Positive Psychology Exam 1

what are the specific three great realms of life

love, work, and play

conceptual equivalence

the extent to which a particular construct or concept has the same definition in two different cultures

Momotaro story

"Peach Boy" the boy portrays the strengths valued in Japanese and other Asian cultures: collectivism, promoting harmony, interdependence and collaboration, interdependence and sharing

how many collectivists and individualists are there in the world

4.5 billion collectivists and 2 billion individualists

languishing

A term pertaining to individuals who do not have a mental illness but who are low in social, emotional, and psychological well-being.

flourishing

A term pertaining to individuals who have simultaneously high levels of social, emotional, and psychological well-being.

emotional well-being consists of what two things

A type of well-being consisting of perceptions of affirmed happiness and satisfaction with life, along with a balance of positive and negative affect.

social well being consists of what five things

A type of well-being that consists of coherence, integration, actualization, contribution, and acceptance by others.

psychological well-being consists of what 6 things

A type of well-being that consists of six elements: self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations with others.

who coined the term positive psychology and where did they use it

Abraham Maslow in a chapter in his book Motivation and Personality

What country is the most collectivist of the various nations across the globe

China

what two classifications of illness have attained worldwide acceptance

ICD and DSM

who provided the label positive psychology

Martin Seligman

talent

Naturally recurring patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied and manifested in life experiences characterized by yearnings, rapid learning, satisfaction, and timelessness.

What is self-actualization?

Reaching your full potential; only about you and you do not make decisions based on what others think

linguistic equivalence

The extent to which a measure has been appropriately translated from its original language into another; items on the measure must have the same linguistic meaning in both languages, meaning that various idioms, vocabulary, etc. must be examined carefully.

metric equivalence and what is one issue with this

The extent to which scales of measurement used on various tests are equivalent one issue with this type of equivalence is even if two scales contain the same metrics visually, different cultures may not use them in an equivalent manner.

reality negotiation

The ongoing processes by which people arrive at agreed-upon worldviews or definitions

What question is at the heart of positive psychology?

What is right about people?

What question guided the thinking of most applied psychologists?

What is wrong with people?

individualism and what are the two constructs related to it

a cultural value that emphasizes individual achievement, competition, personal freedom, and autonomy. a perspective in which the needs of the individual are places above the needs of the group hope and need for uniqueness

collectivism

a cultural value that prizes the concepts of sharing, cooperation, interdependence (dependence), and duty to the group. a perspective in which the needs of the group are placed above the needs of the individual toward ingroups and away from outgroups

Hinduisum

a diverse body of religion philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India. Hinduism is characterized by a belief in the interconnectedness of all things and emphasizes personal improvement with the goal of transcending the cycle of reincarnation

eastern cultures orientation to time

a greater focus on and respect for the past

enlightment

a human's capacity to transcend desire and suffering and to see things clearly for what they are

Buddhism

a philosophical and religious system based on the teachings of Buddha: Life is dominated by suffering caused by desire, suffering ends when we end desire, and enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth

Taoism

a philosophical and religious system developed by Lao-Tzu that advocated a simple, honest life and noninterference in the course of natural events

Confucianism

a philosophical and religious system developed from the teachings of Confucius. Value love for humanity, duty, etiquette, and truthfulness. Devotion to family, including ancestors, is also emphasized.

Islam

a philosophical and religious tradition based on the teachings of Muhammed that emphasizes duty to one's fellow man. Followers believe in Allah as the creator and benefactor in all things. can be considered a practice by both western and eastern cultures

life statisfaction

a sense of contentment and peace stemming from small gaps between wants and needs

what is an identity dimension

a set of person attributes which have a common core of meaning

agape

a spiritual love that reflects selflessness and altruism

Nirvana

a state in which the self is freed from desire. this is the final destination in the Buddhist philosophy

harmony and what traditions view it as essential to happiness

a state of consensus of balance. eastern traditions view harmony as essential to happiness

compassion and what are the three things it requires

an aspect of humanity that involves looking outside oneself and thinking about others as we care for and identify with them. in positive psychology compassion requires (1) that the difficulty of the recipient be serious (2) that the recipient's difficulties are not self-inflicted, and (3) that we, as observers, are able to identify with the recipient's suffering

professionals interested in psychotherapy consider the ability to love, work, and play to be what two things

an aspect of the change process OR one of the primary goals of counseling

what 2 subareas of psychology were focused on human weaknesses

applied psychology and psychiatry

basic tenets of three influential western traditions

athenian, judeo-christian, and islam

what are some of the potential benefits of focusing on the positive in daily life according to Martin Seligman

being physically healthier, make normal people stronger and more productive as well as making high human potential actual

strength

capacity for feeling, thinking, and behaving in a way that allows optimal functioning in the pursuit of valued outcomes

eastern culture thought processes

circle wide range of events relationship between things understanding the whole

people become more ________ as they grow older

collectivist

four influential eastern disciplines

confucianism, taoism, buddhism, hinduism

what are life's three most important outcomes

connecting with others, pursuing meaning, and experiencing some degree of pleasure or satisfaction

The Search Institute's 40 Developmental Assets

consider internal and external variables that contribute to a child's thriving external are the positive experiences that children and youth gain through interactions with people and institutions internal are those personal characteristics and behaviors that stimulate the positive development of young people

empirically based

developed using available research knowledge

what are the 7 characteristics of people who are self-actualized

efficient perception of reality accept themselves/others for what they are they are humorous but not at the expense of others highly creative establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with few people democratic attitudes strong moral and ethical standards

what is hope as defined by Synder

goal-directed thinking in which a person has the perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals (pathway thinking) and the requisite motivations to use these routes (agency thinking)

As one becomes more sensitized to money, this need for uniqueness will _______

grow

Karl Menninger did what

he encouraged clinicians and researchers to dispense with the labels of sickness, called for the development of a simple diagnostic system that described the life process rather than states or conditions, reminded us of the"sublime expressions of the life instinct": hope, love, and faith

what are three behaviors of people who are self-actualized

honesty takes responsibility and works hard tries new things

what are 3 constructs that are particularly valued in western cultures

hope, optimism, and personal self-efficacy

what is esteem

how others think of you

Martin Seligman grew tired of the fact that psychology was not yielding enough "______ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____"

knowledge of what makes life worth living

western culture thought processes

line simpler more deterministic focus on more salient objects or pictures instead of the larger picture think they can control events because they know the rules that govern behavior of objects

In judging the success of positive psychology, we hold that it must be subjected to the very highest standards of ______ and ______

logic science

The Gallup Themes of Talent

measured by the Clifton StrengthsFinder 2.0 and the Clifton Youth StrengthsExplorer

Applied Psychology was mostly about what

mental illnesses and understanding and helping the people who were living with them

________ is more important than ______ in terms of achievement

motivation ability

developmental researchers have described love, work, and play as what

normal tasks associated with human growth

western culture orientation to time

often look to the future

Snyder and Franklin theory of uniqueness

people evaluate the acceptability of their having varying degrees of similarity to other people people prefer the moderate to high range of similarity

What is efficacy?

perceived control of your environment

social constructions

perspectives or definitions that are agreed upon by many people to constitute reality (rather than some objectively defined "truth" that resides in objects, situations, and people).

westerners might search for rewards in the ________ plane and easterners seek to more of a ____ one

physical spiritual

Martin Seligman

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology wrote the article "Building Human Strength" about the need for positive psychology

what is a common human foible

seeing only the good in one's own actions and the bad in those of others

what are the hierarchy of needs

self-actualization esteem love and belonging safety basic needs

The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths

serves as the antithesis of the DSM and it holds promise for fostering our understanding of psychological strengths more strength based approach to diagnosis and treatment

Anishinaabe

teachings that come from the Ojibwe tradition in American Indian culture emphasizing seven values ("The Seven Grandfathers' Teachings" each represented by an animal) that should be followed

validity

the ability of a scale to measure what it is intended to measure

Reliability

the ability of a scale to produce consistent and reliable results over a number of administrations of after the passage

how did Freud define normalcy and how have researchers referred to this

the capacity to love, work, and play "mental health"

criterion validity

the extent to which scores on a scale can predict actual behavior or performance on another, related measure

construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

what social classes are more likely to be collectivist

the lower social classes

psychometric properties

the measurement characteristics of the tools The measurement characteristics of a scale that include its reliability, validity, and statistics on items of the measure.

pathway thinking

the perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals

need for uniqueness

the pursuit of individualistic goals to produce a sense of specialness

agency thinking

the requisite motivations to use routes to desired goals

what is positive psychology

the scientific and applied approach to uncovering people's strengths and promoting their positive functioning

The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths was influenced by what two things

the wellsprings measure and Gallup's strengthsfinder measure

How did Seligman bring attention to the topic of positive psychology

used his bully pulpit

components of character included what three things

virtues, character strengths, and situational themes

are people quicker to respond about their weaknesses or strengths

weaknesses

Future psychologists must develop an inclusive approach that examines both the ___________ and the _________ of people in varying cultural groups, as well as the ________ and the _________ in the environment.

weaknesses; strengths stressors; resources

Athenian

western philosophical tradition focused on the writings and teachings of Plato and Aristotle

Judeo-Christian

western religious tradition emphasizing Christianity and Judaism

how do we motivate

with the hierarchy of needs