Positive Psychology Test 3

Attachment Style and Relationship Behaviour study

- Couples videotaped while trying to solve major relationship problem - Anxious individuals (esp. women): Displayed and experienced more stress, anxiety, anger -Exhibited more negative behaviour -Behave in ways that make it more likely they will be rejected - Avoidant individuals (esp. men): Were less warm and supportive towards partner -Most people are secure (50-65%) - Secure people are happier than dismissive and preoccupied people who are more happy than the fearful people Secure people have more life satisfaction and positive affect than dissmissive who have more than preoccupied who have more than fearful.

divergent vs. convergent thinking

- Divergent thinking: thinking in many different ways that may or may not show direct relevance to a solution - Convergent thinking: problem-solving strategies converge on single correct answer

excellence in teams study

- Looked at baseball (cohesiveness unimportant) and basketball (cohesiveness important) -After a certain point, adding more superstars lead to worse performance - Ideally, the basketball team is about 2/3 superstars - If everyone is great, they will compete for position - Baseball tended to get better with more stars, because cohesiveness as less important

Loving-kindness meditation

-told to think about someone you love and wish peace to them. Then think about someone you don't know very well and wish peace and happiness to them. Eventually asked to wish peace and happiness to people you do like. -Leads to automatically wishing the best to people who have wronged you.

5 ways to enhance savouring

1. Absorption - allowing self to be immersed in experience 2. Sharpening the senses - if we want to focus on one sense, we can shut the others out to focus better on the sensation 3. Memory-building - stopping and appreciating the experience 4. Sharing with others 5. Self-congratulation

5 dark sides of happiness

1. Wrong degree of happiness - High positive - more risky behaviour, not realistic -Low negative- don't fear consequence or feel guilt. Symptom of psychopathy. - Moderate emotions makes us more sensitive to cues in our environment. 2.Wrong time for happiness - if you are in a threatening environment, it is adaptive to be able to focus and respond to the threat. Positive emotions would be a disadvantage. 3. Emotions signal to others - tell others what we need. If we pretend to be cheerful, people don't know we need support. 4. Wrong ways to pursue happiness 5. Wrong types of happiness - Some may have negative social consequences (extreme pride, not feeling guilt)

two dimensions of attachment

1. avoidance - attitude towards others 2. anxiety - attitude towards self. Higher anxiety associated with greater distress for negative events, and more relationship-threatening attributions

Two subscales of the transgression motivation questionnaire

1.Avoidance 2.Revenge

3 things that inhibit savouring

1.Excessive focus on the evaluation of positive feelings 2. Distractions 3. Not having enough time

Aesthetics vs. Savouring

Aesthetics - appreciation of the beautiful and the sublime Savouring - Being aware of pleasure and attempting to make it last

altruistic vs. egotistic motivation

Altruistic motivation- Helping purely for the sake of providing benefit to another person Egoistic motivation - Helping in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishments. helping others to minimize own distress

Two independent processes to fully understand human relationship

Aversive processes - eliminating of negative relationship behaviours Appetitive processes - promoting of positive relationship behaviours

constructive vs. destructive conflict

Constructive conflict - accepting influence from partner and compromising Destructive conflict - insulting, denying responsibility, withdrawing

empathy vs. sympathy

Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of another. -May be dispositional or situationally-induced (moderately heritable) • Sympathy: Feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune.

Strange situation

Examines reaction of child to -exploration -mom leaves -stranger enters -mom returns

guilt vs. shame

Guilt - situation specific negative self view Shame - all encompassing view of the self. fear of disconnection, leads to vulnerability

Hedonic primary enhancement vs. Eudaemonic primary enhancements

Hedonic primary enhancement: Maximizing pleasure and satisfaction Eudaemonic primary enhancements: Setting and reaching goals

job vs. career vs. calling

Job - means of earning a living Career - source of achievement, competition, prestige, satisfaction Calling - source of personal fulfilment, serving a socially useful purpose

maladaptive vs. adaptive parenting behaviours

Maladaptive parenting behaviours-Chaotic unplanned attempts to meet a childs needs, lack of availability. related to delinquency in children Adaptive parenting behaviours- responsiveness to cues. causally linked to childrens functional behaviour.

Primary vs. secondary Enhancement

Primary Enhancement - Establish optimal functioning and satisfaction Secondary Enhancement - Sustain and build upon already optimal functioning and satisfaction

selection vs. protection effects

Selection effects: Happy people get married. When people are happier, it is easier to have a successful relationship. Protection effects: Marriage makes people happy *Evidence for both selection and protection effects

Forgiveness after infidelity model

Step 1: promote non-distorted realistic appraisal of the relationship of the two people Step 2: attempt to facilitate a release form the bond of ruminative negative affect held towards the transgressing partner Step 3: help the victimized partner feel less desire to punish the transgressing partner.

mental contrasting method

Wish - what is it I want? Outcome - imagine/visualize success Obstacle - focus on things that may get in the way Plan - how you expect to overcome the obstacles. *alternative to just fantasizing about positive outcomes.

Bids for attention + 3 responses

attempt to create connection between two people with a statement that expects a response. 1. Turning toward - positive response, acknowledges what you said and responds. 2. Turning away - ignored or briefly acknowledged but does not engage further conversation. Tend to divorce most quickly due to lack of connection 3.Turning against - hostile response. Higher divorce rate, but later

Developmental discipline

building caring and trusting relationships with students who have insecure attachments to their primary caregivers.

Compassionate love vs. passionate love

compassionate - an attitude towards another containing feelings, cognitions, and behaviours that are focused on caring, concern, tenderness, and an orientation towards understanding, supporting, and helping the other. passionate - intense arousal that fuels a romantic union. State of absorption between two people accompanied by moods ranging from ecstasy to anguish

Ethnocultural empathy vs. diversity management

ethnocultural empathy-ability to feel for groups outside of our own Diversity management - using various management techniques that increase the positive outcomes associated with having more diversity in the workplace.

Committed Relationship Ideology

extent to which people believe: - All people want to marry/seriously couple - A committed relationship is the most important adult relationship -Romantic relationships are a source of happiness - People in committed relationships are "better" people

Flourishing relationships vs. person growing relationships

flourishing relationship - good relationships that continue to get better due to the concerted effort of both partners. Person-growing relationships - relationships that promote optimal functioning of both participants.

Remote Associates Test

for each of 3 unrelated words, come up with a 4th to connect all 3.

Benefit finding

go through a crisis and find benefits in the experience.

Cell manufacturing

groups of multiskilled workers take responsibility for an entire sequence in the production process.

Relationship threatening attributions

interpret behaviours in ways that do not contribute to the success of the relationship.

Sternberg's love triangle

intimacy + commitment = companionate passion + commitment = fatuous love passion + intimacy = romantic love all three = consummate love

Idealization

people should idealize their partner, they should have no flaws.

positive parenting program

program consisting of small group sessions in which parents learn how to balance family life with the pursuit of money through work

Mirror neurons

react identically when an animal performs and witnesses the same action.

Gratitude

recognized that one has received a positive outcome from another individual that is either: - Costly to the other person -Valuable to the recipient - Intentionally rendered

relationship enhancing attributions vs. negative sentiment override

relationship enhancing attributions-attributing behaviour of partner to positive aspects of the relationship - Most threatening attributions are internal and stable, least threatening it external and temporary. -People who are more satisfied with relationships choose more positive attributions, which feeds further into our satisfaction, like a cycle. Negative sentiment override - looking for ways to interpret partner's behaviour negatively

Religious prosociality hypothesis

religion more often associated with altruism if the altruistic behaviour is towards someone of the ingroup.

Stretch goals

student seeks a slightly more difficult learning goal than attained previously

Purposeful positive relationship behaviours

sustain positive relationships over time. Must accompany attachment and love in the maintenance of relationships. Contribute to flourishing relationships.

little c vs. big c creativity

• Little c creativity: every day creativity and problem solving • Big C creativity: transforms culture and history

Paradoxical Effects of Valuing Happiness correlational study

- Looked at Subjective Well-Being on people with high and low life stress, as well as how much they value happiness. - It was found that people who value happiness more are typically less happy in low stress conditions than those who value it less. - Expectations too high - SWB about the same in high life stress conditions.

Acceptance of Negative Emotions study

- Measured tendency to accept negative emotions or not - Look again 3 months later and ask how much stress they have been experiencing - The people who have low acceptance of negative emotions (refuse to experience them) experience more depressive symptoms. They process negative emotions in a dysfunctional way, framing it as an issue within themselves. - The people who are more accepting of negative emotions don't experience a significant increase in depressive symptoms at times of stress.

Empathy Study

- Participant asked if she would trade places with distressed confederate - Empathy manipulation - previously told that confederate shared many similar attitudes and values - Escape manipulation - whether or not participant had to continue watching confederate receive shocks if they did not trade places with her Vs. no escape - have to watch them get shocked - people who had empathy induced in the hard escape condition helped a bit more than those who did not have empathy induced. - In the easy escape condition, the people who did not have empathy induced only helped about 15 percent of the time, whereas the induced empathy participants helped about 85%. -Critique: doesn't tell us if the motivation is selfless. -Fixed mood manipulation - tells participants they are stuck in the same mood for a certain amount of time. Nothing you do will relieve your own distress. - This causes the high empathy peoples willingness to help to drastically drop to the same level as the low empathy people, telling us the behaviour was not truly altruistic. There is still an element of wanting to relieve one's own distress.

Can People be too Happy study

- People with highest levels of happiness: success in close relationships and volunteer work -People with moderate levels of happiness: success in income and education

REACH model

- Recall the hurt and the nature of the incident - Empathy (promote) - Altruistically, give the gift of forgiveness - Commit verbally to forgive the partner - Hold onto forgiveness for each other.

psychoeducational approach to forgiveness

- Six weekly, 90-minute group sessions (psycho-educational) -Education about the negative consequences of grudge-holding. interventions to improve emotion regulation, reduce rumination - Automatic thoughts, grievance narratives -Meditation and relaxation exercises - increase mindfullness to deal with emotional fallout -Reduced negative thoughts and feelings about transgression - Lowered stress and anger Increased forgiveness self-efficacy

Positive illusions

- unrealistically favorable attitudes people have of their partners -"Yes, but" strategy -We see our partner more positively than they see themselves. (difficult to tell what is reality) - Despite the illusion, they still have a good idea of what we are high, medium, or low on. -Predict greater satisfaction, love, and trust, and less conflict, in both dating and marital relationships (These are self-fulfilling effects, predict future behaviours)

collapse of compassion/ compassion fatigue

-As the number of people in need of help increases, the degree of compassion people feel for them tends to decrease because we feel overwhelmed. - Large scale statistics overwhelm people. Lack of a picture doesn't arouse sympathy in the same way. -Including statistics makes people want to help LESS, even when combined with a personal story

Social Exchange Theory study

-Comparison level (CL) - expectations or standards against which outcomes are compared - Satisfaction = Outcome - CL (Comparison of expectations) - Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt) perceptions of alternatives to current relationship - What matters isnt the outcome, it's the outcome relative to what we expect, that is what leads to satisfaction. - Explains why we stay in abusive relationships. - Comparison levels based on observation, attachment style, personality variables, experiences, etc.

Self-expansion model

-Individuals seek to increase the capacity to achieve goals, enrich identities, learn new things -One function of close attachments is learning from new people and incorporating their best qualities into ourselves. -We seek those who provide more opportunities for self-expansion. We like those who have skills that we don't have because we want to incorporate these into ourselves. - Relationship satisfaction is a natural byproduct of self-expansive love.

Spurring creativity study

-Participants asked to imagine school is cancelled or imaging school was cancelled and they are 7. then asked what they would do - After they took a creativity test - Those who imagined being 7 experienced more creativity -As we develop, we suppress useless or unusual responses. Overcontrolled thinking decreases creativity.

"Falling in Love" study

-Those who said that they were falling in love over the course of the study started adding new traits to their identity - Incorporating who their partner is into themselves. -Engaging in novel and arousing activities can prevent declines in satisfaction; satisfaction tends to decline because there is less new things. -The more you experience excitement with your partner, the more you associate the excitement with that person.

Leisure study

-Told task would last 10 minutes; experimenter returned after 5 or 20 and said it was 10 -Simple, mundane task that they would not have any preconceived notions about how pleasant it was. -People tended to use the idea that time dragged on (time drags condition) to know that they were not having fun; opposite is also true

Accumulative advantage

-advantage at the beginning of something -hockey players born in earlier months benefit by being significantly better then their peers at a young age. They get singled out when they are young and better as a result.

Solution to Well-Being and Weight

-eat well and exercise for optimal health -Less processed food and more plants - Attention to internal cues of hunger and fullness ("intuitive eating" less likely to binge) -reduce stigma and discrimination in culture

Compassion

-emotional response when perceiving suffering and authentic desire to help -we have a compassion instinct as proven through animals and babies.

Presenteeism

-employee is physically at work, but due to the consequences of a repetitive workplace, they are unproductive and unhappy. -Employees become demoralized and lose motivation - Opposite of absenteeism

excellence as nature vs. nurture

-from a nature perspective, some people are naturally better at certain activities, however talent shows low heritability. -nurture makes more sense, The more practice, the better you get which makes you more motivated to continue.

Alternate Uses Test and four categories of divergent thinking

-given objects and asked to think of as many uses for them as possible in a certain amount of time -measures divergent thinking 1.Fluency - how many uses you can come up with 2. Originality - how uncommon those uses are 3. Flexibility - how many areas your answers cover 4. Elaboration - level of detail in responses

novel activities study

-obstacle course in lab - Partners had to have their legs stuck together, it made the obstacle course challenging and was likely a novel situation - Control condition did something similar, but less excitement (take time) -Excited group rated their relationship as more satisfying - Shows that more exciting activity in presence of partner, excitement attributed at least partially to partner. -in a more Long-term manipulation, they participated in self-chosen exciting activities Vs. control group being told to do relaxing things with their partner. After a few weeks, the more exciting group rated their relationship as more satisfying.

Authentic boss

-one who fosters trust and positive emotions, high engagement, and motivation to reach shared goals among employees. -Gain employees respect and trust - Associated with gainful employment and positive outcomes - The boss plays a pivotal role in employees productivity and happiness at work

Gratitude Experiment

-participants in a diary study, every day for two weeks -Three conditions: gratitude (write what you are grateful for), social comparison (think about ways that you are better off than others), hassles (write down things that annoy or bother you that occurred today.) -boost of positive affect in the gratitude condition. Hassles significantly decreased positive affect. Social compassion in the middle. - Gratitude condition more likely to report helping other people than other conditions.

positive illusions study findings

-people with high negativity and high positive illusions are just as likely to stay together as those with low negativity. Those most likely to break up were high negativity and low positive illusions. - Negativity defined as conflict and ambivilence - Positive illusions served as protective of the negativity

grit

-persistence + passion - key explanation for skill level beyond practice -passion and perseverance for long term goals; working hard towards the future

Employee engagement

-positive and fulfilling state of mind characterized by energy, involvement, and efficacy -promoted by flow, positive emotions at work, between challenge and knowing what to do

minding

-reciprocal knowing process involving the nonstop interrelated thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of people in a relationship - Practical use for mindfulness; moment-to-moment effort

Day reconstruction method

-record what they are doing every hour and rate positive and negative affect. -Intimate relations and relaxing ranked the most positive

Capitalization

-sharing good news with other people - Increases both intrapersonal and interpersonal well being -Increases the perceived value of the positive event -Increases trust & perceived closeness

Time affluence

-the sense that we have extra time -associated with SWB across all income levels

4 Habitual responses to good news

1. Active constructive - enthusiastic, excited, asks questions, shows genuine interest 2. Passive constructive - does not make a big deal out of it, silently supportive, says little 3. Active destructive - finds a problem, points out potential downsides 4. Passive destructive - doesn't care, doesn't pay attention, uninterested

Three A's of awesome

1. Attitude - choosing to move forward 2. Awareness - embracing your inner 3 year old 3. Authenticity - being yourself

4 types of savouring

1. Basking - receiving praise and congratulations 2. Marveling - getting lost in wonder of the moment 3. Thanksgiving - expressing gratitude 4. Luxuriating - indulging in a sensation

4 ways to gain secondary enhancement

1. Contemplation of meaning - goals and purpose 2. Collective triumph - people working together to overcome challenges 3.Experiences eliciting awe, elevation, wonder 4. The arts - music, dance, theatre, painting

Four behaviours that foretell divorce

1. Criticism 2. Defensiveness 3. Contempt 4. Stonewalling

5 ways to live better

1. Diagnose yourself- Know your happiness setpoint 2. Improve your mental hygiene- Cognitive therapy, meditation, exercise 3. Improve your relatedness - Work on valued relationships, share activities with friends 4. Improve your work- Reframe your work as a calling, use your strengths 5. Improve your connection to something beyond yourself - Participate in your religion, or some other organization with a noble purpose and history

5 "dont's" of gratitude

1. Don't overdose on gratitude 2. Don't let gratitude prevent you from recognizing your own effort and value 3. Don't apply gratitude to the wrong person 4.Don't use gratitude to avoid dealing with serious problems 5. Don't let power dynamics get in the way

Ancient greek 4 primary experiences of love

1. Eros - the search for the beautiful 2. Philia - affection in friendship 3. Nomos - submission and obedience to the divine 4. Agape - bestowal of love

2 components of grit

1. Feeling able to overcome obstacles 2. Sticking to it over time

Four ways to define forgiveness

1. Freeing from a negative attachment 2. increase in prosocial motivation toward another 3. abandon ones right to negative judgement and behaviour towards another 4. remove ourselves from the victim role.

2 Benefits of compassion

1. Giving benefits us more than receiving 2. Moves away from self-focus and towards connection

2 types of chills

1. Goosetingles - approach, positive emotions. Often triggered by aesthetic beauty 2. Cold shivers - avoidance, negative emotions; less pleasant

Three typical forms of altruism

1. Helping person gets public and self praise 2. Helping person avoids social or personal punishments for failing to help 3. Helping person lessens their own distress by helping

two aspects of forgiveness

1. Intrapersonal - overcoming anger, resentment, negative judgment. What is happening within the person 2. Interpersonal - expressing feelings of good will and avoiding negative behaviour. The way you behave towards the person (good will, revenge, avoidance. A process or journey, not one-time event

Five component model of minding relationships

1. Knowing and being known - being open and 'authentic' with your partner; empathic empathy 2. Making relationship-enhancing attributions 3. Accepting and respecting of partner's faults and differences (positive illusions) 4.Maintaining reciprocity /Social exchange theory 5. Continuity in minding - being flexible and adaptable as relationships change over time

Four qualities of empathy

1. Perspective taking 2. Staying out of judgement 3. Recognizing emotion in others 4. Communicating that.

4 reasons for aesthetic

1. Pleasure - positive emotions arise from looking at attractive objects 2. Absorption - intensified sense of immediate living 3. Intrinsic interest - stimulation to learn about world around us 4.Challenge - pathway to personal growth

4 stages of creative process

1. Preparation - information gathered, ideas generated 2. Incubation - cognitive processing beneath the surface 3.Illumination - creative solution emerges unexpectedly as an insight 4. Verification - creative solutions shaped to final form

Three components of infant attachment

1. Proximity maintenance - keep close to caregiver 2. Secure base - feel comfortable exploring in caregiver's presence 3. Safe haven - seek comfort from caregiver when distressed

Four stages to forgiving the self

1. Recognition - awareness that self-forgiveness is justified 2. Responsibility - owning of the transgression 3. Expression - express emotions related to the incident 4. Recreating - create a new self image that acknowledges the past and looks towards the future.

5 factors of psychological health

1. Relationships 2. Religion and Spirituality 3. Gainful Employment 4. Leisure 5. Savouring

three infant attachment styles

1. Secure - Infants feel comfortable to explore, trust a responsive mother. In strange situation, explored in her presence, showed moderate distress when she left and comfort when she returned. 2. Avoidant - Infants appear detached from unresponsive or rejecting mother. Indifferent when she left and returned. Disorganized play. 3. Anxious-ambivalent - Infants cling to inconsistent caregiver and protest extremely when needs aren't met. Extreme distress when caregiver leaves, difficult to calm when she returns.

four adult attachment styles

1. Secure: comfortable with intimacy and autonomy, trusting, constructive attributions and behaviour. objectively evaluates situations. 2. Dismissing/ dismissing-avoidant: secure with self but not trusting of others, dismissing of intimacy, seeks independence 3. Preoccupied: ruminates about relationship, overly seeks intimacy, jealous, clingy 4. Fearful/ fearful-avoidant: ruminates about relationships, not trusting scared of and avoids intimacy

three things that make forgiveness more likely

1. Transgressor is agreeable 2. Transgressor apologizes sincerely 3. Apology matches victim's preferences

9 characteristics of gainful employment/ reasons why work is associated with happiness

1. Variety in duties performed 2. Safe working environment 3. Income for family and self 4. Happiness and satisfaction 5. Positive engagement and involvement 6. Purpose derived from providing a 7. Sense of performing well and meeting goals 8. Companionship of co-workers 9. Working environment that respects diversity

Empathy- altruism hypothesis

the view that empathy for another person leads to a greater likelihood of helping that person.

Valuing Happiness experimental study

• Participants either read an article focusing on the importance of happiness and the good outcomes it causes (exaggeration). Control group read an unrelated article. • Hedonic Balance (higher numbers = more positive) • Then watched wither a happy or sad film clip. • Those in the valuing happiness condition experienced much less happiness than the control group when watching a happy film clip. • Equally sad about the sad clip.