Positive Psychology Exam 1

What does Joseph Campbell mean by "following your bliss"?

"Following your bliss" is "the deepest sense of being in form and going where your body and soul want to go"

What were the four ways given to increase the love of learning?

1. Identifying what you are interested in 2. Focusing on what you're good at 3. Finding things that you value learning about 4. Identifying what you enjoy learning for its own sake.

What are the six kinds of stress related growth?

1. Improved relationships with others 2. Increased personal strength 3. Greater appreciation of life 4. Discovering new values or possibilities 5. Spiritual growth 6. Finding meaning and purpose

What are three things that the positive psychology movement has accomplished?

1. It has re-defined the definition of what human beings value is not just avoiding pain and suffering, but as also seeking joy, happiness, meaning, and fulfillment. 2. It has provided a new language for identifying and studying the human qualities and strengths that can help us all move forward towards better lives. 3. Most importantly, it has made it much more acceptable to bring the full power of science to answer the kind of questions that may be important for living life to the fullest.

What are the four common practices for increasing mindfulness?

1. Mindful breathing 2. Mindful body scan 3. Choiceless awareness 4. Mindfulness during daily life

What are the six factors that may increase resilience?

1. Mindfulness based stress reduction 2. Self-efficacy 3. Active rather than avoidant approach 4. Support system of people 5. Spirituality/religion 6. Positive emotions

What are the five sources of self - efficacy?

1. Performance experiences 2. Vicarious experiences 3. Imaginal experiences 4. Positive feedback 5. Reducing stress and emotional distress

What are the five elements of PERMA?

1. Positive emotion 2. Engagement 3. (Positive) Relationships 4. Meaning 5. Accomplishment

What are five things that positive psychology is not?

1. Positive psychology is not the avoidance of the negative 2. Positive psychology is not just about superficial happiness 3. Positive psychology is not just common sense 4. Positive psychology is not only for those already doing well 5. Positive psychology is not only for optimists

What are the four things that may increase stress related growth?

1. Positive reappraisal 2. Emotional self-disclosure 3. Spirituality 4. Constructing a coherent narrative

What are the six stages of change?

1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3.Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination

What are the four ways we mentioned to beat the hedonic treadmill?

1. Psychotherapy 2. Medication 3. Meditation 4. Positive psychology exercises

What are the four paths or trajectories Bonano found that people follow after a major stressful event?

1. Resilience 2. Recovery 3. Chronic 4. Delayed

How did we define self efficacy?

Our belief in our ability to do what it takes to reach a certain goal

What is the negativity bias?

Our focus on negative emotions and our problems and weaknesses is a part of the bias that we have evolved with to survive

What are the two evolved human responses to stress and how are they different?

Parasympathetic activation/rest and digest Sympathetic activation/ fight or flight

What is the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm?

Participants are asked to read about problems of life management, planning and review. Their responses are recorded aloud and analyzed based not the 5 criteria.

How do the hero's journey and positive psychology compliment each other?

The Hero's Journey can inspire, motivate, and guide us on the way and positive psychology can give us the best tools possible for successfully making the journey.

How did we define positive psychology?

The application of the scientific method to enable us to make the most of our lives and live them to the fullest

What was referred to as the Un-DSM?

The character strengths and virtues book

What is Sternberg's balance theory of wisdom?

The development of wisdom involves learning to balance the knowledge gained from multiple interests for the common good.

How did the weightlifting experiment show the effects of self-efficacy?

The experimenters manipulated self-efficacy of weight-lifters by giving them false feedback about their performance. They told some they could lift more or less than they did to see if it affected their future performance.

What is selective exposure?

The idea that people maintain their beliefs by exposing themselves to information that they already know is likely to support what they want to believe.

What are Carol Ryff's six components of well-being?

1. A sense of purpose in life 2. Environmental mastery 3. Autonomy 4. Self-acceptance 5. Positive relations with others 6. Personal growth

What are the four criteria for the VIA strengths?

1. A strength can contribute to the good life- for oneself and for others. 2. Although strengths can and do provide desirable outcomes, they are morally values in its own right. 3. The display of a strength by one person does not have to diminish or hurt others 4. The presence of absence of each strength can be illustrated by examples that we can all recognize.

What are the three components of mindfulness?

1. Awareness 2. Attention 3. Non-judgment

What does the broaden and build theory say are the functions of positive emotions?

1. Broaden- positive emotions enable us to broaden the number of things we can do - to face challenges, solve problems, deal with stress. 2. Build- Positive emotions enable us to build our strength that can not need to deal with challenges, problems, and stress but also to be happy and find joy, meaning, and fulfillment.

What are three ways that with them it's a master virtue according to Schwartz and Sharpe?

1. Enable a person to decide which strengths are most relevant for the current situation. 2. Enable a person to decide how to specifically apply a relevant strength. 3. Use wisdom to decide among strengths that may be in conflict with each other.

What are three components of happiness as defined by psychology?

1. High life satisfaction 2. Few negative emotions 3. Many positive emotions

What are the five criteria for what is wise according to Paul Baltes?

1. Rich factual knowledge (fundamental practicalities of life) 2. Rich procedural knowledge (knowing how to do things) 3. Lifespan contextualism (work vs school vs family) 4. Values relativism and tolerance (acknowledgment of individual differences/cultural differences) 5. Recognition and management of uncertainty (the limitations of human information processing/being aware of what we may not know.

What were the four way it's given to increase open mindedness?

1. Talk to someone with an opposing point of view 2. Learn about a different point of view 3. Play the devil's advocate with people who agree with you 4. Make a new friend who has a different point of view but who you otherwise like very much

What are the four strengths metaphors?

1. The Sailboat Metaphor 2. The Gandhi latter 3. The Matrix analogy (download programs for success, learn and practice strengths) 4. From Martial to Vital Arts (from practicing for the black belt of combat to the black belt of life)

What are the six reasons why the hero's journey is relevant for positive psychology?

1. The hero's journey can help us follow the math of science 2. The hero's journey can help us understand what is means to be our best 3. The hero's journey can help us see the value of our life 4. The hero's journey can inspire and motivate us to be our best 5. The hero's journey can help us face and benefit from the worst 6. The hero's journey can connect us with all of humanity

What are the 12 stages of the hero's journey as presented in the chapter?

1. The ordinary world 2. The call to adventure 3. Refusal of the call 4. Meeting the mentor 5. Crossing the threshold 6. Tests, allies, enemies 7. Approach and preparation 8. The ordeal 9. The reward 10. The road back 11. The resurrection 12. Return with the elixir

What is the PATH process?

1. Touching the dream 2. Sensing the goal 3. Ground in the now 4. Invite enrollment 5. Building strength 6. Identify bold steps 7. Organizing the month's work 8. Committing to the first step

What are the six categories of virtues in the VIA classification?

1. Wisdom 2. Courage 3. Humanity 4. Justice 5. Temperance 6. Transcendence

What are the three conditions necessary for flow?

1. You must be clear about the goals of the activity and what would be considered progress 2. The task must have clear and immediate feedback for you. This makes it possible for you to adjust your effort to maintain the flow state. 3. There must be a good balance between the perceived challenges of tasks and your perceived skills.

What did Emmy Werner find and how was it relevant for the study of resilience?

1/3 of children who grew up in poor conditions didn't develop the same issues as the other 2/3, deeming them resilient

What is the "340 ways" and how can they help you?

340 ways to use your strengths to the best of your ability

What is the emotion of elevation?

A warm or glowing feeling in the chest that motivates people to better themselves morally

What is the sailboat metaphor and what does it say about using our strength versus focusing on our weaknesses?

Addressing weaknesses is like plugging holes. You might sink if you don't. Using strengths is like raising the sail. You won't go anywhere if you don't. Letting the sails carry you is much easier and more fun than only paying attention to holes.

What is the hedonic treadmill?

As people rise or fall in their accomplishments and possessions, their expectations adjust to a new level. Bike to Toyota to Lexus

How did we define mindfulness for this class?

Being aware of and paying attention to whatever is occurring in the present moment without making judgments about it.

Who is Jon Kabat-Zinn and what did he do regarding mindfulness?

Brought mindfulness to the attention of science and positive psychology

What is stress inoculation training?

Clearly identify a problem or stressor, acquire the skills you need and rehearse them, apply the skills you learned and rehearsed to cope with stress when it arises

What are cognitive reappraisal, behavioral activation, and exposure therapy; and how are the relevant for positive psychology?

Cognitive reappraisal: the ability to change the way we think about things. Behavioral activation: simply doing those things that bring us the greatest sense of enjoyment and reward. Exposure therapy: the best supported "go-to" treatment for anxiety disorders. Gradually exposing yourself to the thing that you fear the most with the support of a therapist. It enables us to confront the negativity bias

How does Todd Kashdan think that curiosity can help us increase happiness and well-being?

Curiosity may drive us from the simple pursuit of hedonic happiness to the richer pursuit of eudaimonic happiness.

What is the happiness formula and what percentage do each of the predictors of happiness account for?

H= S + C + V. H= the level of happiness you experience. S= your biological set point. C= the conditions of your life. V= the voluntary activities that you do. Conditions of our life- 10%. Genetics and biology- 50%. Voluntary activities- 40%.

What did the review by Lyubomirsky, Diener, and King find out about the relationship between happiness and success?

Happiness frequently leads to success. Happiness may lead to a greater likelihood of approaching possibilities for success in the future and better reactions to negative emotions when they occur.

What is the difference between hedonic and eudaemonic well-being?

Hedonia is the ability to experience pleasure. Eudaemonia is the ability to be true to your inner self. The primary goal of the hedonic approach is to seek as much pleasure as possible while avoiding painful experiences. The primary goal of the eudaemonic approach is to seek personal fulfillment and the realization of your own unique potential.

How are humanistic and existential psychology relevant for positive psychology?

Humanistic psychology head focused on the inherent growth potential of human beings towards an authentic and fulfilling life. Existential psychology had emphasized the importance of a sense of meaning in life and the value of confronting ultimate question of life and death.

Why might curiosity be good for us?

It can increase intelligence, autonomy, self-esteem, problem-solving ability, subjective well-being or happiness, the evolution of human knowledge and science

How is positive psychology an umbrella term?

It includes all of the attempts to scientifically study what brings us joy, happiness, meaning, and fulfillment - or in Peterson's words "what makes life worth living"

Why can self - efficacy be so beneficial?

It may make you more likely to approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than threats to be avoided.

Who was the founder of positive psychology?

Martin Seligman

How was the work of Maslow, Rogers, and Frankl relevant for positive psychology?

Maslow studied the ability to self actualize and have peak experiences. Rogers studied the tendency to grow towards being a fully functioning person. Frankl studied the freedom to choose a life of meaning and purpose.

What is the difference between a maximizer and satisficer?

Maximizers are the people who comprehensively consider every possible option with the final goal of selecting the very best one. Satsificers consider a few possibilities until an option is found that is acceptable or good enough.

What did Elizabeth Dunn find about happiness and how we spend our money on?

Money may bring more happiness if you spend it on someone else rather than yourself

What are four basic positive emotions and four basic negative emotions?

Positive: joy, contentment, interest, love Negative: anger, fear, sadness, disgust

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?

Quantitative: data are in form of numbers usually collected from a large group of people to test preconceived hypotheses. Qualitative: data are in form of words/stories usually collected from a smaller number of people, often to develop new theories.

What is the difference between resilience and stressed - related growth?

Resilience: the ability to bounce back from stress. Stress-related growth: the ability to actually learn, grow, and benefit from stress.

How has the negativity bias seen in gambling and relationships?

The pleasure of gaining a certain amount of money is smaller than the pain of losing the same amount

How did we define wisdom in class?

The practical knowledge and understanding that enables us to achieve happiness and well-being.

What is the Ghandi ladder and why is it important?

The progression from our beliefs to thoughts, thoughts to words, words to actions, actions to habits, habits to values, values to destiny. It can help us build and increase our strengths.

What is the hero's journey as described by Joseph Campbell?

The universal story of how human beings face and overcome all kinds of obstacles and in the process come to live fully and be at their best.

How does the character strengths and virtues book define open mindedness?

The willingness to search actively for evidence against one's favored beliefs, plans, or goals, and to weigh such evidence fairly when it is available.

What did Ryan Howell find about happiness and how we spend our money?

We gain more happiness from spending our money on experiences rather than possessions. This may be because 1) We feel more alive after spending our money on experiences rather than materials, 2) Experiences continue to provide happy memories while the value of possessions fade over time, and 3) Experiences may serve to connect us more with other people than possessions do

What is the optimal stimulation/dual process theory?

When anxiety is stronger than curiosity, we tend to disengage from goals to reduce risk and stimulation. When curiosity is stronger than anxiety, we tend to explore our environment

What was the main catalyst for Martin Seligman's beginning to think about positive psychology?

When his daughter Nikki confronted him about his grouchiness.