POS2041 Final

70. _______ is the belief that public policy should be set in accordance with the opinions of a majority of the people. a. Elite theory b. Majoritarianism c. Pluralism d. Amicus Curae e. Free Rider theory

b. Majoritarianism

It has been argued that, taken together, talk radio provides a great a. populist forum. b. opportunity for minority groups. c. danger to our freedom of speech. d. threat to the fairness doctrine. e. forum for balanced debate

a. populist forum.

The final draft of the Constitution was approved by the delegates on a. March 1, 1781. b. July 4, 1776. c. September 17, 1787. d. February 6, 1788. e. May 29, 1790.

c. September 17, 1787.

44. An example of a splinter party in U.S. history is the _____ Party. a. Green b. Socialist Labor c. States' Rights (Dixiecrats) d. Free Soil e. Libertarian

c. States' Rights (Dixiecrats)

1. _____ of Americans identify themselves as Republicans. a. Fifteen percent b. Twenty percent c. Twenty-five percent d. Thirty percent e. Forty percent

c. Twenty-five percent

The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed _____ in national elections. a. grandfather clauses b. literacy tests c. poll taxes d. discrimination based on race e. white primaries

c. poll taxes

22. The poverty rate for blacks in America is roughly _____ that for whites. a. equal to b. two times c. three times d. five times e. six times

c. three times

69. The Senate has either rejected or not acted on almost _____ percent of presidential nominations for the Supreme Court. a. five b. fifteen c. twenty d. twenty-five e. thirty

c. twenty

The main idea of democracy is that government exists only by _____ and reflects the will of_____.

consent, majority

____ states have laws against online harassment. a. No b. All 50 c. 17 d. 40 e. Only 6

d. 40

39. United States courts of appeal render about ____________ decisions per year. a. 20,000 b. 50,000 c. 75,000 d. 60,000 e. 15,000

d. 60,000

51. _____ is best defined as a policy that gives special consideration, in jobs and college admissions, to members of groups that have been discriminated against in the past. a. A quota system b. Reverse discrimination c. Feminism d. Affirmative action e. "Race-blind"

d. Affirmative action

48. Some commentators contended that Green Party candidate Ralph Nader "spoiled" the chances of _____ in the 2000 presidential elections, because many of those who voted for Nader would have voted Democratic had Nader not been on the ballot. a. George H. W. Bush b. George W. Bush c. Jesse Ventura d. Al Gore e. H. Ross Perot

d. Al Gore

43. Most constitutional scholars believe the framers intended the federal courts to have the power of judicial review based on a. the "necessary and proper clause" of the U.S. Constitution. b. the "supremacy clause"of the U.S. Constitution. c. the English common law tradition. d. Alexander Hamilton's arguments in the Federalist 78. e. James Madison's arguments in the Federalist 10

d. Alexander Hamilton's arguments in the Federalist 78.

45. An example of a personality party in the United States is the _____ Party. a. Socialist Labor b. Free Soil c. Republican d. American Independent Party e. Prohibition

d. American Independent Party

34. The _____ is a professional interest group. a. National Farmers Union b. Club for Growth c. National Rifle Association d. American Medical Association e. National Urban League

d. American Medical Association

14. _____________ of the U.S. Constitution states that federal courts can exercise jurisdiction over all cases "arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made...under their Authority." a. Article III, Section 1 b. Article II, Section 1 c. Article I, Section 2 d. Article III, Section 2 e. Article IV

d. Article III, Section 2

A secret ballot that is prepared, distributed, and counted by government officials at public expense is known as the _____ ballot. a. British b. American c. French d. Australian e. Common

d. Australian

_____ and _____ have the most electoral votes. a. Iowa; New Hampshire b. Montana; Wyoming c. Michigan; Ohio d. California; Texas e. Florida; New York

d. California; Texas

34. The _____ greatly expanded the remedies available for victims of sexual harassment, including back pay, job reinstatement, and other compensation. a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Civil Rights Act of 1968 c. Equal Pay Act of 1963 d. Civil Rights Act of 1991 e. Nineteenth Amendment

d. Civil Rights Act of 1991

13. When the former Confederate states rejoined the Union after the Civil War, the Republicans and the _____ were roughly even in strength. a. Whigs b. Populists c. Federalists d. Democrats e. Libertarians

d. Democrats

16. The Great Depression of the 1930s destroyed the belief that the _____ could better manage the economy, and contributed to a realignment in the two-party system. a. Democrats b. Republicans c. Libertarians d. Whigs e. Federalists

b. Republicans

Which of the following agents of political socialization teaches young people citizenship skills through rules and regulations? a. Family b. Schools c. Media d. Opinion leaders e. Peer Groups

b. Schools

In 2010, Hispanics constituted _____ of the U.S. population. a. 3 percent b. nearly 5 percent c. just over 12 percent d. about 16 percent

d. about 16 percent

In the 2012 presidential elections, _____ of voters with a total family income under $30,000 voted for Obama. a. 35 percent b. 63 percent c. 44 percent d. 93 percent e. 52 percent

b. 63 percent

In the 2012 presidential elections, _____ of voters with no religious affiliation voted for Obama. a. 26 percent b. 70 percent c. 21 percent d. 48 percent e. 64 percent

b. 70 percent

23. Which of the following is a qualification to become a member of the House of Representatives? a. A person must be at least thirty years of age. b. A person must be at least twenty-five years of age. c. A person must be a natural born citizen of the United States. d. A person must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years prior to his or her election. e. A person must be a Democrat or a Republican.

b. A person must be at least twenty-five years of age

__________ suspended certain constitutional liberties, blockaded southern ports, spent funds that Congress had not appropriated, and banned "treasonable correspondence" from the U.S. mail. a. Andrew Jackson b. Abraham Lincoln c. Woodrow Wilson d. Harry Truman e. George W. Bush

b. Abraham Lincoln

Which of the following groups of people did not have the right to vote at the time that the Constitution was ratified? a. Native Americans b. All of the above c. Free men who did not own sufficient property d. Women e. Slaves

b. All of the above

The principle of separation of powers is found in _____ of the Constitution. a. Articles I and II b. Articles I, II, and III c. Article I d. Article II e. Article III

b. Articles I, II, and III

The First Continental Congress sent a petition to King George III to explain their grievances. The result was a. Shays' Rebellion, the first battle of the American Revolution. b. British soldiers engaging Minutemen in Massachusetts, the first battles of the American Revolution. c. the 7 Years' War. d. the Intolerable Acts, which was responded to with the Boston Tea Party. e. the Treaty of Paris was signed, confirming the colonies' independence from Britain.

b. British soldiers engaging Minutemen in Massachusetts, the first battles of the American Revolution.

29. The presiding officer in the House of Representatives is the a. majority whip. b. Speaker of the House. c. majority leader. d. president pro tempore. e. Clerk of the House

b. Speaker of the House.

8. _________ law is the body of law enacted by legislatures. a. Constitutional b. Statutory c. Common d. Administrative e. Case

b. Statutory

____ is/are often criticized as being too brief and too superficial. a. Blogging qc. Talk radio d. Newspapers e. Citizen journalism

b. Television

6. The ____________ Amendment of the U.S. Constitution reserves to the states and to the people all powers not granted to the federal government. a. Ninth b. Tenth c. Eighth d. Fifteenth e. Twenty-first

b. Tenth

Candidates use _________________ to create newsworthy events for journalists and TV camera crews to cover. a. narrowcasting. b. managed news coverage. c. priming. d. citizen journalism. e. podcasting.

b. managed news coverage.

This group has a stronger commitment to egalitarianism than do U.S. liberals and a greater tolerance for strong government. a. Libertarians b. Progressives c. Socialists d. The Tea Party movement e. Independents (moderates)

c. Socialists

29. _____ was the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court. a. Ruth Bader Ginsburg b. Condoleezza Rice c. Sandra Day O'Connor d. Sonia Sotomayor e. Elena Kagan

c. Sandra Day O'Connor

In the landmark 1965 case _____, the Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is implied by other rights guaranteed in the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Amendments. a. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier b. Roe v. Wade c. Griswold v. Connecticut d. Lemon v. Kurtzman e. Miller v. California

c. Griswold v. Connecticut

12. ______________ refers to the geographic area in which a court has the right and power to decide a case. a. The federal question b. Statutory law c. Jurisdiction d. Administration e. Territorial reach

c. Jurisdiction

There are _____ possible ways for an amendment to be added to the Constitution. a. three b. six c. four d. two e. eight

c. four

A(n) _____ is held to select the U.S. president, vice president, and senators and representatives in Congress. a. intermediate election b. midterm election c. general election d. caucus e. special election

c. general election

The talk radio audience is predominantly a. male, middle-aged, and liberal. b. female, middle-aged, and conservative. c. male, young, and liberal. d. male, middle-aged, and conservative. e. female, young, and conservative.

d. male, middle-aged, and conservative.

Members of the House of Representatives are elected every _____ years.

two

What are some of the differences between the parliamentary system in the United Kingdom, which is based on the fusion of powers, and the American system, which is characterized by the separation of powers?

In the UK they focus on "effective government" while in the US we focus on "limited government" .

When was the Mayflower Compact written? Explain the purpose and the reasons why it was so important for the settlers.

The Mayflower Compact was written in 1620. Its purpose was to set up a government and promise to obey its laws. They settled outside of territory assigned for the Virginia Company. It was the first of contracts among the colonists to establish fundamental government rules.

Discuss the significant events leading up to American independence. Why did the colonists revolt? What happened to sever the political, economic, and emotional bonds that tied them to Britain?

The colonists revolted because of many things including the Seven Years War. The colonists also wanted credit and identity separate from the British. Things like the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and further taxes and coercive acts severed these ties.

Discuss how the system of checks and balances in the constitutional framework works to ensure that no one group or branch of government can exercise exclusive control.

The system of checks and balances keeps the government in check by forcing the president to check in with the congress and the senate. Basically all of the different branches keep the other branches in check.

Discuss reasons why the framers of the constitution did not ban the institution of slavery during the drafting of the document.

They believed that liberal principles of the revolution would destroy slavery. It was disappearing at the time, and they believed the end of slave trade would abolish it. This is why it wasnt discussed when drafting the document.

Critically evaluate the argument that the Constitution was framed by political elites serving their own interests.

They imposed things like not allowing slaves, women, and indians to vote. It lacked majority support due to the fact that not many had the opportunity to partake in voting and such.

Describe the debate that took place over ratification of the Constitution. Why did the Federalists prevail?

This debate was over having a strong central government. The federalists prevailed due to many advantages such as: time, funding, and prestige. They also had great political thinkers and writers such as: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.

Describe the limits on the central government under the Articles of Confederation and explain why the Articles eventually proved ineffective.

Under the Articles of Confederation the central government only undertook a limited number of activities and not impose many restrictions on the states actions. This was ineffective because the new government did not have enough power to enforce the law, due to lack of funds for militia and military needs.

The British Parliament passed the Sugar Act a. in order to raise money to invade what is now Texas. b. because the colonists were using too much sugar and supplies were very low. c. as a means of punishing the colonists for their unruly behavior during the 7 Years' War. d. in response to the Boston Tea Party. e. as a way to pay its war debts and finance the defense of its North American Colonies.

C. as a means of punishing the colonists for their unruly behavior during the 7 Years' War.

Why did the framers make the formal process for amending the Constitution so difficult? How has the constitutional framework been altered informally over time?

They made it difficult because they must have widespread support in order for proposal and ratification.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 requires employers to accommodate their employees' religious practices unless such accommodation causes an employer to suffer a(n) a. "undue hardship." b. "loss of productivity." c. "irreversible loss of business." d. "strike by other employees." e. "breakdown of employee morale."

a. "undue hardship."

25. As of 2012, the salary for a rank-and-file member of Congress was ______________. a. $174,000 b. $215,000 c. $198,000 d. $147,000 e. $98,000

a. $174,000

27. Of the more than ten thousand members who have served in the U.S. House of Representatives, only _____ have been women. a. 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 15 percent d. 25 percent e. 30 percent

a. 1 percent

. Today, the most reputable polls sample between _____ and _____ people. a. 1,500; 2,000 b. 8,000; 9,500 c. 12,500; 15,000 d. 20,000; 25,000 e. 35,000 ;40,000

a. 1,500; 2,000

Twice, in ______ and _____, no presidential candidate got an electoral college majority. a. 1800; 1824 b. 1860; 1896 c. 1912; 1932 d. 1920; 1960 e. 1968; 2000

a. 1800; 1824

10. In ______, Congress passed an act that required all states to send representatives to Congress from single-member districts. a. 1842 b. 1852 c. 1862 d. 1872 e. 1882

a. 1842

The Supreme Court extended First Amendment protections to the cinema in _____. a. 1915 b. 1949 c. 1952 d. 1987 e. 1997

a. 1915

Some political analysts believe that the political gender gap became a major determinant of voter decision making in the _____ election. a. 1980 (Reagan) b. 1976 (Carter) c. 2012 (Obama) d. 2008 (Obama) e. 2000 (Clinton)

a. 1980 (Reagan)

1. To win the presidency, a candidate needs _____ electoral college votes. a. 270 b. 190 c. 876 d. 690 e. 538

a. 270

23. In the 2012 presidential elections, Mitt Romney carried almost all of the rural parts of Ohio. Barack Obama, however, won Ohio by a margin of approximately _____ percentage points. a. 3 b. 2 c. 5 d. 7 e. 9

a. 3

. In the 2012 presidential elections, ____ of voters age 30 to 44 voted for Romney. a. 45 percent b. 51 percent c. 78 percent d. 35 percent e. 60 percent

a. 45 percent

40. Today, more than _____ of the state legislators in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas are of Hispanic ancestry. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 16 percent d. 23 percent e. 34 percent

a. 5 percent

Voter turnout in presidential elections has hovered at about _____ in the last decades of the twentieth century. a. 55 percent b. 58 percent c. 61 percent d. 42 percent e. 70 percent

a. 55 percent

Among the votes cast nationwide, about _____ use paper ballots. a. 66 percent b. 75 percent c. 50 percent d. 33 percent e. 5 percent

a. 66 percent

In a 2013 poll by the Pew Research Center, _______ of respondents agreed that "press criticism of political leaders keeps them from doing things that should be done." a. 68 percent b. 75 percent c. 42 percent d. 39 percent e. 84 percent

a. 68 percent

16. __________ occurs when a legislative district's boundaries are drawn to maximize the influence of a certain group or political party. a. Gerrymandering b. Apportionment c. Reapportionment d. Redistricting e. Malapportionment

a. Gerrymandering

Which of the following is true of contemporary polling techniques? a. A satisfactory sample can be obtained by phone polling. b. In-person interviews continue to be the preferred means of polling. c. The size of reputable samples is from 8,000 to 9,500 people. d. Internet surveys are replacing phone surveys, and accuracy is greater than before. e. The use of Internet phone systems and cell phones has complicated sampling.

a. A satisfactory sample can be obtained by phone polling.

Which of the following forms of speech is never protected under the First Amendment? a. Acts of fraud b. Sedition and treason c. Symbolic d. Flag burning e. Speech that facilitates liquor consumption

a. Acts of fraud

Laws that disenfranchise felons disproportionately impact the right to vote of _____. a. African Americans b. women c. white males d. youth e. Hispanics

a. African Americans

37. The _____ achieved one of its greatest early successes when it helped to obtain government guarantees of "fair" prices during the Great Depression of the 1930s. a. American Farm Bureau Federation b. National Grange c. Consumers Union d. National Farmers Union e. Consumer Federation of America

a. American Farm Bureau Federation

The requirements for becoming president of the United States are set forth in _________________ of the U.S. Constitution. a. Article II, Section 1 b. Article II, Section 2 c. the Fourth Amendment d. Article I, Section 2 e. the First Amendment

a. Article II, Section 1

36. All of the following groups are more likely than whites to have incomes below the poverty line EXCEPT a. Asian Americans. b. African Americans. c. Native Americans. d. Mexican Americans. e. Puerto Rican Americans.

a. Asian Americans.

The current standard for evaluating the legality of subversive speech, established by the Supreme Court in 1969, is called the a. Bad Tendency Rule. b. Clear and Present Danger Test. c. Imminent Lawless Action Test. d. Miller Test e. Preferred-Position Doctrine.

a. Bad Tendency Rule.

64. Exit polls following the 2012 elections showed that 47 percent families with incomes of $200,000 to $250,000 supported _____ . a. Barack Obama b. Mitt Romney c. Hillary Clinton d. Rand Paul e. Sarah Palin

a. Barack Obama

In _____, the Supreme Court decided that the Bill of Rights did not apply to state laws. a. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) b. Gitlow v. New York (1925) c. Everson v. Board of Education (1947) d. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) e. McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

a. Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

The promise of the addition of a(n) _____ to the U.S. Constitution helped to ensure its ratification. a. Bill of Rights b. bill of attainder c. writ of habeas corpus d. prohibition against ex post facto laws

a. Bill of Rights

In the 20th century, presidents ordered troops into all of the following countries EXCEPT a. Canada b. Cuba c. Mexico d. Honduras e. Nicaragua

a. Canada

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Candidates typically assert that they use negative advertising because it works. b. Negative TV ads never work. c. The more negative the TV ad, the less likely it is to get free media coverage. d. Negative ads are less likely to focus on substantive political issues and thus they do a poorer job of informing the voters about important campaign issues than positive ads do. e. Negative TV ads are less likely than positive ads to grab the viewers' attention and make an impression.

a. Candidates typically assert that they use negative advertising because it works.

20. In 1948, for the first time ever, the Democrats adopted a(n) _____ plank as part of the party platform at their national convention. a. Civil Rights b. States' Rights c. Environmental Protection d. Anti-Immigration e. Populist

a. Civil Rights

17. The election of 1932 brought Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency and the _____ back to power at the national level. a. Democrats b. Republicans c. People's Party d. Reform Party e. Whigs

a. Democrats

40. The first major political division in the United States, between the _____ and the _____, established a precedent that contributed to the domination of the two-party system. a. Federalists; Anti-Federalists b. Whigs; Federalists c. Jeffersonian Republicans; National Republicans d. Populists; Democrats e. Republicans; Democrats

a. Federalists; Anti-Federalists

The _____ prohibits Congress from passing laws "respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." a. First Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Sixth Amendment d. Ninth Amendment e. Tenth Amendment

a. First Amendment

The _____ to the Constitution upholds the important role of a free press. a. First Amendment b. Second Amendment c. Third Amendment d. Tenth Amendment e. Fourteenth Amendment

a. First Amendment

The president who used the veto power most frequently, totaling 372 regular vetoes, was _____________. a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt b. John F. Kennedy c. George W. Bush d. Andrew Jackson e. Barack Obama

a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

42. An example of an issue-oriented third party in U.S. history is the _____ Party. a. Free Soil b. Libertarian c. Whig d. Reform e. Bull Moose

a. Free Soil

__________ set a precedent for the president to act as chief legislator by submitting proposed legislation to Congress. a. George Washington b. Andrew Jackson c. Woodrow Wilson d. Franklin D. Roosevelt e. George W. Bush

a. George Washington

In survey research, a group of people typical of the general population is called _____. a. a sample b. a straw poll c. the electorate d. a subgroup e. a town hall

a. a sample

40. During his presidency, George W. Bush appointed _________to the U.S. Supreme Court. a. John G. Roberts, Jr. and Samuel A. Alito, Jr. b. Robert Bork c. Antonin Scalia d. Clarence Thomas e. Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan

a. John G. Roberts, Jr. and Samuel A. Alito, Jr.

35. _____ constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. a. Latinos b. Native Americans c. Asian Americans d. African Americans e. Arab Americans

a. Latinos

Which president came closest to winning a majority of the popular vote, even though he had the support of fewer than 40 percent of the electorate? a. Lyndon Johnson b. Barack Obama c. Ronald Reagan d. John F. Kennedy e. Bill Clinton

a. Lyndon Johnson

39. Most Hispanics living in the United States, by place of origin, are from _____. a. Mexico b. Cuba c. Puerto Rico d. Central America e. South America

a. Mexico

_____ due process requires that any governmental decision to take life, liberty, or property be made equitably. a. Procedural b. Programmatic c. Strategic d. Substantive e. Operational

a. Procedural

44. _____ is a direct lobbying technique used by interest groups to influence public policy. a. Providing election support b. Airing issue ads c. Shaping public opinion d. Astroturf lobbying e. Mobilizing constituents

a. Providing election support

46. The _____ requires that all public buildings and public services be accessible to persons with disabilities. a. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 b. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act c. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 d. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 e. Civil Rights Act of 1964

a. Rehabilitation Act of 1973

. In _____, the Supreme Court held that the "right to privacy ... is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision to terminate a pregnancy," subject to certain regulations. a. Roe v. Wade (1973) b. Miller v. California (1973) c. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) d. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) e. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

a. Roe v. Wade (1973)

The oldest person elected president, ________, at the age of 69. a. Ronald Reagan b. Franklin Roosevelt c. George Washington d. William McKinley e. George H. W. Bush

a. Ronald Reagan

39. The House __________ Committee normally proposes time limits on debate for any bill. a. Rules b. Judiciary c. Oversight and Government Reform d. Administration e. Standards of Official Conduct

a. Rules

49. Typically, in the House the ____________ plays a major role in the scheduling process for bills. a. Rules committee b. conference committee c. special committee d. standing committee e. select

a. Rules committee

"... the right of the people to keep and bear Arms ..." is found in the _____ to the U.S. Constitution. a. Second Amendment b. Third Amendment c. Fifth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment e. Tenth Amendment

a. Second Amendment

25. A Declaration of Sentiments was adopted at the _____, which stated, "We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal." a. Seneca Falls Convention b. Philadelphia Meeting c. March on Washington d. Susan B. Anthony Memorial Convention e. Women's Call for Action meeting

a. Seneca Falls Convention

According to the Succession Act of 1947, if both the president and the vice president die, resign, or are disabled, the __________ will then act as president. a. Speaker of the House of Representatives, on his or her resignation as Speaker and as representative, b. president pro tem of the Senate, on his or her resignation as president pro tem and as senator, c. secretary of state, on his or her resignation from the cabinet, d. chief justice of the United States e. chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

a. Speaker of the House of Representatives, on his or her resignation as Speaker and as representative,

_____ proved to be more devastating to newspapers, in the sense of declining circulation, than other forms of media. a. The Internet b. Radio c. Broadcast television d. News magazines e. Cable television

a. The Internet

31. Right-to-work laws create _____ for unions. a. a free rider problem b. an increase in membership c. increased revenues d. more political influence e. the right to strike to improve wages and working conditions

a. a free rider problem

. In 1800, an article describing Thomas Jefferson as having a "weakness of nerves, want of fortitude, and total imbecility of character" appeared in the Federalist Gazette of the United States. This is an example of a. a personal attack ad. b. an issue ad. c. managed news coverage. d. a sound bite. e. spin.

a. a personal attack ad.

Soft money is a. a political contribution not regulated by federal law. b. candidate self-financing of his/her campaign. c. money spent by a corporation or union on independent political activities. d. money raised through social networking sites, such as Facebook. e. public financing of campaings, as outlined in the Federal Election Campaign Act (1971).

a. a political contribution not regulated by federal law.

The true result of a poll is . a. a range of probabilities. b. a single figure. c. a house effect. d. a statistical model. e. sampling error.

a. a range of probabilities.

33. A concurring opinion is a. a statement written by a justice who agrees with the Court's decision, but for reasons different from those outlined in the majority opinion. b. a statement written by a justice who disagrees with the Court's decision. c. the opinion held by the majority of justices. d. a statement written by those justices who agree with the chief justice's opinion. e. an advisory statement written by the chief justice.

a. a statement written by a justice who agrees with the Court's decision, but for reasons different from those outlined in the majority opinion.

70. Under the broadest definition, _______ college women have experienced sexual assault. a. about one in five b. roughly one half of c. very few d. a majority of e. about one-third of all

a. about one in five

45. A judge or justice who believes that the courts should use their powers to check the legislative and executive branches to ensure they do not exceed their authority is known as a(n) _____________. a. activist b. restraintist c. conservative d. progressive e. textualis

a. activist

The media's ability of the media to tell people what to think about means that the media are significant contributors to agenda setting. a. agenda setting. b. narrowcasting. c. podcasting. d. hyperlocalism. e. citizen journalism.

a. agenda setting.

By the time of the American Revolution, a. all of the colonies had representative assemblies. b. none of the colonies had representative assemblies. c. most of the colonies had strong executives. d. half of the colonies had parliamentary systems. e. each of the colonies was controlled by strong merchants

a. all of the colonies had representative assemblies.

35. Federal judges are _________with __________. a. appointed by the president; the advice and consent of the Senate b. appointed by the president; approval by a two-thirds vote in Congress c. chosen by the House of Representatives; the advice and consent of the Senate d. elected every twelve years; reelection taking place during a presidential election cycle e. selected by the electoral college; the advice and consent of the president

a. appointed by the president; the advice and consent of the Senate

45. As soon as a bill is introduced in either the House or the Senate, it is sent to the a. appropriate standing committee. b. Rules Committee. c. conference committee. d. floor of the chamber. e. president of the United States for review.

a. appropriate standing committee

. Under the federal election campaign laws, public financing for the general election is provided, if presidential candidates a. are willing to accept campaign-spending limits. b. agree to forgo negative advertising. c. promise to pay back the money when the campaign is over. d. agree to denounce super PACS. e. agree to forgo opposition research.

a. are willing to accept campaign-spending limits.

53. In Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court held that the undergraduate admissions policy at the University of Michigan violated the equal protection clause because it a. automatically awarded every "underrepresented" minority applicant one-fifth of the points needed to guarantee admission. b. failed to take into account an applicant's race or ethnicity. c. automatically awarded every Michigan resident one-fourth of the points needed to guarantee admission. d. failed to take into account an applicant's gender. e. discriminated against "underrepresented" minority applicants.

a. automatically awarded every "underrepresented" minority applicant one-fifth of the points needed to guarantee admission.

Beginning in 1800, members of Congress who belonged to the two political parties held _____ to nominate candidates for president and vice president. a. caucuses b. direct primaries c. conventions d. open primaries e. indirect primaries

a. caucuses

As the nation's ________, the president directs the foreign policy of the United States. a. chief diplomat b. chief executive c. chief legislator d. commander in chief e. head of state

a. chief diplomat

In his or her role as __________, the president can appoint, with Senate approval, and remove high ranking officers of the federal government. a. chief executive b. political party leader c. head of state d. chief legislator e. commander in chief

a. chief executive

Under the _____, the government may restrict expression if that expression would cause a dangerous condition, actual or imminent, that Congress has the power to prevent. a. clear and present danger test b. Lemon test c. preferred-position doctrine d. bad tendency rule e. exclusionary rule

a. clear and present danger test

. In a(n) _____ primary, only party members can vote to choose that party's candidates, and they may vote only in the primary of their own party. a. closed b. open c. semi-open d. nonpartisan e. indirect

a. closed

. A law that requires citizens to cast a ballot in an election is known as a. compulsory voting. b. the Australian ballot. c. preferential voting. d. a "get out the vote" law e. a "donkey vote" law

a. compulsory voting.

From the 1970s on, _______ became especially adept at managing direct-mail campaigns. a. conservative organizations b. liberal organizations c. non-profit organizations d. moderate candidates e. 501c organizations

a. conservative organizations

Four of the top five talk-radio shows are politically a. conservative. b. progressive. c. libertarian. d. liberal. e. moderate.

a. conservative.

59. When Congress is unable to pass a complete budget by the beginning of the fiscal year, it usually passes __________, which enable the executive agencies to keep on doing whatever they were doing the previous year with the same amount of funding. a. continuing resolutions b. second budget resolutions c. tax increases d. first budget resolutions e. outlays and obligations bills

a. continuing resolutions

15. Racial segregation that occurs not as a result of deliberate intentions but because of social and economic conditions and residential patterns is called _____ segregation. a. de facto b. de jure c. de minimis d. ex post facto e. de novo

a. de facto

5. The framers of the Constitution a. designed the House of Representatives to represent the people. b. agreed that the executive should be, as James Madison said, the "first branch of the government." c. designed the House of Representatives to represent the states. d. designed the Senate to represent the people. e. agreed that the judiciary should be, as James Madison said, the "first branch of the government."

a. designed the House of Representatives to represent the people.

63. The maximum sum that the federal government can borrow is the a. detb ceiling b. GDP c. national debt d. spending limit e. lending ceiling

a. detb ceiling

The Supreme Court has used the _____ clause to incorporate the protections guaranteed by the national Bill of Rights into the liberties protected under the Fourteenth Amendment. a. due process b. equal protection c. full faith and credit d. supremacy e. necessary and proper

a. due process

Among the factors affecting voter turnout, __________ appears to be the most important. a. educational attainment b. ethnicity c. income level d. race e. religion

a. educational attainment

State leaders were in favor of the establishment clause to a. ensure that the national government did not interfere with the state governments' right to establish a religion. b. reduce the influence of religion in government and politics at every level. c. ensure that national government could firmly direct and influence the public expression of religious ideas. d. prohibit the government from supporting religion in general. e. allow the establishment of God-centered oaths of office for public officials.

a. ensure that the national government did not interfere with the state governments' right to establish a religion.

The media are a dominant presence in people's lives largely because they provide a. entertainment. b. leisure time. c. political information. d. government censorship. e. opportunity for financial gain.

a. entertainment.

34. To _____ describes a solidarity incentive for joining a political party. a. express agreement with the views of other like-minded people b. benefit through better employment c. be allowed to vote d. actively promote a set of ideals and principles e. seek career advancement

a. express agreement with the views of other like-minded people

19. If a federal question is involved in a state court, a state supreme court decision may be appealed to the a. federal district courts. b. U.S. courts of appeals. c. federal district court for the District of Columbia. d. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. e. U.S. Supreme Court.

a. federal district courts.

17. An interest group might challenge a law in court indirectly by a. filing a brief as an amicus curiae. b. lobbying. c. creating PACs. d. petitioning for a writ of certiorari. e. filing a lawsuit.

a. filing a brief as an amicus curiae.

In the news business, framing can mean a. fitting events into a familiar story or filtering information through preconceived ideas. b. determining which issues are considered to be important by politicians. c. narrowing the focus of news to the local area. d. news coverage that is manipulated by a political consultant to gain media exposure for a political candidate. e. promoting specific facts or ideas that may affect the public's thinking on related topics.

a. fitting events into a familiar story or filtering information through preconceived ideas.

45. In the 1880s, U.S. government policy toward Native Americans a. focused on assimilation of Native American into American society. b. extended them citizenship rights as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. c. designated Native American tribes "foreign nations" for purposes of signing treaties. d. was based on "the utmost good faith" in the principle that Native American "lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent." e. required tribes to invest in businesses on tribal lands, such as casinos, to combat poverty.

a. focused on assimilation of Native American into American society.

11. Following the first realignment of American history, the Jeffersonian Republicans dominated politics a. for twenty years. b. until the Civil War. c. for only two elections. d. until the Realignment of 1854. e. until the Great Depression.

a. for twenty years.

5. In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans have a tendency to _____ and have perfected "the art of pursuing in common the object of their common desires." a. form associations b. engage in riot and rebellion c. shun politics d. compete for public office e. persecute people for their religious beliefs

a. form associations

48. When a congressional subcommittee completes its work on a bill, the bill goes to the a. full standing committee. b. Rules Committee. c. conference committee. d. floor of the chamber e. president of the United States

a. full standing committee

32. The ______, an invisible but real discriminatory barrier, prevents women and minorities from rising to top positions of power or responsibility. a. glass ceiling b. war on women c. feminist mystique d. glass elevator e. executive escalator

a. glass ceiling

8. The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution a. granted freedom to the slaves. b. required an end to segregation. c. established the separate-but-equal doctrine. d. outlawed "Jim Crow" laws. e. granted former slaves the right to vote.

a. granted freedom to the slaves

21. A representative who acts as a(n)__________is one who tries to serve the broad interests of the entire society. a. trustee b. instructed delegate c. partisan d. politico e. party member

a. trustee

41. The Senate a. has the power of "advice and consent" on presidential appointments and treaties. b. may impeach federal officials. c. originates bills for raising revenues. d. provides less opportunity for prestige and media attention than the House. e. ended the practice of unlimited debate in 1811

a. has the power of "advice and consent" on presidential appointments and treaties.

53. Some people, especially conservatives, argue that policy making from the bench a. has upset the balance of power envisioned by the framers of the constitution. b. is consistent with the constitutional separation of powers. c. is consistent with the philosophy of judicial restraint. d. is necessary to force state and federal legislatures to comply with judicial rulings. e. helps to enhance the trust Americans place in the U.S. Supreme Court.

a. has upset the balance of power envisioned by the framers of the constitution.

46. Most third parties a. have been short-lived. b. focus on the politics of particular regions of the country. c. have focused on a single issue. d. are usually trying to be all things to all people so that they can win elections. e. have avoided taking bold stands on issues.

a. have been short-lived.

59. Four of the twenty largest independent-expenditure organizations a. hide the identities of all of their donors. b. disclose the identity of every donor. c. offer donors the option of hiding their identities. d. hide the identities of the top 10% of donors. e. publicize the identities of the top 50% of their donors.

a. hide the identities of all of their donors.

66. Texas has established a program under which guarantees admission to the University of Texas, Austin to a. high school students who graduate at the top of their graduating class. b. minority students who graduate at the top 7% of their graduating class. c. a specific number of minority students. d. at least 1% of high school students from each school in minority-dominated inner-city schools. e. the high school students from each public school who earn a 3.85 GPA or higher.

a. high school students who graduate at the top of their graduating class.

33. The Supreme Court has made it clear that sexual harassment a. includes harassment by members of the same sex. b. cases can no longer be heard in the courts. c. will not be interpreted to include the harassment of employees by their supervisors. d. will no longer include hostile environment harassment. e. victims cannot seek back pay and job reinstatement.

a. includes harassment by members of the same sex.

19. Pluralists maintain that the influence of interest groups on government is not undemocratic, because a. individual interests are indirectly represented in the policy making process through these groups. b. every group enjoys the same success in gaining access to members of Congress. c. interest group lobbyists are elected by the people. d. groups have equal numbers of members and the same level of resources. e. free riders provide the funds necessary to promote the interests of all citizens.

a. individual interests are indirectly represented in the policy making process through these groups.

Additional powers that are necessary to carry out the specific responsibilities of president are set forth in the Constitution. They are known as _________________. a. inherent powers b. explicit powers c. explicit powers d. expanded powers e. line item powers

a. inherent powers

All of the following affect the outcome of polls EXCEPT a. international pressure. b. house effects. c. the timing of polls. d. question framing. e. statistical modeling

a. international pressure.

A three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests is referred to as a(n) a. iron triangle. b. issue network. c. lobbying loop. d. steel trap. e. policy circle.

a. iron triangle.

A bill of attainder a. is a legislative act that inflicts punishment on particular persons without granting them the right to a trial. b. punishes individuals for committing an act that was legal when the act was committed. c. requires an official to bring a specified prisoner into court and show the judge why the person is being kept in jail. d. prohibits double jeopardy. e. prohibits cruel and unusual punishments

a. is a legislative act that inflicts punishment on particular persons without granting them the right to a trial.

4. Under the principal of stare decisis, a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court a. is binding on all inferior (lower) courts. b. is binding only for state courts. c. is binding only for federal courts. d. is nonbinding, but should be used as a guide for future cases. e. may be subject to judicial review.

a. is binding on all inferior (lower) courts.

The concept of freedom of the press a. is not always immediately extended to new types of media as they come into existence. b. has never been applied to print media. c. has not been extended to any form of media except print media. d. has not been extended to the Internet. e. has not been extended to cable television.

a. is not always immediately extended to new types of media as they come into existence.

16. A justiciable controversy is an issue that a. is real and substantial. b. cannot be heard in a court of law. c. can only be heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. d. is hypothetical or academic. e. raises a federal question.

a. is real and substantial

In October 2002, Congress passed a(n) __________ authorizing the use of U.S. armed forces against Iraq. a. joint resolution b. executive agreement c. approval of an executive order d. declaration of war e. signing statement

a. joint resolution

42. The power of the courts to check the actions of either of the other branches is the power of a. judicial review. b. stare decisis. c. statutory interpretation. d. oversight. e. textualism.

a. judicial review.

6. The intermediate scrutiny standard is used to determine if _____ are permissible. a. laws based on gender classifications b. laws based on racial classifications c. certain municipal ordinances d. laws based on religious classifications

a. laws based on gender classifications

. In 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the provision in the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act that ____________ unconstitutional. a. limited the amount each individual could spend on his or her campaign b. restricted the amount that could be spent on mass media advertising c. required disclosure of all contributions and expenditures of more than $100 d. limited how much individuals and groups could contribute to candidates e. prevented corporations and labor unions from participating directly in political campaign

a. limited the amount each individual could spend on his or her campaign

57. Under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, a. lobbyists must report their clients, the issues on which they lobbied, and the agency or chamber of Congress they contacted. b. bundled campaign contributions in presidential elections are prohibited. c. only persons who testify before congressional committees are required to register as lobbyists. d. tax-exempt organizations are required to file quarterly reports listing the number of times they have spoken to members of Congress. e. members of Congress are prohibited from giving gifts to lobbyists.

a. lobbyists must report their clients, the issues on which they lobbied, and the agency or chamber of Congress they contacted.

52. The NRA has successfully used the technique of _____ to fight strict federal gun control legislation by delivering half a million letters to Congress within a few weeks. a. mobilizing constituents b. staging demonstrations c. providing expertise and research results for legislators d. making personal contacts with key legislators e. following up on legislation

a. mobilizing constituents

31. Primary elections tend to attract a _____ electorate. a. more ideological b. more centrist c. more apathetic d. less partisan e. more independent

a. more ideological

Under the Federal Election Campaign Act, there is _____ limit on the total amount of PAC contributions during an election cycle. a. no b. a $5,000 c. a $20,000 d. a $50,000 e. a $95,000

a. no

54. The Congressional Budget Office a. offers a scoring system that rates the impact of proposed legislation on the federal budget. b. may veto legislation that adversely affects the national deficit. c. is an important player in the impeachment process. d. is answerable to the president and supervises congressional spending. e. prepares opinions, reports, and assessments on a broad range of issues

a. offers a scoring system that rates the impact of proposed legislation on the federal budget.

16. Interest groups a. often provide public officials with specialized and detailed information that might be difficult to obtain otherwise. b. run candidates for political office. c. are policy generalists. d. operate the government. e. compete for public office.

a. often provide public officials with specialized and detailed information that might be difficult to obtain otherwise.

7. Each state is guaranteed at least __________ seat(s) in the House of Representatives, no matter what its population a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

a. one

30. Women now constitute nearly _____ of state legislators. a. one-fourth b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds e. three-fourths

a. one-fourth

In his first six years in office, President Obama exercised the veto power a. only twice. b. eleven times. c. sixty-two times. d. ninety times. e. one hundred and three times.

a. only twice.

When major campaigns take time to discover negative information about opposing candidates, they are engaging in a. opposition research. b. definitional politics. c. damage control. d. campaign strategizing. e. candidate-centered campaigning.

a. opposition research.

11. The Supreme Court a. overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954). b. overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). c. upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954). d. extended the separate-but-equal doctrine to justify classifications based on gender in Craig v. Boren (1976). e. upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown II (1955).

a. overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).

19. Sophisticated computer programs allow states to draw district lines to concentrate one party's strength and dilute the opposing party's strength. This process is known as _____________. a. packing and cracking b. reapportionment c. racial gerrymandering d. minority-majority districting e. malapportionment

a. packing and cracking

The presidential practice of appointing individuals to government or public jobs to reward those who helped the president win office is known as _______________. a. patronage b. logrolling c. favoritism d. nepotism e. peonage

a. patronage

47. When a committee chairperson sets a bill aside to ignore it rather than assign it to a subcommittee, the bill has been ____________. a. pigeonholed b. vetoed c. marked up d. reported e. referred

a. pigeonholed

10. A solidary incentive for joining an interest group is best described as a. pleasure in associating with like-minded individuals. b. satisfaction resulting from working for a cause in which one believes. c. a practical benefit such as discounts, subscriptions, or group insurance. d. the ability to enjoy the outcome of a group's efforts without having to contribute. e. the opportunity to compete for public office.

a. pleasure in associating with like-minded individuals.

53. A ___________ occurs when the president does nothing and Congress adjourns before the ten-day period expires. a. pocket veto b. regular veto c. lame duck veto d. overriding veto e. pigeonhole veto

a. pocket veto

45. Since the 1970s, corporations, labor unions, and special interest groups have been allowed to raise funds and make campaign contributions through _____ committees. a. political action b. public advantage c. policy action d. public access e. democracy-in-action

a. political action

. Choosing a vice presidential running mate is something the president does as a. political party leader. b. chief executive. c. head of state. d. chief legislator. e. commander in chief.

a. political party leader.

with regard to the First Amendment freedom of religion, the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that the right to ______ is absolute. a. practice your religion b. hold any belief c. practice Christian worshi in public places d. worship in public schools e. practice Islam in public schools

a. practice your religion

The fifteen executive departments, which are directly accountable to the _________, are the major service organizations of the federal government. a. president b. Office of Management and Budget c. Government Accountability Office d. vice president e. Senate

a. president

34. The __________ is ordinarily the member of the majority party with the longest continuous term of service in the Senate. a. president pro tempore ("pro tem") b. Speaker c. president of the Senate d. majority leader e. majority whip

a. president pro tempore ("pro tem")

A _____ allows voters to go to the polls to decide among candidates who seek nomination for office from their party a. primary election b. nominating convention c. straw poll d. caucus e. general election

a. primary election

23. The most common type of interest group promotes _____. a. private interests b. the public good c. business interests d. free riders e. charitable contributions

a. private interests

1610, the Jamestown colony enacted a law requiring attendance at religious services on Sunday. Punishments included a. public whipping for second time offenders, and death for third time offenders. b. banishment from the colony for second time offenders. c. public humiliation. d. trials to determine whether the offender practiced witchcraft and burning at the stake for those convicted. e. additional religious training and corporal punishment for third and fourth time offenders.

a. public whipping for second time offenders, and death for third time offenders.

67. Some people join political parties because they wish to actively promote a set of ideals and principles that they feel are important to American politics and society. This is referred to as a/n ______ incentive. a. purposive b. material c. idealistic d. solidarity e. elite

a. purposive

The most important principle in public opinion poll sampling is ____. a. randomness b. specificity c. focus on one particular group d. statistical noise e. biased

a. randomness

7. Few laws evaluated under the _____ are found invalid, because few laws are truly unreasonable. a. rational basis test b. "intermediate scrutiny" standard c. "exacting scrutiny standard d. "strict scrutiny" standard e. "middle level scrutiny" standard

a. rational basis test

Each of the following was a power granted to Congress under the Articles of Confederation, EXCEPT a. regulate commerce with other nations. b. enter into treaties and alliances. c. settle disputes among the states under circumstances. d. borrow money from the people. e. establish and control the armed forces, declare war, and make peace.

a. regulate commerce with other nations.

22. The U.S. Constitution requires that members of the House of Representatives be elected every a. second year by popular vote. b. six years by popular vote. c. second year by state legislatures. d. year. e. third year by the electoral college.

a. second year by popular vote

A written statement, appended to a bill at the time the president signs it into law, indicating how the president interprets that legislation is a(n) a. signing statement. b. executive order. c. pocket veto. d. line item statement. e. signing order.

a. signing statement.

23. In response to Supreme Court rulings against some racial integration plans, several school systems have adopted policies based on _____ instead of race. a. socioeconomic class b. age c. personal statements and grade point average d. athletic performance and artistic achievement e. demographics and geography

a. socioeconomic class

24. All over the United States during the 2012 presidential elections, the more _____ the county, the more likely it was to vote Democrat. a. urban b. rural c. white d. wealthy e. ideologically divided

a. urban

47. When a third party splits the vote, taking electoral victory away from one party and handing it to another, the third party is playing the _____ role. a. spoiler b. progressive c. reformist d. regressive e. ideological

a. spoiler

38. The House Homeland Security Committee is an example of a __________ committee in Congress. a. standing b. joint c. conference d. special e. select

a. standing

5. Unless they conflict with the U.S. Constitution or a federal law, _________ are supreme within the borders of their respective states. a. state constitutions b. state statutes c. the rules of law announced in state court decisions d. the rules and regulations created by state administrative agencies e. state criminal laws

a. state constitutions

21. In June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act was unconstitutional. This section had required a. that governments identified in Section 4, which had a history of voting discrimination in the 1960s, needed federal government permission to change voting procedures. b. that governments with a history of 1960s voting discrimination use a uniform and standard set of federally approved voting procedures. c. that governments in the South, which had a 1960s history of discrimination, provide affirmative action policies to integrate more African Americans into elected offices. d. that all governments in the United States implement special voting and registration procedures designed to increase African American voter turnout. e. that governments identified in Section 4, which had a history of discrimination in the 1960s, reserve a specific number of elected offices for African Americans.

a. that governments identified in Section 4, which had a history of voting discrimination in the 1960s, needed federal government permission to change voting procedures.

28. The largest and most powerful labor interest group today is a. the AFL-CIO. b. AARP. c. the NAM. d. the NRA. e. MADD.

a. the AFL-CIO.

In 2004, the local school board in Dover, Pennsylvania required the ninth grade biology classes use a textbook that endorsed the concept of intelligent design. As a result, a. the Supreme Court ruled this requirement unconstitutional. b. the local Islamic community staged a non-violent protest. c. the board members who supported the requirement were voted out of office. d. Athiests from all over the country sent the board members death threats. e. the students staged a walk-out.

a. the Supreme Court ruled this requirement unconstitutional.

23. The decisions of the federal appellate courts may be appealed to a. the U.S. Supreme Court. b. the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. c. the U.S. district courts. d. Congress. e. the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.

a. the U.S. Supreme Court.

In an attempt to prevent the rise of tyranny, the powers of the national government were separated into different branches - legislative, executive, and judicial, in accordance with a. the Virginia Plan. b. the federal system of government. c. the agreements made following Shays' Rebellion. d. the Great Compromise. e. the Madisonian Model.

a. the Virginia Plan.

The electoral college system is primarily a winner-take-all system, in which a. the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes. b. the candidate who wins the electoral vote in a state is credited with all that state's popular votes. c. a candidate must win all of the electoral votes in order to become president. d. the candidate who receives the most popular votes nationwide receives all of the electoral votes. e. the party that wins all of the electoral votes controls both chambers of Congress as well as the White House.

a. the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes.

Voters often base their decisions on ______ of the candidate rather than on their qualifications or policy positions. a. the perceived character b. the gender c. the age d. the educational background e. the marital status

a. the perceived character

The main function of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is to assist a. the president in preparing the proposed annual budget. b. Congress in preparing new financial related policies. c. the Senate leadership in creating plans for how the federal government will pay for programs. d. the White House chief of staff in providing information regarding the military budge to the president. e. the First Lady in managing the White House budget.

a. the president in preparing the proposed annual budget.

35. The American Association for Justice represents the interests of a. trial lawyers. b. children. c. environmentalists. d. persons of color. e. senior citizens.

a. trial lawyers.

26. Trade organizations a. usually support policies that benefit specific industries. b. are formed with the goal of working for the "public good." c. represent all of the people over the age of sixteen who are working or actively looking for jobs. d. are concerned mainly with the standards of their professions, but they also work to influence government policy. e. are formed for the protection of consumer rights.

a. usually support policies that benefit specific industries.

The First Continental Congress, proposed by New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, a. was called into response to the Intolerable Acts. b. was called in response to the Stamp Act. c. was called in response to the Boston Tea Party. d. resulted in the creation of the Bill of Rights. e. was primarily attended by farmers and average merchants.

a. was called into response to the Intolerable Acts.

In the earliest days of scientific polling, interviewers typically a. went door-to-door, conducting in-person interviews. b. interviewed people by telephone. c. went to local shopping areas to conduct in-person interviews. d. used mail-in forms. e. interviewed men using public transportation to and from their job

a. went door-to-door, conducting in-person interviews.

Literacy tests a. were used in many southern states to restrict African American participation in elections. b. are given to newly eligible voters when they register to vote. c. are required by the Constitution; they are used to ensure that voters can read and write. d. were used in many northern states before they were prohibited by the Twenty-third Amendment to the Constitution. e. are required if voters choose to vote by mail

a. were used in many southern states to restrict African American participation in elections.

3. If one party can elect _____ or more U.S. Senators, assuming they all follow the party line and vote as a bloc, they can force through any legislation they want. a. 60 b. 50 c. 51 d. 67 e. 100

a.60

House candidates in the 2012 general election ballot spent about _______ on his or her own campaign. a. $800,000 b. $1.1 million c. $550,000 d. $2.8 million e. $300,000

b. $1.1 million

30. Today, members of organized labor make up about _____ of the labor force. a. 6 percent b. 11 percent c. 20 percent d. 30 percent e. 43 percent

b. 11 percent

69. In the 1968 presidential elections, American Independent candidate, George Wallace, won _____ percent of the popular vote and _____ electoral votes. a. 2.4 / 39 b. 13.5 / 46 c. 6.6 / 46 d. 18.9 / zero e. 0.4 / 16

b. 13.5 / 46

About __________ of the public regularly listens to talk radio. a. 4 percent b. 17 percent c. 28 percent d. 41 percent e. 57 percent

b. 17 percent

The congressional caucus system collapsed in _____. It was widely seen as undemocratic. a. 1789 b. 1824 c. 1832 d. 1932 e. 1968

b. 1824

The first televised presidential debate took place in a. 1952, between Eisenhower and Stevenson. b. 1960, between Kennedy and Nixon. c. 1964, between Johnson and Goldwater. d. 1968, between Nixon and Humphrey. e. 1972, between Nixon and McGovern.

b. 1960, between Kennedy and Nixon.

By 2040, Americans aged 65 and above are expected to reach _____ of the population. a. 13 percent b. 20 percent c. 10 percent d. 42 percent e. 36 percent

b. 20 percent

In a 2014 Gallup poll, ____ percent of respondents stated that they had "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in newspapers. a. 10 b. 22 c. 34 d. 50 e. 77

b. 22

7. Surveys show that about _____ of Americans belong to professional and trade organizations. a. 14 percent b. 27 percent c. 44 percent d. 61 percent e. 76 percent

b. 27 percent

At the time of the constitutional convention, slaves constituted about _____ of the population of the southern states. a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 50 percent d. 30 percent e. 60 percent

b. 40 percent

Today, almost ___________ of the world's inhabitants use the Internet. a. 4 percent b. 40 percent c. 25 percent d. 37 percent e. 49 percent

b. 40 percent

John F. Kennedy was the youngest elected president. He was ___ years old when he assumed the presidency. a. 47 b. 42 c. 53 d. 57 e. 35

b. 42

. In a recent poll, ________ of respondents believed that the news media leaned left. a. 26 percent b. 46 percent c. 63 percent d. 58 percent e. 30 percent

b. 46 percent

Under the Federal Election Campaign Act, political action committees (PACs) can contribute up to $_____ per candidate in each election. a. 2,000 b. 5,000 c. 10,000 d. 18,000 e. 22,000

b. 5,000

In the 2012 presidential elections, Barack Obama won _____ of female voters. a. 45 percent b. 55 percent c. 63 percent d. 70 percent e. 85 percent

b. 55 percent

50. The ______ prevented people from China and Japan from coming to the United States to prospect for gold or to work on the railroads or in factories in the West. a. Equal Rights Amendment of 1890 b. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 c. Japanese Internment Act of 1925 d. Oriental Rejection Act of 1882 e. Asian Purge

b. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

43. __________ is a method for closing debate and bringing the matter under consideration to a vote in the Senate. a. The senatorial hold b. Cloture c. "Advice and consent" d. "Unanimous consent" e. Authorization

b. Cloture

The Constitution divided war powers. The president has the power to deploy the armed forces, but ______ has the power to declare war. a. the Secretary of State b. Congress c. the Senate Majority Leader d. the Supreme Court e. the states

b. Congress

8. In the mid-1820s, the Jeffersonian Republicans split into two groups, the _____ and the ______. a. Constitutional Union Party; States' Rights Democrats. b. Democrats; National Republicans. c. Federalists; Whigs. d. American Independent Party; Reform Party. e. Bull Moose Progressive Party; Henry Wallace's Progressive Party.

b. Democrats; National Republicans.

3. _____ theory describes the defensive formation of interest groups as a reaction to the creation of other interest groups. The National Right to Life Committee, for example, formed in response to Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that legalized abortion. a. Pluralist b. Disturbance c. Elite d. Entrepreneurial e. Social contract

b. Disturbance

21. The _____________ is a specialized court, initially created to issue search warrants against suspected foreign spies inside the United States. a. National Security Agency (NSA) b. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) c. National Security Council (NSC) d. U.S. District Court e. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

b. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC)

The protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" is found in the _____. a. Third Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Fifth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment e. Tenth Amendment

b. Fourth Amendment

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Primary elections are normally conducted by the national government. b. In an indirect primary, voters choose delegates, who in turn choose the candidates. c. Voter turnout for primaries is higher than it is in general elections. d. The elections that nominate candidates for Congress and for state or local offices are almost always indirect primaries. e. The most important result of the primary system has been to dramatically increase the power of elected and party officials over the nominating process.

b. In an indirect primary, voters choose delegates, who in turn choose the candidates.

41. Actions taken under an executive order issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 evacuated most of the West Coast _____ population to internment camps or "relocation centers." a. Native American b. Japanese American c. Russian American d. German American e. Chinese American

b. Japanese American

68. In the 1998 elections, many new voters in Minnesota turned out to vote for ______, a Reform Party candidate governor for that state. a. Arnold Schwarzenegger b. Jesse Ventura c. Donald Trump d. Isiah Thomas e. Ralph Nader

b. Jesse Ventura

43. An example of an ideological third party in the United States is the _____ Party. a. Democratic b. Libertarian c. Free Soil d. Prohibition e. Whig

b. Libertarian

49. In 2012, _____ legalized same sex marriage. a. Connecticut, Iowa, and New Hampshire b. Maine, Maryland, and Washington c. Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut d. California and Nevada e. Washington, D.C.

b. Maine, Maryland, and Washington

51. _____________ seek to examine the U.S. Constitution in the context of today's society to consider how contemporary life affects the words in and meaning of the document. a. Restraintists b. Modernists c. Activists d. Constructivists e. Conservatives

b. Modernists

52. _____________ believe that to determine the meaning of a constitutional phrase, the U.S. Supreme Court should look to the intentions of the framers of the document. a. Modernists b. Originalists c. Activists d. Constructivists e. Conservatives

b. Originalists

_____ now manage nearly all aspects of a presidential candidate's campaign. a. Opposition researchers b. Political consultants c. The candidates themselves d. Issue advocacy groups e. Party leaders

b. Political consultants

19. Until the 1930s, African Americans had been overwhelmingly _____. a. Democratic b. Republican c. Populist d. Socialist e. Libertarian

b. Republican

In 1798, Congress passed the ______, making it a crime to utter "any false, scandalous, and malicious" criticism of the government. a. Espionage Act b. Sedition Act c. USA Patriot Act d. Treason Act e. Jeffersonian Act

b. Sedition Act

If no vice-presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes, the a. second-highest vote getter for president becomes the vice president. b. Senate chooses the vice president, with each senator casting one vote. c. House of Representatives chooses the vice president, with each state delegation casting only a single vote. d. vice presidency is left vacant. e. president appoints a vice president.

b. Senate chooses the vice president, with each senator casting one vote.

The _____ provides the right to have a "fair and public trial by jury" in criminal prosecutions. a. Fifth Amendment b. Sixth Amendment c. Seventh Amendment d. Eighth Amendment

b. Sixth Amendment

_____ require(s) that evidence obtained illegally not be admitted in court. a. The Miranda warnings b. The exclusionary rule c. Probable cause d. Double jeopardy e. National Security Letters

b. The exclusionary rule

The use of literacy tests as a qualification for registering to vote was prohibited by the a. Civil Rights Act of 1957. b. Voting Rights Act of 1965. c. Supreme Court's decision in Smith v. Allwright (1944). d. Fifteenth Amendment. e. Twenty-fourth Amendment.

b. Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Of all the executive staff agencies, the __________ has the most direct contact with the president. a. Council of Economic Advisors b. White House Office c. Office of the Vice President d. National Security Staff e. Office of Administration

b. White House Office

2. A political party is best defined as a. a group of people who promote the public good but differ essentially on the means of promoting that good. b. a group of people who organize to win elections, operate government, and determine policy. c. an institution of rule. d. an organized group of people sharing common objectives, who actively attempt to influence public policy. e. an association formed to develop common standards and goals.

b. a group of people who organize to win elections, operate government, and determine policy.

21. Interest groups a. are usually policy generalists. b. are often policy specialists. c. are usually more loosely organized than political parties. d. run candidates for political office; their main sphere of influence is the electoral system. e. are not allowed to have dues-paying members.

b. are often policy specialists.

38. Consumer interest groups a. represent people with advanced education and special training. b. are organized to protect the rights of the buying public c. are organized to work on behalf of agricultural interests. d. represent a particular industry to develop common standards and goals. e. represent people who share the same race, gender or other characteristic.

b. are organized to protect the rights of the buying public

Each state has a. only three electoral votes. b. as many electoral votes as it has U.S. senators and representatives. c. as many electoral votes as it has senators. d. as many electoral votes as it has counties. e. as many electoral votes as it has congressional districts.

b. as many electoral votes as it has U.S. senators and representatives.

32. In Congress, whips a. are responsible for preventing action on bills by engaging in filibusters. b. assist the majority or minority leader in the House or in the Senate in managing the party's legislative program. c. exercise the power of "advice and consent" in the House of Representatives. d. must sign the petitions requesting cloture. e. are the only members who can place a "hold" on a particular bill

b. assist the majority or minority leader in the House or in the Senate in managing the party's legislative program

24. To be elected to the Senate, a person must be a. at least twenty-five years of age b. at least thirty years of age and must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years prior to his or her election. c. at least thirty years of age and a natural born citizen of the United States. d. a natural born citizen of the United States and a legal resident of the state from which he or she is to be elected. e. at least thirty-five years of age and a legal resident of the state from which he or she is to be elected.

b. at least thirty years of age and must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years prior to his or her election.

56. The first part of the congressional budgeting process, involving the creation of the legal basis for government programs, is called a. the franking privilege. b. authorization. c. apportionment. d. appropriation. e. cloture.

b. authorization.

50. The Senate brings a bill to the floor a. after the Rules Committee specifies the amount of time to be spent on debate. b. by "unanimous consent." c. after the Speaker of the House has agreed to all amendments. d. after the Rules Committee specifies whether amendments can be made by a floor vote. e. before the standing committees hold markup sessions.

b. by "unanimous consent."

1. Interest group activity a. occurs only in the legislative branch. b. can be found on every level and in every branch of government. c. is confined to the executive and legislative branches of government. d. is barred within the judiciary. e. is barred from all government offices.

b. can be found on every level and in every branch of government.

The collection, analysis, and dissemination of information online by the citizenry is referred to as a. podcasting. b. citizen journalism. c. netroots. d. cyber campaigning. e. the blogsphere.

b. citizen journalism.

13. Malapportionment is a condition in which the voting power of __________in one legislative district is greater than the voting power of __________in another legislative district. a. minority groups; the white majority b. citizens; citizens c. women; men d. Republicans; Democrats e. liberals; conservatives

b. citizens; citizens

9. Administrative law is the body of law a. that interprets judicial precedents, statutes, regulations and constitutional provisions. b. created by government agencies in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions. c. that spells out the duties that individuals owe to other persons or to their governments. d. governing actions wrongfully committed against society. e. enacted by legislatures.

b. created by government agencies in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions.

26. By 2013, 42 percent of the electorate claimed to be independent. This trend is known as _____. a. rolling realignment b. dealignment c. misalignment d. alignment e. realignment

b. dealignment

20. A representative who acts as an instructed delegate a. conveys the views of his or her political party when casting votes. b. deliberately mirrors the views of the majority of his or her constituents. c. actively seeks to faithfully follow a political philosophy or ideology. d. has been heavily influenced by the lobbying of interest groups. e. is a newly elected member of Congress, who has recently been tutored in parliamentary procedure

b. deliberately mirrors the views of the majority of his or her constituents

60. Formally, an item of pork barrel spending is known as a(n) ______________. a. sow's ear b. earmark c. special project d. appropriation e. authorization

b. earmark

A(n) __________ is a binding international pact that is made between the president and another head of state and that does not require Senate approval. a. treaty b. executive agreement c. executive order d. claim of executive privilege e. signing statement

b. executive agreement

While _____ do not require Senate approval, Congress may still check the president's power by refusing to appropriate the money to carry these out. a. signing statements b. executive orders c. executive agreements d. treaties e. executive statements

b. executive orders

One of the most controversial pardons was granted by President Gerald Ford to _________. a. tens of thousands of people who had resisted the draft during the Vietnam War b. former president Richard Nixon after the Watergate affair c. Chairman Mao d. Communists arrested for treason during the Cold War e. Charles Manson

b. former president Richard Nixon after the Watergate affair

. The president and vice president are elected every _____ years. a. two b. four c. six d. eight e. twelve

b. four

The effort to make their primaries prominent in the media and influential in the political process by moving the date of their primary to earlier in the year is referred to as ________. a. vote-bombing b. front-loading c. rushing d. blanketing primaries e. microtargeting

b. front-loading

47. The 1969 Stonewall Inn uprising launched the a. women's movement. b. gay power movement. c. civil rights movement. d. movement to empower persons with disabilities. e. affirmative action movement.

b. gay power movement.

A federal agency that engages primarily in commercial activities, produces revenues, and requires greater flexibility than most agencies is known as a(n) ___________________. a. executive department b. government corporation c. stockholder-owned government-sponsored enterprise d. national board of review e. independent regulatory agency

b. government corporation

The first eight amendments to the Constitution a. reserve certain rights and powers to the people and to the states. b. grant the people specific rights and liberties. c. prohibit the states from coining money, negotiating treaties with foreign countries, and regulating interstate commerce. d. grant states the power to enact laws and to establish courts to protect the rights of their citizens. e. establish the powers of the executive branch.

b. grant the people specific rights and liberties.

15. Interest groups a. are policy generalists. b. help bridge the gap between citizens and government. c. seek to win elections. d. seek to operate the government. e. compete for public office.

b. help bridge the gap between citizens and government.

40. The American Indian Movement is an example of a(n) _____ interest group. a. professional b. identity c. ideological d. single-issue e. government

b. identity

27. A "new" Congress convenes a. every year. b. in January of every odd-numbered year. c. in November of every odd-numbered year. d. if fewer than 90 percent of House incumbents are reelected. e. if fewer than 85 percent of Senate incumbents are reelected.

b. in January of every odd-numbered year.

When citizens vote for president and vice president, they are not voting directly for the candidates. Instead, they are voting for electors who will cast their ballots a. at the national party convention. b. in the electoral college. c. at a joint session of Congress. d. in the House of Representatives. e. in the primaries.

b. in the electoral college.

61. In the 1890s, the Democrats allied themselves with the populist movement, which consisted largely of a. urban workers in the Midwest and East. b. indebted farmers in the West and South. c. African Americans and abolitionists. d. well educated and wealthy merchants. e. wealthy plantation owners in the South

b. indebted farmers in the West and South.

In a(n) _____ primary, voters cast ballots for delegates who in turn choose the candidates. a. unpledged b. indirect c. blanket d. top two e. closed

b. indirect

Microtargeting a. is the practice of moving presidential primary dates to earlier in the year in an effort to make primaries prominent in the media and influential in the political process. b. is a process that involves collecting as much information as possible about voters in a database and then filtering out various groups for special attention. c. has been called a "one-day fund-raising frenzy." d. is a process used by poll watchers to target precincts that are susceptible to voter fraud. e. involves learning damaging information about an opponent in a political campaign.

b. is a process that involves collecting as much information as possible about voters in a database and then filtering out various groups for special attention.

The writ of habeas corpus, requiring an official bring a specified prisoner into court and explain why that person is being held a. is available to all citizens, all of the time. b. is available to all persons, except in times of rebellion or national invasion. c. may be made unavailable at the discretion of the courts. d. may be made unavailable at the discretion of Congress. e. may be made unavailable at the discretion of governors.

b. is available to all persons, except in times of rebellion or national invasion.

The power of _____ allows the judicial branch to declare legislative or presidential actions unconstitutional. a. judicial veto b. judicial review c. impeachment d. judicial override e. rule of law

b. judicial review

22. The American Civil Liberties Union is considered a(n) _____ group. a. public-interest b. labor interest c. professional interest d. identity interest e. single-issue interest

b. labor interest

68. Each of the following is an example of an unconstitutional gender-based law EXCEPT a. the exclusion of males from the School of Nursing at Mississippi University for Women. b. laws punishing males but not females for statutory rape. c. a state law which allows wives to obtain alimony judgments against husbands but prevents husbands from receiving alimony from wives. d. a law prohibiting the sale of beer to males under 18 years and to females under 21. e. the exclusion of females from the Virginia Military Institute.

b. laws punishing males but not females for statutory rape.

The framers of the Constitution a. granted suffrage to all those who professed a belief in Christianity. b. left the power to set suffrage qualifications to the individual states. c. limited suffrage to those who had been delegates to the Constitutional Convention. d. limited suffrage to adult white males who owned property. e. granted suffrage to all persons over the age of twenty-one.

b. left the power to set suffrage qualifications to the individual states.

31. The Court's decision in a particular case is based on the written record of the case, the ____________ that the attorneys submit, and oral arguments. a. testimony b. legal briefs c. opinions d. evidence e. writs

b. legal briefs

22. Decisions made by administrative agencies a. are reviewd by the courts in which cases involving federal law begin. b. may be reviewed by either a district court or the court of appeals. c. may be appealed only to the U.S. Supreme Court. d. are subject to trial courts. e. may be disputed in the state trial courts.

b. may be reviewed by either a district court or the court of appeals.

27. A denial of "cert." a. indicates that the Supreme Court agrees with a lower court's opinion. b. means that the decision of the lower court remains the law within that court's jurisdiction. c. has value as a precedent. d. is a decision on the merits of a case. e. is rare

b. means that the decision of the lower court remains the law within that court's jurisdiction.

Online activists who support a particular candidate but are not controlled by the candidate's organization are known as ______________. a. hacktivists b. netroots groups c. bloggers d. web managers e. citizen journalists

b. netroots groups

21. In 1964, a coalition of _____ and _____ crafted major civil rights legislation. a. southern Democrats; northern Democrats b. northern Democrats; Republicans c. Populists; Libertarians d. Republicans; Socialists e. southern Republicans; States' Rights Democrats

b. northern Democrats; Republicans

Public opinion polls show that _____ Americans agrees that benefits provided by Medicare and Social Security ought to be trimmed. a. a majority of b. one in ten c. roughly half of d. three in five e. one in three

b. one in ten

Since 1996, the Commission on Presidential Debates has limited participants to a. candidates of the two major parties and one candidate from a third party. b. only candidates of the two major parties. c. candidates of the two major parties in the first debate, and one candidate from a third party in the second debate. d. only two candidates of any party at a time. e. three candidates at a time.

b. only candidates of the two major parties.

In a(n) _____ primary, voters can vote for a party's candidate regardless of whether they belong to the candidate's party. a. closed b. open c. semi-open d. nonpartisan e. indirect

b. open

40. The House of Representatives a. may convict federal officials of impeachable offenses. b. originates bills for raising revenues. c. has fewer rules and restrictions than the Senate. d. allows members to place holds on nominees for executive or judicial positions. e. normally permits extended debate on all issues that arise before it

b. originates bills for raising revenues.

9. Satisfaction that is derived from taking action as part of a group is referred to as a _____ incentive. a. free-rider b. purposive c. pluralist d. solidary e. material

b. purposive

67. Over time, the Supreme Court has developed various standards for determining whether a law that discriminates against a particular group or class of individuals is a. fair or unfair. b. reasonable or unreasonable. c. equitable or prejudicial. d. compelling or nondescript. e. rational or irrational.

b. reasonable or unreasonable.

46. A judge or justice who believes that the courts should defer to the decisions of the legislative and executive branches is known as a(n) _____________. a. activist b. restraintist c. conservative d. progressive e. textualist

b. restraintist

32. Laws that ban unions from collecting dues or other fees from workers whom they represent but who have not actually joined the union are known as _____ laws. a. no-worker-left-behind b. right-to-work c. guaranteed-work d. workforce-expansion e. economic-freedom

b. right-to-work

52. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the U.S. Supreme Court a. invalidated all affirmative action programs nationwide, deeming them "reverse discrimination." b. ruled that race cannot be used as a factor in university admissions decisions. c. ruled that race cannot be the sole factor used in university admissions decisions. d. ruled that federal, state, and local affirmative action programs must be subject to strict scrutiny. e. stated that discriminatory laws must be narrowly tailored to meet a compelling government interest.

b. ruled that race cannot be used as a factor in university admissions decisions

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court a. upheld an Alabama law authorizing a daily one-minute period of silence for meditation and voluntary prayer. b. ruled that the State Board of Regents in New York had acted unconstitutionally by composing a prayer to be used in public school classrooms at the start of each day. c. held that individuals cannot pray in public schools, and teachers may no longer wish their students a "Merry Christmas." d. held that public schools are barred from teaching about religion. e. ruled that the State Board of Regents in New York had acted constitutionally when composing a prayer to be used in public school classrooms, because the prayer was nondenominational.

b. ruled that the State Board of Regents in New York had acted unconstitutionally by composing a prayer to be used in public school classrooms at the start of each day.

A major function of a regulatory agency involves the formulation of new regulations, referred to as a. legislating. b. rulemaking. c. oversight. d. adjudication.

b. rulemaking.

58. The __________ resolution, which sets "binding" limits on taxes and spending, is supposed to be passed in September. a. first budget b. second budget c. continuing d. entitlement e. earmark

b. second budget

38. Because of a practice known as _________, home-state senators of the president's political party may be able to influence the choice of the nominee to a district court. a. partisan politeness b. senatorial courtesy c. representative respect d. legislative chivalry e. congressional cordiality

b. senatorial courtesy

5. The Federalist Party a. argued against ratification of the Constitution. b. supported a strong central government that would encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing. c. believed that the nation's welfare would be best served if the states had more power than the central government. d. generally thought that a republic should be ruled by the "common man." e. was led by Thomas Jefferson.

b. supported a strong central government that would encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing.

Burning the American flag as a gesture of protest is an example of _____. a. obscenity b. symbolic speech c. slander d. libel e. seditious speech

b. symbolic speech

The power of states to run primary elections is limited by a. party nominating conventions. b. the First Amendment right of freedom of association. c. the electoral college. d. the right of candidates to self-nominate. e. parties who choose to opt out of state elections.

b. the First Amendment right of freedom of association.

27. All of the following are reasons business interest groups have begun to increasingly support the Democratic party EXCEPT a. in some fields business leaders are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans. b. the Republican party is no longer business-friendly. c. the technology industry contains both Democrats and Republicans. d. interest groups are trying to avoid political disfavor. e. interest groups want to benefit regardless who wins elections.

b. the Republican party is no longer business-friendly.

It is the _____ that determines where freedom of speech ends and the right of society to be protected from certain forms of speech begins. a. Bill of Rights b. the U.S. Supreme Court c. the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution d. state legislatures e. Congress

b. the U.S. Supreme Court

Congress has an advantage over the president in a. granting reprieves and pardons. b. the ability to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. c. the ability to rally public opinion. d. dealing with a national crisis. e. setting foreign policy goals and objectives.

b. the ability to regulate foreign and interstate commerce.

For many years, the courts assumed that the Bill of Rights limited only the actions of a. the state governments. b. the national government. c. local governments. d. individuals. e. state or local governments

b. the national government.

33. The largest component of parties, consisting of all the people who describe themselves as Democrat or Republican, is known as a. the party organization. b. the party in the electorate. c. the party in government. d. party identifiers. e. a patronage network

b. the party in the electorate.

11. Which of the following is NOT a public good? a. National defense b. Medicare c. Clean water d. National parks e. Clean air

c. Clean water

39. The United States has a two-party system. This means that a. only two parties nominate candidates to run in general elections. b. the two major parties—the Democrats and the Republicans—dominate national politics. c. third parties may not be formed in this country. d. all voters identify with either the Democratic or Republican parties. e. only candidates of the two major parties can run in presidential elections.

b. the two major parties—the Democrats and the Republicans—dominate national politics.

When Franklin Roosevelt became president in 1933, the entire staff consisted of ______ employees. a. twelve b. thirty-seven c. fifty-three d. sixty-seven e. over one hundred

b. thirty-seven

18. The federal court system has __________ levels of courts. a. two b. three c. five d. eight e. ten

b. three

The District of Columbia has a. no electoral votes because it is not a state. b. three electoral votes. c. five members in the House of Representatives, so it has five electoral votes. d. one electoral vote, which allows residents of Washington, D.C. to participate in the selection of the president, but not the vice president. e. thirteen electoral votes, representing the thirteen original colonies

b. three electoral votes.

A government system in which a leader or group of leaders seeks to control almost all aspects of social and economic life is a/an ____ dictatorship. a. libertarian b. totalitarian c. multicultural d. liberal e. conservative

b. totalitarian

13. A court in which trials are held and testimony is taken is known as a ____________. a. state court b. trial court c. federal court d. supreme court e. court of appeals

b. trial court

Since the Constitution was written it has been amended _____ times. a. thirty-three b. twenty-seven c. forty two d. hundreds of e. ten

b. twenty-seven

Seditious speech a. is a published report of a falsehood that tends to injure a person's reputation or character. b. urges resistance to lawful authority or advocates overthrowing the government. c. is the public utterance of a false statement that holds a person up for contempt, ridicule, or hatred. d. is best defined as cyberbullying. e. is obscenity on the Internet.

b. urges resistance to lawful authority or advocates overthrowing the government.

12. In segregated communities whites imposed An elaborate code of social deference was imposed on African Americans in segregated communities, largely through _____. a. threats of extra-legal violence b. vote suppression laws c. poll taxes d.the grandfather clause e. the all-white primary

b. vote suppression laws

The Miranda warnings a. are found in the Fourth Amendment. b. were articulated by the Supreme Court in 1966. c. can have no exceptions. d. are found in the Sixth Amendment. e. are completely irrelevant today.

b. were articulated by the Supreme Court in 1966.

26. The U.S. Supreme Court a. grants most petitions for a writ of certiorari. b. will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least four of the justices approve. c. is required to grant "cert." d. will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least five of the justices approve. e. rarely denies a petition for a writ of certiorari.

b. will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least four of the justices approve.

All of the following are typical ways to nominate a candidate for public office EXCEPT a. electoral college. b. write-in. c. self nomination. d. party nomination e. caucus.

b. write-in.

4. If a law or action prevents some group of persons from exercising a fundamental right, the law or action will be subject to the _____ standard for determining whether the equal protection clause has been violated. a. "intermediate scrutiny" b. "ordinary scrutiny" c. "strict scrutiny" d. "rational basis" e. "exacting scrutiny"

c. "strict scrutiny"

13. In Brown II (1955), the Supreme Court ordered desegregation to begin a. "immediately." b. "with caution and care." c. "with all deliberate speed." d. "without undue delay." e. "with unchecked speed."

c. "with all deliberate speed."

By September of the 2012 presidential election campaigns, each major political party had accumulated about _______. a. $300 million b. $450 million c. $600 million d. $550 million e. $200 million

c. $600 million

By _____, the convention system was the most common method of nominating political party candidates at the state and national level. a. 1832 b. 1824 c. 1840 d. 1972 e. 1954

c. 1840

Women were guaranteed suffrage in _____. a. 1870 b. 1915 c. 1920 d. 1944 e. 1965

c. 1920

The ideology of American liberalism did not take its fully modern form until the a. 1930s, during the administration of Franklin Roosevelt. b. 1950s, during the administration of Dwight Eisenhower. c. 1960s, during the administration of Lyndon Johnson. d. 1990s, during the administration of Bill Clinton.

c. 1960s, during the administration of Lyndon Johnson.

The Supreme Court extended First Amendment protections to the Internet in _____. a. 1978 b. 1984 c. 1997 d. 2001 e. 2008

c. 1997

. Since 1970, no state can impose a residency requirement for voting of more than a. 10 days. b. 14 days. c. 30 days. d. 2 months. e. 6 months.

c. 30 days.

68. There are currently ______ judicial districts. a. 72 b. 94 c. 52 d. 109 e. 47

c. 52

31. Female managers earn, on average, only _____ of what male managers earn. a. 40 percent b. 50 percent c. 70 percent d. 65 percent e. 85 percent

c. 70 percent

Which of the following statements best defines a straw poll? a. A survey of the public's opinion on a particular topic at a particular moment b. In the context of opinion polling, a group of people selected to represent the population being studied c. A nonscientific poll in which there is no way to ensure that the opinions expressed are representative of the larger population d. In the context of opinion polling, a sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen e. In the context of opinion polling, the difference between what the sample results show and what the true results would have been had everybody in the relevant population been interviewed

c. A nonscientific poll in which there is no way to ensure that the opinions expressed are representative of the larger population

36. Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Joining a political party to express mutual agreement with the views of friends or other like-minded people describes a purposive incentive for belonging to the party. b. The party precinct is the document drawn up by each party at its national convention that outlines the policies and positions of the party. c. A ward is a local unit of a political party's organization, consisting of a division or district within a city. d. The party ticket is the proof of registration that voters need to show at the polling place before they are allowed to vote. e. Patronage is a system of punishing a party identifier who does not vote for the party's candidate in a presidential election.

c. A ward is a local unit of a political party's organization, consisting of a division or district within a city.

36. Which of the following is the largest broad-based agricultural interest group? a. National Farmers Union b. National Grange c. American Farm Bureau Federation d. Club for Growth e. Greenpeace USA

c. American Farm Bureau Federation

Many of our liberties were added by the _____, ratified in 1791. a. ex post facto laws b. writs of habeas corpus c. Bill of Rights d. bills of attainder e. Miranda warnings

c. Bill of Rights

70. One of the most popular conservative political parties in Europe is the a. Religious Liberty Party. b. Christian Majority Party. c. Christian Democratic Party. d. Christian Labor Party. e. Catholic Social Party

c. Christian Democratic Party.

18. The _____ provided that federal funds could be withheld from any federal or state government project or facility that practiced any form of discrimination. a. Thirteenth Amendment b. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) c. Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Supreme Court's decision in Brown II (1955) e. Fifteenth Amendment

c. Civil Rights Act of 1964

17. Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin in public places of accommodation and in employment was outlawed by the a. Fourteenth Amendment. b. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954). c. Civil Rights Act of 1964. d. Voting Rights Act of 1965. e. Civil Rights Act of 1968

c. Civil Rights Act of 1964.

24. According to Article III of the U.S. Constitution, there is only one national Supreme Court, but _________is empowered to create additional ("inferior") courts as is deemed necessary. a. the president b. the chief justice of the United States c. Congress d. the cabinet e. the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

c. Congress

Under the U.S. Constitution, only the ____________ has the right to declare war. a. Senate b. President c. Congress d. Department of Defense e. states' governors

c. Congress

. In recent years, voters with post-graduate degrees have tended to vote ____. a. Republican b. Libertarian c. Democratic d. less often e. for third parties

c. Democratic

During the 1930s, the nation's most successful radio commentator was _____, based in Royal Oak, Michigan. a. Rush Limbaugh b. Sean Hannity c. Father Charles Edward Coughlin d. Glenn Beck e. Bill O'Reilly

c. Father Charles Edward Coughlin

6. After Thomas Jefferson won the presidency and his party won control of Congress, the _____ never returned to power and became the first American political party to go out of existence. a. People's Party b. Whigs c. Federalists d. National Republicans e. Constitutional Union Party

c. Federalists

The _____ guaranteed suffrage to African American males. a. Thirteenth Amendment b. Fourteenth Amendment c. Fifteenth Amendment d. Nineteenth Amendment e. Twenty-third Amendment

c. Fifteenth Amendment

51. Each of the following is an indirect technique used by interest groups to influence public policy EXCET a. Filing Amicus Curiae briefs b. Online camaigns c. Following up on legislation d. Airing Issue Ads e. Using rating systems

c. Following up on legislation

The _____ played a key role in the Supreme Court's changing stance on the application of the Bill of Rights to the states. a. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) decision b. passage of the Bill of Rights c. Fourteenth Amendment d. Fifth Amendment e. Sixteenth Amendment

c. Fourteenth Amendment

Two of the organizations that predicted Roosevelt's victory in 1936, _____, are still at the forefront of the polling industry. a. Gallup and Literary Digest b. Roper and Landon c. Gallup and Roper d. Roper and Literary Digest

c. Gallup and Roper

The infamous "daisy girl" ad appeared in which presidential race? a. Eisenhower-Stevenson (1952) b. Nixon-Kennedy (1960) c. Goldwater-Johnson (1964) d. Bush-Gore (2000) e. Obama-McCain (2008)

c. Goldwater-Johnson (1964)

Which of the following is a constitutional requirement for becoming president of the United States? a. Must have been a resident within the United States for thirty-five years b. Must be of sound moral character c. Must be at least thirty-five years old d. Must be of the Christian faith e. Must be elected by a majority of the popular vote nationwide

c. Must be at least thirty-five years old

The _____ requires states to provide all eligible citizens with the opportunity to register to vote when they apply for or renew a driver's license. a. Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 b. Drive-Thru Voter Law of 1976 c. National Voter Registration Act of 1993 d. Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution e. Help America Vote Act of 2002

c. National Voter Registration Act of 1993

The _____ requires that states allow mail-in voter registration. a. Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 b. Voting Rights Act extension (2006) c. National Voter Registration Act of 1993 d. Twenty-third Amendment to the Constitution e. Help America Vote Act of 2002

c. National Voter Registration Act of 1993

The _____ prohibited discrimination in voting on the basis of gender. a. Fourteenth Amendment b. Fifteenth Amendment c. Nineteenth Amendment d. Twenty-third Amendment e. Twenty-sixth Amendment

c. Nineteenth Amendment

29. Which of the following statements best describes the way in which political parties perform the function of selecting candidates? a. The political party is usually the major institution through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other. b. Political parties help educate the public about important political issues. c. Political parties narrow the field of candidates through primary elections. d. Political parties are essentially coalitions—alliances of individuals and groups with a variety of concerns and opinions who join together to support the party's platform, or parts of it. e. Political parties take care of a large number of small and routine tasks that are essential to the smooth functioning of the electoral process

c. Political parties narrow the field of candidates through primary elections

_____ are representatives from each political party who are allowed to monitor polling places to make sure that the election is run fairly and that fraud doesn't occur. a. Delegates b. Private pollsters c. Poll watchers d. Electors e. Political consultants

c. Poll watchers

14. In the 1890s, the Democrats allied themselves with the _____ movement, which advocated inflation as a way of lessening the debts of farmers in the South and West. a. Green b. Socialist c. Populist d. Tea Party e. Reform

c. Populist

69. In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus used the state's National Guard to block the integration of Central High School in Little Rock. It was only after _________ that Central High finally became integrated. a. Martin Luther King arrived to protest b. three days of violent clashes c. President Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard d. the Supreme Court threatened to send the Army in e. a week of nonviolent protests by black students and their families.

c. President Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Wealthy people tend to be underrepresented among regular voters. b. Racial and ethnic minorities traditionally have been overrepresented among the ranks of voters. c. Voting participation likely increases with age because older people tend to be more settled, are already registered, and have had more experience with voting. d. Generally, younger voters turn out to vote more regularly than older voters do, although participation tends to increase among the very elderly. e. High school graduates vote more often than those who have also finished college.

c. Voting participation likely increases with age because older people tend to be more settled, are already registered, and have had more experience with voting.

38. Which of the following functions is performed at the national party conventions? a. Managing the grassroots foundation of party supporters b. Directing the work of the national committee c. Writing a party platform d. Helping elect party members to Congress e. Serving as administrative head of the national party

c. Writing a party platform

A faction is best described as a. a single-issue or regional candidate; one who is not focused on the interests of the nation as a whole. b. those who favored a strong central government and the ratification of the new Constitution. c. a group of persons forming a cohesive minority. d. a special-interest group made up of wealthy business owners which controls a majority of the legislature. e. a group of tyrannical aristocrats.

c. a group of persons forming a cohesive minority.

37. A nominee for the Supreme Court must be confirmed by a. a two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives. b. the president's cabinet. c. a majority vote in the Senate. d. a two-thirds vote in the Senate. e. a majority vote in the House Judiciary Committee.

c. a majority vote in the Senate.

The 1964 "daisy girl" ad is an example of a. a personal attack ad. b. a sound bite c. a negative issue ad. d. a podcast. e. citizen journalism

c. a negative issue ad.

13. A material incentive for joining an interest group is best described as a. pleasure in associating with like-minded individuals. b. satisfaction resulting from working for a cause in which one believes. c. a practical benefit such as discounts, subscriptions, or group insurance. d. the ability to enjoy the outcome of a group's efforts without having to contribute. e. the opportunity to compete for public office.

c. a practical benefit such as discounts, subscriptions, or group insurance.

If a vacancy occurs in the vice presidency, a. a vice president is selected by the electoral college. b. a vice president is appointed by the president and confirmed by the cabinet. c. a vice president is nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority vote of both chambers of Congress. d. there is currently no provision for filling the office. e. the Speaker of the House, on his or her resignation as Speaker and as representative, acts as vice president

c. a vice president is nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority vote of both chambers of Congress.

57. The president submits a proposed federal budget for the next fiscal year beginning on October 1 _____________. a. in September b. in June c. about eighteen months prior to October 1 d. in January e. in October of the previous year

c. about eighteen months prior to October 1

43. Lobbying refers to a. shaping public opinion through online campaigns. b. all of the indirect techniques used by interest groups to influence government officials. c. all of the attempts by organizations or by individuals to influence the passage, defeat, or contents of legislation, or to influence the administrative decisions of government. d. evaluating the performance of legislators based on how often they have voted with an interest group's position on particular issues. e. peaceful demonstrations designed to make a statement about a group's interests.

c. all of the attempts by organizations or by individuals to influence the passage, defeat, or contents of legislation, or to influence the administrative decisions of government.

26. Every two years, ________ of the House of Representatives and ________ of the Senate are up for reelection. a. half; all b. all; half c. all; one-third d. all; all e. one-third; half

c. all; one-third

65. A coalition is best defined as a. all of the citizens eligible to vote in a given election b. all the party's candidates who have won elections and now hold office. c. an alliance of individuals or groups with a variety of interests and opinions who join together to support all or part of a political party's platform. d. a group of individuals who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine policy. e. a collection of voters who have detached from both political parties.

c. an alliance of individuals or groups with a variety of interests and opinions who join together to support all or part of a political party's platform.

In most states, _____ provides a list of registered voters and makes certain that only qualified voter cast ballots. a. delegates b. super PACS c. an election board d. electors e. a credentials committee

c. an election board

47. When deciding cases, the Supreme Court may give primary consideration to all of the following sources of legal reasoning EXCEPT a. constitutions, statutes and administrative agency regulations. b. past cases. c. personal biases, intellectual abilities and predispositions. d. demographic data and public opinion. e. foreign laws.

c. personal biases, intellectual abilities and predispositions.

Executive privilege is best defined as a. the power of the president, in performing the role of chief executive, to appoint high-ranking officers of the federal government. b. the power of the president to issue executive orders. c. an inherent executive power claimed by presidents to withhold information from, or to refuse to appear before, Congress or the courts. d. the ability of the president to change the Executive Office of the President according to his needs and leadership style. e. the power of the president to make executive agreements with other heads of state.

c. an inherent executive power claimed by presidents to withhold information from, or to refuse to appear before, Congress or the courts.

54. Campaigns that masquerade as grassroots mobilizations, but are not, have been labeled _____ lobbying. a. bluegrass b. amicus c. astroturf d. turfgrass e. gridiron

c. astroturf

30. Under the House rules, a vote that results in a tie a. automatically passes a bill. b. sends a bill to the vice president for action. c. automatically defeats a bill. d. sends a bill to the Senate for a vote. e. must be taken again

c. automatically defeats a bill.

Following World War II, _____ became the dominant form of communication. a. the Internet b. radio c. broadcast television d. print media e. cable television

c. broadcast television

All of the existing amendments to the Constitution have been proposed a. by a vote in two-thirds of the state legislatures. b. in special state conventions. c. by a two-thirds vote in the Senate and in the House of Representatives. d. at national constitutional conventions. e. by a three-fourths vote in the Senate and in the House of Representatives.

c. by a two-thirds vote in the Senate and in the House of Representatives.

67. Parties involved in _______ must comply with court procedural rules of risk being held in contempt of court. a. any trial b. cases involving diversity of citizenship c. civil or criminal cases d. administrative cases e. an appeals court

c. civil or criminal cases

15. The "one person, one vote" rule that emerged from the Supreme Court's decision in Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) means that a. everyone has the right to cast one vote in presidential elections. b. all votes will be counted. c. congressional districts must have equal populations so that one person's vote counts as much as another's vote. d. voters must cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president. e. the number of electoral votes each state has will be determined by each state's population.

c. congressional districts must have equal populations so that one person's vote counts as much as another's vote.

66. Each of the following is a primary source of law in the United States, except a. constitutional law. b. statutory law. c. criminal law. d. case law. e. administrative law.

c. criminal law.

34. A __________ is a statement written by one or more justices explaining reasons for disagreeing with the majority decision. a. rebuttal b. minority opinion c. dissenting opinion d. denial e. conference report

c. dissenting opinion

3. The Constitution a. created the two-party system in Article IV. b. delegated to Congress the power to establish political parties in Article II. c. does not mention political parties. d. grants the power to establish political parties to the states in the Tenth Amendment. e. specifies the powers that political parties may exercise in Article V.

c. does not mention political parties.

Today, the president travels at all times with the "__________," the briefcase containing the codes used to launch a nuclear attack. a. messenger bag b. camera case c. football d. racquet bag e. phone charger

c. football

41. The Tea Party Movement and Greenpeace are _____ interest groups. a. business b. identity c. ideological d. agricultural e. consumer

c. ideological

The Fifth Amendment a. includes a requirement that no warrant for a search or an arrest be issued without probable cause. b. guarantees a speedy trial and a trial by jury. c. includes a protection against self-incrimination. d. includes a protection from unreasonable searches and seizures. e. includes a right for criminal defendants to confront witnesses.

c. includes a protection against self-incrimination.

A federal agency that is not located within a cabinet department and has a single function is known as a(n) a. businesses owned by the government. b. autonomous unit. c. independent executive agency. d. stockholder-owned government-sponsored enterprise. e. major service organization

c. independent executive agency.

54. In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court held that the University of Michigan Law School's admissions policy was constitutional because a. it gave a "diversity bonus" of only five points to "underrepresented minorities." b. it did not ask applicants to reveal their race or ethnicity and thus did not take these factors into account. c. it did not apply a mechanical formula giving "diversity bonuses" based on race or ethnicity. d. it automatically awarded five points to female applicants in an effort to remedy past discriminatory practices. e. the law school required a first-year class to have an equal number of men and women.

c. it did not apply a mechanical formula giving "diversity bonuses" based on race or ethnicity.

2. A group becomes an interest group when a. people with shared interests get together in an organized fashion. b. direct methods are used to achieve a common objective. c. it seeks to affect the policies and practices of government. d. Congress allows it to, through a process established by law. e. the government gives permission for the group to expand the scope of its activities.

c. it seeks to affect the policies and practices of government.

One of the defining characteristics of President Obama's fund-raising has been a. its national consolidation. b. its federalization. c. its decentralization. d. the use of direct-mail contributions. e. microtargeting

c. its decentralization.

If a newspaper or tabloid publishes something about a person that is untrue, with the intent of injuring that person's reputation, and actual harm results, the newspaper or tabloid has engaged in _____. a. hate speech b. slander c. libel d. symbolic speech e. obscenity

c. libel

Used only under Clinton before being ruled unconstitutional, the ____________ enables a president to veto one or more specific items within a larger bill. a. pocket veto b. regular veto c. line item veto d. inherent power e. lame duck veto

c. line item veto

Strictly defined, the term _____ means "communication channels." a. broadcast television b. blogosphere c. media d. citizen journalism e. social networking

c. media

28. Leadership and organization in both chambers of Congress are based on a. provisions in Article II of the Constitution. b. rules established by the federal judiciary. c. membership in the two major political parties. d. party control of the White House. e. the "one person, one vote" rule

c. membership in the two major political parties.

35. In the Senate, the __________ leads the opposition to the majority party's policies. a. vice president b. minority whip c. minority leader d. president pro tempore e. Speaker pro tempore

c. minority leader

Ron Paul pioneered the _______ technique, described as a "one-day fund-raising frenzy." a. direct mail b. decentralization c. moneybomb d. cash blitz e. microtargeting

c. moneybomb

In today's news culture, the move toward highly specific subject matter that appeals strongly to a limited number of people, ________, has become important on television. a. citizen journalism b. hyperlocalism c. narrowcasting d. participatory journalism e. personal commentary

c. narrowcasting

In the news business, hyperlocalism refers to a. the collection and dissemination of information online by independent journalists and the general citizenry. b. establishing the context in which an issue is understood. c. narrowing the focus of news to the local area. d. news coverage that is manipulated by a political consultant to gain media exposure for a political candidate. e. promoting specific facts or ideas that may affect the public's thinking on related topics.

c. narrowing the focus of news to the local area.

25. The U.S. Supreme Court consists of _________. a. nine associate justices b. nine senior justices c. one chief justice and eight associate justices d. twelve associate justices and one chief justice e. one head judge, nine associate judges, and four legal assistants.

c. one chief justice and eight associate justices

56. Under the 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act, a. lobbying was prohibited. b. bundled campaign contributions were banned. c. only persons or organizations whose principal purpose was to influence legislation were required to register. d. only persons whose lobbying was directed at agencies in the executive branch were required to register as lobbyists and file quarterly reports. e. members of Congress were prohibited from accepting gifts or travel paid for by lobbyists.

c. only persons or organizations whose principal purpose was to influence legislation were required to register.

In the 2012 election, many major polling firms a. weighted independent turnout too heavily. b. deliberately skewed the results. c. overestimated Republican turnout. d. said the election was too close to call. e. did not use random sampling

c. overestimated Republican turnout.

64. The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka a. followed precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson. b. overturned the Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford. c. overturned precedent upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson. d. departed from precedent set by Griggs v. Duke Power Co. e. followed precedent set by Dred Scott v. Sanford.

c. overturned precedent upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson.

66. A party member who helps to organize and oversee party functions and planning during and between campaigns is a/n a. party identifier. b. majority party leader. c. party activist. d. elite group e. coalition

c. party activist.

An emotional attachment to a political party is known as _____. a. partisan bias b. voter perception c. party identification d. policy voting e. policy voting

c. party identification

For established voters, _____ is one of the most important and lasting predictors of how a person will vote. a. income level b. occupation c. party identification d. gender e. religion

c. party identification

14. To ensure equal representation in the House, congressional districts in a given state must contain, as nearly as possible, equal numbers of a. men and women. b. Republicans and Democrats. c. people. d. cities and rural areas. e. liberals and conservatives

c. people

Candidates use ________ to focus on flaws in their opponents' positions on various issues. a. the backfire approach b. nuke ads c. personal attacks during debates d. bloggers e. negative issue ads

c. personal attacks during debates

According to the _____, any law that limits the freedom of speech or the press—freedoms essential to a democracy— should be presumed unconstitutional unless the government can show that the law is absolutely necessary. a. clear and present danger test b. incorporation doctrine c. preferred-position doctrine d. bad tendency rule e. Lemon test

c. preferred-position doctrine

33. The Constitution makes the vice president of the United States the a. president pro tempore of the Senate. b. Speaker of the House. c. president of the Senate. d. presiding officer of the House. e. majority leader of the Senate

c. president of the Senate.

The White House Office includes the a. Council of Economic Advisers and the National Security Staff. b. Office of Management and Budget and the Office of the Vice President. c. president's chief of staff, the press secretary, and the counsel to the president. d. Council on Environmental Quality and the Office of Administration. e. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and the Office of Science and Technology Policy.

c. president's chief of staff, the press secretary, and the counsel to the president.

A key function of the Bill of Rights is to a. protect the rights of government. b. preserve the will of the majority against the actions of the minority. c. protect the rights of those in the minority against the will of the majority. d. specify what the government must do to ensure equal protection under the law for all Americans. e. delegate power to the Supreme Court to have the final say on how the Constitution should be interpreted.

c. protect the rights of those in the minority against the will of the majority.

A(n) _____ poll is a campaign tactic used to feed false or misleading information to potential voters, under the guise of taking an opinion poll. a. straw b. exit c. push d. tracking e. Internet

c. push

55. Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) concerned the policies of two school districts that were trying to achieve a more diversified student body by giving preference to minority students if space in the schools was limited and a choice among applicants had to be made. The Supreme Court a. ruled that the policies did not violate the equal protection clause. b. ruled that the policies violated the due process clause. c. ruled that the policies violated the equal protection clause. d. overruled its 2003 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger, and held that race cannot be used as a factor when determining admissions or enrollments in any public school or university. e. ruled that the policies did not violate the due process clause.

c. ruled that the policies violated the equal protection clause.

10. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court established the _____ doctrine to justify segregation. a. imminent lawless action b. bad tendency c. separate-but-equal d. implied powers e. judicial review

c. separate-but-equal

10. Civil law a. is the body of law that interprets judicial precedents, statutes, regulations and constitutional provisions. b. is created by government agencies in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions. c. spells out the duties that individuals owe to other persons or to their governments. d. is the body of law governing actions wrongfully committed against society. e. is enacted by legislatures.

c. spells out the duties that individuals owe to other persons or to their governments.

A __________ is a political candidate's press adviser who tries to convince reporters to give a story or event concerning the candidate a particular interpretation or slant. a. narrowcaster b. primer c. spin doctor d. gyro guru e. a blogmeister

c. spin doctor

9. The Fifteenth Amendment a. granted freedom to the slaves. b. provided a constitutional basis for slavery. c. stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of race. d. stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of sex (meaning gender). e. stated that the rights granted to individuals in the Bill of Rights is not a comprehensive list, and others are retained by the people.

c. stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of race.

The electors are selected by the _________ during each presidential election year. a. national party convention delegates. b. state legislatures. c. states' political parties. d. caucuses. e. presidential candidates.

c. states' political parties.

Surveys in 2012 showed that those least likely to vote a. supported no candidates on Facebook. b. supported Romney by a two-to-one margin. c. supported Obama by a two-to-one margin. d. declared allegience with the Democratic party. e. supported Obama on Twitter and Facebook by a seven-to-one margin

c. supported Obama by a two-to-one margin.

At least half of the budget for a major political campaign is consumed by_________. a. political consultants b. web managers c. television d. newspaper ads e. opposition research

c. television

52. The president has __________ to decide whether to sign a bill or veto it. a. twenty-four hours b. seven days c. ten days d. one month e. one year

c. ten days

In 1987, the Federal Communications Commission repealed the fairness doctrine, which had required a. news outlets to allot the same amount of time to all candidates' campaigns. b. all broadcast media to employ an equal number of men and women. c. that all holders of broadcast liscenses present controversial issues in an honest and balanced manner. d. all radio stations devote the same amount of time to each side of controversial issues. e. journalists to sign a contract committing to non-partisan reporting.

c. that all holders of broadcast liscenses present controversial issues in an honest and balanced manner.

If a state has thirty-six members in the House of Representatives, it has _____ electoral votes. a. nine b. eighteen c. thirty-six d. thirty-eight e. sixty-four

c. thirty-six

Rupert Murdoch's media holdings in the United States, which include __________, promote conservative politics. a. the New York Times and the CBS television network b. the Washington Post and the ABC television network c. the Fox television networks and the Wall Street Journal d. The Colbert Report on the Comedy Central channel e. CNN and MSNBC

c. the Fox television networks and the Wall Street Journal

If no presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes, a. the electoral college chooses the winner. b. the Supreme Court decides among the top three candidates. c. the House of Representatives votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote. d. the Senate votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote. e. a special election is held in February.

c. the House of Representatives votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote.

President Thomas Jefferson wanted the _____ to be a "wall of separation between church and state." a. the supremacy clause of Article VI b. reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment c. the establishment clause of the First Amendment d. the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8 e. the Supreme Court

c. the establishment clause of the First Amendment

44. Most bills are proposed by a. the House of Representatives. b. the Senate. c. the executive branch. d. citizens. e. lobbying groups

c. the executive branch.

Using data, largely collected through use of the Internet, to direct volunteers toward the voters that candidates most need to reach is called a. the moneybomb. b. microtargeting. c. the ground game. d. the air game. e. the face blitz.

c. the ground game.

The most common previous occupation of U.S. presidents has been a. in general business and merchandising. b. the military. c. the legal profession. d. education. e. farming.

c. the legal profession.

37. The structure of each party's national organization includes four major elements: a. the national convention, the national chairperson, the state central committees, and the congressional campaign committees. b. state party organizations, the state central committees, the national chairperson, and the national committee. c. the national convention, the national committee, the national chairperson, and the congressional campaign committees. d. wards, precincts, state central committees, and the national convention. e. the presidential candidate, the state party chairpersons, the congressional campaign committees, and the delegates.

c. the national convention, the national committee, the national chairperson, and the congressional campaign committees.

6. Every ten years, seats in the House of Representatives are reapportioned based on a. the outcome of the previous off-year elections. b. the results of the two most recent presidential elections. c. the outcome of the decennial census conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. d. calculations of political party strength made by the Center for Responsive Politics. e. the assignment of electors to each state made by the electoral college.

c. the outcome of the decennial census conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.

. From its beginnings, radio has been a favorite outlet for ____________. a. the Democratic party b. traditional news reporters c. the political right d. the political left e. radical and extreme views

c. the political right

The Supreme Court decision in Reynolds v. United States that polygamy, the practice of having more than one spouse simultaneously, was not protected by the Constitution because a. to allow the practice would make religious doctrines superior to the law. b. the practice of one's beliefs is strictly limited. c. the right to practice one's religious beliefs must be limited to those practices which are socially acceptable. d. to allow the practice would be contrary to the establishment clause. e. the states do not have the authority to decide what is acceptable in questions of marriage. f. to allow the practice would open the floodgates and eventually result in the acceptance of same-sex marriage.

c. the right to practice one's religious beliefs must be limited to those practices which are socially acceptable.

Public opinion can best be defined as a. the learning process through which most people acquire their political attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and knowledge. b. people and institutions that influence the views of others. c. the views of the citizenry about politics, public issues, and public policies. d. a survey of the public's opinion on a particular topic. e. the views of politicians and former politicians with views that are radically different from what most Americans believe.

c. the views of the citizenry about politics, public issues, and public policies.

70. In the history of the Supreme Court, fewer than ___ percent of the justices nominated by a president have been from an opposing political party. a. four b. nine c. thirteen d. sixteen e. twenty-one

c. thirteen

The principle of Checks and Balances includes staggered terms of office. Members of the House of Representatives serve for ___ years, and members of the Senate serve for ____ years. a. four, six b. five, two c. two, six d. four, five e. two, four

c. two, six

Congress can override a presidential veto with a a. simple majority vote in the Senate. b. simple majority vote by the members present in each chamber. c. two-thirds vote by the members present in each chamber. d. two-thirds vote in the House. e. signing statemen

c. two-thirds vote by the members present in each chamber.

While the president has the sole power to negotiate and sign treaties, the Senate must approve a treaty by a __________ before it becomes effective. a. unanimous consent agreement b. simple majority c. two-thirds vote of the members present d. three-fourths vote e. three-fifths vote of the members present

c. two-thirds vote of the members present

24. Solid South was a term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to a. vote Republican before 1960. b. keep African Americans from voting before Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, so that political power in the South could remain solidly white. c. vote Democratic for a century after the Civil War. d. vote for southerners for the presidency. e. be a stronghold for third party candidates throughout much of the 1950s.

c. vote Democratic for a century after the Civil War.

The number of people residing in the United States who are at least 18 years of age, is known as a. the vote eligible population (VEP). b. the disenfranchised population. c. voting age population (VAP). d. the electorate. e. the voting age citizens (VAC).

c. voting age population (VAP).

Among the NSA programs released to the press by Edward Snowden in 2013, the program known as PRISM a. the FBI was authorized to use "National Security Letters" to demand personal information about individuals from private companies. b. allows individuals to request erasure of personal data from Google. c. was designed to accumulate vast quantities of data from the servers of corporations such as AOL, Apple, Facebook, and others. d. allowed the NSA to collect massive quantities of data on foreign phone calls. e. labeled as "potential terrorists" those individuals who used Google to search for information about the Taliban.

c. was designed to accumulate vast quantities of data from the servers of corporations such as AOL, Apple, Facebook, and others.

30. The U.S. Supreme Court addressed all of the following matters during the 2012-2013 term EXCEPT a. whether it is constitutional for the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) to require people to obtain health insurance. b. whether it is possible to patent a naturally occurring DNA sequence. c. whether public college admissions programs could continue to use affirmative action policies to promote diversity. d. whether under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 certaub states were still required to "pre-clear" changes to voting procedures with the federal government. e. whether the federal government can refuse to recognize same-sex marriages that were authorized by the states.

c. whether public college admissions programs could continue to use affirmative action policies to promote diversity.

News directors select programming that they believe a. are the most pressing issues. b. contain the greatest amount of fact based information. c. will attract the largest audiences and garner the highest advertising revenues. d. will present the least liberal bias. e. will present the least biased information.

c. will attract the largest audiences and garner the highest advertising revenues.

7. The United States government and each of the fifty states have _______________ that set forth the general organization, powers and limits of their respective governments. a. case laws b. civil ordinances c. written constitutions d. administrative laws e. statutes

c. written constitutions

4. A congress consisting of two chambers is called a(n) ______________. a. separation of powers b. apportioned assembly c. bicameral legislature d. divided government e. bipartisan congress

c.bicameral government

2. The number of Senate votes required to force an end to a filibuster is a. fifty. b. fifty-one. c. sixty. d. sixty-seven. e. one hundred

c.sixty

The Constitution provides that a federal official who commits _____ may be impeached by the House of Representatives. a. "Lack of Judgment, Crimes against the State, or an Abuse of Power" b. "a Felony, Misdemeanor, or other Criminal transgression" c. "an Abuse of Presidential Authority" d. "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" e. "Obstruction of Justice and failure to abide by the Law"

d. "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"

17. Gerrymandering was evident following the 2010 census. District lines were drawn to a. "stack" the opposing party's voters into the smallest numbers of districts or "store" the opposing party's voters in several different states. b. "credit" the opposing party's voters with a small number of districts, while "banking" a large number of districts in the account of the majority party. c. accept the "pain" of losing most congressional districts to the opposing party while hoping to "gain" most of them back in the next election. d. "pack" the opposing party's voters into the smallest numbers of districts or "crack" the opposing party's voters into several different districts. e. "sack" the opposing party's voters while preventing a "fumble" of voters who are loyal to the majority party

d. "pack" the opposing party's voters into the smallest numbers of districts or "crack" the opposing party's voters into several different districts.

The earliest colonial legislature was the Virginia House of Burgesses, established in a. 1579. b. 1776. c. 1682. d. 1619. e. 1712.

d. 1619.

8. In _____, the U.S. Supreme Court prohibited the use of the grandfather clause in state election laws as a technique to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. a. 1828 b. 1850 c. 1870 d. 1915 e. 1924

d. 1915

44. It was not until ________ that Native Americans had any civil rights under U.S. law. a. 1787, when the Northwest Ordinance was passed. b. 1824, when Congress established the Bureau of Indian Affairs. c. the late 1880s, when U.S. policy focused on the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. d. 1924, when the citizenship rights spelled out in the Fourteenth Amendment were extended to American Indians. e. 1973, when supporters of the American Indian Movement took over Wounded Knee, South Dakota, to protest the government's policy toward Native Americans.

d. 1924, when the citizenship rights spelled out in the Fourteenth Amendment were extended to American Indians.

The Supreme Court was particularly active during the _____ in broadening its interpretation of the due process clause to ensure that states and localities could not infringe on civil liberties protected by the Bill of Rights. a. 1880s b. 1920s c. 1950s d. 1960s e. 1980

d. 1960s

Not until _____ did ordinary voters in all states gain the right to select delegates to the national presidential nominating conventions. a. 1832 b. 1840 c. 1952 d. 1972 e. 2000

d. 1972

29. The number of cases heard by the Supreme Court has declined since the _________. a. 1970s b. 1990s c. year 2000 d. 1980s e. 1960s

d. 1980s

The Internet, including e-mail and the World Wide Web, came into widespread use by the general public in the _____. a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s e. 2000s

d. 1990s

2. In a 2013 Gallup poll measuring the public's confidence in various institutions, __________ of the respondents stated that they had a "great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in television news. a. 76 percent b. 51 percent c. 37 percent d. 23 percent e. 12 percent

d. 23 percent

__________ claimed the presidential power to regulate the economy. Since that time, Americans have expected the president to be actively involved in economic matters and social programs. a. In his first term as president, George Washington b. During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln c. After he assumed office in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt d. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Franklin D. Roosevelt e. At the beginning of the Vietnam War in 1964, Lyndon Johnson

d. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Franklin D. Roosevelt

12. Which of the following is a private good? a. Sitting in a park b. Driving to work or school on a highway c. Drinking tap water d. Eating a sandwich e. National defense

d. Eating a sandwich

The prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishments" is included in the _____. a. Fourth Amendment b. Fifth Amendment c. Sixth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment e. Tenth Amendment

d. Eighth Amendment

In 1968, the Supreme Court ruled that an Arkansas law prohibiting the teaching of evolution was unconstitutional. a. Everson v. Board of Education (1947) b. Engel v. Vitale (1962) c. Stone v. Graham (1980) d. Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) e. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

d. Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)

1. Generally, the term civil rights refers to the rights of all Americans to equal treatment under the law, as provided by the _____ to the Constitution. a. First Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Eighth Amendment d. Fourteenth Amendment e. Nineteenth Amendment

d. Fourteenth Amendment

2. The equal protection clause of the _____ reads: "No State shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." a. First Amendment b. Fifth Amendment c. Thirteenth Amendment d. Fourteenth Amendment e. Nineteenth Amendment

d. Fourteenth Amendment

Which U.S. president used executive privilege to prevent several people from testifying in a Congressional investigation of the Justice Department's firing of several U.S. attorneys for allegedly political reasons? a. Richard Nixon b. Bill Clinton c. Barack Obama d. George W. Bush e. Ronald Reagan

d. George W. Bush

59. In alignment with the view among the founders on the topic of political parties, ______ said that the "spirit of the party ... agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies ..... kindles the animosity of one part against the other..." a. Thomas Jefferson b. John Adams c. James Madison d. George Washington e. Andrew Jackson

d. George Washington

In 1974, a. Gerald Ford became acting president after Congress, by a two-thirds vote in both chambers of Congress, determined that Richard Nixon was not able to discharge the normal functions of the presidential office. b. Nelson Rockefeller became president after Gerald Ford resigned the office. c. Richard Nixon resigned as president and chose Gerald Ford to replace him. d. Gerald Ford advanced to the office of president and Nelson Rockefeller was named vice president. For the first time in U.S. history, neither the president nor the vice president had been elected to his position. e. Spiro Agnew became president and Gerald Ford was named vice president

d. Gerald Ford advanced to the office of president and Nelson Rockefeller was named vice president. For the first time in U.S. history, neither the president nor the vice president had been elected to his position.

Which of the following statements best defines a random sample? a. A poll in which there is no way to ensure that the opinions expressed are representative of the larger population b. In the context of opinion polling, a group of people selected to represent the population being studied c. An atypical subgroup of the population d. In the context of opinion polling, a sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen e. A campaign tactic used to feed false or misleading information to potential voters, under the guise of taking an opinion poll

d. In the context of opinion polling, a sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen

1. Who stated that supermajorities could reverse "the fundamental principles of government"? a. George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson c. John Adams d. James Madison e. Alexander Hamilton

d. James Madison

The U.S. Supreme Court struck down a $48,600 cap on the total amount that any individual can contribute to federal candidates in a two-year election cycle in a. Citizens United v. FEC. b. Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. c. McConnell v. Federal Election Commission. d. McCutcheon v. FEC. e. Speechnow v. FEC

d. McCutcheon v. FEC.

42. _____ is a single-issue interest group. a. The National Education Association b. The United Electrical Workers c. The American Bar Association d. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) e. The Tea Party

d. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

18. Franklin Roosevelt's programs to fight the Depression were called the _____. a. Great Society b. War on Poverty c. New Frontier d. New Deal e. Bridge to the New Century

d. New Deal

24. The _____ to the Constitution, ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote. a. Eighteenth Amendment b. Fourteenth Amendment c. Fifteenth Amendment d. Nineteenth Amendment e. Twenty-First Amendment

d. Nineteenth Amendment

32. In what way do political parties perform the function of balancing competing interests? a. The political party is usually the major institution through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other. b. Political parties help educate the public about important political issues. c. Political parties take the large number of people who want to run for office and narrow the field. d. Political parties are essentially coalitions—alliances of individuals and groups with a variety of concerns and opinions who join together to support the party's platform, or parts of it. e. Political parties take care of a large number of small and routine tasks that are essential to the smooth functioning of the electoral process.

d. Political parties are essentially coalitions—alliances of individuals and groups with a variety of concerns and opinions who join together to support the party's platform, or parts of it.

60. From the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 until the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the _____ was/were the more successful party in presidential politics. a. Democratic Party b. Bull Moose Party c. Progressive Party d. Republican Party e. States' Rights Democrats

d. Republican Party

For most of American history, all presidential candidates were white, male, and of the Protestant religious tradition. In 1928, however, Democrat Al Smith became the first ___________ to run for president on a major party ticket. a. African American b. Jew c. Greek Orthodox d. Roman Catholic e. Agnostic

d. Roman Catholic

Prior to the presidency of ________, only seventy-five signing statements were issued. This president issued a total of 249. a. George Washington b. James Monroe c. Franklin Roosevelt d. Ronald Reagan e. George W. Bush

d. Ronald Reagan

In December of 2010, Barack Obama convinced the Senate to approve the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) with ______, which reduced by half the number of nuclear missiles in both countries. a. Iran b. North Korea c. Cuba d. Russia e. China

d. Russia

The American colonies had been settled by individuals from many nations. The majority of colonists came from a. Germany and Ireland. b. Ireland and Scotland. c. England and France. d. Scotland and England. e. Spain and the Netherlands.

d. Scotland and England.

37. Which of the following was NOT a tactic used in the south to disenfranchise black voters? a. The grandfather clause b. The white primary c. The poll tax d. Secret polls e. Literacy tests

d. Secret polls

The ___ guarantees a speedy trial, a trial by jury, a public trial, and the right to confront witnesses. a. Fourth Amendment b. Eighth Amendment c. writ of habeas corpus d. Sixth Amendment e. exclusionary rule

d. Sixth Amendment

68. In 2007, Merck, a pharmaceutical company, donated $5,000 to the reelection campaign of _____ just before she/he signed an executive order requiring a new vaccine, made by Merck, to the list required for public school students. a. Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm b. President Bill Clinton c. Florida Governor Jeb Bush d. Texas Governor Rick Perry e. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley

d. Texas Governor Rick Perry

Residents of the District of Columbia were given the right to vote for president and vice president in the a. Fourteenth Amendment. b. Fifteenth Amendment. c. Nineteenth Amendment. d. Twenty-third Amendment. e. Twenty-sixth Amendment

d. Twenty-third Amendment.

20. The _________ are the federal trial courts where cases involving federal laws begin. a. superior courts b. courts of common pleas c. circuit courts d. U.S. district courts e. U.S. courts of appeals

d. U.S. district courts

The newest executive departments are a. Transportation and Education. b. Agriculture and Labor. c. Interior and Energy. d. Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security. e. Housing and Urban Development and Health and Human Services.

d. Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security.

19. The _____ made it illegal to interfere with anyone's right to vote in any election held in this country. a. Help America Vote Act of 2002 b. Fifteenth Amendment c. Civil Rights Act of 1968 d. Voting Rights Act of 1965 e. Nineteenth Amendment

d. Voting Rights Act of 1965

The family is an important agent of political socialization because a. most families deliberately set out to form their children's political ideas and beliefs. b. parents are responsible for registering their children to vote. c. there are no other agents of political socialization. d. a child first sees the political world through the eyes of his or her family. e. schools are prohibited from engaging in political socialization.

d. a child first sees the political world through the eyes of his or her family.

9. Puerto Rico, a self-governing possession of the United States, is represented in Congress by _______________. a. two voting senators b. two nonvoting senators c. one voting member of the House of Representatives d. a nonvoting resident commissioner e. three nonvitng delegates to the House of Representatives

d. a nonvoting resident commissioner

In the context of news coverage, spin is a. an agenda-setting technique that establishes the context of a media report. b. advertising undertaken by or on behalf of a political candidate to familiarize voters with the candidate and his or her views on campaign issues. c. the distribution of audio or video files to personal computers or mobile devices. d. a reporter's slant on, or interpretation of, a particular event or action. e. an agenda-setting technique in which a media outlet promotes specific facts or ideas that may affect the public's thinking on related topics.

d. a reporter's slant on, or interpretation of, a particular event or action.

A very short televised comment that captures a thought or perspective with immediate impact on viewers is known as ___________. a. a blog b. a story fragment c. an opinion piece d. a sound bite e. a podcast

d. a sound bite

A Pew study has indicated that _____ reporters agreed that "increased bottom-line pressure is seriously hurting the quality of news coverage." a. nearly all b. about 30% of c. almost none of American d. about 66% of e. only 5% of

d. about 66% of

65. The rules, regulations, orders, and decisions of administrative agencies make up a. case law. b. statutory law. c. civil law. d. administrative law. e. bureaucratic law.

d. administrative law.

Some media scholars suggest that media bias plays a role in shaping presidential campaigns and elections. It is a bias a. that favors Democrats. b. that favors Republicans. c. against winners. d. against losers. e. against conservatives

d. against losers.

Since 1971, the Supreme Court has used a test to determine whether government aid to parochial schools is constitutional. To be constitutional, the a. aid cannot be for a secular purpose. b. primary effect of the aid must inhibit religion. c. aid must be for a clearly religious purpose. d. aid must avoid an "excessive government entanglement with religion." e. primary effect of the aid must advance religion.

d. aid must avoid an "excessive government entanglement with religion."

The Miranda warnings a. are criminal procedural rules that require illegally obtained evidence to be excluded from a criminal trial. b. put a criminal suspect on notice that he or she may not request a speedy trial. c. are issued when the federal government believes that a terrorist attack is imminent. d. are a series of statements informing criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their constitutional rights. e. are given to criminal suspects when they have been charged with double jeopardy.

d. are a series of statements informing criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their constitutional rights.

35. Political parties in the United States a. are composed of tight-knit leadership groups. b. have obligatory membership for citizens who want to get ahead in their careers. c. run a highly corrupt and largely unregulated spoils system. d. are fragmented and decentralized. e. are centrally run and controlled by the national party organization

d. are fragmented and decentralized.

69. The First Amendment's guarantee of free speech protects interest group's rights to fund "issue ads" as long as the expenditures a. are coordinated with a candidate's campaign. b. are provided by a political party. c. are donated by 501(c)4 organizations during presidential campaigns. d. are not coordinated with a candidate's camaign or a political party. e. come directly from a candidate's own personal fund.

d. are not coordinated with a candidate's camaign or a political party.

The executive branch of the federal government includes all of the following major types of structures EXCEPT _________. a. executive departments b. independent executive agencies c. independent regulatory agencies d. autonomous advisory councils e. government corporations

d. autonomous advisory councils

Under the _____, the government may restrict expression that leads to some "evil." a. clear and present danger test b. Lemon test c. preferred-position doctrine d. bad tendency rule e. exclusionary rule

d. bad tendency rule t

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold) a. eliminated the provision in the Federal Election Campaign Act that provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections. b. set the amount that an individual could contribute to a federal candidate at $8,000 (indexed for inflation). c. prohibited individual contributions to political campaigns. d. banned soft money at the national level. e. limited the total amount of PAC contributions during an election cycle to $40,000.

d. banned soft money at the national level.

As __________, the president can grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesties. a. commander in chief b. chief diplomat c. head of state d. chief executive e. chief legislator

d. chief executive

In his or her role as __________, the president can veto a bill passed by Congress. a. chief executive b. political party leader c. head of state d. chief legislator e. chief diplomat

d. chief legislator

16. In the 1960s, one of the tactics used by the civil rights protestors was _____, the deliberate and public refusal to obey laws considered unjust. a. "Jim Crow" b. suffrage c. affirmative action d. civil disobedience e. internment

d. civil disobedience

Congress checks the president by a. the process of congressional review. b. holding a veto power. c. all of the above d. controlling taxes and spending. e. selecting the vice president.

d. controlling taxes and spending.

11. Generally, _________ has to do with wrongful actions committed against society for which society demands redress. a. civil law b. constitutional law c. common law d. criminal law e. administrative law

d. criminal law

14. _______ segregation is the result of the deliberate intent of government. a. de facto b. ex post facto c. de novo d. de jure e. pro bono

d. de jure

Sampling error is the a. error that results when random sampling is used. b. difference between what the push poll results show and what the exit poll results show. c. result of the way the questions are phrased. d. difference between what the poll shows and what the results would have been if everyone in the relevant population had been interviewed. e. error that is introduced when polls create public opinion instead of measuring it.

d. difference between what the poll shows and what the results would have been if everyone in the relevant population had been interviewed.

32. After the justices of the Supreme Court have heard a case, they a. call the president to inform him of the decision. b. submit a joint report to their law clerks who then issue the official decision. c. determine how they will decide the case in a committee meeting that is televised by the major networks. d. discuss the case in conference, which is strictly private. e. announce their decision to the party leadership in Congress.

d. discuss the case in conference, which is strictly private.

In the United States today, citizens who are at least _____ years of age and who are not felons have the right to vote. a. fifteen b. sixteen c. seventeen d. eighteen e. twenty-one

d. eighteen

4. In the context of the organization of interest groups, _____ theory focuses on the importance of the leaders who establish the organization. a. pluralist b. disturbance c. elite d. entrepreneurial e. democratic

d. entrepreneurial

The general election is a regularly scheduled election held in a. even-numbered years on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December. b. odd-numbered years on the first Monday in October. c. October every four years. d. even-numbered years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. e. January before the presidential inauguration.

d. even-numbered years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

A(n) _____, prohibited by the Constitution, punishes individuals for committing an act that was legal when the act was committed. a. bill of attainder b. "National Security Letter" c. writ of habeas corpus d. ex post facto law e. warrant based on probable cause

d. ex post facto law

28. On average, the Supreme Court hears _________ cases each year. a. over two hundred b. about seven hundred c. four hundred d. fewer than one hundred e. around fifty

d. fewer than one hundred

42. The use of unlimited debate in the Senate to obstruct legislation is called a. "advice and consent." b. cloture. c. gerrymandering d. filibustering. e. pigeonholing

d. filibustering

43. In 1789, Congress designated the Native American tribes as _____ so that the government could sign land and boundary treaties with them. a. a confederation b. sovereign states c. enemies d. foreign nations e. American citizens

d. foreign nations

3. Our First Amendment rights are considered _____ rights. a. contingent b. suspect c. conditional d. fundamental e. tentative

d. fundamental

The current Supreme Court doctrine for assessing the constitutionality of subversive speech is the a. "I know it when I see it" test. b. "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" test. c. "shouting fire in a theatre" test. d. imminent lawless action test. e. dangerous tendency rule

d. imminent lawless action test.

Congress has declared war a. over two hundred times. b. in seventy-one different conflicts. c. forty-two times. d. in only five different conflicts. e. twice.

d. in only five different conflicts.

The process of applying liberties guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution to the states is called ______. a. amendment b. judicial review c. devolution d. incorporation e. due process

d. incorporation

30. In many states, _____ cannot participate in primary elections. a. Democrats b. Republicans c. conservatives d. independents e. liberals

d. independents

The Executive Office of the President a. was set up by President Barack Obama so that he could centralize the advisory function within the White House Office by appointing a number of "czars" who have responsibility for certain policy areas. b. is an informal group of unofficial advisers, often referred to as a kitchen cabinet. c. is the oval room in which the president carries out official business as chief executive. d. is made up of the top advisers and assistants who help the president in carrying out major duties. e. includes the most important executive departments, including the Departments of State, Defense, Treasury, and Justice.

d. is made up of the top advisers and assistants who help the president in carrying out major duties.

Commercial speech a. is not protected by the First Amendment. b. is considered slander. c. receives more protection under the First Amendment than regular speech. d. is protected by the First Amendment, but not as fully as regular speech. e. cannot be restricted by the government.

d. is protected by the First Amendment, but not as fully as regular speech.

1. Common law evolved from _____, established by William the Conqueror following the Norman conquering of England in 1066. a. courts of registry b. commonwealth courts c. courthouses d. king's courts e. courtrooms

d. king's courts

Increased Internet usage has a. caused most advertising revenues to go to aggregators, such as Google, lowering ad revenues for the news media. b. allowed the news media to tap into a new and wider audience for news. c. given the traditional news media a new source of audiences and profits. d. made the news media more responsive and accountable to citizens. e. encouraged the media to use personal political commentary more often.

d. made the news media more responsive and accountable to citizens.

As the Head of State, the president performs each of the following functions except a. decorating war heros. b. receives foreign heads of state. c. pardons the national Thanksgiving turkey. d. make secret agreements with other countries. e. dedicates parks and museums.

d. make secret agreements with other countries.

18. A__________ congressional district is one in which minority groups make up a majority of the population a. single-member b. "stacked" c. multi-member d. minority-majority e. "salamander"

d. minority-majority

9. In a recent study, Pew Research found that 64 percent of reporters in both national and local media applied the term ______ to themselves. a. liberal b. socialist c. conservative d. moderate e. independent

d. moderate

28. Exit polls in 2012 showed that families making $100,000 to $200,000 per year were a. more likely to vote for Obama. b. had cosmopolitan attitudes toward civil liberties issues. c. more likely to vote independent. d. more likely to support the Republican party. e. ideologically divided.

d. more likely to support the Republican party.

Television is the primary news source for __________ of the citizenry. a. only 17 percent b. about 38 percent c. nearly 55 percent d. more than 65 percent e. nearly 90 percent

d. more than 65 percent

In 1832, both parties settled on the _____ as the method of choosing candidates for president and vice president. a. electoral college b. "top two" primary c. direct primary d. national nominating convention e. caucus

d. national nominating convention

70. Under the Articles of Confederation, a. the new government had an excess of power in enforcing laws. b. all thirteen states had to approve any law before it was enacted. c. Vermont was annexed to Canada. d. nine states had to approve any law before it was enacted. e. congress imposed excessive taxes on the new states.

d. nine states had to approve any law before it was enacted.

25. After the 2010 elections, many of the new Republican members of Congress were pledged to the Tea Party philosophy of a. finding common ground with those on the Democratic side to solve national problems. b. breaking political deadlock in Washington. c. moving the Republican party toward more liberal positions. d. no-compromise conservatism. e. reducing the polarization in Congress.

d. no-compromise conservatism.

8. The District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands all send __________ to the House of Representatives. a. one representative b. two representatives c. three voting commissioners d. nonvoting delegates e. resident commissioners

d. nonvoting delegates

51. To be submitted to the President for approval or veto, a bill must be a. voted on electronically in the Senate. b. formally introduced in Congress by the president. c. pigeonholed. d. passed in identical form by both the House and the Senate. e. signed by the president

d. passed in identical form by both the House and the Senate.

18. The _____ theory of American democracy focuses on the participation of groups in a decentralized government structure that offers many points of access to policymakers. a. elite b. free rider c. chaos d. pluralist e. democratic

d. pluralist

The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) allowed corporations, labor unions, and special interest groups to set up national _____ to raise money for candidates. a. independent expenditure funds (IEFs) b. take action funds (TAFs) c. political party caucuses (PPCs) d. political action committees (PACs) e. soft money committees (SMCs)

d. political action committees (PACs)

Mosts people acquire their political attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and knowledge through a complex learning process known as _____. a. imprinting b. indoctrination c. agency d. political socialization e. opinion leading

d. political socialization

31. All of the following are primary duties of the House Majority Leader EXCEPT a. plan the party's legislative program. b. organize other party members to support legislation favored by the party. c. make sure chairpersons of committees finish work important to the party. d. preside over sessions of the House, recognizing and ignoring members who wish to speak. e. makes speeches on important bills, stating the party's position

d. preside over sessions of the House, recognizing and ignoring members who wish to speak.

49. The Supreme Court has made it clear that the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech a. does not include protection for interest groups to set forth their positions on issues. b. protects interest groups' rights to set forth their positions on issues only when their messages are coordinated with a candidate's campaign or a political party. c. protects issue advocacy as long as that advocacy is coordinated with a candidate's campaign or a political party. d. protects interest groups' rights to set forth their positions on issues when they fund such activities through independent expenditures that are not coordinated with a candidate's campaign or a political party. e. does not include protection for issue ads.

d. protects interest groups' rights to set forth their positions on issues when they fund such activities through independent expenditures that are not coordinated with a candidate's campaign or a political party.

55. The _____ refers to the frequent transition for those who leave positions with the federal government to become lobbyists or consultants for the private-interest groups they helped to regulate. a. the "heroes to zeroes" complex. b. the "free rider" problem. c. "Potomac fever." d. the "revolving door" syndrome. e. "lobbying addiction."

d. the "revolving door" syndrome.

The 2002 Help America Vote Act a. required states to use the same style of paper ballots so that all voting procedures would be uniform across all fifty states. b. simplified the voter registration process by establishing a policy of registering all persons born in the United States at the same time their birth certificates are processed. c. required states to allow early voting at polling places that opened weeks before Election Day. d. provided funds to the states to help them purchase new electronic voting equipment. e. required that all electronic voting systems have voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) printers.

d. provided funds to the states to help them purchase new electronic voting equipment.

Problems with public opinion polls include all of the following, except a. house effects. b. wieghting. c. misleading questions. d. random sampling. e. yes or no questions

d. random sampling.

. In politics, the term gender gap a. refers to the underrepresentation of women in the U.S. Senate. b. refers to the length of time it took women to gain the right to vote. c. describes the differences in the campaign styles of male and female candidates. d. refers to the difference between the percentage of votes cast for a particular candidate by women and the percentage of votes cast for the same candidate by men. e. describes the difference in voter turnout between men and women.

d. refers to the difference between the percentage of votes cast for a particular candidate by women and the percentage of votes cast for the same candidate by men.

During his 2008 presidential campaign, Obama promised to make a clean break with the policies of the Bush administration on national security. Subsequently, President Obama a. nullified a great deal of the USA Patriot Act. b. reinstated the Expionage Act of 1917. c. released all of the suspected terrorist prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. d. restated the Bush policy that suspected terrorists could be held indefinitely without a trial. e. required that each suspected terrorist being held at Guantanamo Bay be granted a trial as soon as possible.

d. restated the Bush policy that suspected terrorists could be held indefinitely without a trial.

22. During the 1970s and 1980s, a large bloc of Democrats in Congress, mostly from the South, sided with the Republicans on almost all issues. In time, these conservative Democrats were replaced by conservative Republicans. This shift is best described as a a. partisan rollover. b. roller coaster. c. reassessment. d. rolling realignment. e. dealignment.

d. rolling realignment.

36. Ordinarily, federal judges a. serve twelve-year terms. b. cannot be removed from office. c. are nominated by the Senate. d. serve until they resign, retire, or die in office. e. serve until their six-year term is completed.

d. serve until they resign, retire, or die in office.

The War Powers Resolution of 1973 prevents the president from keeping troops abroad for more than __________, unless Congress authorizes a longer period. a. fourteen days (or twenty-one days, if more time is needed for a successful withdrawal) b. thirty days (or thirty-five days, if more time is needed for a successful withdrawal) c. forty-five days (or sixty days, if more time is needed for a successful withdrawal) d. sixty days (or ninety days, if more time is needed for a successful withdrawal) e. one hundred eighty days (or two hundred days, if more time is needed for a successful withdrawal)

d. sixty days (or ninety days, if more time is needed for a successful withdrawal)

7. In much of the world, the main left-of-center party describes itself as _____. a. conservative b. progressive c. libertarian d. socialist e. communist

d. socialist

36. The permanent and most powerful committees of Congress are called __________ committees. a. select b. joint c. conference d. standing e. special

d. standing

3. Under the doctrine of _________, judges are obligated to follow the precedents established by prior court decisions. a. original intent b. strict construction c. curiae regis d. stare decisis e. textualism

d. stare decisis

41. Voting for governors takes place on a _____ basis, which hurts third party candidates. a. multi-member district b. proportional c. bi-yearly d. statewide, winner-take-all e. district

d. statewide, winner-take-all

5. A law based on a suspect classification is subject to _____ scrutiny by the courts. a. ordinary b. intermediate c. exacting d. strict e. minimal

d. strict

37. A __________ is a division of a larger committee that deals with a particular part of a policy area. a. select committee b. standing committee c. conference committee d. subcommittee e. special committee

d. subcommittee

Talk radio is sometimes characterized as the Wild West of the media because a. the leading shows are broadcast from western states. b. the audiences are larger in the West than in any other part of the country. c. talk-radio shows only air in the West. d. talk-show hosts often exaggerate their political biases for effect; no journalistic conventions are observed. e. the views that the most popular talk-show hosts promote are left (or west) of center

d. talk-show hosts often exaggerate their political biases for effect; no journalistic conventions are observed.

Today, at least half of the total budget for major political campaigns is consumed by __________. a. traditional face-to-face campaigning b. social media networking c. advertising placed on the internet d. televised political advertising e. arranging appearances on television programs

d. televised political advertising

In the presidential-parliamentary system of France, the division of powers between the president and parliament is a. clearly delineated in the French constitution. b. are shared equally. c. virtually non-existent, with the president able to dominate parliament in all policy areas. d. that the president focuses on foreign affairs while the parliament focuses on domestic affairs. e. flexible, evolving, and subject to change in response to popular pressures.

d. that the president focuses on foreign affairs while the parliament focuses on domestic affairs.

17. All of the following would indicate possible federal jurisdiction due to diversity of citizenship EXCEPT a. parties to the suit live in different states. b. one party to a case is a foreign government c. one party to a case is a foreign citizen. d. the dispute is justiciable. e. the amount in controversy is more than $75,000.

d. the dispute is justiciable.

he first step to winning an election is a. an insurgency. b. acclamation by the media. c. consultation with the electoral college. d. the nomination process. e. a special election.

d. the nomination process.

Criticism of __________ led to the passage of the War Powers Resolution. a. President Clinton's decision to send troops into Haiti and to Bosnia b. President George H. W. Bush's decision to use American troops to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait c. President Truman's decision to send U.S. armed forces to Korea d. the president's role in the Vietnam conflict e. President Reagan's decision to send troops to Lebanon and Grenada

d. the president's role in the Vietnam conflict

The internet was created by a. the United States military. b. Al Gore. c. university researchers. d. the public at large. e. the World Conference of International Telecommunications.

d. the public at large. .

46. All of the following are direct lobbying techniques used by interest groups to influence public policy EXCEPT a. offering "expert" testimony before congressional committees. b. providing expertise and research results for legislators. c. making personal contacts with legislators. d. the use of issue ads. e. providing election support to candidates.

d. the use of issue ads.

By 2014, the ad revenues of Google were ______ the revenues of the entire newspaper industry. a. equal to b. double c. only only 50 percent d. three times e. nearly five times

d. three times

25. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is a(n) a. public-interest group. b. consumer interest group. c. labor interest group. d. umbrella organization that has become a major voice for millions of small businesses. e. federation representing farm families and producers of various specific farm commodities.

d. umbrella organization that has become a major voice for millions of small businesses.

In 1997 the Supreme Court a. held that the liberty protected by the Constitution includes the right to commit suicide. b. ruled that state laws permitting assisted suicide are unconstitutional. c. held that state laws banning physician-assisted suicide are inherently unconstitutional. d. upheld the states' rights to ban assisted suicide, but did not hold that state laws permitting assisted suicide were unconstitutional. e. held that physician-assisted suicide violated the Eighth Amendment prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments.

d. upheld the states' rights to ban assisted suicide, but did not hold that state laws permitting assisted suicide were unconstitutional.

48. Interest groups have skirted campaign finance laws by a. urging constituents to contact government officials. b. filing briefs in court. c. by organizing demonstrations and protests. d. using independent expenditures for issue ads and voter registration. e. evaluating public officials through ratings systems.

d. using independent expenditures for issue ads and voter registration.

The presidential strategy known as "going public" refers to a. participating in televised debates during a presidential election campaign. b. publicly acknowledging mistakes or misconduct. c. going out on the campaign trail to help members of Congress get reelected. d. using press conferences, public appearances, and televised events to arouse public opinion in favor of certain legislative programs

d. using press conferences, public appearances, and televised events to arouse public opinion in favor of certain legislative programs

50. Justice Antonin Scalia calls himself a textualist. What Scalia means by textualism is that a. when determining the meaning of legislation, he looks at the legislation in the context of today's society and considers how modern life affects the words in the legislation. b. judges should actively use their powers to check the legislative and executive branches to ensure that they do not exceed their authority. c. judges should "read between the lines" of a law to serve what they perceive to be the law's intent and purpose. d. when determining the meaning of legislation, he refuses to consider anything other than the actual text of the law. e. when determining the meaning of legislation, he considers the nature of the problem the legislation was meant to address.

d. when determining the meaning of legislation, he refuses to consider anything other than the actual text of the law.

In recent years, _____ have favored Republican Party candidates by substantial margins. a. African American protestant voters b. Muslims of Middle Eastern background who live in major urban areas c. females of all races and ages d. white, Christian voters who attend church regularly e. younger voters

d. white, Christian voters who attend church regularly

Grandfather clauses in state laws had the effect of restricting the franchise to those a. who were male. b. who could prove their grandfathers were alive. c. who were grandfathers. d. whose ancestors had voted before the 1860s. e. whose ancestors had held political office before the Civil War.

d. whose ancestors had voted before the 1860s.

As of 2014, ____ states have abolished the death penalty. a. nearly all b. 33 c. 27 d. only 2 e. 18

e. 18

Beginning in about _____, the number of adults reading a daily paper began to decline even though circulation remained steady due to population growth. a. 1990 b. 1980 c. 1970 d. 1960 e. 1950

e. 1950

Modern talk radio took off in the United States during the __________, after the __________. a. 1940s; creation of the Federal Communications Commission b. 1940s; passage of the fairness doctrine c. 1950s; repeal of the fairness doctrine d. 1980s; passage of the fairness doctrine e. 1990s; repeal of the fairness doctrine

e. 1990s; repeal of the fairness doctrine

42. Nearly _____ of Asian Americans over the age of twenty-five have college degrees. a. 7 percent b. 13 percent c. 24 percent d. 31 percent e. 40 percent

e. 40 percent

In the 2012 presidential elections, ____ of female voters voted for Romney. a. 52 percent b. 71 percent c. 25 percent d. 13 percent e. 44 percent

e. 44 percent

. According to a Pew Research Center survey following the 2012 presidential elections, _________ of Americans said they went online for election news. a. 64 percent b. 36 percent c. 29 percent d. 53 percent e. 47 percent

e. 47 percent

There are _____ electoral college votes. a. 270 b. 190 c. 876 d. 690 e. 538

e. 538

38. Mexican Americans constitute about ______ of the Latino population living in the United States. a. 4 percent b. 7 percent c. 9 percent d. 15 percent e. 65 percent

e. 65 percent

12. U.S. congressional districts on average now have about__________ people. a. 95,000 b. 140,000 c. 335,000 d. 515,000 e. 730,000

e. 730,000

6. More than _____ of Americans belong to at least one group. a. 25 percent b. 31 percent c. 45 percent d. 62 percent e. 85 percent

e. 85 percent

For the 2012 election cycle, total spending on political advertisements reached about $__________billion. a. 2 b. 3.5 c. 5 d. 7.2 e. 9.8

e. 9.8

By 2008, about ______ percent of Americans said that they would be willing to support a woman for president. a. 15 b. 40 c. 60 d. 75 e. 90

e. 90

Which of the following proposals was part of the Virginia Plan? a. A unicameral legislature in which each state has one vote b. A national supreme court appointed by the chief executive officer c. An executive composed of more than one person chosen by congress d. A unicameral legislature based on population e. A bicameral legislature with an upper house chosen by the lower house

e. A bicameral legislature with an upper house chosen by the lower house

50. _____ is an indirect technique used by interest groups to influence public policy. a. Making personal contacts with key legislators b. Providing legal advice to legislators c. Following up on legislation d. Providing election support e. Airing issue ads

e. Airing issue ads

The First Amendment is enforceable against ______. a. governments b. private corporations c. individuals d. churches e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

20. The _____ prohibited discrimination in housing. a. Fifteenth Amendment b. Black Power Movement c. Voting Rights Act of 1965 d. Civil Rights Act of 1964 e. Civil Rights Act of 1968

e. Civil Rights Act of 1968

1. _____ are limitations on government action, setting forth what the government cannot do. a. Bills of attainder b. Civil rights c. The Miranda warnings d. Ex post facto laws e. Civil liberties

e. Civil liberties

In _____, after the general election, electors meet in their state capitals to cast their votes for president and vice president. a. January b. August c. October d. November e. December

e. December

9. The ______Party was formed by a split in the Republican Party when Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828. a. Reform b. Republican c. Whig d. People's e. Democratic

e. Democratic

10. In the mid1820s, the Republicans split into two groups. The _____, who had the support of small farmers and the growing class of urbanized workers and the ______, who had support of bankers, business owners, and many southern planters. a. Democrats / Republicans b. Jeffersonian Republicans / Whigs c. Federalists / Democrats d. Whigs / Democratic Republicans e. Democrats / Whigs

e. Democrats / Whigs

4. Two major political factions, the _____ and _____, were formed even before the Constitution was ratified. a. Republicans; Democrats b. Populists; States' Rights Democrats c. Whigs; National Republicans d. Free Soilers; Tea Party e. Federalists; Anti-Federalists

e. Federalists; Anti-Federalists

The 161 signing statements of __________ challenged more than 1,100 clauses of federal law—more legal provisions than were challenged by all previous presidents put together. a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Harry Truman c. Richard Nixon d. Bill Clinton e. George W. Bush

e. George W. Bush

The states of _____ and _____ are the only exceptions to the winner-take-all feature of the electoral college. a. Iowa; Ohio b. Florida; South Carolina c. Louisiana; New Mexico d. North Dakota; South Dakota e. Maine; Nebraska

e. Maine; Nebraska

44. The Supreme Court claimed the power of judicial review in a. Raines v. Byrd (1997). b. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). c. Miranda v. Arizona (1966). d. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). e. Marbury v. Madison (1803)

e. Marbury v. Madison (1803)

. The government of Great Britain banned commentator __________ from entry into that country due to his remarks about Muslims. a. Rush Limbaugh b. Glenn Beck c. Bill O'Reilly d. Sean Hannity e. Michael Savage

e. Michael Savage

The first New England colony in America, settled in 1620 was in____. a. Plymouth b. Virginia c. Boston d. Williamsburg e. Jamestown

e. Plymouth

When a journalist fits events into a familiar story or filters information through preconceived ideas, the journalist is engaging in the agenda-setting technique known as _____________. a. Hyperlocalism b. Podcasting c. Narrowcasting d. Framing e. Priming

e. Priming

7. _____ is the process by which as substantial number of voters change their political party allegiance to the major parties. a. Factionalization b. Dealignment c. Tipping d. Power shift e. Realignment

e. Realignment

8. Which of the following types of groups has the highest percentage of Americans belonging to them? a. Social clubs b. Professional and trade associations c. PTA and school groups d. Health, sport, and country clubs e. Religious groups

e. Religious groups

12. By the mid-1850s, most northern Whigs were absorbed into the new _____ Party, which opposed the extension of slavery into new territories. a. Democratic b. Constitutional Union c. Green d. American Independent e. Republican

e. Republican

15. After the election of 1896, the _____ established themselves in the minds of many Americans as the party that knew how to manage the nation's economy. a. Democrats b. States' Rights Democrats c. Libertarians d. Whigs e. Republicans

e. Republicans

47. _____ is an indirect lobbying technique. a. Making personal contacts with legislators b. Providing knowledge and expertise on legislation c. Offering expert testimony before congressional committees d. Providing legal advice to legislators e. Shaping public opinion

e. Shaping public opinion

41. During his first two years in office, President Obama appointed _________to the U.S. Supreme Court. a. John G. Roberts, Jr. and Samuel A. Alito, Jr. b. Stephen Breyer c. Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg d. Clarence Thomas e. Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan

e. Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan

In the 2012 presidential elections, Mitt Romney had the solid support of white, working class voters only in the _____ of the United States. a. East and West coasts b. Western region c. Northeastern region d. Midwestern region e. Southern region

e. Southern region

The reserved powers of the states are derived from the _____. a. Second Amendment b. Third Amendment c. Seventh Amendment d. Ninth Amendment e. Tenth Amendment

e. Tenth Amendment

In 1971, the _____ reduced the minimum voting age to eighteen. a. Fourteenth Amendment b. Fifteenth Amendment c. Nineteenth Amendment d. Twenty-third Amendment e. Twenty-sixth Amendment

e. Twenty-sixth Amendment

If a law or other governmental action limits _____, it will be held to violate substantive due process, unless it promotes a compelling or overriding state interest. a. congressional jurisdiction b. judicial discretion c. state actions d. presidential authority e. a fundamental right

e. a fundamental right

. By publicizing some issues and ignoring others, the media is engaging in a. narrowcasting. b. hyperlocalism. c. managed news coverage. d. spin. e. agenda setting.

e. agenda setting.

. According to some lawyers, a 501(c)4 organization could make limited contributions directly to a candidate's campaign a. as long as it used the "527" designation when it did so. b. during the primaries but not in the general election. c. as long as the candidate belonged to a third party. d. provided that it also contributed to the party committee. e. and could conceal the identities of its donors.

e. and could conceal the identities of its donors.

46. Standing committees and their subcommittees hold markup sessions to a. pigeonhole a bill. b. determine the time limit on debate. c. determine who will become the committee chairperson. d. decide if a bill should be introduced. e. approve, amend, or redraft a bill.

e. approve, amend, or redraft a bill

33. Unlike private sector unions, public sector unions a. suffer from declining membership. b. have the ability to negotiate greater pensions and benefits. c. do not get to vote for their bosses. d. have the right to strike over wages and working conditions. e. are reluctant to antagonize elected officials.

e. are reluctant to antagonize elected officials.

The first permanent English settlement in North America, Jamestown, was established a. by Pilgrims, who had arrived on the ship Mayflower. b. by Catholics from Ireland and England. c. by the Plymouth Company of England. d. as the capital of the New World. e. as a trading post of the Virginia Company of London.

e. as a trading post of the Virginia Company of London.

28. Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to a. be elected to the U.S. Senate. b. serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. c. run for vice president of the United States. d. serve as a governor. e. be elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.

e. be elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.

By 2013, the Obama administration _______ under the Espionage Act of 1917. a. pardoned 47 people who had been charged b. brought felony charges against 16 people' c. convicted 103 people d. pardoned 2 people who had been charged by the Bush administration e. brought felony charges against 7 people

e. brought felony charges against 7 people

In the state of Oregon, all elections, including presidential elections, are conducted exclusively a. on the Internet. b. at polling places located inside school buildings and public libraries. c. by phone. d. at polling places located in supermarkets. e. by mail.

e. by mail.

. In his role as __________, the president can set up military governments in conquered lands. a. chief executive b. chief diplomat c. head of state d. chief legislator e. commander in chief

e. commander in chief

Federal bureaucrats holding top-level positions are chosen by the president and a. anointed by the U.S. Supreme Court. b. then reviewed by the National Security Agency. c. then vetted by the General Accounting Office. d. immediately take office. e. confirmed by the Senate

e. confirmed by the Senate

2. A legal precedent is best defined as a a. controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic. b. law based on the U.S. Constitution. c. law enacted by a legislature. d. ruling that a person has disobeyed a court order. e. decision that furnishes an example or authority for deciding subsequent cases.

e. decision that furnishes an example or authority for deciding subsequent cases.

29. In the last several decades, union membership has a. remained constant. b. increased significantly. c. hovered around 50 percent of the workforce. d. declined significantly. e. declined slightly.

e. declined slightly.

Those who attend a political party nominating convention are called _____, and they are chosen to represent the people of a particular geographic area. a. county clerks b. electors c. lobbyists d. poll watchers e. delegate

e. delegate

Most political socialization is informal, and it usually begins a. after college. b. in college. c. in high school. d. during adolescence. e. during early childhood.

e. during early childhood.

53. An indirect method of lobbying the courts is. a. filing a lawsuit. b. asking Congress to withhold funding. c. known as pluralism. d. organizing to win elections. e. filing an amicus curiae brief.

e. filing an amicus curiae brief.

14. Individuals who can enjoy the outcome of an interest group's efforts without having to contribute are called _____. a. social loafers b. lobbyists c. social climbers d. entrepreneurs e. free riders

e. free riders

48. Conservatives on the Supreme Court have parted from the conservative movement in the United States on the issue of ____________. a. taxation b. federalism c. states rights d. animal rights e. gay rights

e. gay rights

. Traditionally, the cabinet has consisted of the __________ and other officers whom the president may choose to appoint. a. vice president, the secretary of state, b. members of the National Security Council (NSC) c. White House chief of staff, the press secretary, d. director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the chair of the Council of Economic advisers, e. heads of the executive departments

e. heads of the executive departments

55. The Senate a. voted to impeach Richard Nixon. b. convicted Bill Clinton of impeachable offenses by a two-thirds vote. c. tries officials who have been impeached in the House of Representatives. d. convicted Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase of impeachable offenses in the 1800s. e. impeached Andrew Johnson in 1868.

e. impeached Andrew Johnson in 1868.

In 2009, President Obama had the most successful legislative year of any president a. ever. b. since Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. c. in a quarter century. d. since Richard Nixon's second term in office. e. in half a century.

e. in half a century.

A federal organization responsible for creating and implementing rules that regulate private activity and protect the public interest in a particular sector of the economy is known as a(n) ___________________. a. executive department b. government corporation c. stockholder-owned government-sponsored enterprise d. national board of review e. independent regulatory agency

e. independent regulatory agency

The president's power to grant a pardon serves as a check on __________ power. a. gubernatorial b. executive c. legislative d. bureaucratic e. judicial

e. judicial

On the traditional political spectrum, _____ and _____ are on the left. a. libertarians; liberals b. conservatives; socialists c. progressives; conservatives d. socialists; libertarians e. liberals; socialists

e. liberals; socialists

The War Powers Resolution of 1973 requires the president to a. declare war without congressional approval if it is deemed necessary. b. wait for Congress to take action before deploying troops. c. notify the public within forty-eight hours of deploying troops. d. consult with the Joint Chiefs of Staff before asking Congress to declare war. e. notify Congress within forty-eight hours of deploying troops.

e. notify Congress within forty-eight hours of deploying troops.

Channels of mass media include all of the following EXCEPT a. newspapers b. television c. radio d. the Internet e. pamphlets

e. pamphlets

62. Each of the following characteristics is a factor in influencing party identification, except a. age b. income c. race d. marital status e. physical health

e. physical health

When people vote for candidates who share their positions on particular issues, they are engaging in _____ voting. a. socioeconomic b. ideological c. allegiance d. perception e. policy

e. policy

An executive order is a a. written statement, appended to a bill at the time the president signs it into law, indicating how the president interprets that legislation. b. inherent executive power claimed by presidents to withhold information from, or to refuse to appear before, Congress or the courts. c. binding international pact that is made between the president and another head of state and that does not require Senate approval. d. formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries. e. presidential order to carry out a policy or policies described in a law passed by Congress

e. presidential order to carry out a policy or policies described in a law passed by Congress

Stopping expression before it happens is known as _____. a. intimidation b. preferred position c. government police powers d. protection of the public good e. prior restraint

e. prior restraint

24. An interest formed to benefit the economic interests of members is called a _____. a. federation b. chamber of commerce c. an umbrella organization d. public-interest group e. private-interest group

e. private-interest group

In the news business, priming refers to a. the collection and dissemination of information online by independent journalists and the general citizenry. b. establishing the context of a media report. c. narrowing the focus of news to the local area. d. news coverage that is manipulated by a political consultant to gain media exposure for a political candidate. e. promoting specific facts or ideas that may affect the public's thinking on related topics.

e. promoting specific facts or ideas that may affect the public's thinking on related topics.

Fundamental rights include all of the following, EXCEPT a. freedom of the press. b. freedom of religion. c. voting. d. interstate travel. e. public education.

e. public education.

39. Identity interest groups a. represent people with advanced education and special training. b. are organized to protect consumer rights. c. are organized to work on behalf of agricultural interests. d. represent a particular industry to develop common standards and goals. e. represent people who share the same race, gender, or other characteristic.

e. represent people who share the same race, gender, or other characteristic.

15. Standing to sue is a a. requirement that a controversy being brought to court is real and substantial, as opposed to academic or hypothetical. b. basis for federal court jurisdiction over a lawsuit that arises when the parties in the lawsuit live in different states. c. ruling that a person has disobeyed a court order. d. basis for federal court jurisdiction over a lawsuit that arises when one of the parties is a foreign citizen. e. requirement that an individual must have a sufficient stake in a controversy before he or she can bring a lawsuit.

e. requirement that an individual must have a sufficient stake in a controversy before he or she can bring a lawsuit.

20. Interest groups do NOT a. help raise public awareness and inspire action on various issues. b. help bridge the gap between citizens and government. c. enable citizens to explain their views on policies to public officials. d. serve as another check on public officials to make sure they are carrying out their duties responsibly. e. seek to win elections or operate the government.

e. seek to win elections or operate the government.

The president has an advantage over Congress in a. the ability to authorize legislation. b. the ability to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. c. some budgetary matters. d. the ratification of treaties. e. setting foreign policy goals and objectives.

e. setting foreign policy goals and objectives.

Although Madison began drafting the Bill of Rights by sorting through more than 200 recommendations from the states, the final bill included only _____ amendments to the Constitution. a. ten b. twelve c. two d. seventeen e. sixteen

e. sixteen

By law, the president is required to inform Congress within __________ of making any executive agreement. a. twenty-four hours b. one week c. ten days d. thirty days e. sixty days

e. sixty days

48. In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that a. state laws banning same-sex marriage violate the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution. b. all states must recognize civil unions and grant most of the benefits of marriage to registered same-sex couples. c. the "don't ask, don't tell" policy was unconstitutional. d. states may not pass domestic partnership laws that grant most of the benefits of marriage to registered samesex couples. e. sodomy laws violate the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause

e. sodomy laws violate the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause

A(n) _____ is held at the state or local level when the voters must decide an issue before the next general election. a. intermediate election b. midterm election c. petition d. caucus e. special election

e. special election

49. The judicial philosophy known as ____________ holds that government should do nothing that is not specifically mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. a. textual conservatism b. broad constructionism c. discourse analysis d. activism e. strict constructionism

e. strict constructionism

Following the British victory over France in the Seven Years' War, also called the French and Indian War, a. American colonists' relationship with the Native American Indians greatly improved. b. the American colonists convened at the Philadelphia Convention to discuss plans for a new Constitution. c. colonists from France were harassed and jailed. d. the American colonists began to enjoy more freedoms from British control. e. the British government began imposing taxes and expanded control over colonial trade.

e. the British government began imposing taxes and expanded control over colonial trade.

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of essays in defense of the Constitution, known collectively as a. Publius. b. The Washington Post. c. Caesar. d. Poor Richard's Almanac. e. the Federalist Papers.

e. the Federalist Papers.

. Shays' Rebellion was stopped by _____. a. the Nationalists Militia, paid for by the federalists. b. the British Navy. c. the Vermont militia, paid for by local farmers. d. the National Guard. e. the Massachusetts volunteer army, paid for by Boston merchants.

e. the Massachusetts volunteer army, paid for by Boston merchants.

If the president does not send a bill back to Congress after ten congressional working days, a. the bill becomes law without the president's signature. b. Congress can force an override with a three-fourths vote in both chambers. c. Congress can kill the bill with a pocket veto. d. the president still has the opportunity to veto the bill with an executive order. e. the bill becomes law against the wishes of Congress in what is called a pocket veto.

e. the bill becomes law against the wishes of Congress in what is called a pocket veto.

. Rank-and-file bureaucrats who are non-military government employees are also known as ________________. a. executive office officials b. the nomenklatura c. political plums d. civilians e. the civil service

e. the civil service

Podcasting can best be defined as a. establishing the context of a media report. b. spinning a story or an event in a way that is favorable to a political candidate. c. narrowing the focus of news to the local area. d. managing news coverage to gain media exposure for a political candidate. e. the distribution of audio or video files to personal computers or mobile devices such as smartphones

e. the distribution of audio or video files to personal computers or mobile devices such as smartphones

26. Feminism is best defined as a. a policy under which a specific number of jobs or promotions are given to members of selected groups. b. unwanted physical contact of a sexual nature that interferes with a recipient's job performance. c. the right to vote; the franchise. d. an ideology that supports the "glass ceiling" in the workplace. e. the philosophy advocating full political, economic, and social equality for women

e. the philosophy advocating full political, economic, and social equality for women

11. If a state has thirty-two congressional districts, it sends __________ representatives to the House. a. two b. eight c. sixteen d. eighteen e. thirty-two

e. thirty-two

27. Migration and other demographic trends can make a particular type of voter more numerous, shifting the balance of support between the major political parties. This process is known as _____. a. slanting b. flipping c. misalignment d. turnover e. tipping

e. tipping

6. A sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen is a _____ sample

random sample

Members of the Senate are elected every ______ years.

six

Shays' Rebellion a. Both B and D b. was a response by farmers to the imprisonment of people who could not pay their debts to the banks. c. was a protest against the imposition of a tax on all sugar imported into the American colonies. d. was an indication to American political and business leaders that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak. e. prompted the British Parliament to close Boston Harbor.

a. Both B and D

Which of the following is a fundamental principle on which American democracy is based? a. Equality in voting b. Individual privacy c. Economic equality d. Minority rule e. Freedom of contract

a. Equality in voting

Which of the following favors government involvement in issues of private morality, while opposing government involvement in government regulation of the economy? a. Libertarianism b. Socialism c. Moderates d. The Tea Party movement e. Th National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

a. Libertarianism

Which of the following is NOT considered a public service? a. Manufacturing goods b. Preserving national parks c. Establishing welfare programs d. Building and maintaining roads e. Operating public schools

a. Manufacturing goods

The term aristocracy is best defined as a. a government run by members of old, noble families. b. a political system in which the rich have disproportionate influence. c. a government in which the government is run according to religious precepts. d. a government in which political decisions are made by the people themselves rather than elected representatives. e. a government in which political power springs from the barrel of a gun.

a. a government run by members of old, noble families.

The founders of the United States a. based the American political system on the Athenian model of direct democracy. b. preferred a republic headed by a king or queen. c. initially created an autocracy but eventually settled on a modified version of direct democracy. d. believed that a republic would be insufficiently deliberative and ineffective. e. thought that large groups of people meeting together to make decisions would ignore the rights and opinions of the minority.

a. based the American political system on the Athenian model of direct democracy.

In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British Parliament a. closed Boston Harbor and placed the government of Massachusetts under direct British control. b. imposed taxes on glass, paint, and lead. c. placed the Boston Harbor under direct British control and passed the Sugar Act which imposed additional taxes. d. wrote the Articles of Confederation. e. repealed the Stamp Act.

a. closed Boston Harbor and placed the government of Massachusetts under direct British control.

One of humanity's oldest and most universal institutions for dividing resources and making decisions is _____. a. government b. politics c. voting d. war e. capitalism

a. government

As the colonies transformed themselves into sovereign states, republican sentiment was so strong in many of them that the _____ became all-powerful. a. legislatures b. courts c. national government d. executives e. bureaucracies

a. legislatures

On the traditional political spectrum, _____ and _____ are on the right. a. libertarians; conservatives b. conservatives; socialists c. progressives; libertarians d. socialists; libertarians e. liberals; socialists

a. libertarians; conservatives

People whose views fall in the middle of the traditional political spectrum are generally called _____. a. moderates b. progressives c. libertarians d. liberals e. conservatives

a. moderates

The philosopher John Locke theorized that the purpose of government was to protect _____. a. natural rights b. political culture c. equality d. capitalism e. multiculturalism

a. natural rights

The Delegates to the Second Continental Congress intended to a. reach a peaceful settlement with the British Parliament. b. gain independence by any means necessary. c. draft the Bill of Rights. d. launch a secret military attack on Britain. e. use the meeting to develop military strategy.

a. reach a peaceful settlement with the British Parliament.

Many American states use the _____, in which the legislature sends a ballot proposal to the voters. a. referendum b. initiative c. recall proposal d. proposal demand e. state petition

a. referendum

A republic is essentially a(n) a. representative democracy in which the people are sovereign. b. direct democracy in which there is a king or queen. c. autocracy. d. plutocracy. e. aristocracy.

a. representative democracy in which the people are sovereign.

In writing the U.S. Constitution, the framers incorporated two basic principles of government that had evolved in England: ______. a. representative government and limited government b. separation of powers and capatilism c. progressivism and representative government d. conservatism and limited government e. capitalism and libertarianis

a. representative government and limited government

The Philadelphia meeting, which became the Constitutional Convention, was called "for the sole and express purpose" of a. revising the Articles of Confederation. b. drafting the Bill of Rights. c. revising the Mayflower Compact. d. electing a president. e. drafting a national constitution.

a. revising the Articles of Confederation.

The three-fifths compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention settled the deadlock between the a. southern states and the northern states over how slaves would be counted for purposes of representation in Congress. b. large states and the small states over the regulation of commerce. c. northern states and the southern states over export taxes. d. large states and the small states over how the president would be chosen. e. eastern states and the western states over the national court system.

a. southern states and the northern states over how slaves would be counted for purposes of representation in Congress.

America's first written constitution, _____, called for the laws to be made by an assembly of elected representatives from each town. a. the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut b. the Mayflower Compact c. the Pennsylvania Charter of Privleges d. the Virginia Company Compact e. the Articles of Confederation

a. the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Following the Civil War, African Americans identified with ____ until the Civil Rights movement. a. the Republican Party. b. the Democratic Party. c. libertarians. d. the Socialist Party. e. the Communist Party

a. the Republican Party.

Authority refers to a. the ability to use power that is collectively recognized by society as legally and morally correct. b. the ability to resolve social conflict by force. c. power that stems from coercion. d. a set of political beliefs that include the advocacy of active government. e. the ability to influence the behavior of others.

a. the ability to use power that is collectively recognized by society as legally and morally correct.

_____ can best be defined as the individuals and institutions that make society's rules and also possess the power and authority to enforce those rules. a. A republic b. Government c. Parliament d. Democracy e. Autocracy

b. Government

The philosopher John Locke argued that people are born with natural rights to life, liberty and _____. a. the pursuit of happiness b. prosperity c. freedom d. property e. privacy

a. the pursuit of happiness

_____ is best defined as a set of beliefs that include a limited role for the national government in helping individuals and in the economic affairs of the nation, and support for traditional values and lifestyles. a. Capitalism b. Conservatism c. Progressivism d. Liberalism e. Socialism

b. Conservatism

A federal official who has been impeached is tried by the a. Solicitor General of the United States. b. Senate. c. Supreme Court. d. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. e. House of Representatives.

b. Senate.

Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet Common Sense a. denounced the Declaration of Independence. b. contended that America could survive economically on its own and no longer needed its British connection. c. argued against breaking ties with Britain. d. laid out the strategy for the Boston Tea Party. e. urged the colonists to remain loyal to King George III, calling him a "good and decent man."

b. contended that America could survive economically on its own and no longer needed its British connection.

Undemocratic systems that are not supported by tradition are called _____. a. plutocracies b. dictatorships c. theocracies d. republics e. aristocracies

b. dictatorships

The U.S. government became involved in the American economy to an extent previously unknown a. in the 1960s. b. during the Great Depression. c. prior to World War I. d. following the election of President Bill Clinton. e. during the Vietnam War.

b. during the Great Depression.

In most modern monarchies, the monarch shares governmental power with a. the church. b. elected lawmakers. c. a deity. d. representatives of large corporations. e. members of old, noble families

b. elected lawmakers.

Power has all of the following attributes EXCEPT a. it may involve the use of force. b. it requires confusion to be effective. c. it has the ability to influence behavior. d. it can be wielded through persuasion. e. it may be used by promising rewards.

b. it requires confusion to be effective.

Many politicians who have called themselves _____ in the past have labeled their philosophy progressivism instead. a. socialists b. liberals c. libertarians d. conservatives e. Tea Partiers

b. liberals

Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had _____ the unicameral assembly of representatives. a. proportional representation (based on state population) in b. one vote in c. seven votes in d. one vote for each ambassador it sent to e. two votes in

b. one vote in

37. The Constitution incorporated the principle of _____, which was the solution to the debate over whether the national government or the states should have ultimate sovereignty. a. checks and balances b. popular sovereignty c. separation of powers d. limited government e. federalism

b. popular sovereignty

The Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention a. called for a bicameral legislature in which each state would have equal representation in both chambers. b. resolved the small-state/large-state controversy. c. resolved the issue of slavery. d. guaranteed land for Native Americans. e. called for a unicameral legislature in which representatives from each state would be determined by the number of people in that state.

b. resolved the small-state/large-state controversy.

. Disagreements among people over what society's priorities should be is the definition of _____. a. politics b. social conflict c. progressivism d. armed conflict e. contract dispute

b. social conflict

Nearly all of the major concepts in _____ became part of the American system of government. a. the Magna Carta (1215) b. the English Bill of Rights (1689) c. John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1689) d. Chairman Mao Tse Tung's Little Red Book (1966) e. Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651)

b. the English Bill of Rights (1689)

Which of the following best describes a social contract? a. An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth-producing property, free markets, and freedom of contract b. The freedom of individuals to believe, act, and express themselves as they choose so long as doing so does not infringe on the rights of other individuals in the society c. A voluntary agreement among individuals to create a government and to give that government adequate power to secure the mutual protection and welfare of all individuals d. A concept that holds, at a minimum, that all people are entitled to equal protection under the law e. The set of ideas, values, and attitudes about government and the political process held by a community or a nation

c. A voluntary agreement among individuals to create a government and to give that government adequate power to secure the mutual protection and welfare of all individuals

Modern American liberalism can trace its roots to the New Deal programs of _____. a. Andrew Jackson b. Woodrow Wilson c. Franklin D. Roosevelt d. Harry Truman e. Bill Clinton

c. Franklin D. Roosevelt

_____ is the belief that government should do as little as possible, not only in the economic sphere, but also in regulating morality and personal behavior. a. Conservatism b. Progressivism c. Libertarianism d. Socialism e. Liberalism

c. Libertarianism

Which leader once said "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun." a. Joseph Stalin b. George W. Bush c. Mao Zedong d. Adolph Hitler e. Margaret Thatcher

c. Mao Zedong

The term theocracy is best defined as a. a government run by members of old, noble families. b. a political system in which the rich have disproportionate influence. c. a government in which the government rules according to religious precepts. d. a government in which political decisions are made by the people themselves rather than elected representatives. e. a government in which political power springs from the barrel of a gun.

c. a government in which the government rules according to religious precepts.

A ballot proposal resembles direct democracy, in that it a. allows the people in small communities to meet and resolve issues independently. b. requires each individual to cast a vote to resolve a particular local issue. c. allows voters to decide specific questions rather than letting their elected representatives to resolve the issue. d. gives elected officials the opportunity to gauge public opinion on issues before proposing legislation. e. gives young people who are not of voting age an opportunity to cast votes on local issues.

c. allows voters to decide specific questions rather than letting their elected representatives to resolve the issue.

A major principle of American government, _____, was devised to ensure that no one branch of government can exercise exclusive control. a. federalism b. popular sovereignty c. checks and balances d. the rule of law e. limited government

c. checks and balances

The political values outlined in the Declaration of Independence include all of the following EXCEPT a. equality under the law b. limited government powers c. economic equality d. natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness e. government by the consent of the governed

c. economic equality

In Federalist Paper No. 10, Madison argued that the nation's size was actually an advantage in controlling a. poverty. b. immigration. c. factions. d. racism. e. crime.

c. factions.

For the most part, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were a. poor. b. representative of the population as a whole. c. from the best-educated and wealthiest classes. d. uneducated. e. ordinary farmers and merchants.

c. from the best-educated and wealthiest classes.

Generally, government serves at least three essential purposes: it resolves conflict, it provides public services, and it a. it directs the creation of critical infrastructure, provides a national currency, and it defends the nation and its culture against other nations. b. it regulates industry, enforces the law, and it resolves conflict. c. it defends the nation and its culture against other nations, resolves conflict, and it provides pubilc services. d. it provides a national currency, provides public services, and it regulates industry. e. it provides public services, enforces the law, and it defends the nation and its culture against other nations.

c. it defends the nation and its culture against other nations, resolves conflict, and it provides pubilc services.

The Magna Carta (1215) a. abolished trial by jury. b. forced the nobles to obtain the king's approval of any taxes they imposed. c. signaled the end of the monarch's absolute power. d. gave the English monarch virtually unrestricted powers. e. abolished the concept of due process of law.

c. signaled the end of the monarch's absolute power.

Defending the nation and its culture became more of a priority of our government a. during the Vietnam War. b. with the influx of Hispanic immigrants. c. since the attacks on the World Trade Center. d. until the death of Osama Bin Laden. e. when President Nixon resigned.

c. since the attacks on the World Trade Center.

Within a year of the signing of the _______, the new nation was suffering from a serious economic depression. a. Mayflower Compact, which was a social contract intended to evolve into a Constitution for the new nation. b. the Articles of Confederation c. the Treaty of Paris, which confirmed the colonies' independence from Britain d. the Coercive Act, which was designed to bind the colonies more tightly to the British government. e. the Declaration of Rights, which granted certain civil liberties to the colonists by the British Parliament.

c. the Treaty of Paris, which confirmed the colonies' independence from Br

a plutocracy, a. the government is ruled according to religious precepts. b. the lawmaking and law-enforcing branches are united. c. the government is disproportionately influenced by the most wealthy. d. political authority rests with the most educated. e. power is held by a single person

c. the government is disproportionately influenced by the most wealthy.

The constitution of the United States gives _____ the exclusive power over relations with foreign nations. a. Congress b. state governments c. the national government d. the presidency e. the Senate

c. the national government

In a representative democracy, it is _____ what government decides to do. a. politics that controls b. elections that control c. the people who control d. the president who controls e. congress which controls

c. the people who control

The word democracy comes from the Greek demos, meaning "_____," and kratia, meaning "_____." a. demonstrate; power b. mob; rights c. the people; rule d. representative; Congress e. direct; elections

c. the people; rule

The Mayflower Compact a. was America's first written constitution. b. provided for the popular election of a governor and judges in an early settlement of Connecticut. c. was the first of a series of social contracts that established the fundamental rules of government. d. was essentially a bill of rights. e. established the Articles of Confederation.

c. was the first of a series of social contracts that established the fundamental rules of government.

The founders of the United States believed that direct democracy a. would require too many elections. b. might lead to voter apathy. c. would deteriorate into mob rule. d. might cost too much to operate. e. would ignore the opinions of the majority.

c. would deteriorate into mob rule.

In the year 2050, non-Hispanic whites will comprise about _____ of the U.S. population. a. 30 percent b. 23 percent c. 64 percent d. 46 percent e. 55 percent

d. 46 percent

Each of the following is a public service provided by the government which applies equally to all citizens, except a. Domestic law enforcement b. Laws governing safe drinking water c. Laws governing clean air d. Maintaining the highways and roads e. Laws enforcing the Americans with Disabilities Act

d. Maintaining the highways and roads

Which ideology of rule, common during the revolutionary war era, was suspicious of both executive and national power? a. Patriotism b. Constitutionalism c. Nationalism d. Republicanism e. Loyalism

d. Republicanism

In 1980, Republican _____ became the first "movement conservative" to win the White House. a. Barry Goldwater b. Lyndon Johnson c. Richard Nixon d. Ronald Reagan e. George H.W. Bush

d. Ronald Reagan

These entities used social pressure, spying, and public ridicule to enforce the boycott of British goods. a. Newspapers b. Colonial legislatures c. Religious institutions d. The committees of "safety" e. The First and Second Continental Congresses

d. The committees of "safety"

The earliest colonial legislature was established in _____. a. Pennsylvania b. New York c. Massachusetts d. Virginia e. Connecticut

d. Virginia

During the 2014 elections, public opinion polls reported that increasing numbers of Republicans and Democrats considered the other party to be a. blissfully unaware of the real problems facing Americans. b. open to compromise. c. friendly. d. a threat to the very nature of the country. e. incompetent and corrupt.

d. a threat to the very nature of the country.

The Magna Carta (1215) clearly established the principle of _____ a. theocracy b. a right to privacy c. totalitarianism d. limited government e. divine right

d. limited government

In 1773, anger over the taxes Britain had imposed on the colonies reached a climax a. in the Seven Years' War. b. at the Constitutional Convention. c. at the Massachusetts Bay Rebellion. d. at the Boston Tea Party. e. in Shays' Rebellion.

d. at the Boston Tea Party.

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed that Congress could prohibit the importation of slaves into the country a. when all the states agreed that slaves would be given the right to vote. b. if the people voted to abolish slavery. c. as soon as the Constitution was ratified. d. beginning in 1808. e. when the Civil War was over.

d. beginning in 1808.

The _____ movement emerged as a major force in American politics when Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater won the Republican presidential nomination. a. liberal b. progressive c. independent d. conservative e. libertarian

d. conservative

The first time a majority of colonists joined together to oppose British rule was a. during the Boston Tea Party. b. upon ratification of the Articles of Confederation. c. the signing of the Declaration of Independence. d. during the Stamp Act Congress. e. during the First Continental Congress.

d. during the Stamp Act Congress.

Capitalism is a(n) a. set of political beliefs that include the advocacy of active government. b. concept that holds, at a minimum, that all people are entitled to equal protection under the law. c. set of beliefs that include a limited role for the national government in helping individuals and in the economic affairs of the nation. d. economic system based on the private ownership of wealth-producing property, free markets, and freedom of contract. e. more popular term for the set of political beliefs known as liberalism.

d. economic system based on the private ownership of wealth-producing property, free markets, and freedom of contract.

The colonists began using the word American to describe themselves a. after writing the Articles of Confederation. b. when the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts. c. when Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, was founded. d. in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. e. after adopting the Declaration of Independence.

d. in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War.

When it comes to ideology, Americans are often placed in two broad political camps: a. socialists and conservatives. b. progressives and liberals. c. conservatives and libertarians. d. liberals and conservatives. e. liberals and socialists.

d. liberals and conservatives.

Rule of law is the idea that a. the government has the authority to enforce the law. b. government officials are exempt from many civil laws. c. the states maintain police power over its residents. d. no one, including government officers, is above the law. e. local governments maintain popular sovereignty under the new constitution.

d. no one, including government officers, is above the law.

At the Constitutional Convention, the South agreed to let Congress have the power to _____ in exchange for a ban on export taxes. a. impose export taxes b. regulate voting rights c. appoint an independent executive d. regulate interstate and international commerce e. ban slavery

d. regulate interstate and international commerce

In a representative democracy, a. the people participate directly in government decision making b. rulers acquire power through inheritance. c. Republicans have more power than Democrats. d. the will of the majority is expressed through groups of individuals elected by the people to act on their behalf. e. the wealthy exercise ruling power.

d. the will of the majority is expressed through groups of individuals elected by the people to act on their behalf.

Conservatism has always included those who a. advocate government intervention to improve the welfare of individuals who share the Christian faith. b. oppose government regulation of the economy as well as individual moral behavior. c. want greater protection of Civil Rights and less governmental involvement in the economy. d. want the government to reflect traditional Christian religious values. e. have a strong commitment to egalitarianism.

d. want the government to reflect traditional Christian religious values.

Before the mid-1700s, the majority of American colonists a. were anxious to break free of British colonial rule. b. despised the British monarchy. c. were loyal to France. d. were loyal to the British monarch and viewed Britain as their homeland. e. were secretly planning to declare their independence from Britain.

d. were loyal to the British monarch and viewed Britain as their homeland.

The battle over ratification of the Constitution was fought chiefly by two opposing groups, the a. Nationalists and the Federalists. b. Republicans and the Democrats. c. Hamiltonians and the Madisonians. d. Constitutionalists and the Confederates. e. Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

e. Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

_______ observed that, "If men were angels, no government would be necessary"? a. George Washington b. Harold Lasswell c. Franklin Delano Roosevelt d. Molly Ivins e. James Madison

e. James Madison

To win over the anti-federalists during the ratification process, the federalists promised to a. keep the executive weak. b. establish a federal court system upon ratification. c. guarantee voting rights for women. d. appoint anti-federalists to important positions in government. e. add a bill of rights to the constitution.

e. add a bill of rights to the constitution.

One of the outgrowths of the civil rights movement of the 1960s was an emphasis on _____, the belief that the many cultures that make up American society should remain distinct and be protected—and even encouraged—by our laws. a. libertarianism b. socialism c. progressivism d. capitalism e. multiculturalism

e. multiculturalism

A constitutional form of government that emphasizes "effective government" rather than "limited government" is a a. presidential system. b. constitutional monarchy. c. republic. d. federal system. e. parliamentary system

e. parliamentary system

In a presidential democracy, a. the lawmaking and law-enforcing branches of government are united. b. there is no lawmaking branch of government. c. the president is charged with the power to make laws. d. the prime minister and the cabinet are members of the legislature. e. the lawmaking and law-enforcing branches of government are separate but equal.

e. the lawmaking and law-enforcing branches of government are separate but equal.