Positive and Negative reinforcement. 3 term contingency

Avoidance Contingencies

a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus (prevents it from happening at all)

Escape Contingenices

a response terminates an ongoing stimulus (has already happened and is providing access to escape)

Immediacy of Reinforcement is important

1.Animal research shows that reinforcement is only effective if provided before a time lapse of 30 seconds 2.Reinforcement provided after 1 second is less effective than being provided after a zero second delay.

3 term contingency

ABC: antecedent, behavior, consequence also known as SD- R- C

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented immediately after a response (Bx), strengthens the response (Bx). Example: A: Child asks "want ball" B: Therapist gives a ball C: Child gets to play with ball Behavior of asking for an item in the presence of the therapist is more likely to occur in the future

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed immediately after a response (Bx), strengthens the response (Bx). (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) Example: A: Alarm clock buzzing B: Person presses "snooze" button C: Annoying sound stops Behavior of pressing "snooze" occurs more frequently in the future

SD

antecedent stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response class. SD means there is the option for reinforcement if a specific behavior occurs.

Free-Operant Avoidance

avoidant behavior is free to occur at any time and will delay or prevent the presentation of avoidant stimuli.

Discriminated Avoidance

responding in the presence of a signal prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring