ppc explanations apush period 5

QUESTION: Which of the following developments most directly related to the increased sectional strife immediately prior to the election of 1860? ANSWER: The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship

The 1857 Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case ruled that enslaved people were property and that African Americans did not have a Constitutional claim to rights of citizenship. This ruling further inflamed sectional tensions prior to 1860 by overturning earlier laws that had banned the expansion of slavery into certain territories and allowing slavery to stand as an institution in any territory in the United States.

QUESTION: Which of the following describes a trend in sectional development by 1860 reflected in the data in the graph? ANSWER: The North was becoming more diverse in its economic activities than the South.

The North's predominance in railroad mileage, iron and steel production, and number of factories, as indicated in the graph, reflects the trend of economic diversification by 1860.

QUESTION: The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was intended to resolve debates about which of the following issues in the 1850s? ANSWER: The expansion of slavery

The United States Congress intended the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 to resolve the national debates about the expansion of slavery by allowing popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery in the newly established territory. Ultimately, the law only further increased sectional tensions and strife by overturning the precedent set by the Missouri Compromise.

QUESTION: Both authors would most likely suggest that the historical situation described in the excerpts contributed to which of the following? ANSWER: The continued alteration of Native American culture and society

The United States victory and territorial gains as a result of the Mexican-American War increased conflict between Americans and Native Americans and put increased pressure on Native American culture and society by further taking their land.

QUESTION: The excerpt best provides evidence about which of the following historical situations in the late 1840s? (John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847) ANSWER: Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War

The aftermath of the Mexican-American War led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories, which increased sectional tensions between the North and the South.

QUESTION: Which of the following claims is supported by the arguments made by both Levine and Langguth? (Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013) (A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014) ANSWER: Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights.

The authors agree that African Americans in the South were denied their newly won rights through intimidation, violence, and local political manipulation during the period.

QUESTION: Which of the following developments was most directly connected to the collapse of the Whig Party in United States politics during the 1850s? ANSWER: The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions

The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions within the United States created internal strife in the Whig Party, leading directly to its collapse as a political force in the 1850s. By the end of the decade, most party leaders and voters abandoned the Whig Party in favor of the Democrats or the newly founded Republican Party.

QUESTION: The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? (Frederick Douglass to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, 1846) ANSWER: The growth of the abolition movement in the United States

The excerpt addresses the actions and writings of those, like Douglass, who had been formerly enslaved, aimed at ending the practice and institution of slavery in the United States. The excerpt also highlights the participation of people like Greeley in the abolition or antislavery movement.

QUESTION: The speech given by Calhoun relates to which of the following? ANSWER: The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making

The excerpt depicts arguments about the expansion of slavery and how regional attitudes had a profound effect on the implementation of government policies and an eventual, but temporary, compromise in 1850.

QUESTION: Which of the following conclusions can best be reached based on the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? (same as #19) ANSWER: Sectional tensions erupted because most Southerners did not support Abraham Lincoln.

The excerpt shows that Virginia was considering following the other Southern states that seceded from the United States after the election of 1860, as Lincoln won the election without any electoral college votes from the South.

QUESTION: Which of the following developments in labor systems in the United States before the Civil War is reflected by the data in the graph? ANSWER: An internal trade in enslaved people spread throughout the South.

The export economy and number of large farms engaged in agriculture in the South, as indicated by the graph, reflect the growth of an internal slave trade to supply labor for plantations producing cotton for export.

QUESTION: Which of the following differences between the North and the South during the Civil War is depicted in the graph? ANSWER: The South relied more on plantation agriculture than the North.

The graph indicates that the South had more large farms (84 percent) than the North (16 percent) which was because it relied more on plantation agriculture.

QUESTION: Greenberg's argument most differs from Hietala's in that Greenberg claims that (Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005) ANSWER: most Americans believed that Mexicans in the new territories could not assimilate

According to Greenberg's excerpt, many Americans opposed Mexican integration because they were fearful of the influence of foreign cultures and believed that assimilation would be difficult or impossible.

QUESTION: Levine's argument about Reconstruction in the excerpt differs from that of Langguth in that Levine argues ANSWER: Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies

According to Levine, the Southern Republicans retreated under the campaign of terror and intimidation in the South, while the Northern wing of the Republican Party abandoned Reconstruction and its many gains as the party became more focused on economic development.

QUESTION: Lincoln's rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following arguments? ANSWER: Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause.

After a series of victories by the Confederate armies in the first two years of the war, Northern support was beginning to wane. Lincoln, realizing he needed more troops and looking to redefine the purpose of the war, issued the Emancipation Proclamation in part to encourage enslaved people and free African Americans to join the Union army and fight for the permanent abolition of slavery.

QUESTION: The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? (President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863) ANSWER: How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy

As Lincoln explains in the excerpt, he believed the Constitution gave the president broad powers during wartime. Lincoln sought to use these powers to frame the Emancipation Proclamation as necessary to achieving victory in the Civil War.

QUESTION: Which of the following arguments about the Mexican-American War do the excerpts best support? ANSWER: It generated debates over citizenship.

As a result of the war, the United States added to its territorial holdings, raising questions about the status of enslaved people, Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land.

QUESTION: The excerpt best reflects the development of which of the following? ANSWER: The widely held belief that the United States had a right to expand westward

As part of the idea of Manifest Destiny, many Americans in the nineteenth century believed that the United States had the right and responsibility to expand control across the North American continent to the Pacific.

QUESTION: Evidence in the excerpt most strongly suggests which of the following? (same as #19) ANSWER: Southern voters viewed the presidential election with contempt.

As shown in the excerpt, Southern voters, including Willey, did not vote for Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1860 and often viewed his victory as a fraud. Willey, however, argued that despite their differences, Virginia must not secede from the Union.

QUESTION: The artist who created the image would have most likely opposed which of the following developments? (Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) ANSWER: The ending of Reconstruction

Because the end of Reconstruction resulted in the undoing of many policies advocated in the image such as the protection of civil rights, the artist most likely would have disapproved of that development (end of reconstruction).

QUESTION: Which of the following can be concluded based on the situation in which Calhoun gave this speech? ANSWER: Americans debated how to integrate conquered territories into the United States.

Calhoun's speech discussing the status of slavery in territories provides evidence to help conclude that Americans debated how the United States could integrate territories conquered from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.

QUESTION: Ideas in the excerpt would most likely have influenced which of the following? (Frederick Douglass) ANSWER: Efforts at assisting enslaved people in escaping from the South

Douglass' argument asserts that enslaved people maintained inalienable rights and that one of those included the right to attempt to obtain their freedom by running away.

QUESTION: Which of the following groups would most likely have supported secession from the United States after the 1860 presidential election? ANSWER: Southern Democrats

EXPLANATION: Southern Democrats would have been most likely to support secession from the United States owing to their support for maintaining and expanding slavery, which was in opposition to the Republican goal of limiting slavery. Southern Democrats strongly influenced South Carolina's decision to secede in 1860 following the election of Abraham Lincoln.

QUESTION: The Fourteenth Amendment emerged from which of the following contexts? ANSWER: Republican concerns that African Americans would be denied citizenship rights

EXPLANATION: The Fourteenth Amendment specifically grants African Americans citizenship, ensuring their equal protection under the law. It was deemed necessary by Radical Republicans and abolitionists, who feared that Southern white politicians would pass local laws restricting African American rights.

QUESTION: Which of the following developments most directly led to the activities described in the excerpt? (about James H. Carson, describing life in the early California gold fields, 1848) ANSWER: The acquisition of significant territory following the Mexican-American War

EXPLANATION: The United States gained control of California from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War, which enabled Americans, primarily, to profit from the gold rush activities described in the excerpt.

QUESTION: Which of the following developments resulted most directly from the gold rush described in the excerpt? ANSWER: People from America, Europe, and Asia migrated to the region.

EXPLANATION: The gold rush drew migrants from the United States, Mexico, Europe, and Asia, dramatically increasing the population of California and setting the territory on a rapid path to statehood in the United States.

QUESTION: The industrial resources of the North during the Civil War most likely accounted for which of the following? ANSWER: The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies

EXPLANATION: The industrialization of the North allowed for greater production of war materials for the Union army. In contrast, the Southern economy was more agrarian and did not have the resources to mobilize and adequately supply the Confederate army.

QUESTION: People who shared the views expressed in the image most likely supported which of the following? (Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) ANSWER: The extension of political opportunities to formerly enslaved people

In addition to the voting rights extended to African American men following the Fifteenth Amendment, supporters of the argument presented in the image most likely would have favored allowing those men to exert their new political power.

QUESTION: Rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following? (Frederick Douglass) ANSWER: The immediate end to the practice of slavery through legal reform

In the excerpt Douglass advocates for bringing to light the issues surrounding slavery as a means to convince both Northerners and Southerners to end the system. Douglass' language in the excerpt does not call for mass rebellion or bloodshed to end the system of slavery, but rather appeals to sentiments that slavery was immoral and unjust, indicating his arguments better aligned with bringing about an end to slavery through legal means.

QUESTION: The excerpt best serves as evidence that, in 1861, (Waitman T. Willey, addressing the Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861) ANSWER: citizens in the Southern states were deeply divided over secession

In the excerpt, Willey argues that despite his severe disagreements with developments in the Northern states, he does not see how Virginia seceding from the Union would bring a better outcome. He warns that secession would likely be disastrous.

QUESTION: Which of the following arguments about Reconstruction policies would both authors most likely disagree with? ANSWER: With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies.

In the excerpts, both authors argue that declining Republican influence resulted in the dismantling of gains made during Reconstruction. Neither author supports the claim that Southern Democrats began to support Reconstruction policies in the vacuum created by Republican withdrawal.

QUESTION: Which of the following developments most likely influenced the argument expressed in the image? (Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) ANSWER: The conclusion of the Civil War stirred debates over citizenship.

Through its depiction of people from around the world gathering at a Thanksgiving table, the image indicates the artist's support for the expansion of citizenship rights in the period immediately following the Civil War.

QUESTION: The phrase in the excerpt "Some of them seem willing to fight for you" could most likely be interpreted as having which of the following purposes? (President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863) ANSWER: Highlighting the enlistment of formerly enslaved people into the Union army

With the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sought to redefine the purpose of the Civil War. Lincoln defended the proclamation's aims and supported the enlistment of tens of thousands of African Americans into the Union army.