Posi Exam 3
What protest movement of the modern era has had the most lasting effect?
Black civil rights
Why is participation in local organizations twice as high in the United States as it is in Europe?
- Americans have an incentive to participate because there is more local control over policy in the United States than in Europe. - Americans are more likely to attend church and engage in church-related community work.
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
- Class-based European organizations encourage participation. - Americans face more voter registration requirements.
Which of the following are considered lobbying efforts?
- working with members of the legislature to draft legislation - testifying before a committee hearing about the effect of proposed legislation - encouraging members of an interest group to contact legislators regarding legislation
Which of the following states have 800 or more registered lobbyists within the state?
-New York -Texas -California
In 1980, the viewers of ABC, CBS, and NBC evening news were roughly 40 years of age, on average. Today that average is roughly ______ years of age.
60
Which of the following are primary socializing agents for children that can have a formative influence on children's beliefs?
A. FAMILY B. SCHOOL C. RELIGION
______ goods are those that belong to all people and cannot be withheld on an individual basis, such as clean air or water.
Collective
Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?
Congress
_____ is a service that alerts local newsrooms to topics that are trending on social media.
CrowdTangle
The audience for Huffington Post's website is overwhelmingly ______.
Democratic
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
Democratic-Republicans Federalists
True or false: Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States.
False
True or false: An enormous group such as the taxpayers of the United States can exert a major influence on public policy.
False
True or false: CNN has continued to emphasize hard news rather than sensationalism.
False
True or false: Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines.
False
True or false: Rupert Murdoch originally intended Fox News to be an objective, nonpartisan news channel.
False
True or false: Thanks to the Internet, the typical American watches more news today than in the 1970s.
False
Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?
Florida Nevada North Carolina
Which of the following media channels is most preferred by Republicans because of its conservative slant?
Fox News
What did James Madison think of the future of interest groups?
He believed that competition between groups would prevent any one from dominating.
Which of the following happened when the Fairness Doctrine was eliminated in 1987?
Hundreds of radio stations switched from playing music to airing partisan talk shows.
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues. Welfare assistance has higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans.
How have advances in technology affected the free-rider problem?
It has lessened it.
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter identification card in order to vote?
It upheld the Indiana law.
Why did the communist movement fail in America?
Its goals were too at odds with American values.
Support for poverty programs is highest among which two religious denominations?
Jews Catholics
The movement against gun violence had a relatively low profile until the mass killing at ______.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
Why is the news shaped by news organizations need to attract and keep viewers?
Most news organizations choose coverage that will draw an audience for advertisers.
Which statement best describes the "softening" of American news in the 1980s and 1990s?
Most news outlets incorporated celebrity gossip, sensational crimes, and human-interest stories to attract a broader audience.
Which of the following is true of people who consider themselves political independents?
Most of them lean toward one party or the other.
What problem has recently arisen in using telephone polling?
Nonresponse rates have increased sharply.
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
What is a potential problem with the media's watchdog function, according to critics?
Overzealous coverage of minor scandals heightens the public's distrust of government officials.
In some campaigns, which of the following has begun to replace in the political party as the nominating and electing agent?
PACs
In the process of electioneering, money is usually funneled to candidates through ______.
PACs
Who led the impassioned plea for tougher gun control measures after the Parkland shooting?
Parkland students
What role does party loyalty play in voting?
Party loyalty heightens interest in voting.
Why is it important that the media perform the common-carrier function?
People cannot support or oppose a leader's plans if they do not know about them.
A public opinion _____ is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.
Poll
_______ goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest group.
Private
Which of the following would be considered outside lobbying activities used by interest groups?
Public demonstrations Letter-writing campaigns
Which of the following arguments drew large support for passing the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, granting eighteen-year-olds the right to vote?
Since eighteen-year-olds were eligible for the draft, they should also be able to vote.
Which of the following is not an example of a state and local interest group?
State Board of Education
Which of the following is an example of a specialized "educational" association?
Texas High School Coaches Association
Adolph Ochs, the architect of objective journalism, had taken ownership of which newspaper?
The New York Times
Which is a reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?
The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party had become stronger in the Northeast.
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
The are open to all citizens. They operate at the local level.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?
The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.
How does the state's government structure alter the operations of interest groups in Texas?
The groups focus their attention on the leadership of the state agency regulating their industry.
How does a well-compensated, professional legislative staff reduce the influence of interest groups?
The staff provides most of the research for legislators, who rely less on interest group research.
How does the party structure in Texas affect interest group power and influence?
The weakened structure of party competitiveness strengthens interest group influence.
In describing sources of news on the Web, what do analysts mean by the metaphor "the long tail"?
There are a few heavily visited websites on one end and thousands of lightly visited sites on the other.
How has the interest group tactic of entertaining legislators changed over the years?
There is far less provision of entertainment, food, and bribes, but it is still a key part of the process.
How are issue networks formed?
They are formed by individuals who have expertise regarding a particular policy issue as well as various views on it.
Which of the following statements are true regarding U.S. elections?
They are held more frequently than in other countries. They allow voters to choose party nominees.
Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?
They are usually part of presidential campaigns.
In politics, what do linkage institutions do?
They connect citizens with government.
Which of the following is true about candidate-centered campaigns?
They encourage national officeholders to be responsive to local interests.
True or false: All media outlets, including those on the Internet, are part of the news media.
True
True or false: Nonmembership organizations do not have broad-based citizen support.
True
______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
When do private thoughts become public opinion?
WHEN THEY ARE REVEALED TO OTHERS
Who would be least likely to be a member of a professional association?
a bank teller
State party organizations are usually small and are directed by ______.
a full-time chairperson
An "astroturf organization" is one that lacks ______.
a grassroots organization
For which of the following interest groups would the free-rider problem be most severe?
a large group with very diffuse possible benefits
What three basic elements are usually involved in a party realignment?
a shift in voters' partisan support in elections an enduring change in the parties' policies and coalitions unusually powerful and divisive issues
The news media's partisan function means that they ______.
act as advocates for particular viewpoints
Generally, protests ______ have not been popular in the United States.
against U.S. military action
The political socialization process takes place through ______ of socialization.
agents
In an attempt to influence court decisions, interest groups may file "friend of the court" briefs, otherwise known as ______ briefs.
amicus curiae
What is a super PAC?
an independent-expenditure-only committee
interest group
beneficial policy decisions
Which of the following media were subject to the FCC's Fairness Doctrine?
broadcast television broadcast radio
congressional committee
budget support for a program
All party organizations have a responsibility to ______.
build support among voters
The interest-group system in the United States over represents ______.
business interests
How do Americans participate virtually in politics?
by using resources and joining discussions on social media
Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______ -centered campaigns.
candidate
Political scientist Darrell West uses the term air wars to describe ______.
candidates' use of televised ads
Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?
citizens' groups
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a party ______.
coalition
Benefits that belong to everyone, not just the members of a group, are referred to as ______.
collective goods
Which of the following is an example of a group that cannot draw strength from geographic distribution?
commercial shrimp fishermen
Which of the following are the dominant ideologies in the United States?
conservatism liberalism
government agency
constituent service
Which of the following types of interest groups is not classified as an economic interest group?
consumer
Which of the following industries have, in the past, dominated the Texas economy?
cotton oil cattle banking
A ______ is a representative who acts in response to what their constituencies say they want, no matter their own personal opinion.
delegate
The news media operate as gatekeepers, which means that they ______.
determine which events will be covered and which will not
When does the process of political socialization begin?
early childhood
interest groups
electoral support to members of Congress
An activity in which an interest group engages in order to influence the outcome of an election is known as _________
electroneering
What is fake news?
entirely fictional stories that originate on the Internet
The Texas __________ is responsible for enforcing requirements for interest groups and political candidates to report information on money collected and activities.
ethics commission
Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?
face-to-face meetings with members of Congress
The elimination of the ____________________ meant that radio stations no longer had to air a conservative talk show if they aired a liberal one.
fairness doctrine
Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League?
focused committees highly organized influential members
Which of the following constitutional rights most protect the role of interest groups in the U.S. political system?
freedom of association
The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a(n) ______ gap
gender
What three sources of division in the United States are now most closely linked to partisanship?
geography religion race
The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?
group attachments party identification ideological leanings
A few decades ago, the media system centered on broadcast news networks, but Americans now have a ______ media system, where they can pick from a wide variety of outlets.
high-choice
The typical American is exposed to _____ of discrete messages each day.
hundreds
The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?
income inequality
The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.
inside lobbying
A(n) _____ is an organization of individuals who share common goals and tries to influence governmental decisions.
interest group
A(n) ________ is an informal but relatively stable group of persons from Congress, executive agencies, and interest groups with a mutual interest in a particular policy area.
iron triangle
The Texas Municipal League, which represents Texas city officials, derives its greatest strength from ______.
its influential membership
The Texas Farm Bureau represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
large agricultural producers
Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important ______.
later in life
In general, protest activity is ______ common in the United States than in many Western democracies.
less
Adults under 30 years of age are ______ those over 50 to follow the news.
less likely than
What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?
less than 20 percent
The practice of trying to influence members of the legislature is called _________
lobbying
Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ______ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns.
more
Senior citizens in the United States have a ______ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.
much higher
When a political party makes a(n) ______ for an elected office, it selects a person to run as the party's candidate in the general election for that office.
nomination
blue states
northeast, west coast
Tufts University's Sarah Sobieraj and Jeffrey Berry's study described the basis for partisan talk show programming as paritsan "______."
outrage
Interest groups rely on what two main lobbying strategies? (Choose every correct answer.)
outside lobbying inside lobbying
The highlighting of candidates' attributes and policy positions to appeal to voters is called ______.
packaging
An interest group may form a(n) _____________ whose main goal is to raise and spend money to influence the outcome of elections.
political action committee
When the journalists use framing, they are ______.
presenting a selective version of reality
Outside lobbying is aimed at bringing ______ pressure to bear on policymakers.
public
Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise Blacks in the post-Civil War South despite the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?
publicized lists of voters literacy tests
Research suggests that when interest groups have submitted amicus briefs, they have been ______ in swaying courts.
quite effective
The #MeToo movement's larger goal was to ______.
raise awareness of sexual misconduct
The Texas Apartment Association, the Texas Restaurant Association, and the Beer Alliance of Texas are all examples of ______.
retail trade groups
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.
retrospective
The media's _________ function serves to alert the public to important events in a timely fashion.
signaling
Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.
single-issue parties
When casting a ______, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
split ticket
States with ______ political parties tend to have weaker interest group influence.
strong
federal agency
support for their administrative programs
Peak business organizations focus on which of the following goals?
supporting legislation that would foster a "good business climate" in Texas
Which one of the following forms of media has had the biggest role in making politics more participative?
the Internet
To date, what is the most successful of the recent political movements?
the Tea Party movement
What organization provides legislative staff assistance in research and information?
the Texas Legislative Council
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended voting rights to eighteen-year-olds?
the Twenty-Sixth Amendment
What event marked a turning point in the American press's approach to politicians' motives and actions?
the Watergate scandal
What sparked the Black Lives Matter movement?
the killing of unarmed young Black men by police officers
The killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis in 2020 led to ______.
the largest protests yet of police violence against Black Americans
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) involved which issue affecting interest groups?
the limit on corporate and union spending in federal elections
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
the size of the sample
What was Madison's constitutional solution to the problem of factions?
the system of checks and balances
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
The views of younger citizens in particular are affected by major events because ______.
their opinions are not yet deeply rooted
The United States has a high-choice media system, which means that _____.
there are a large number of sources from which people can choose to get their information
Why did states start registering voters?
to prevent individuals from voting multiple times in the same election
Which of the following are the chief targets of interest groups when they lobby the executive branch?
top officials of federal agencies
suffrage is the right to
vote
Which group is the largest voting bloc in the Republican Party?
white evangelical Christians
members of Congress
electoral support
What is the primary goal of retail trade associations?
protecting their trades from undesirable state regulation
One of the positive contributions that interest groups make is ______.
providing a form of representation for organized groups
True or false: Local, state, and national party organizations are hierarchical in structure.
False
True or false: Voter turnout decreased in the United States once states enacted registration laws around 1900.
True
Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?
alienation
The largest expenditure in presidential campaigns is for which of the following?
media
red states
south, great plains, rocky mtns.
In a public opinion poll, a ______ is a portion of the ______.
SAMPLE; POPULATION
Which of the following events had a lasting influence on the political views of younger citizens in particular?
World War II (1939-1945) the terrorist attacks in 2001 the Great Depression of the 1930s
The rise of candidate-centered campaigns has had which of the following positive effects?
- made it easier for political newcomers to win high office - encouraged national officeholders to respond to local issues
Which of the following functions do news media perform?
- provide a channel through which political leaders communicate to the public - provide political information that attracts an audience - act as a watchdog that scrutinizes official behavior
What are the three types of agricultural interest groups in Texas?
- those that represent suppliers - those that represent general farming interests - those that represent commodity groups
Approximately how many nonmembership organizations are registered with the Texas Ethics Commission?
2,000
Which of the following voting blocs migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 1990s?
Southern whites
Which of the following statements best summarize the control the governor of Texas enjoys over state agencies?
The governor makes few significant appointments to state agencies and therefore possesses minimal control over policy decisions
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered?
The same parties are represented nationwide. Candidates organize their own campaigns.
What best describes partisan media outlets in the era of the information commons?
They were very rare.
What is a social or political movement?
a way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy
The type of interest group that that is formed by individuals drawn together by opportunities to promote a cause in which they believe but that does not provide them significant individual economic benefits is called a(n) ______ interest group.
citizens
During the Trump presidency, the opinions of and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issue did Republicans change their opinion?
free trade
In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that ______.
getting smaller, more focused business groups to work together on an issue can be highly effective
The Occupy Wall Street movement, which began in 2011, was inspired by anger at the ______.
government bailout of the financial industry during the financial crisis of 2008
A person's sense of loyalty to a political party is known as party ______.
identification
A(n) ______ is comprised of various actors that all have interest and expertise in a particular policy issue, even though they may disagree on what the outcome should be.
issue network
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop ______ political opinions.
moderate
The states that border Mexico all have ______ registered lobbyists.
more than 800
Yellow journalism featured ______ stories.
sensationalized
In what area has virtual participation been a tangible asset for political campaigns?
small-donor fundraising
In priming, who or what determines how people will interpret the information they receive?
the press
Which of the following voting restrictions increases the burden on citizens who move frequently?
voter registration requirements
Which type of third party is organized around a framework concerning the nature and role of government in society?
ideologically oriented parties
Most partisan Internet sites also take the "______" approach described in the Tufts University study.
outrage
In terms of leadership and organization, the Texas Municipal League draws strength from its ______.
- strong, proactive legislative committee - quick adoption of stands on key legislative items
True or false: Retired lawmakers cannot become lobbyists because they are forbidden by law to take a lobbying job.
False
True or false: The #MeToo movement did not have much of an impact on the people whose behavior it was targeting.
False
____________ , a characteristic of some interest groups, refers to the fact that the groups have members in all regions of the state.
Geographic distribution
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School resulted in which of the following?
National School Walkout Day March for Our Lives demonstrations
Which of the following would be considered expressions of public opinion?
PARTICIPATING IN A TELEPHONE POLL CONCERNING CANDIDATES FOR A NATIONAL ELECTION APPROVAL RATINGS FOR A CITY'S MAYORC. TURNOUT AT A POLITICAL RALLY
The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?
People from less conservative areas have relocated to the South.
The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the ______.
Populist Party
______ incentives for joining an interest group include the satisfaction that you are participating in a worthy effort.
Purposive
Current election laws in the United States favor ______.
a two-party system
People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in ______.
civic duty
Our tendency to grow up as Democrats or Republicans is often established by ______.
family
Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.
information that supports the group's policy positions
Political scientist Mancur Olson argues that small interest groups can be more powerful than larger groups as long as they are more ______.
organized
Of the following age groups, the political views of which one are most likely to be influenced when a major historical event occurs, such as a war or an economic depression?
young people
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?
The parties reorganize themselves.
One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are ______.
cumulative
In general, which political values do white evangelical Protestants support?
conservative values
Which one of these groups is an example of a citizens' group?
the National Organization for Women
More people in the United States participate in election campaigns than people in other countries do because ______.
the United States has more elected posts than other countries do
What was the goal of yellow journalism?
to lure in readers by any means
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy.
true
Americans participate more in politics than do citizens of other western democracies except in which of the following activities?
turning out to vote on Election Day
The degree to which education level and income are so closely tied to voter participating in the United States is _____ when compared to European countries.
unusual
Which of these groups vote at above average rates?
upper-income Americans college-educated individuals
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner-take-all system
How do interest groups expand the range of issues that come to lawmakers' attention?
- They focus on issues that may be controversial. - They focus on issues that may not have broad impact.
Which of the following are the components of an iron triangle?
-congressional committees - interest groups - executive agencies
Which political leader wrote that the government must dilute the influence of factions and interest groups by filtering their views through properly structured governing institutions?
James Madison
A(n) _____ is comprised of various actors that all have interest and expertise in a particular policy issue, even though they may disagree on what the outcome should be.
issue network
A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.
multiparty
Which of the following make it likely that interest groups will continue to dominate state politics in Texas?
- the traditionalistic/individualistic political culture - the decentralized administrative structure - low levels of political participation
Which of the following statements best describes collective bargaining?
Collective bargaining is the process of negotiation between an employer and a group of employees so as to determine the conditions of employment.
Which of the following are reasons why the amount of traditional news the typical American watches has declined since the 1970s?
- Younger people stopped watching the dinner-time news. - Cable television and other high-choice media became available.
In general, Americans who believe that lifestyle choice is up to the individual are ______.
cultural liberals
On which issues have regional differences persisted to the present day?
social welfare civil rights
Compared to iron triangles, the relationship between actors in an issue network tends to be more ______.
temporary
In the United States, the voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ______ percent.
60
What are the advantages enjoyed by a large interest group such as the AARP?
- It can generate a large amount of mail to members of Congress. - It is well-financed, even though individual members' dues are low. - It has a large staff that lobbies the federal government.
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer.)
- Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. - Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.
Which of the following is a regulation that affects Texas PACs?
- PACs cannot contribute to candidates during a window that begins 30 days prior to the legislative session and ends 20 days after the session ends. - PACs are required to designate a campaign treasurer. - PACs must create complete reports identifying every donor who contributed at least $50 to the campaign.
Which of the following are functions of political consultants?
- gathering voter opinions producing -promotional materials - advising on how to run a successful campaign
Which of the following are among interest groups' judicial lobbying options?
- lawsuits - filing amicus curiae briefs - influencing the selection of federal judges
The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?
1. higher taxes 2. government subsidies for health insurance
What is the primary reason that geographic distribution positively affects the power of interest groups?
It allows groups to command the interest of more legislators.
What has happened to the New England states since the 1980s?
They have shifted toward the Democrats.
True or false: Public employees in Texas do not have the right to bargain collectively.
True
True or false: The Tea Party movement was opposed to higher taxes to support government programs.
True
True or false: The instant gratification people receive from cell phones and other message sources conditions them to seek more of messages.
True
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream.
Among economic groups, which type are the most numerous?
business groups
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to ______.
change in the same direction
The media carry out a(n) ____________ function when they disseminate information from political leaders to the public.
common - carrier
Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?
crosscutting
The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
diminished
Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate will sometimes accomplish which of the following?
draw attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates encourage one or both major parties to address issues introduced by the third party
True or false: Long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship and political division do not have an impact on political socialization.
false
Whereas Jefferson's party had operated largely at the leadership level, Jackson sought a(n):
grassroots party
Citizens who are party identifiers have ______ levels of voter turnout rates than those who identify as independent.
higher
Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
identifying w/ political parties Leaning toward particular ideologies
The responsibility of the Texas Ethics Commission is to enforce laws relating to which of the following?
lobbying campaign finance registration for certain interest groups
All media outlets, whether broadcast, print, cable, or on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are called the news _______
media
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout?
middle-aged people from the upper class
What is the largest category of interest group?
nonmembership organizations
_________ journalism refers to news reporting that is based on "fact" rather than opinion and that presents both sides of a partisan debate.
objective
Local party organizations generally play an active role ______.
only during campaign periods
A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
open
Which of the following would policymakers be likely to rely on when they want to act as delegates in formulating and implementing policy?
opinion polls
Which of the following is the primary goal of most state and local interest groups?
protecting local interests from state activities
Secondary socializing agents who influenced public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic include which of the following?
public officials health care experts
What new technology led to the chaos that spurred the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission?
radio
An interest group is an organization that ______.
seeks to influence government policy
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the first and second finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.
top-two
The Good Roads Association is an example of a(n) ______ because it represents the specific business interests of highway contractors.
trade association
The United States provides a favorable environment for interest groups because ______.
- the tradition of people joining together encourages them to look to interest groups as a way of influencing policymakers - the separation of powers and federalism provide numerous points of access for interest groups to try to influence policymakers - the tradition of free speech and association means there are few legal barriers to the activities of interest groups
Which of the following groups are currently most likely part of the Democratic coalition?
18-29 year olds union members African Americans
What relationship does the national Democratic or Republican Party have with the state and local parties?
All three levels are independent but work together.
True or false: Members of minority groups, secular-minded people, and people living in urban areas lean heavily toward the Republican Party.
False
Which of the following limit government officials' ability to govern solely according to public opinion?
Few people are well informed on public affairs. Many people support policies that are inconsistent with each other. Many people have opinions on issues they know little about.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States?
Higher-income citizens are the most active because they have the resources to participate effectively.
Which statement best describes economic activity in Texas?
The Texas economy is highly diversified, with a strong presence in several industries.
Which of the following factors are said to adversely affect voter turnout in the United States?
frequent elections voter registration laws
Who typically benefits the most from PAC campaign donations?
incumbents
Free societies thrive on the ______ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
participation
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.
political parties
A reason political parties have emerged whenever democracy has been established is that ______.
political parties provide individuals a way to join together in order to exercise their collective influence
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.
the condition of the economy
Which type of interest group represents business firms of a particular kind, such as insurance companies?
trade association
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as
voter turnout
Which of the following media typically have a signaling function?
wire services daily newspapers television networks
______ lobbying involves bringing public pressure on policymakers, such as organizing a letter writing campaign to members of Congress.
outside
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as ______.
social capital
An important feature of private goods for an economic group is that ______.
they are benefits the group can withhold
What is the chief goal of grassroots lobbying efforts by interest groups?
to mobilize supporters to advocate for their organization
State parties are involved with which of the following activities?
voter registration election of governors election of U.S. senators
Which of the following correctly describes members of the "inattentive audience"?
- They pay only sporadic attention to the news. - They pay attention to news when a major event occurs, such as COVID-19.
______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.
direction
Interest group influence is particularly strong among ______ agencies that are responsible for overseeing the nation's business sectors.
regulatory
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as ______.
voter turnout
Because of the increasing cost of political campaigns, ______.
candidates must constantly work to raise funds
Which of the following represents a shared view of pluralists and their critics?
Interest groups are important to bringing the concerns of groups of individuals to the attention of government.
Which of the following forms of political participation require citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources?
volunteering in a political campaign demonstrating for political causes
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of ______.
socialization
Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns? (Choose every correct answer.)
- They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates. - They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions.
Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because ______.
misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality
Much like political parties and interest groups, the news media, or press,
are a key intermediary between Americans and their leaders
Interest groups need money for which of the following?
electioneering lobbying to pay full-time staff public relations
Interest groups that are not directly involved in litigation may file amicus curiae briefs to ______.
encourage a ruling that is beneficial to their cause
Which of the following refers to a general belief about the role and purpose of government?
ideology
Massive shifts in party identification are most likely to occur ______.
in response to major events
Political parties began to emerge in the United States ______.
in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them
Although many people believe it is insignificant, which of the following may result if IDs are not required for voting?
increased fraud
Who or what can be a part of membership organizations?
individual citizens businesses
If you were lobbying Congress, what would be the safest strategy for you to use?
Be aboveboard with members.
Which of the following reduce the accuracy of a poll?
A.RESPONDENTS ARE QUESTIONED ABOUT UNFAMILIAR ISSUES B.HIDE THEIR TRUE OPINIONS C.REACHED BY TELEPHONES REFUSE TO PARTICIPATE
Stories about celebrities, sensational crimes, and scandals in high places have been labeled ______.
soft news
Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.
straight ticket
