practicing
political equality
Each citizen having one vote demonstrates
political equality
A consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government is a(n)
political ideology
The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called
political ideology.
The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called
political socialization
The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means
power
Which of the following is not a power granted to the president under the Constitution?
power to declare war
The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes complete or partial responsibility for a state government function is known as
preemption
Most governments at least claim to __________ while they maintain order.
preserve individual freedom
The______principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best
primacy
According to procedural theory, the government should do
procedural
According to the ____________ view of democracy, anti-gay marriage laws are democratic
procedural
_________ theory implies that a group should determine what the majority of its participants want to do
procedural
_____ addresses the questions "Who should participate in decision making? and How many votes are needed to reach a decision?"
procedural democratic theory
The Bill of Rights is at the core of our
procedural theories of democracy
Democratization is the
process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one
In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to
prohibit slavery
The last seventeen amendments to the Constitution fall into three main categories: they make public policy, they correct deficiencies in the government's structure or they
promote equality
The chief goal of the drafters of the Articles of Confederation was to
protect state's rights
The value of using political concepts in understanding government is that they
provide for a broader view than looking at specific events
Services that benefit all citizens and are not likely to be produced by the voluntary acts of individuals are known as
public goods
The collective attitude of the citizens on a given issue is known as
public opinion
The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college especially if professors encourage students to
question authority
Political differences between the South and the rest of the country today are often rooted in attitudes about
racial politics and social issues.
Participatory democracy today is
rare in the United States and in other democracies
The process of redrawing boundaries for electoral jurisdictions is known as
redistricting
An election on a public policy issue is called a(n)
referenda
Twenty-four states allow for _____ which is a policy question that the state legislature places on the ballot and allows citizens to vote on it
referenda
In 2015 the government of Ireland held a(an) __________, in which voters legalized gay marriage
referendum
The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is to
reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy.
Although the United States is a capitalist country, the government does intervene in the economic arena, primarily through
regulating private businesses
The national government has come to rely increasingly on its_______power to shape state policies
regulatory
One primary challenge to democratization in Iraq after the overthrow of dictator Saddam Hussein is the
religious conflict between Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam
The three-fifths compromise resolved the issue of
representation of slaves
Most democracies give power to
representatives
A republic is a government
resting on the consent of the governed through their representatives
The chief objective of the First Continental Congress was to
restore peaceful relations between the colonies and Great Britain
A(n) _____ forbids state governments from exercising certain powers. a. mandate
restraint
Originally, the Constitutional Convention's purpose was to
revise the Articles of Confederation
The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as
separation of powers.
The fifty-five signatories of the Declaration of Independence were courageous in their actions because
signing the Declaration was treason and punishable by hanging and drawing and quartering
When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
skewed
Since surveying the American public about ideology began, the ideological distribution of the public has become
skewed toward conservatism.
The notion that government alauthority springs from the consent of the governed is derived from
social contract theory
After the Constitution was amended to permit the federal government to levy a progressive income tax, government could more effectively further the goal of
social equality
Agreement among substantive theorists breaks down when the discussion moves from civil rights to
social rights and economic rights
Western Europe's experience with democratic socialism demonstrates that
socialism can be practiced along with personal freedoms and democratic participation
A person who favors government ownership of some basic industries and a strong government role in directing the economy would best be labeled a(n)
socialist
Hobbes's state of nature refers to
society without government
A n individual's _____ status is based on a combination of education, occupational status, and income.
socioeconomic
When a political opinion is based on what is considered to be in the best interest of the nation rather than what people think is in their own interest it is an example of
sociotropic responses.
National _____ means that each national government is given the right to govern its own people as it wishes and no other nation can interfere with that.
sovereignty
The Daughters of Liberty opposed British rule by
spinning their own cloth rather than buying imported British products
A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is called a _____ distribution.
stable
According to the text, one could see the rise of coercive federalism as simply shifting the pluralist struggle from
state capitals to Washington D.C..
The lines that define congressional districts are usually drawn by
state legislatures
Preclearance is the process of
submitting redistricting plans to the Justice Department for approval.
Freedom of religion or freedom of speech are _________ principles
substantive
The ____________ view of democracy is likely to see anti-gay marriage laws as undemocratic
substantive
The anti-gay marriage laws and amendments passed in many states in recent years w ere overturned in by the Supreme Court in 2015. In other words,
substantive democratic theory outweighed procedural democratic theory
Among the most undemocratic features of the U.S. Constitution is the
state equality rule
A government pursuing laissez-faire policies would
take a hands-off attitude toward the economy
The Bill of Rights consists of the first __________ amendments to the Constitution
ten
From the 1930s to the mid-1990s, the Supreme Court
tended to support expansion of national authority.
The main argument against the need for a bill of rights was that
the Constitution established a government of limited powers; because it was not given the power to regulate individual liberties, no bill of rights was necessary
Which amendment was repealed by Congress, after the Prohibition that it enacted was an utter failure?
the Eighteenth Amendment
hen responding to the economic downturn that afflicted the nation at the beginning of his first term, President Obama drew on the logic of
the New Deal and the preamble to the U.S. Constitution.
A major event that led to greater British taxation of American colonies was
the Seven Years' War.
Conflicts related to power-sharing between states and the national government are settled by
the Supreme Court
Which amendments were the only ones to limit the activities of individuals?
the Thirteenth and Eighteenth Amendments
An example of a government policy that promotes social equality without redistributing income is
the U.S. Supreme Court holding that state laws banning same-sex marriage were unconstitutional
The national government can act on individuals if
the action is based on a constitutionally delegated power
One result of the Second Continental Congress was
the adoption of the Declaration of Independence
The broad, basic definition of politics given by the text is
the authoritative allocation of values for a society
The original procedure for selecting the vice president, under the electoral college, was
the candidate with the next-greatest number of votes would become vice president
Historian Jack Rakove argues that in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was arguing for
the collective right of revolution and self-government
Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when
the community is homogeneous
In the last 200 years, Congress has tremendously increased the scope of the national government by using
the elastic clause combined with its enumerated powers
The extent of the influence of any socializing agent depends on
the extent of our exposure to it, our communication with it, and our receptivity to it.
The power to coin money belongs to __________ and the power to grant divorces belongs to
the federal government; the states
Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from __________ to _________.
the mass electorate; organized groups
Antifederalists attacked the proposed Constitution on the grounds that
the national government it created was too strong
In 2012, the Supreme Court cited ____________ in upholding the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act.
the national government's taxing power
The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies, or democracies based on
the number of citizens involved in governing
The chief obstacle to ratification of the Constitution by the states was
the omission of a bill of rights
Which model of government does the Constitution best fit?
the pluralist model
In America, when the wealthy and the rest of the population have differing policy goals
the preference of the wealthy will most often prevail
One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that
the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government.
Home rule is
the right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas
Today, the mass media conduct many polls using
the telephone
Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that
the way a pollster words a question can determine the answer.
The primary contribution of the Federalist papers is
their insight into the defense of the Constitution
The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that
there are limits to the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause
An underlying assumption of the text is that perfect freedom and order can never be achieved because
these two values are inherently in conflict and cannot be provided simultaneously
Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ___________ model of partisanship
transmission
The basic premise of federalism is that
two or more governments share power and authority over the same land and people.
To date, all constitutional amendments have been proposed by
two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate
Shays's Rebellion was ultimately defeated by
the Massachusetts militia
The plan presented at the Constitutional Convention generally favored b y large states was
the Virginia Plan
Article VI of the constitution contains provisions establishing
the supremacy clause and the no religious test clause
Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 each argue, from different angles, that the constitution combats
tyranny of the majority
The concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making is
universal participation
The idea that all adults within the boundaries of a political community should be allowed to vote is known as
universal participation
Although public opinion does not fluctuate erratically, change can occur
when different generations with different experiences enter the electorate
The desire to avoid potential foreign prosecution of its soldiers and the desire to continue practicing the death penalty led the United States in 2002 to
withdraw from the 1998 treaty creating an International Criminal Court
Alexander Hamilton is probably best known for
writing the Federalist Papers
Based on the text, which of these factors does NOT determine the accuracy of the sample?
year sample is taken