Posc 100 Final

How much had the percentage changed six years after Brown?

b 0.1 percent

Prior to 2018, when was the last time a non-presidential election saw a voter turnout rate of more than 50 percent? a 1900 b 1914 c 1946 d 1962

b 1914

True or False: In general, the power of the president has decreased considerably over time. a True b False

b False

Which presidential appointees serve in embassies and support U.S. foreign policy in diplomatic relations with other countries? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a delegates b ambassadors c secretaries d envoys

b ambassadors

Referring to Table 3.1, which of the following was NOT an area in which the federal government intervened to lessen the effects of racial discrimination? a public education b voting c employment practices d private clubs

d private clubs

Which entity did the Bill of Rights initially limit?

federal government

Which of the following is a major explanation for the realignment of the "solid South"?

the 1965 Voter Rights Act

Which of the following entities do civil liberties govern the relationship between?

the government and individual entities

Which of the following can be primarily thought of as using money to achieve foreign policy goals?

-providing direct foreign aid to favored countries -directing international organizations, like the IMF, to provide funding to favored countries

How many judges normally hear a case in the federal district courts?

1

What period saw the greatest increase in interest groups active in Washington?

1985 to 1995

Based on this information, what would Truman's theory predict about the number of interest groups during the 1930s vs. 1965 to 1975?

Both time periods would see many new interest groups.

If Leaside's election is likely to be very close, why would a poll not be very useful?

Every poll has a margin of error, and if the election is close, then the results will not really tell us who is in the lead.

Are the contents of bills generally called Religious Freedom Restoration Acts ("RFRAs") constitutional protections?

No, RFRAs are statutory rights that act in addition to, but do not change, constitutional mandates.

Imagine a public university admissions program takes the top 100 best applicants every year, and then takes 20 applicants each from all racial groups that have at least 5 percent of the state's population. Would this policy be constitutional?

No, because it is effectively a form of prohibited quota.

Do the data strongly support the idea that Brown was the main cause of desegregation?

No, because there was still substantial segregation even in 2011.

Which "part" of Medicare covers visits to the doctor for older Americans?

Part B

Which statement summarizes the most important differences between these two time periods?

The formation of new interest groups during 1965 to 1975 was at least partly due to factors other than socio-economic disturbances and government activism.

What is the key problem that Justice Breyer identifies with regulating off-campus speech, if coupled with the same regulation on-campus?

This regulation becomes total, applying everywhere and at all times, effectively eliminating the student's ability to make the expression.

What is abolitionism?

a political and philosophical movement to end the institution of chattel slavery

According to James Madison, which of the following functions will minority factions perform?

clog the administration

Which of the following is NOT a policy position likely to be taken by a CONSERVATIVE judge? a pro-life with respect to abortion b oppose limits on campaign spending c favor the death penalty d pro-environmental protection

d pro-environmental protection

Civil liberties protections can be found in which of the following places?

in the main text of the Constitution, its amendments (including the Bill of Rights) and other laws and legal rulings

What is one way for the American government to "protect" an American industry when costs are higher due to higher wages than rival companies in other countries?

increase tariffs on the foreign goods in that industry

Assume a state establishes a college tuition grant solely for male students in response to declining male enrollment in state colleges. What level of scrutiny is likely to be applied to this policy by a judge?

intermediate scrutiny

Which type of organized interest is most likely to endorse candidates and mobilize voters?

labor unions

Which of the following is a key components of the Republican coalition?

legal immigrants from Europe

According to the Supreme Court, which of the following is a sufficient justification for regulating campaign contributions or spending?

limiting corruption and the appearance of corruption

Which of the following would be illegal for a 501c3 organization such as the American Cancer Society?

making campaign contributions in congressional elections

Prior to the 1960s, which level of party organization was the most powerful?

state

What feature was key in deciding whether a Bill of Rights provision would be incorporated?

whether the judges believed the right was essential to a free, ordered society

What approach was preferred by a plurality of Democrats in 2020?

yes, with a single national program

Which of the following statements demonstrates that in the early years of the United States, some people believed that the Bill of Rights could limit state action?

A landmark Supreme Court case was required to settle the issue as to whether the Bill of Rights could limit state action.

Which of the following items about early voting is true?

Decreases voter turnout

What was the original name of today's Democratic party?

Democratic-Republicans

Which of the following is the most accurate description of partisan competition these days?

Democrats win urban areas, and Republicans win rural areas.

Who was the last independent or minor party candidate to win any electoral college votes?

George Wallace (American Independent Party), in 1968

Which of the following is a common consequence of "free trade" policies?

Goods are cheaper in America, but jobs may be lost to foreign countries with cheaper labor.

What usually happens to a president's popularity after the onset of military action?

It increases.

A local ordinance prohibits public demonstrations after 9 p.m. because of noise and because the reduced light makes guaranteeing safety more difficult. Based solely on this information, what is the best expectation for the constitutionality of the ordinance?

It is constitutional as a time, place, and manner restriction.

What would be the name of a type of person who advocates that U.S. foreign policy should be based on national self-interest?

Realist

Which of these countries has veto power on the UN National Security Council?

Russia

In the second half of the 20th century, U.S. foreign policy was shaped in response to a continuing conflict with which foreign power?

The Soviet Union

Why did the polls in 2020 under-predict how well President Trump would do?

Trump supporters were less likely to answer polls than Biden supporters

What distinguishes a top-two primary from other primaries?

Two candidates from the same party can be on the ballot in the general election

Which of the following terms describes the strategy of making campaign contributions in order to be on the good side of the winner?

access

Which of the following is the most common basis for eligibility for veterans' healthcare benefits?

active duty service for 24 months and no dishonorable discharge

When media take two current events and cover one extensively and the other very little, what is this an example of?

agenda setting

Which of the following influence WHAT people think about?

agenda setting

Which of the following is most clearly and directly a civil rights question? a Can the government raise taxes to fund road repairs? b Can the government bar people of a specific racial group from holding a particular public office? c Can the government prohibit speech that criticizes recent election management? d Can the government send a rocket to Mars?

b Can the government bar people of a specific racial group from holding a particular public office?

According the graph you completed above, which of the following statements best defines the relationship between local, state, and federal government workforces? a The federal workforce has grown exponentially as has the power of the federal government. b State and local workforces have grown at about the same rate. c The growth of the federal workforce has slightly outpaced the growth of the local workforce. d The local workforce has grown much faster than either the state or federal workforces.

b State and local workforces have grown at about the same rate.

Which of the following is an example of devolution? a The federal government creates a new agency to regulate air travel. b The federal government assigns authority to the states for regulating emissions from oil refineries. c The federal government negotiates a new treaty with Canada. d The federal government promises to fund three-quarters of any new state-level law enforcement efforts aimed at poaching of endangered animals.

b The federal government assigns authority to the states for regulating emissions from oil refineries.

A case in which federal immigration laws are challenged in an example of what kind of jurisdiction? a original jurisdiction b appellate jurisdiction

b appellate jurisdiction

Which of the following statements best describes slavery in the colonial period in the lands that would become the United States of America? a a novel oppressive economic institution developed by American colonists b part of a global colonial slave trade managed by European great powers, especially in their Western Hemisphere colonies c a rarely used institution confined to non-English colonies d an initially used institution that faded as American colonies shifted to different crops

b part of a global colonial slave trade managed by European great powers, especially in their Western Hemisphere colonies

Which of the following were part of democracy in ancient Greece? a civil rights and liberties b voting rights for free adult native-born men c discrimination based on race d separation of powers

b voting rights for free adult native-born men

Medicare and Medicaid did not exist until 1965. By 2019, approximately what percentage of federal spending was allocated to health care? a 10 b 18 c 28 d 40

c 28

Which of the following statements best defines judicial review? a the power of the President to review the decisions made by federal courts b the power of Congress to review the decision made by federal courts c the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional d the power of the president and Congress to overturn federal court decisions, but only if they agree

c the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional

Imagine a President has reached an agreement with the Prime Minister of another country on new policies that countries will enforce together. The President knows that 39 senators oppose this deal, but the House of Representatives supports it. What would be the most promising way forward? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a to pursue the deal as a treaty and seek Senate consent for ratification b to pursue the deal as an executive order with no Congressional involvement c to pursue the deal as an Executive Agreement with only a resolution in the House and Senate necessary d to drop the deal because it is hopeless

c to pursue the deal as an Executive Agreement with only a resolution in the House and Senate necessary

What is the term for money spent on independent expenditures that cannot be traced to its original source?

dark money

Which of the following is the primary explanation for a two-party system, according to Duverger's Law?

single-member districts with plurality winners

Which of the following had final authority for deciding issues such as mask mandates and business capacity restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic?

state governors

order of courts least to most likely to use strategic decisions making

supreme courts- 1 district courts- 2 circuit courts- 3

How does Congress approve of foreign treaties?

two-thirds vote in the Senate

Which of the following statements about recall elections is true?

A recall election allows voters to remove a politician from office before the end of the term

Which of the following statements best describes the role of fake news in the 2016 election?

American are much more likely to believe fake news that confirms their prior preferences.

Which of following statements about incumbents running for re-election is true?

Incumbents will not face a quality challenger

What is meant by net neutrality?

Internet service providers should treat all websites the same.

In which of the following ways did Obamacare encourage uninsured people to obtain their own insurance?

It charged them a penalty of $695 per adult if they did not buy it.

Who was the first major political figure to propose national health insurance?

Theodore Roosevelt, in 1912

Is there any enforcement mechanism in place to protect citizens from constitutional violations committed by police officers while conducting an investigation?

There was no enforcement mechanism in the text of the Fourth Amendment, but the Court created one, the Exclusionary Rule.

In 2016, how did Joe Biden do in comparison to Hillary Clinton?

Worse among Black and Hispanic voters

True or False: Voters in the United States are never allowed to vote directly on public policies at the national level. a True b False

a True

What share of overall contractor deployment do those in a "security" role make up?

a clear minority

According to this video, which of the following is most likely to lead to the creation of a successful new party?

a group of established politicians who split off from the Democrats or Republicans

Which of the following is NOT an example of confirmation bias?

a liberal reads the website of the Federalist Society (a conservative website) to learn about impeachment proceedings against President Trump

Which of the following is the constitutional basis for most of the New Deal programs? a Supremacy Clause b Commerce Clause c Necessary and Proper Clause d the power to coin money

b Commerce Clause

Which of the following is the most accurate way of describing American society in the 18th century? a America was a highly equal society. b America was highly equal among whites, but featured slavery of African Americans. c America was a society of numerous, varying forms of discrimination and inequality. d America was a society of political equality but material inequality.

c America was a society of numerous, varying forms of discrimination and inequality.

Refer to Figure 3.4 above. If Suspect 1 stays silent and Suspect 2 cooperates with the police, which of the following represents the prison time each faces? Remember, the first number represents the sentence for Suspect 1 and the second for Suspect 2. a 0, 0 b 5, 5 c 2, 10 d 10, 2

d 10, 2

Which of the following parts of the Constitution has NOT enabled the expansion of federal government powers? a Supremacy Clause b Commerce Clause c Commander-in-Chief Clause d Necessary and Proper Clause

d Necessary and Proper Clause

Order of process by which the Supreme Court decides a case

first- issue majority opinion second- issue writ of certiorari third- meet in conference to discuss merits of case fourth- hear oral arguments

Which of the following is a weakness of focus groups?

They are subject to easy manipulation by the questioner.

What would we call a country whose laws attempt to write out regulations and rules for as many situations and actions as possible?

a civil or Roman law country

Which of the following best describes the relationship between overclassification and leaks?

Leaks have become an increasingly important source of information for the media because of overclassification.

Which of the following actors is limited in their ability to restrict individual expression by the First Amendment? (Select all that apply.)

-the federal government - a state university

What changes in the world made America's policy of isolationism difficult to maintain? (Check all that apply).

-the growing economic interdependence of the world -the invention of the ships that could quickly cross the Atlantic

Which type of medical price index has been growing the fastest since 1980?

hospitalization and related services

How many justices need to vote to hear a case in order for it to appear on the Supreme Court's docket?

4

According to recent polling, what percentage of American adults are true independents?

9 to 12 percent

Which of the following is an example of framing?

A news story claims President Trump's economic plans will be harmful to minority groups.

According to the video, what is executive power? a the power to ensure that the law is properly carried out b the power to propose laws c the power to appoint ambassadors d the right to give the State of the Union address

a the power to ensure that the law is properly carried out

According to the academic literature, what form is influence by organized interests who lobby Congress most likely to take?

Legislators will modify details in response to relevant and credible information.

Are the disparities in incarceration limited to gaps between racial groups?

No, there are also different rates by sex, age, wealth, and other attributes.

Which of the following best describes partisan gerrymandering? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a using redistricting process to gain a partisan advantage b when a court throws out a redistricting map c drawing "pretty" looking electoral districts d drawing districts that are fair to both parties

a using redistricting process to gain a partisan advantage

Which of the following phrases best describes American constitutional civil liberties protections?

They are short, abstract statements of general goals.

How did America's Founders decide to deal with individual liberties?

They ratified a set of 10 constitutional amendments explicitly protecting individual liberties.

Which of the following statements best describes early newspapers in the United States?

They were highly partisan.

What was the period known as Reconstruction in the United States?

a period after the Civil War in which the federal government forced social, economic, and political changes to allow recently freed slaves to participate in public life

Which of the following choices accurately describes the votes needed to override a presidential veto? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a 2/3 of Senate b 2/3 of House c 2/3 of both House and Senate d simple majority of both House and Senate

c 2/3 of both House and Senate

The Bill of Rights refers to what part of the U.S. Constitution? a Article 1, section 8 b Amendments I to VIII c Amendments I to X d the Preamble

c Amendments I to X

The impeachment process for President Clinton occurred in late 1998 and early 1999. Based on Figure 5.9, what can we say about Clinton's public approval following his impeachment? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Clinton's approval went up substantially (more than 20 points) after impeachment. b Clinton's approval was stable after his impeachment. c Clinton's approval dropped substantially after impeachment. d Clinton's approval after impeachment was highly varied, with swings to greater and lower popularity occurring in the rest of 1999.

c Clinton's approval dropped substantially after impeachment.

Imagine that Bob Burglar was convicted of felony burglary, and sentenced to two years in prison. After one year in prison, he requested clemency from the president. Which of the following statements is accurate about what would occur? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a If commuted, Bob will no longer be a convicted felon. b If pardoned, Bob will still have to serve the remaining one year of his prison sentence. c If commuted, Bob's prison sentence will be reduced, and he will be freed early. d If pardoned, Bob will still be a felon, but his prison sentence will be removed.

c If commuted, Bob's prison sentence will be reduced, and he will be freed early.

In McCulloch v. Maryland, how did the court rule on the federal government's powers? a The federal government could not expand its powers under the Necessary and Proper clause. b The Necessary and Proper clause gives the federal government essentially unlimited powers. c The Necessary and Proper clause allows the federal government to accomplish ends enumerated in the Constitution by whatever means is convenient. d The federal government could expand its powers beyond those enumerated in the Constitution under the Necessary and Proper clause.

c The Necessary and Proper clause allows the federal government to accomplish ends enumerated in the Constitution by whatever means is convenient.

n terms of citizenship, which of the following facts most clearly identifies someone as ineligible to run for president? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a The person was born outside of the United States. b The person was born to non-citizen parents. c The person was naturalized as an adult to become an American citizen. d The person is an American citizen but also a citizen of another country.

c The person was naturalized as an adult to become an American citizen.

Which of the following sentences best describes the presidential order of succession? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a There is an understood, but not formally written, order in case of need, which has been frequently invoked over time. b There is an understood, but not formally written, order in case of need, but no succession has ever actually been necessary. c There is a formally specified order that has never been used beyond the Vice President at the top of the list. d There is a formally specified order that has frequently been used beyond the Vice President at the top of the list.

c There is a formally specified order that has never been used beyond the Vice President at the top of the list.

Which of the following statements about congressional term limits is true? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Senators are limited to two terms, and representatives are limited to eight terms. b Term limits were included in the Bill of Rights. c Current term limits are considered to be too short. d Term limits are unconstitutional.

d Term limits are unconstitutional.

What was the importance of the Missouri Compromise? a it favored free states, so kept the North satisfied b it favored slave states, so kept the South satisfied c it allowed newly admitted states to determine for themselves the status of slavery d it guaranteed that admission of new states would be balanced between slave and free

d it guaranteed that admission of new states would be balanced between slave and free

What percentage of the private nonagricultural workforce currently belongs to a labor union?

d less than 10 percent

Which of the following is the correct term for the situation described in the text of a policy or rule, regardless of how it is applied in practice?

de jure

Who was responsible for creating the first organized political parties in the United States?

members of Congress

Which of the following types of incentives to support an interest group are least likely to be effective, given the temptation to free ride?

purposive

According to the video, what two components are identified as the key to a survey representing the whole population?

random sampling and weighting

A case in which Arizona sues California over their shared border along the Colorado River is an example of what kind of jurisdiction? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a original jurisdiction b appellate jurisdiction

a original jurisdiction

A case in which the Ambassador from Costa Rica disputes a New York state divorce law is an example what kind of jurisdiction? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a original jurisdiction b appellate jurisdiction

a original jurisdiction

What is the custom according to which presidents will not nominate an individual to an office if that individual's home-state senators object? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a senatorial courtesy b checks and balances c senatorial delay d legislative supremacy

a senatorial courtesy

Imagine a hypothetical President deployed troops to another country in order to aid the pro-U.S. government of that country in its civil war against an anti-U.S. faction. The President notified Congress of the deployment three weeks later after journalists obtained evidence of the action. After two weeks of the deployment, Congress expressed that it did not approve of the intervention. The President then withdrew the military. Which provision of the War Powers Act did the President violate in this scenario? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the congressional notification requirement b the maximum length of unauthorized military action c the maximum length for withdraw d the Congressional authorization requirement

a the congressional notification requirement

Which chamber's lack of supermajority support would motivate the president to pursue an executive agreement rather than a treaty?

the Senate

Which of the following had the strongest effect on the importance of party organizations at different levels?

the development of mass fundraising techniques

How did women gain the de jure right to vote?

through a constitutional amendment

What do we call actions where the president chooses to use military force against another nation without any allies or support from other countries?

unilateral

A state program that distributes funds for certain projects provides funds to religious organizations. Which of the following is most likely to be most important in determining whether this is permissible under the Constitution?

whether the projects are primarily for a secular goal like public safety or education

What approach was preferred by a plurality of all survey respondents in 2020?

yes, with the single national program

According to the Constitution, who has the exclusive authority to declare war? a Congress b the President c the Supreme Court d the Electoral College

a Congress

In which of the following areas have the "conservative" and "liberal" major parties switched positions over time?

international trade and civil rights

What percentage of those surveyed by the Pew Research Center believe that government is dominated by a few big interests?

76

In addition to sample size and error rate, other factors can impact the accuracy of a poll. Which of the following scenarios, if true, is likely to negatively impact the accuracy of a newspaper's poll?

A newspaper's poll was conducted with participants from the town's college campus only.

What is the current status of the Bill of Rights in terms of its application to state actions?

Almost all, but not all, of the Bill of Rights' provisions limit state action.

What is yellow journalism?

reporting using hyperbolic and sensational style

Which kind of politician is most likely to be covered only by a local newspaper?

the mayor

Which of the following best describes public opinion?

the relevant aggregated political positions held by the public

Which of Congress's powers enumerated in the Constitution did Chief Justice Roberts cite as a reason to uphold the individual mandate?

the power to tax and spend

What two factors combine to make 1,000 a good number of respondents for a poll?

The cost of polling increases linearly as more respondents are added. There are decreasing returns to additional respondents for polling accuracy.

Consider the following headline: "Pentagon's New Plan to Invade Westeros Could Cost 10,000 American Lives." Assuming that the media outlet was going to cover this plan in some way, what is the most pronounced element of framing in how it is covered?

The headline focuses on the loss of lives and not the purpose or desired benefit of the plan.

Which of the following would happen if all incumbents ran until they were defeated (i.e., none of them retired before an election)?

The percentage of incumbents who win would go down

While giving a speech at an open-mic segment of an authorized left-leaning political rally, a demonstrator begins to shout angry declarations about the need to bring about the socialist revolution as envisioned by Karl Marx. He claims that the only way to achieve this is through a violent revolution that targets America's major political institutions. The meeting was shut down by local people, who arrested the man for using violent rhetoric. Based only on this information, under the standard of Brandenburg v. Ohio, what is the most likely outcome in this situation?

The police unconstitutionally stopped speech that was too vague and unrealistic to pose an imminent threat.

What was the relative size of military and contractor presence in the time period presented?

There have mostly, but not always, been more contractors than personnel.

What is the level of correlation between U.S. military deployment and U.S. military contractor personnel?

There is a strong positive correlation.

Which of the following are provided by the government as public goods? a national defense, police protection b toll roads, air pollution c regulation of prescription drugs, local electric service d Social Security, national health insurance

a national defense, police protection

Who may reject, overturn, or nullify executive orders? (Select all that apply.) Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a Congress b the federal courts c future presidents d Cabinet secretaries

a Congress b the federal courts c future presidents

What did the Court hold in Wickard v. Filburn? a Congress could regulate the growing of wheat by a farmer on his own land. b Congress could NOT regulate the growing of wheat by a farmer on his own land. c Congress can never regulate the sale of agriculture products. d Congress may only regulate those agricultural products listed in the Constitution.

a Congress could regulate the growing of wheat by a farmer on his own land.

Which of the following confirmation processes would you expect to be MOST contentious? a Supreme Court b circuit courts c district courts d bankruptcy courts

a Supreme Court

What was the purpose of Franklin Roosevelt's "fireside chats"?

to update Americans on the government's response to the Great Depression

Approximately what percentage of federal spending in 2019 was accounted for by Medicare and Medicaid combined?

28

Which of the following is an example of the effect of the 24-hour news cycle?

A radio program mistakenly reports on a mass shooting in an effort to be first to report the story.

What is the name of the federal statute that requires administrative agencies to have a period for public comment before adopting regulations?

Administrative Procedure Act

What was the final outcome of Reconstruction?

It failed because the northern will to enforce the programs faded in the face of persistent southern resistance.

Why are presidential campaigns are only active in 8 to 10 states?

Most states will reliably vote for the candidate of one party and no amount of campaigning will change that

Does the Supreme Court adopt a belief that school power over student speech ends when students leave campus?

No, school power over students can extend in some (but not all) contexts outside of campus.

Did the language of the Fourteenth Amendment—that everyone would have equal protection under the law—come into practice in the late 19th century?

No, the Fourteenth Amendment was not interpreted to protect Black American political rights for about a century.

What is the relationship between a sample and a population?

The sample is a subset of the population.

True or False: State governments have strictly enumerated (or listed) powers under the Constitution. a True b False

b False

According to the video, who is gerrymandering named after? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Jerry Jones b Geraldine Ferraro c Elbridge Gerry d Gerrymander Sears

c Elbridge Gerry

What does Rule 22 do in the Senate? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a It allows senators to talk as long as they want on the floor. b It allows any senator to introduce legislation. c It stops a filibuster by determining an end to debate. d It forces senators to wear a face mask while on the Senate floor.

c It stops a filibuster by determining an end to debate.

Which of the following is consistently the smallest category of federal spending? a health b income security c international d national defense

c international

Which of the following are subject to regulation despite the First Amendment?

contributions by an individual to a political party

Which of the following best describes the overlap in political geography and COVID-19 policies? a Sparsely populated areas tend to be more Democratic and also more susceptible to the spread of the disease. b Densely populated areas tend to be more Democratic and also more susceptible to the spread of the disease. c Sparsely populated areas tend to be more Republican and also more susceptible to the disease. d Densely populate areas tend to be more Republican and also more susceptible to the disease.

d Densely populate areas tend to be more Republican and also more susceptible to the disease.

According to Richard Neustadt, what is a modern president's true power? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the power to tax b the power to control the federal budget c the power to launch military strikes d the power to persuad

d the power to persuade

Question 14.13 Review What approach was preferred by a plurality of Republicans in 2020?

no, but keep Medicare and Medicaid

Which of the following are likely results of polarization in Congress?

party discipline and policy gridlock

Which of the following best describes the Court's decision in the case New York Times v. Sullivan?

that it should be difficult to prove liable against a public person

Which of the following is the lead agency for biomedical research sponsored by the federal government?

the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Who is most often directly responsible for entering American forces into combat?

the President

Which group lobbies heavily against the legalization of marijuana?

the beer and alcoholic beverages industry

What is the title of the official, located in the Executive Office of the President, who acts as a gatekeeper for the president and manages the day-to-day affairs of the office. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Joint Chief b Chief of Staff c Vice President d National Security Advisor

b Chief of Staff

Which of the following is an example of vertical federalism? a California copies a policy on sugary beverages in schools from Oregon. b Congress tells Florida that it must regulate the discharge of sewage into the Everglades National Park. c Texas adopts gambling policies similar to those of Oklahoma. d The President tells Israel that Jerusalem will be the new location for the U.S. embassy in Israel.

b Congress tells Florida that it must regulate the discharge of sewage into the Everglades National Park.

Which of the following is an example of nullification? a Idaho accepts federal highway funding to lower its drinking age. b Delaware declares that a new federal law setting a new testing requirement for elementary students will not be enforced in the state. c Georgia decides to forgo additional funding to expand eligibility for citizens under the Medicare program. d Colorado abides by federal rules on the distribution of water from the Colorado River.

b Delaware declares that a new federal law setting a new testing requirement for elementary students will not be enforced in the state.

True or False: The Constitution states that whichever political party has the most seats will control Congress. a True b False

b False

True or False: When the Supreme Court overturns a federal law as opposed to a state law, there is generally less controversy. a True b False

b False

Which of the following statements is most nearly correct? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Influence by organized interests over policy is limited to the White House and Congress. b Influence by organized interests over public policy is widely assumed but surprisingly difficult to prove. c Influence by organized interests over public policy has been shown by academic research to be benign. d Influence by organized interests over policy is limited to certain kinds of issues.

b Influence by organized interests over public policy is widely assumed but surprisingly difficult to prove.

Which of the following policies is most likely to redistribute money from wealthy taxpayers to poor beneficiaries? a Social Security b Medicaid c tax deductions for charitable contributions d agricultural price supports

b Medicaid

According to Figures 5.4 and 5.5, which president issued the most executive orders? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a President Franklin Roosevelt issued the most total orders but President Woodrow Wilson issued the most orders per year in office. b President Franklin Roosevelt issued the most total orders and the most orders per year in office. c President Woodrow Wilson issued the most total orders but President Franklin Roosevelt issued the most orders per year in office. d President Donald Trump issued the most total orders but President Barack Obama issued the most orders per year in office.

b President Franklin Roosevelt issued the most total orders and the most orders per year in office.

Why are standing committees called the workhorse of the legislative process? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a All members of Congress serve on all of the standing committees. b Standing committees do most of the work in crafting and changing legislation. c Standing committees can pass legislation without presidential approval. d Standing committees meet year-round.

b Standing committees do most of the work in crafting and changing legislation.

National defense fell from about 62 percent of all federal spending in 1955 to approximately what percentage in 2019?

15.4

By how much (approximately) did the number of Americans without health insurance decrease between 2010 and 2020?

18 million

Which part of the U.S. government has the sole power to declare war?

Congress

In the Seattle Schools case, what was the key difference between Chief Justice Roberts's approach and Justice Breyer's approach?

Chief Justice Roberts focused on the need for race-blind process while Justice Breyer focused on the need for equitable outcomes.

Which of the following best describes an American who believes that taxes are too high and that there are too many government-imposed restrictions on setting up a new business?

Christian Democrat

What is the main civilian organization focused on relations with other countries and managing embassies in foreign capitals?

Department of State

Which of the following describes the most common arrangement for paying medical doctors in the United States?

Doctors are paid for each procedure or test performed.

Which of the following statements about early voting states, such as Iowa and New Hampshire, is correct?

Early voting states tend to eliminate the weakest candidates as campaign contributions dry up after poor performances

Why are polls not very useful in very close elections?

Every poll has a margin of error, and if the election is close, then the results will not really tell us who is in the lead.

Which of the following best describes Black student integration levels in the South over time?

Integration levels rapidly increased between 1965 and 1975 and have declined in recent decades.

The goal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was to achieve near universal access to health insurance while maintaining a mixture of government and private programs. Based on these poll results, how would you characterize the public's attitude toward the ACA?

It is a compromise approach that doesn't really satisfy very many.

What is the legal status of protesting in America?

It is protected by the First Amendment, with limitations for public order and safety.

Which of the following was the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?

The Fourteenth Amendment did require equal public services to all races, but separate services could be equal.

Which of the following was the primary justification for the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate?

The individual mandate would make it financially feasible to charge everyone the same insurance rate regardless of preexisting conditions.

Which of the following is the more accurate description of the American public?

The public generally has poor knowledge of politics and lacks specific knowledge of policies.

Refer to Figure 3.4 above. If both suspects remain silent, which of the following represents the prison time each faces? Remember, the first number represents the sentence for Suspect 1 and the second for Suspect 2. a 0, 0 b 5, 5 c 2 ,10 d 10, 2

a 0, 0

Which of the following people, as represented by their biographies, would be eligible to run for president in 2024? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a A woman born in Texas to American parents in 1980. b A man born in India to Indian parents in 1970 who obtained U.S. citizenship in 1990 after working in California for a decade. c A woman born in Alabama to American parents in 2000. d A woman born in Texas to American parents who had moved with her family to Japan when she was three and only returned to the United States in 2023 in advance of the election.

a A woman born in Texas to American parents in 1980.

Which of the following is an example of the dual federalism perspective? a States should be allowed significant control over education standards. b The federal government is best positioned to determine public health measures. c States should allow the federal government to control immigration. d The federal government is best positioned to handle natural disasters.

a States should be allowed significant control over education standards.

Which of the following is an example of a block grant? a The federal government offers to pay 90 percent of the costs of extending healthcare eligibility to additional people. b Under a law enforcement grant, local law enforcement receive 50 percent of what they spend on policing illegal drugs from the federal government. c A state receives $55 million from the federal government to improve traffic safety. d The federal government loans a city $6 million to make flood protection improvements.

a The federal government offers to pay 90 percent of the costs of extending healthcare eligibility to additional people.

Which of the following is a reason scholars believe that the counter-majoritarian difficulty faced by courts is lessened? a The rate at which judges and Justices are replaced ensures some level of democratic accountability. b Judges and Justices are worried about their standing among political elites. c The desire to maintain their salaries means judges and Justices will not offend public opinion. d To keep their jobs, judges and Justices will not offend either public opinion or political elites.

a The rate at which judges and Justices are replaced ensures some level of democratic accountability.

True or False: Matching grants encourage greater spending by states than do block grants. a True b False

a True

True or False: Strategic behavior by judges involves avoiding confrontation with the other branches of government. a True b False

a True

True or False: The Civil War permanently increased the power of the federal government. a True b False

a True

True or False: The Commerce Clause has been a source for the major expansion of federal power in the last 100 years. a True b False

a True

True or False: The president is generally given broad authority in foreign affairs. a True b False

a True

Which of the following scenarios does NOT represent a race to the bottom? a a county wishes to increase the standards for cleanliness in the discharge of sewage, but worries about the policy of neighboring counties b a state wishes to raise the minimum wage, but worries about the policy of neighboring states c a state increases the testing standards that a student must meet to advance grade levels d a city wishes to raise property taxes to pay for better schools, but worries that companies may leave for cities with lower tax rates

a a county wishes to increase the standards for cleanliness in the discharge of sewage, but worries about the policy of neighboring counties

Social Security is a form of insurance that mostly protects against which of the following conditions? a being no longer employed due to age b being poor c being disabled d being temporarily unemployed

a being no longer employed due to age

Which branch of government consistently receives the lowest ratings in public opinion polls? a legislative b executive c judicial d military

a legislative

A poll with 1,000 respondents estimated that Candidate A had 46 percent support and Candidate B had 48 percent support. What would the margin of error of the difference between the two candidates be?

about six percentage points

If no candidate for Vice President receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College, how is the election decided? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a The House of Representatives chooses from among the top three vote-getters. b The Senate chooses from among the top two vote-getters. c A special run-off election is held where voters return to the polls to choose between the top two vote-getters to ensure a majority is reached. d Electors gather in Washington, DC, to make a selection.

b The Senate chooses from among the top two vote-getters.

Which of the following statements about partisan gerrymandering is true? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a It only happens in states controlled by Republicans. b The Supreme Court recently ruled it unconstitutional. c It is very easy to measure. d The Supreme Court ruled that it is legal in 2020.

b The Supreme Court recently ruled it unconstitutional.

Which of the following was a primary weakness of the Articles of Confederation, which lead to the desire to create a new governing document? a The Articles did not allow enough room for the states to participate in foreign affairs. b The central government under the Articles was too weak to provide adequate national security. c Under the Articles, the states had too much freedom to govern as they pleased. d The taxing authority of the central government under the Articles was too strong.

b The central government under the Articles was too weak to provide adequate national security.

Which of the following best describes partisan polarization in Congress? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a The ideologies of two political parties overlap. b The ideologies of the two parties do not overlap and are moving further apart from one another. c Elected officials are working with one another more often. d The President and Congress are controlled by different parties.

b The ideologies of the two parties do not overlap and are moving further apart from one another.

Which of the Youngstown scenarios does the hypothetical case appear to fit best? a The president is acting pursuant to express or implied authority from Congress. b The president is acting against the express or implied wishes of Congress. c Congress has not expressed its wishes in this scenario. d The president is acting in a traditional manner.

b The president is acting against the express or implied wishes of Congress.

From the data in Figure 5.6, how might we describe the frequency of the veto in the 21st century? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a The veto is never used by 21st-century presidents. b The veto is rarely used by 21st-century presidents. c The veto is used frequently by 21st-century presidents. d Some presidents have used the veto frequently while others have not in the 21st century.

b The veto is rarely used by 21st-century presidents.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the overall shift in federal government spending since 1955? a National defense is no longer important. b There is much greater emphasis on social insurance and redistribution. c The national debt is clearly out of control. d Functions in the "Other" category are being neglected.

b There is much greater emphasis on social insurance and redistribution.

Why are the Federalist Papers important? a They allow us to better understand the thinking of John Jay. b They offer an interpretation of the Constitution by those who helped to shape it. c They are a governing document, just like the Constitution. d They show the intermediate step in changing from the Articles government to the Constitution.

b They offer an interpretation of the Constitution by those who helped to shape it.

Which of the following best describes the political role of women in the early United States? a Women were active participants in public life and formal politics. b Women were systematically excluded from formal politics. c Women were excluded from national politics but enjoyed considerable success in state and local politics. d Women initially enjoyed little political power, but this would quickly change in the first few decades after the founding.

b Women were systematically excluded from formal politics.

Which of the cases discussed in this chapter is the most likely to be used by the Supreme Court to decide whether President Johnson or Brawndo is correct? a U.S. v. Nixon b Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer c Clinton v. Jones d U.S. v. Curtiss-Wright Export

b Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the likelihood that a case will be heard on the merits by the Supreme Court? a a case in which the Solicitor General has filed an amicus curiae brief b a case involving multiple state governments c a case involving an issue over which two circuit courts have reached opposing conclusions d a case in which the Solicitor General is representing the U.S. government on appeal

b a case involving multiple state governments

A case in which the United States is sued by an interest group over environmental laws is an example of what kind of jurisdiction? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a original jurisdiction b appellate jurisdiction

b appellate jurisdiction

Why is it that states and localities tend to bear a bigger financial burden from immigration, as compared to the federal government? a because the costs of immigration are unevenly distributed across states b because immigrant couples tend to have more children than native couples and so require more education spending c because the federal government refuses to reimburse the costs of healthcare for immigrants d because of the requirement for additional language education

b because immigrant couples tend to have more children than native couples and so require more education spending

Which of the following factors is now the most important in a president's decision about who to nominate to the Supreme Court? a home state of nominee b ideology of nominee c race/ethnicity of nominee d gender of nominee

b ideology of nominee

If federal judges take an approach to decision making based on their policy preferences, how will a conservative justice most likely wish to decide the hypothetical case above? a in favor of the defendant b in favor of the state of West Idaho c according to past precedent, meaning it depends on whether mentally incompetent can be defined as having an IQ score of at least 80 d however the Chief Justice tells them to vote

b in favor of the state of West Idaho

Which of the following may be justified as a means to discourage undesirable preferences? a a tax deduction for interest on home mortgages b laws requiring car drivers to carry collision insurance c a law stating that English is the official language of the United States d a law requiring that public officials profess a belief in a supreme being

b laws requiring car drivers to carry collision insurance

In midterm elections, the president's political party usually ____. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a gains seats in both the House and Senate b loses seats in both the House and Senate c gains seats in the Senate but loses seats in the House d has no clear pattern observed in the data

b loses seats in both the House and Senate

Which of the following is the primary cause of partisan polarization in Congress? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the mass media b multiple causes c redistricting d

b multiple causes

Imagine that a bill is up for a vote in the House and a Representative knows that their constituents favor the bill, but the Representative believes that the bill would be bad for the constituents. If the Representative were to follow a trustee model of representation, how would they vote on the bill? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a in favor b opposed c abstain

b opposed

Fill in the blanks: The House represents the ___, and the Senate represents the ____. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a states, wealth b people, states c wealth, states d states, people

b people, states

What is it called when presidential approval increases in response to a crisis or disaster? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a partisan polarization b rally-around-the-flag effect c national defense tendency d the president does not actually see approval increases after such events

b rally-around-the-flag effect

Most of the time, the president uses the State of the Union address to influence which of the following? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the Supreme Court's docket b the Congressional agenda c the level of partisanship in Congress d American foreign policy

b the Congressional agenda

When did it become common for the national government to actively manage the overall economy? a the Cold War (1950s to 1980s) b the Great Depression (1930s) c the Roaring 20s. d the Gilded Age (1880s and 1890s)

b the Great Depression (1930s)

Which body decides to impeach a President, setting up a Senate trial to consider removing the President from office? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the Supreme Court b the House of Representatives c the Senate d a combined session of the House and Senate

b the House of Representatives

Upon deciding whether to convict a federal official impeached by the House of Representatives, what other question may the Senate consider? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a whether to strip the person of their right to vote b whether to prohibit the official from serving in future federal office c whether to remove all of the impeached official's appointees d whether to sentence the impeached official to a prison term

b whether to prohibit the official from serving in future federal office

Which of the following is the best description of the data? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Use of the veto has increased over the last 50 years. b Use of the veto has remained the same over the last 50 years. c Use of the veto has declined over the last 50 years. d There has been no clear pattern in the use of the veto over the last 50 years.

c Use of the veto has declined over the last 50 years.

Which of the following congressional actions intended to limit the power exercised by the president as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a AUMF of 2001 b Gulf of Tonkin Resolution c War Powers Act d Declaration of Conflict

c War Powers Act

At which level of the federal judiciary is the application of precedent most likely to control judicial decision making? a Supreme Court b circuit courts c district court d applies equally across all levels

c district court

What did the Court say about executive privilege in the Supreme Court case U.S. v. Nixon? a protects the president only in a civil investigation b protects the president only in criminal investigation c does not protect the president in a criminal investigation d does not exist as a power possessed by the president

c does not protect the president in a criminal investigation

Which of the following are included among Congress's enumerated powers? a assisting those who are in need b providing for public schools c establishing a common currency d passing an antitrust law

c establishing a common currency

Which of the following justices will be assigned this ideologically significant decision by a Chief Justice acting strategically? a the most conservative justice on the Court b the most liberal justice on the Court c the justice most ideologically similar to the Chief Justice d the most senior associate justice

c the justice most ideologically similar to the Chief Justice

Match the era with the technological change that allowed it to occur.

penny press-creation of the steam-powered printing press broadcast media- creation of the radio and television social media- creation of the internet and digital technology

Which of the following are commonly referred to as "Super PACs"?

political action committees that only make independent expenditures