Post Test Questions/Answers

Which of the following is a medium negative correlation

-.5

Which of the following is a moderate positive correlation?

0.5

The typical course of schizophrenia can vary from individual to individual, but typically it onsets _______________________ for males than females.

5 years earlier

According to your text, when are symptoms of autism observable?

8-12 months

Overall, early environmental experiences have been shown to influence which of the following?

Brain development Neurotransmitter functioning Neuroendocrine function

Most mental health professionals use a ______ to initially gather information concerning the status of an individual they are working with.

Clinical interview

Billy violates the rights of others, is aggressive, and vandalizes the desks at his elementary school. Billy has been caught stealing candy, then lying about it to his mother. Billy breaks the rules in school repetitively. Billy's actions most closely relate to:

Conduct disorder

Chris developed an intelligence test based on annual changes in participant height and head size. This test lacks which of the following?

Construct validity

Which of the following is not a component of the Cultural Formulation Interview in DSM-5?

Cultural understanding of coping strategies

Components of Baron-Cohen's (2005) model to describe the developmental aspects of inferring mental states in another person.

Development of an intentionality detector Development of an eye direction detector Development of a shared attentional mechanism

Sometimes different patients with the same disorder will report experiencing different symptoms. For example, one patient with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations and another experiences delusions. Which of the following best describes the possible cause of this symptom variability?

Different brain processes may be involved in a single disorder

This disorder is commonly found in individuals with an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome

The measured magnitude that a treatment has on the dependent variable (DV) is often called?

Effect size

This disorder is commonly caused by the FMR1 gene producing too little of a protein needed for brain development.

Fragile X

Individuals with _______ damage have difficulty responding to changing demands in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

Frontal lobe

According to your text, brain structures involved in social interactions can be organized in terms of each of the following processes,

Higher-level neocortical regions in the processing of sensory information, The affective system, Higher cortical religions involved in cognitive understanding and regulation

The Domain of Cultural Conceptualizations of Distress in the Cultural Formulation Interview is best described as:

How the person's culture would influence his or her experience of the disorder

According to the MMPI-2, individuals who score highly on the ______ clinical scale tend to experience high-energy states associated with poor judgment and poor impulse control.

Hypomania

All of the following are significant regions of the social brain involved in social processing

Hypothalamus Ventral prefrontal cortex Nucleus accumbens

According to the MMPI-2, individuals who score highly on the ______ clinical scale tend to view and experience the world in an emotional manner.

Hysteria

Primary process thought is organized:

In terms of associations between thoughts and feelings

Adults with ADHD show more symptoms related to ____ as compared with ______.

Inattention; hyperactivity/impulsivity

Overall, adolescents show a(n) _______ sensitivity to _______ than do either adults of younger children.

Increased; positive and negative rewards

Which of the following describes a committee of individuals who determine whether participants are adequately protected in terms of welfare and rights, and to determine when a risk is unreasonable?

Institutional review board

The classification system published by the World Health Organization that includes specific criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders is called what?

International Classification of Diseases

What might be one reason to use neuroscience approaches to classify mental illness and inform treatment rather than relying on the current classification methods?

Knowing the underlying brain processes involved in a particular disorder could make it possible to create a treatment that was specific to the individual.

Which of the following best describes the statistical technique for combining several studies to improve the reliability of the results?

Meta-analysis

Which of the following best describes a category of childhood disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disorders of learning, intelligence, and communication, and motor disorders?

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A(n) ___________________ defines events or constructs in terms of how they are measured, thus giving them concrete meaning.

Operational definition

Jaime is uncooperative and annoying in school in her 4th grade class. Jamie shows defiance and anger, but does not act upon her feelings such as aggressive towards others or destructive towards personal belongings. Jaime has an externalizing disorder. What is it?

Oppositional defiant disorder

Major steps in designing an experiment

Participant selection Interpretation of relation between IV and DV Participant assignment

Chris is interested in how multitasking influences performance on a memory test. One group of participants takes only the memory test. The second group performs the memory test while simultaneously sorting cards or listening to music. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

Performance on the memory test

When a rod passed through Phineas Gage's head, what area of the brain was damaged?

Prefrontal cortex

From an evolutionary perspective, since similar rates are seen in both industrialized and agrarian societies, this suggests what about schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia has existed as part of the human condition for most of human history

Which attachment styles is best described by the following pattern in the strange situation: the infant (1) engages in active exploration, (2) is upset when the mother leaves, and (3) shows positive emotions when the mother returns?

Secure attachment

Individuals with autism have difficulty in three primary areas. Which of the following is not one of those areas?

Social interactions Communication Behavioral processes

The major treatment for ADHD is which of the following?

Stimulants

The idea that asking the same questions of all patients leads to greater consistency across clinicians and therefore more reliable diagnostic standards is captured best by which assessment technique?

Structured clinical interview

The two most well-known projective tests are the __________________ and the __________.

TAT, Rorschach

Concurrent validity is best described as which of the following?

The ability of an instrument to show similar results as other established measures of the construct

The purpose of a descriptive system in classification is the best described as:

The case in which the name of the disorders summarizes the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions of individuals with the disorder

The ability to infer the intentions and desires of others, referred to as ______________, involves the anterior temporal cortex (ATC), the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC).

Theory of mind

This pattern of electroencephalography activity is associated with memory performance and coordinating emotional information between the limbic areas and the frontal areas of the brain.

Theta

What are the categories in the DSM-5 in which the childhood disorders are described?

Trauma and stressor-related disorders, Neurodevelopmental disorders, disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders

Imaging studies have shown larger _____ and greater ________ loss in the parietal and frontal areas in children who developed schizophrenia before puberty as compared with those who developed schizophrenia in adulthood.

Ventricles; Gray matter

Which of the following neuropsychological tests is particularly difficult for individuals with frontal lobe damage?

WCST

Which of the following best describes the concept of alternate form reliability?

Whether different forms of an instrument give similar results

Test-retest reliability is best described as

Whether two measurement opportunities result in similar scores

An experimental group is best described as:

a group that receives the independent variable

A case study is best described as

a method for studying individual participants

Risk is best described as

a way of thinking about the number of new cases of a disorder that develop during a certain period of time

The ___________ is an "all or none" electrical signal that travels down the axon.

action potential

Children with conduct disorders show abnormal ______________ activity when viewing emotional human faces.

amygdala

Juan is experiencing a loss of the ability to experience pleasure. Juan is most likely exhibiting _____.

anhedonia

Individuals with symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia frequently do not experience a reduction in their symptoms with antipsychotic medication, but many show a reduction of symptoms with medication typically used to treat _____________________________.

anxiety

Current genetic research suggests that boys who were mistreated in childhood and have a particular form of the MAOA gene _________.

are more likely to be violent and engage in antisocial behaviors.

Eugene Bleuler, who introduced the term schizophrenia, described four A's as characteristics of schizophrenia. Which of the following are 3 of them?

autism, associations, affect

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia listed in your textbook?

avolition alogia anhedonia

Which statement best describes the interaction of genes with the environment?

bi-directional with both genes and the environment influencing the other in complicated ways.

Experimenter effects are best described as:

bias that occurs due to the experimenter's expectations

Demand characteristics are best described as:

bias that occurs when a participant's response is influenced more by the research setting that by the IV

Which term means that objects or concepts are defined in a dichotomous manner (e.g., either the person has a fever or they do not)?

categorical

This is the neural network involved in performing tasks such as planning, goal setting, directing attention, and the coding of representations of working memory.

central executive network

Ben believes that aliens are putting thoughts into his mind. This is an example of a(n):

control delusion

Bob has schizophrenia. Some of the symptoms he often displays are ________________, repeating what others say, and ___________________, mimicking other people's movements.

echolalia; echopraxia

Risk taking or impulsivity in adolescence that involves distinct brain networks related to the ability to inhibit that may form a(n) _____ related to psychopathology.

endophenotype

Which word describes the patterns of processes that lie between the gene and the manifestations of the gene in the external environment?

endophenotypes

The study of factors that turn genes on and off and are passed on to the next generation is called what?

epigenetics

The first neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia is dopamine. The second is ________________ which is an excitatory neurotransmitter, which when lowered in normal individuals can produce psychotic-like symptoms.

glutamate

Sensory experiences that happen when there is no sensory input from the environment, such as hearing a voice when no one is speaking, are called:

hallucinations

Understanding the cultural context of a disorder _________ the validity of the assessment and diagnosis procedure.

increases

This is the neural network that is active when an individual is not performing a particular task or is processing internal information.

intrinsic (default) network

Hughlings Jackson saw positive symptoms as reflecting a:

lack of high cortical control over more primitive brain processes

Individuals with schizophrenia typically have mild symptoms for a period of time before displaying florid psychotic symptoms. When do the severe psychotic symptoms typically onset?

late adolescence/early adulthood

If the neurotransmitters in a chemical synapse are inhibitory, it makes the post-synaptic neuron ______________ create an action potential.

less likely to

One purpose of the sympathetic nervous system is to ________.

make us feel excited and move blood to our muscles.

The __________ is an insulating material that covers the axon and allows the electrical signals to travel at greater speeds.

myelin sheath

Symptoms of schizophrenia that reflect a loss of normal human processes, such as social withdrawal, are referred to as:

negative symptoms

Whereas grey matter in the brain is generally made up of _____________, white matter is generally made up of __________________.

neurons that connect with each other over very short distances, neurons that connect over longer distances.

In terms of function, neurotransmitters can be categorized into three broad groups. Which is NOT one of those groups?

neurotransmitters that target a specific type of neuron

Which of the following are 3 of the five subtypes listed in the DSM-IV?

paranoid, catatonic, disorganized

This brain imaging technique measures blood flow in the brain, which reflects cognitive processing.

positron emission tomography (PET)

Projective tests maintain which of the following?

reliability

The neurodevelopmental hypothesis states that problems during the __________________ trimester of pregnancy can lead to an incomplete development of frontal lobe networks in the brain during adolescence possibly leading to the development of schizophrenia.

second

Hallucinations are best described as:

sensory experiences that are at odds with the individual's current environment

The ICD-10 uses a _________________ to describe conditions.

short narrative

Current neuroscience studies show that by the time of full brain development, a person with autism shows deficits in the areas that make up the ________.

social brain

The phase of schizophrenia associated with few positive symptoms, more negative symptoms, and cognitive and social deficits is called:

stable phase

"I feel depressed," as reported by a patient, is an example of a:

symptom

Neurons create biochemical connections through a small gap filled with fluid called a(n) ___________.

synapse

The first antipsychotic drugs that were used for individuals with schizophrenia could induce involuntary movements of the face and sometimes limbs called:

tardive dyskinesia

An operational definition is:

the definition of events in terms of the operations required to measure them

Covariance is best described as

the degree to which variables are related to one another

The diet of a mouse mother before conception can influence the color of her babies and grandbabies. This is an example of what?

the environment influencing epigenetic markers or tags

According to your text, scientific knowledge is best described as:

the known facts about a particular subject derived from the scientific method

A population is best described as:

the larger group of individuals to which the results can be generalized

Epidemiology is best described as

the study of the distribution and determinants of the frequency of a disorder in humans

The dependent variable is best described as

the variable that is influenced by the independent variable

Dr. Smith was treating a patient with schizophrenia and noticed that she remained in a fixed position. Dr. Smith could move the patient's arms and legs, and she would hold this new position much like a poseable doll. This patient was exhibiting the symptom of:

wavy flexibility