positive psch test 3`

1.What was the "best and most constructive" definition of forgiveness?

"The process by which we replace anger and resentment for someone who hurt us with the kindness and compassion that enable us to move on with our lives."

1.What are the three tool of forgiveness?

1.Social support - getting the help of other people. 2.Journaling - writing about our experience. 3.Meditation - disciplined reflection on it.

1.What are four interventions to increase gratitude?

1. Counting Blessings ● This simply involves writing down up to five things on a daily or weekly basis that you are grateful for. 2.Three Good Things ● • •Counting your blessings morphed into other forms including one in a weeklong online intervention done by Martin Seligman. 3.Gratitude Expression ● •The third intervention added a strong social dimension and was also included as an online intervention by Seligman. 4. Counting Blessings with Meditation •An expansion of the counting blessings exercise using a Naikan meditation technique.

1.What are the five kinds of empathy in Paul Wong's typology of empathy?

1. Instinctual Empathy: •The most primitive type of empathy and is "hardwired" in us for our survival. •Animals respond to distress calls and behaviors by members of the same and sometimes other species. 2. Relational Empathy: •Relational empathy refers to affective responses to another person's feelings only when there is a close relationship. •The closer the relationship, the more sensitive one is to another person's feelings and conditions. 3. Experiential Empathy: This comes from sharing common a personal experience - the Line Game in the movie Freedom Writers. -We have more empathy because we understand what it is like to go through the same kind of thing. 4. Basic Empathy: This involves a set of skills, such as: •active listening •reflective listening •frequent eye contact •non-verbals like nodding •restating or paraphrasing to show you understand 5. Advanced Empathy: It is going beyond verbal and non-verbal expressions. •It means developing an insightful awareness and understanding of another person's intentions, desires, and unspoken concerns.

1.What were the 10 kinds of humor presented in class?

1. Joke: What is a joke? It is a short story that ends with a funny, climactic twist. Irony: 2•Irony is using words to express something completely different from the literal meaning. •Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said. 3. Banter or Repartee: •The playful and generally friendly exchange of teasing remarks. •The comics Abbott and Costello who did the "Who's on first?" routine often made great use of banter. 4. Riddle: A question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require creativity in finding its answer or meaning. 5. Understatement: •Making something that is normal or large seem extremely smaller or less than it is. •Saying that you are a "little stressed out" when you are going through a time of major stress or trauma. 6. Hyperbole: •It involves extreme exaggeration or overstatement. Joking about it being "the end of the world" when you are going through a stressful time 7. Practical Joke A joke put into action to make someone look foolish or amuse other people. •The trick is played on another person and the humor comes from what happens. 8.Satire and Parody Are used to criticize and make fun of the vices or shortcomings of other people. •Parody is a spoof or take-off of an original work. 9.Physical humor: Involves movement rather than the use of language and can include slapstick and physical violence. 10. Situational Humor: This is comedy that comes from your own life. •This type of humor is based on a humorous situation that you have experienced.

1.What are the five dimensions of gratitude?

1. interpersonal—evaluation of the appreciation of others; (2) personal assets—focus on material and non-material goods; (3) present moment—concentration on here and now; (4) rituals of gratitude—to remind oneself of being grateful; (5) astonishment—frequency with which an individual remains enchanted;

1.What two kinds of thinking does Rick Snyder think is involved in his understanding of hope?

1.Agency thinking - is the will to reach a goal. It is the motivation, energy, and thinking about reaching a goal. ● 2.Pathways thinking - is the way to reach a goal. It involves finding new ways and planning to overcome barriers in reaching our goals.

1.What five emotional states are related to the appreciation of beauty and excellence?

1.Awe 2.Wonder 3.Admiration 4.Gratitude 5.Astonishment

1.What are the five common elements that are often mentioned as being most important in the process of forgiveness?

1.Building Self-Compassion: Going through the process of forgiveness can be very demanding and difficult and may require great patience and compassion for yourself. 2.Acknowledging Your Anger: Anger and resentment are a natural consequence of being hurt by another person. 3.Developing Empathy: While it is not always possible to feel empathy for or take the perspective of the offender, it can make it easier when it is possible. 4.Finding Benefits: This is under the category of stress- related growth where you learn, grow, finds benefits, or experience positive change as a result of stressful events. 5. Demonstrating Forgiveness: This involves actually doing something to demonstrate your willingness and commitment to forgive someone or to express that you've forgiven them.

4. How might values clarification and the PATH process help to foster a sense of purpose in life?

1.Clarifying Your Values - used to determine what's important and also short and long-term goals. ● 2.Identifying your Interests - how do you spend your free time or how would if you had more? ● 3.Identifying your Strengths - what do they lead you to want to do, try using strengths in a new way. ● 4.Identifying a Guiding Story (e.g., Hero's Journey) - identify a story that is inspiring and relevant may help anticipate and overcome future obstacles. ● 5.The PATH Process - identifying what you want, map steps for using strengths, enlisting others, and set goals that will help you stay focused.

1. What are the three components of meaning?

1.Cognitive Component - meaning consists of thoughts about what you value and think is important - what do you think about the most when you are free to think? 2.Motivational Component - meaning is motivating - you devote the most time and energy to what is most meaningful to you. 3.Emotional Component - you will have strong feelings about what is most meaningful to you.

2. What are the five things that may make spirituality harmful?

1.Suspension of Critical Thinking - group rejection of independent thought as sinful, demonic. 2.Extreme Group conformity - compulsion to adopt a community code of conduct. 3.Manipulation by Fear- using fear of punishment to control and dominate another - fear of going to hell. 4.Justifying Abuse - in the name of "God" or religion; clergy abuse, slavery, hatred of outgroups, minorities, and other religions and cultures. 5.Social Rejection and Exclusion - rejecting and excluding people because they have different religious and spiritual beliefs - or are atheists or agnostics.

1.What were the five dichotomies of leadership?

1.Task-Oriented vs. Relationship-Oriented Leadership 2. Autocratic vs. Democratic Leadership 3.Transactional vs. Transformational Leadership 4.Destructive vs. Constructive Charismatic Leadership 5. Servant-Leader vs. Self-Serving Leader

1.What are the hot and the cool systems and how are they related to self-control?

1.The hot system includes the impulses, emotions, and reflexes that urge us to go ahead and do something quickly. 2.The cool system includes our ability to think things through in a slower and more deliberate fashion. 3.Whether someone exercises self-control may depend on whether the cool system is strong or developed enough to override the hot system.

2. What is the difference between authentic and imposed meaning?

Imposed Meanings: •Parental - becoming a doctor, lawyer, you must "follow in my footsteps." •Peers - being "cool" - acting to try to fit in. •Extrinsic Religiosity - religion to please others rather than intrinsic meaning to self. . Authentic Meaning: •It brings you energy rather than drains you. •It is where you experience flow and feel passionate. •It is where you experience passion and Joseph Campbell's idea of "bliss".

1.What is the 7 Humor Habits Program and who founded it (you don't have to know the 7 habits)?

Paul McGhee developed a humor intervention called "The 7 Humor Habits Program." • •The goals are to increase humor and positive emotions, to decrease negative emotions, and to increase resilience and the ability to cope with stress.

1.What trait has been most associated with humor?

Wit

1.What is explanatory style and how does Seligman relate it to optimism?

a psychological attribute that indicates how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event, either positive or negative. which determines how they explain an event they have experienced and influences their cognitive (optimistic/pessimistic) expectation of future events

1.Who is Everett Worthington and how did he get into studying forgiveness?

is a psychologist whose mother was murdered in 1996.While another brother, his sister, and hehimself forgave the murderer. In trying to cope with it, Everett began to study forgiveness and wrote a book about it.

1.What is the white bear experiment and what did it find?

participants were instructed to not think of white bears for a period of 5 minutes and to ring a bell each time the thought of a white bear crossed their minds. Following this initial suppression period, another 5-minute phase was introduced during which participants could think of anything they wanted, including white bears, and continued to ring a bell each time the thought of a white bear surfaced. This group was compared to another group of participants who performed the expression phase first, without initial suppression. The results showed that suppression in the first phase was difficult for the participants—most of them.

1.What are the personal and situational factors that make forgiveness likely?

personal Self-compassion Acknowledging your anger Developing empathy Finding benefits Demonstrating forgiveness situational Social Support Journaling Meditation

1.What is the optimism bias?

•the belief that one is less at risk of a a negative event than others. • •For example, this may make it more likely that a person would not engage in safe sex or engage in risky activities such as gambling or riding a motorcycle.

1.What is the difference between Big-C and Little-C citizenship?

-Little-C Citizenship •It involves working for the good of one's country, state, city, country club, church, or sports team. • •This is an "in-group" and an "out-group" and often an us vs. them mentality. -Big-C Citizenship •It involves working for the greatest good of everyone regardless of what group they belong to. • •Everyone is in the "in-group" and there is no us vs. them mentality. We are all in it together. •

1.What were the findings of Walter Mischel's marshmallow experiment regarding the "grabbers" and the "waiters"?

-Mischel followed the group and found that, 14 years later, the "grabbers" •Had lower self-esteem •Were more prone to envy •Were more easily frustrated •Were viewed by others as stubborn -The "waiters" were: •Better copers •More socially competent,self-assertive, trustworthy, dependable •More academically successful - with SATs 210 points higher •Got more kisses as adults Only kidding! J

1.How is self-control like a muscle according to Baumeister?

1.First, the amount of self-control that a person has at one time may be like a muscle in that it can be depleted with overuse. ● 2.Second, the general capacity for self-control can be increased like exercising a muscle.

1.What were the three elements of Big-C citizenship?

1.Focus on what you can do to improve your community as much as what you can take from the community. 2.Discover and work for situations that are win-win for different people and groups of people rather than having your group win at all costs. 3.Work to improve your group by improving it and holding it to a higher standard than lowering the bar to a "my country, or my group right or wrong."

1.What six things did we say that forgiveness is not in class?

1.Forgiveness is not excusing or pardoning what another person has done or keeping them from facing the consequences for their actions. 2.Forgiveness is not justifying what someone has done or rationalizing that it was okay for them to do it .3.Forgiveness does not mean denying the harm of what someone has done to you, trying to ignore it, or denying that it had negative consequences. 4.Forgiveness does not mean having to forget what another person did to hurt you. 5.Forgiveness does not necessarily mean reconciling, getting back together, continuing to relate to someone, or even ever seeing them again. 6.Forgiveness does not mean you have to like or feel affection for the person who hurt you.

1.What are George Vailliant's two main kinds of humor?

1.Hostile - seen as an aggressive means for controlling others and less likely to afford relief from stress because it may alienate others. ● 2. Self-deprecating - seen as adaptive because laughing at ourselves while undergoing stress can lesson the emotional impact of stressful events.

1.What are the four major findings on humor and health?

1.Humor may be a positive asset in recovery from illness. ● 2.Humor may be a positive asset for dealing with mortality. ● 3.Humor may improve immune system functioning. ● 4.Humor may reduce the harmful effects of the stress response.

1.Based on Rick Snyder's theory of hope, what are three ways to increase optimism and hope?

1.Identifying your goal - as you have begun to do. ● 2.Identifying possible pathways to reach your goal - also as you have begun. ● 3.Increasing your confidence in doing what it takes to begin down a pathway - seeing and hearing what is possible

1.What were the five practical ways given to improve leadership (pp. 257-258)?

1.Identifying your interests, values, and goals - using flow and bliss to lead. ● 2.Identifying your personality and leadership style - what kind of a leader and where. ● 3.Identifying your strengths and how you can use them to lead - VIA and Strength Finder 4.Building your strengths and learning new skills - Susan Cain's Quiet and Toastmasters for introverts. ● 5.Examining your motivation to be a Big-L leader - why do you want to do it, only for individual or larger community.

1.What are the three moral functions of gratitude?

1.It may serve as a moral barometer letting us know when someone else has done something for us. ● 2.It may serve as a moral motive influencing us to give back to others. ● 3.It gratitude may serve as a moral reinforcer that encourages and rewards us for what we have previously done for other people.

. How do the work of Joseph Campbell, Dan McAdams, and James Pennebaker support the value of developing a sense of meaning?

1.Joseph Campbell's idea of a hero's journey shows us how important it has been for people to see themselves as part of a story where facing challenges can bring great rewards. ● 2.Dan McAdams work has showed us that having a life story with a positive resolution and redemption may be important for psychological well-being. ● 3.James Pennebaker writing interventions has provided evidence that forming a coherent narrative in the context of stressful events may be beneficial for mental and physical health.

3. What are the five things that may make spirituality beneficial?

1.Meaning and Purpose - It may increase a positive and authentic sense of meaning and purpose. 2.Positive Relationships - It may increase positive social relationships with a variety of people. 3.Social Justice - it may motivate and empower people to confront injustice and improve human community. 4.Better Health Behaviors - it may involve improving diet, exercise, and self-care. 5.Increase Positive Emotions - it may in both individual and group practices.

1. How were meaning, purpose, and spirituality defined in class?

1.Meaning is our understanding of who we are, what the world is like, and how we fit in it. ● 2.Purpose is having a long-term and overarching goal that brings meaning to our lives and gives us a sense of direction. ● 3.Spirituality is having a connection with something larger than ourselves that brings our life meaning and purpose.

1.What is the difference between optimism and Rick Snyder's definition of hope?

1.Optimism involves just expecting good things to happen - just thinking. ● 2.Whereas hope, in Snyder's way of thinking, involves both thinking and doing: •Actively doing something to make good things happen.

1.What are the three major kinds of goodness to appreciate according to Haidt and Keltner?

1.Physical Beauty 2.Skill or Talent 3.Virtue or Moral Goodness

1.What are the three focuses of the appreciation of beauty and excellence?

1.Physical beauty - primarily the beauty of the visual environment but also auditory beauty such as music - and even other senses. 2.Skill or Talent - displays of virtuosity or superhuman ability. 3.Virtue or Moral Goodness - the appreciation of beautiful acts of love, kindness, fairness, and justice.

1.What are two reasons that optimism may be good for us?

1.Preparation and practice - One reason optimism and hope may make a difference is that they make it more likely that you will practice and prepare for a task. 2.Trying and persisting - The other reason why optimism and hope work is you may be more likely to try to persist in the face of obstacles.

1.What are three ways to foster appreciation?

1.Recognizing More of the Good 2. Savoring the Goodness 3. Responding to the Goodness

1.What are six ways to foster self-control? (pp. 266-269)

1.Self-Monitoring: This is one of the best supported ways for changing behaviors such as eating and drinking. 2. Implementation Intention: Peter Gollwitzer introduced this research-supported idea that makes you more likely to reach a goal involving self-control. 3. Mental Contrasting: Gabriele Oettingen introduced this technique of improving self-control by visualizing a positive outcome. 4. Stimulus Control Reduce likelihood of indulging athought, feeling, or impulse bymaking it less likely to be tempted 5. Urge-Surfing Alan Marlatt used it to treat alcohol problems when the craving for alcohol began to rise like a mighty wave - but it is good for any recurrent tempting thoughts.

1.What are three meanings that have been associated with humor by Willibald Ruch?

1.The playful recognition, enjoyment, and/or creation of incongruities. ● 2.The ability to make others smile or laugh. ● 3.A cheerful view on adversity that allows one to see the light side and thereby sustain a good mood.

1.What are the four kinds of self-control according to Baumeister?

1.Thoughts - controlling thoughts includes getting certain thoughts out of our minds - such as those of chocolate kisses. ● 2.Emotions - controlling emotions includes trying to reduce our feelings of fear, sadness, or anger - for example at someone who cut us off or hurt us. ● 3.Impulses - controlling our impulse to do something such as pick up a piece of chocolate and eat it. ● 4.Performance - we also use self-control to improve our performance on a range of tasks such as playing a video game, singing, or playing a musical instrument.

1.What are the six reasons people give for forgiving?

1.To quiet our angry feelings and feel more peaceful. ● 2.To reduce the harmful effects of anger and hostility on health. ● 3.To free ourselves to move on from the past. ● 4.To develop better relationships with others. ● 5.To improve our relationship with the one who hurt you. ● 6.To motivate the person to change (?).

1.What were the six ways to move from Little-C to Big-C citizenship?

1.Volunteering for the community - not just for individuals, fit with values, interests, and strengths. ● 2.Working with others towards a common goal - the Greatest Generation during WWII ● 3.Raising awareness of the problems and suffering - building compassion and the movie Paper Clips. 4.Developing empathy and compassion for others - for those who are other or different in Line Game. ● 5.Discover what it feels like to be in the outgroup - blue eyes and brown eyes with Jane Elliott. ● 6.Remembering those who sacrificed for us - 91 year old man's gratitude for the those who died at D-Day.

1.What is the difference between Big-L and Little-L leadership?

big L: as the formal leadership of a relatively large number of people in larger groups little L:as the everyday leadership we all exercise in facilitating group activities and even in leading and influencing other individuals.

1.Who is Kim Phuc and how is her story related to forgiveness?

•A nine year old girl, Kim Phuc, after being severely burned by a napalm attack during the Vietnam War in 1972. •In 1996 she met one of the pilots that had participated in the bombing of her town. •She was able to forgave him because, she said: "Forgiveness is stronger than any weapon in the world."

1.What is the difference between destructive and constructive charisma?

•Constructive charismatic leaders such as King and Kennedy are oriented towards serving, empowering, and transforming others. •Destructive charismatic leaders such as Hitler use their charisma and ability to persuade people to submit to them so that they can increase their own power and status in serving their own ends.

1.What is the difference between constructive an destructive humor?

•Constructive humor often involves the playful discovery of incongruity and absurdity without demeaning or making fun of another person. •Destructive humor involves intentionally trying to put down, ridicule, or harm another person.

1.What is the missing mediator problem in relation to positive thinking?

•People assume that thinking about something positive happening causes it to happen. •However, as you may know, the fact that two things may be related - correlated - does not equal causation. •And people miss the mediator of this relationship - which is action. •Actually, positive thinking can make it more likely that a person will do something that makes it more likely the event will happen. •The danger is if you believe that thinking alone will make it happen, you may not think you need to act and it may be less likely to actually happen - thinking about your best possible life & action.

1.What is the big danger in positive thinking?

•The danger is if you believe that thinking alone will make it happen, you may not think you need to act and it may be less likely to actually happen - thinking about your best possible life & action.

1.What were the findings of the nursing home study by Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin?

•The high control group improved and the low control group worsened in physical health. •More in the low control group died (30%, 13 or 44) than in the high control group (15%, 7 of 47).

1.How have optimism and hope been related to mental and physical health?

•They are consistently related to better mental health including less anxiety, depression, and negative emotion. • •They are consistently related to better physical health including better adjustment to chronic pain and illness.