Practice 1

62. You are conducting a language sample with an adolescent who speaks African American English (AAE). Which of the following utterances would be an example of the use of the perfective construction been to indicate an action that took place in the distant past A. "I been had chicken pox when I was 5." B. "Our family been gonna see a movie." C. "She might coulda been done it." D. "My grandparents be watchin' TV." E. "We don't have no more Halloween candy for y'all."

A. "I been had chicken pox when I was 5."

71. You are evaluating the language skills of Pascal, who has come to the United States with his family from Mexico. As you are gathering a language sample, you hear many utterances that reflect the transfer of Spanish to English. Which of the following would be a typical utterance for a child from a Spanish-speaking home who is learning English in elementary school A. "This balloon is more big." B. "I don't not have no more balloons." C. "The big house be red." D. "The girl's book done be gone." E. "He very fast his car drives."

A. "This balloon is more big."

67. You are assessing a preschool child who comes from an AAE-speaking home. Which of the following utterances reflects typical patterns of AAE

A. "You was helping me."

85. When a normal distribution of scores shows that the mean is 100 and 68% of the sampled children have scored between 85 and 115, the standard deviation of that distribution is A. 15 B. 25 C. 10 D. 12

A. 15

93. A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claimed that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity A. Content validity B. Concurrent validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity E. Predictive validity

A. Content validity

43. The Visi-Pitch is one of the most popular instruments used to measure pitch. If a clinician uses the Visi-Pitch, which of the following results can be obtained A. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch B. Frequency range, nasality, and resonance C. Optimal pitch, nasality, and resonance D. Frequency range, habitual pitch, and resonance E. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and nasality

A. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch

84. Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores of the normative Derekple. C. In one, 64.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean. D. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. E. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode. A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores of the normative Derekple. C. In one, 64.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean. D. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. E. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode.

A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.

77. Marisa's mother takes her to the emergency room because she notices a foul-smelling discharge coming from Marisa's ear. The doctor examines Marisa's ear and sees that her tympanic membrane is permanently ruptured. The doctor explains to Marisa's mother that he will need to repair the tympanic membrane by using which of the following surgical procedures A. Myringoplasty B. Myringotomy C. Middle ear fusion D. Microtia E. Tympanic membranectomee

A. Myringoplasty

21. You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would you use in this situation A. Sig symbols B. Premack-type symbols C. Blissymbols D. Picsyms E. Rebuses

A. Sig symbols

60. Disorders of the oral phase of a swallow are mainly due to A. an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement B. slippage of food into anterior and lateral sulci C. a reduced range of lateral mandibular movement D. a poor alignment of mandible and maxilla E. a difficulty in holding the bolus

A. an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement

79. Which of the following is a homophonous pair A. bar-mar B. let-wet C. most-host D. she-be E. vine-nine

A. bar-mar

54. As a clinician working in a hospital with patients who have neurological problems, you decide to purchase functional communication tests. These tests seek to assess A. communication in natural or everyday situations B. grammatically and syntactically correct communication C. only the oral communication D. only nonverbal communication E. only conversational skills

A. communication in natural or everyday situations

88. You work in a school district with a number of culturally and linguistically diverse students. You decide that rather than using formal language tests to assess these students for possible language disorders, you will use criterion-referenced testing. Criterion-referenced testing A. does not involve explicit evaluation of a child's score against norms B. does not require judgments concerning what is and what is not minimally acceptable C. involves modifying standardized test items to suit individual clients D. is not appropriate for culturally diverse clients E. does not emphasize individual performance

A. does not involve explicit evaluation of a child's score against norms

35. Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on A. function words than on content words B. content words than on function words C. words that begin with /s/ and /k/ than on words that begin with other sounds D. second or third syllables in multisyllable words E. the fourth word in a sentence

A. function words than on content words

52. You are working in a hospital when you are informed that a patient with Broca's aphasia has just been transferred to your caseload from another city. You can expect that this patient will show A. nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech B. fluent, grammatically correct speech with plenty of jargon C. typically significant impairment in auditory comprehension D. intact confrontational naming E. fluent, grammatically incorrect speech

A. nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech

2. The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the A. precentral gyrus B. homunculus C. supramarginal gyrus D. angular gyrus E. middle temporal gyrus

A. precentral gyrus

38. Evidence that suggests potential laryngeal dysfunction in persons who stutter includes A. slightly delayed voice onset time B. hemispheric language processing problems C. cerebral blood flow deviations D. abnormal electroencephalographic tracings E. central auditory dysfunction

A. slightly delayed voice onset time

96. Certain variables (e.g., attitudes and opinions) may change simply because they were measured more than once. This is a problem of A. testing, reducing internal validity B. reactive effect of pretesting, affecting external validity C. instrumentation, affecting internal validity D. unstable measures, affecting reliability E. the Rosenthal effect

A. testing, reducing internal validity

90. The range in a distribution can be defined as A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution B. the middle 50% of scores of a distribution C. the middle 50% of scores in a distribution divided by 2 D. the variance plus the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution E. the lowest and highest 25% of a distribution

A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

66. You are administering a formal language test to a student who speaks AAE. Which one of the following tasks is not biased against him A. "Tell me if this sentence is correct or incorrect: 'Them kids is havin' fun.'" B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV." C. "Fill in the missing word: 'Today I walk to school; yesterday I ______ to school.'" D. "Repeat this sentence exactly as I say it: 'They had been careful with their books.'" E. "Point to the picture that shows what I say: 'The dogs are barking at the moon.'"

B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV."

44. James, a 4-year-old boy, attends your cleft-palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. James is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has difficulty producing non-nasal sounds. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics A. Hyponasality B. Hypernasality C. Assimilative nasality D. Adaptive nasality E. Cul-de-sac resonance

B. Hypernasality

65. Select the false statement about AAE A. It is influenced by languages of West Africa. B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English. C. It has a regular, predictable, rule-governed system. D. If children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Standard American English. E. If children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling.

B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English.

53. As a hospital clinician, you are given a budget to purchase several new tests to use with patients. You remember that among the following standardized tests of aphasia, the one that samples speech and language skills to only a limited extent is the A. Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia B. Porch Index of Communicative Ability C. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination D. Western Aphasia Battery E. Functional Living Assessment

B. Porch Index of Communicative Ability

20. Of the methods mentioned in the following choices, which one would you reject because of either lack of evidence or presence of negative evidence A. The mand-model and delay procedures B. The whole language approach and facilitated communication C. The picture exchange communication system (PECS) D. The discrete trial procedure and modeling-imitation sequence E. The script therapy

B. The whole language approach and facilitated communication

92. A test developer has simultaneously written two versions of a test of articulation skills (Form A and Form B) and administered both versions to selected children. The developer did this to establish A. split-half reliability B. alternate-form reliability C. test-retest reliability D. interobserver reliability E. intraobserver reliability

B. alternate-form reliability

40. Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is A. controlled by internal emotions B. changed by its consequences C. unaffected by environmental stimuli D. essentially reflexive E. primarily determined by cognitive variables

B. changed by its consequences

32. You observe the following substitution errors in the speech of a 6-year-old client: w/l (e.g., waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child's mother that these are examples of A. vocalization B. gliding C. velar fronting D. stopping E. depalatization

B. gliding

47. A patient complains that her voice is soft, hoarse, low pitched, and breathy. After conducting an endoscopic evaluation, the laryngologist concludes that the patient has benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa. The laryngologist asks his resident to diagnose the problem. The resident identifies the problem as A. hyperkeratosis B. leukoplakia C. hemangioma D. a granuloma E. carcinoma

B. leukoplakia

9. You are conducting therapy with Jennifer, a teenager who has a language impairment. You are especially addressing her skills in the area of cohesion because her teachers and parents report that this is an area of difficulty for her. Cohesion is defined as A. providing listeners with adequate information without redundancy B. ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another C. initiating a topic D. repairing communication breakdowns E. terminating discourse

B. ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another

75. Karen informs her pediatrician that her child has been rubbing his ear and is fussy. The doctor mentions to Karen that her child has an upper respiratory infection. The pediatrician also explains that upper respiratory infections are often associated with an infection of the middle ear. This infection of the middle ear is known as A. external otitis B. otitis media C. myringotomy D. aural atresia E. microtia

B. otitis media

8. A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process A. compression B. rarefaction C. elasticity D. acoustics E. displacement

B. rarefaction

22. To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you A. should not get the family members involved because they may introduce bias B. should repeat the language sample C. should not sample language just before the treatment is started D. should only use computer software to analyze the results E. should not sample language in naturalistic conditions to avoid interference

B. should repeat the language sample

82. You are working in therapy with a child who has challenging behaviors. You decide to use negative reinforcement, which A. reduces the response rate B. strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events C. is comparable to punishment in its effects D. is involved in differential reinforcement of other behaviors E. is not involved in avoidance conditioning

B. strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events

28. You are working in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a hospital. You often evaluate the infants there by using Oller's stages as a guide. One of Oller's stages of infant vocalization, where the infant continues to use adult-like syllables in CV (consonant-vowel) sequences but uses a variety of consonants and vowels in single vocalizations, is known as the A. reduplicated babbling stage B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage C. phonation stage D. cooing or gooing stage E. expansion stage

B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage

42. An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer's lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure ___________, which is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation A. tidal volume B. vital capacity C. total lung capacity D. residual air E. exhalation

B. vital capacity

31. When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called A. gliding B. vocalization C. velar fronting D. stopping E. depalatization

B. vocalization

69. A first-grade teacher refers Rashina to you. Rashina speaks AAE. The teacher says, "I am concerned about Rashina's grammar and her pronunciation of some of her sounds." Which one of the following would not be a typical utterance for a child such as Rashina A. "Today I be walkin' to the speech room." B. "I gonna get my pencil off my des'." (I'm going to get a pencil off my desk.) C. "I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.) D. "They goin' to do dis." (They are going to do this.) E. "That man, he be a foo' for not comin'." (That man is a fool for not coming.)

C. "I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.)

70. You are screening the speech of a third-grade Spanish-speaking student named Araceli. Which of the following would not be typical for Araceli based on the influence of her primary language of Spanish A. "My sister Yulie (Julie) is coming." B. "I like berry much my teacher." C. "My mommy and me be goin' shoppin' later." D. "My friends always say 'ello (hello) to me." E. "I like dose (those) prizes in your box."

C. "My mommy and me be goin' shoppin' later."

4. An 8-year old girl, Tina, is referred to you because she reportedly has difficulty with the lingua-alveolar voiceless fricative. You can predict that in therapy you will address which sound A. /d/ B. /t/ C. /s/ D. /z/ E. /v/

C. /s/

97. The mode is evident in which of the following sets of scores A. 12, 10, 5, 15, 8, 4, 11 B. 10, 3, 9, 12, 25, 29, 43 C. 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16 D. 58, 76, 96, 12, 5, 9 E. 100, 95, 95, 78, 82, 73

C. 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16

14. You have been asked to evaluate the language skills of a 6-year-old child who is having difficulty in her first-grade classroom. When you are evaluating her, you notice that she says things like "Her no eat candies." This utterance is an example of A. 4 words, 6 morphemes, modal + adjective + auxiliary B. 4 words, 4 morphemes, negative + noun + verb C. 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun D. 4 words, 6 morphemes, personal pronoun + adjective + noun E. 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + copula + plural noun

C. 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun

24. A 5-year-old child has been brought to the center where you work. His mother tells you that he manifests the following behaviors: stereotypic body movements, insistence on routine, disinterest in interaction with others, echolalia, and hypersensitivity to touch. However, she proudly shares that in arithmetic he is at the top of his kindergarten class. What is the most likely diagnosis of this child's problems A. Language-learning disability B. Down syndrome C. Autism D. Prader-Willi syndrome E. Attention-deficit disorder

C. Autism

55. Mrs. W. is a 72-year old patient who just had a stroke. She has been diagnosed with apraxia of speech, which is often associated with lesions in A. subcortical structures B. Wernicke's area C. Broca's area D. the occipital area E. the cerebellum

C. Broca's area

36. You are working with an adult who stutters. As part of therapy, you are teaching the client to use normal prosodic features of speech, which is a treatment target in which method A. Pause-and-talk (timeout) B. Response cost C. Fluency shaping method D. Fluent stuttering method E. Fluency reinforcement method

C. Fluency shaping method

87. A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that A. GRE scores have face validity B. GRE scores have content validity C. GRE scores have predictive validity D. GRE scores have test-retest reliability E. GRE scores have split-half reliability

C. GRE scores have predictive validity

19. Which of the following is an element of the milieu teaching used in treating language disorders in children A. Using picture cards and asking the child to imitate what he or she heard (e.g., "Say cats") B. Using routines such as peek-a-boo to establish interaction with the child C. Manding a response and adding modeling or prompts as found necessary D. Repeatedly modeling responses without asking the child to imitate them E. Expanding a child's incomplete utterances into complete utterances without asking the child to imitate them

C. Manding a response and adding modeling or prompts as found necessary

18. A 3-year-old boy with autism comes to you for intervention. His parents would like for him to interact more successfully with his siblings and peers. He needs work in many areas, but the ability to establish joint reference is critical for him now. Which of these activities would you begin A. Labeling objects with one-word descriptors B. Using is + verb -ing in sentences C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so D. Working on narrative skills E. Establishing presuppositional skills in conversations with three or more interlocutorswith

C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so

29. In your job in a NICU, you find that many of the babies have feeding difficulties. Which one of the following statements is false regarding medically fragile babies with feeding difficulties A. They have problems with oral-motor development B. They often need to be fed through nasogastric tubes. C. They can generally breastfeed easily. D. In order to be fed orally, they must be at least 35 weeks old. E. Caregivers can be encouraged to provide nonfeeding oral stimulation.

C. They can generally breastfeed easily.

73. A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch, which is A. a specific loss at 2000 Hz as indicated by air-conduction testing B. a specific loss at 4000 Hz as indicated by both air- and bone-conduction testing C. a specific loss at 2000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing D. a specific type of sensorineural hearing loss characterized by a dip at 1000 Hz E. specific losses at both 2000 and 4000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing

C. a specific loss at 2000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing

45. A client comes to a clinician seeking voice therapy. Derek is a 33-year-old male transgender client who has undergone several procedures to become more feminine. He tells you that he is taking estrogen also. Derek shares that he needs help to speak in a more feminine way, but he does not know how to go about this. He is also dealing with emotional issues surrounding his gender reassignment. In this case, you should A. share with Derek that it is ideal to have voice therapy to teach such feminine communication patterns as increased pitch, increased upward inflection at the ends of utterances, and female body language B. advise Derek that a combination of voice therapy and counseling will be the best way for him to sound more feminine and also receive emotional support as he deals with gender reassignment issues C. advise Derek that a combination of counseling, surgery, and voice therapy to teach more feminine pitch levels and communication patterns would best serve his needs D. tell Derek that various surgical procedures such as thyroplasty are available and that having surgical procedures will be sufficient to help him change his voice to sound more feminine E. advise Derek that surgical procedures and therapy are usually unnecessary, but counseling will be sufficient to help with the emotional issues involved in sounding more feminine

C. advise Derek that a combination of counseling, surgery, and voice therapy to teach more feminine pitch levels and communication patterns would best serve his needs

25. A child is brought to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect A. spastic cerebral palsy B. traumatic brain injury due to a gunshot wound C. ataxic cerebral palsy D. athetoid cerebral palsy E. autism

C. ataxic cerebral palsy

59. Dr. S. is a retired college dean who has had a stroke and displays right hemisphere syndrome. In your assessment of Dr. S., you can expect to find A. language disorders B. speech disorders C. attention and perceptual deficits D. slow and sluggish responses E. uncontrolled expression of emotions

C. attention and perceptual deficits

64. Vladimir is a 7-year-old Ukrainian boy enrolled in an all-English-speaking second-grade classroom. He came to an all-English-speaking kindergarten speaking only Ukrainian; kindergarten was his first exposure to English on a regular basis. The teacher referred Vladimir for a speech-language evaluation because she says that although he has made friends and interacts well socially with the other children, he is "behind" them in written language skills (e.g., spelling, reading). Based on Vladimir's background, you can say that A. because Vladimir has been in an all-English classroom setting for at least 2 years, his written language skills should be more developed than they are. His difficulties are a red flag, indicating that he probably has a language-learning disability B. because cognitive-academic language proficiency takes about 10 to 12 years to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers, it is expected that Vladimir will lag behind monolingual English-speaking peers in written language C. because cognitive-academic language proficiency takes about 5 to 7 years to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers, it is expected that Vladimir will lag behind monolingual English-speaking peers in written language skills D. Vladimir probably has slow expressive language disorder (SELD) and should be referred to a self-contained classroom for children with SELD diagnoses E. it is possible that Vladimir has autism spectrum disorder, and he should be assessed by the school psychologist right away

C. because cognitive-academic language proficiency takes about 5 to 7 years to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers, it is expected that Vladimir will lag behind monolingual English-speaking peers in written language skills

63. A 5-year-old African American kindergarten girl is referred to you by her teacher. The teacher says, "I don't know if this is dialect or a real problem, but the other kids and I are having trouble understanding her." As you screen the girl, you find that she makes the following substitutions: t/n, f/n, d/m. You would A. tell the teacher that these patterns are typical for children who speak AAE B. ask the classroom aide to work with the girl because this is a very mild problem C. enroll the student in therapy because this is a sign of an articulatory-phonological disorder involving substitution of non-nasals for nasals D. recommend that the girl be referred to a self-contained classroom for children with severe speech sound disorders E. go to the classroom once a month to monitor the girl's progress in producing /n/ and /m/ accurately

C. enroll the student in therapy because this is a sign of an articulatory-phonological disorder involving substitution of non-nasals for nasals

57. You are providing services to Mr. W., a patient with Parkinson's disease and consequent dysarthria, to help him sound more intelligible. You can expect that you will need to address challenges related to A. even and consistent breakdowns in articulation B. impaired syntactic structures C. forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech D. an invariably slower rate of speech E. an increased rate of speech under pressure

C. forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech D. an invariably slower rate of speech

51. A patient comes to you complaining of a sore throat and hoarseness. After talking to the patient, you discover that he also often experiences heartburn and acid indigestion. You consult with the on-call physician, who mentions that this patient's gastric contents are spontaneously emptying into his esophagus. The physician's diagnosis of the problem is A. hyperkeratosis B. laryngomalacia C. gastroesophageal reflux D. spasmodic reflux E. leukoplakia

C. gastroesophageal reflux

15. A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is fed up with his bossiness and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like "Take me to Chuck E. Cheese" or "Get me Mario Cart Wii." The father would like intervention to help his son say things like "I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store" instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy's facility with A. didactic monologues B. narrative skills C. indirect requests D. cohesion E. passive sentence transformations

C. indirect requests

94. A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child's speech sample in December, 2010. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later in January 2011, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and re-measure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish A. construct validity B. predictive validity C. intraobserver reliability D. interobserver reliability E. interobserver validity

C. intraobserver reliability

49. A concerned mother brings her 3-week-old child to you because he is having difficulties breathing. You refer the mother and her child to a physician. Upon laryngeal examination, the physician notices that a membrane has grown across the anterior portion of the glottis. The physician informs the mother that this problem may be either congenital or acquired and surgery is required to remove the membrane. According to the physician, the diagnosis would be A. hyperkeratosis B. leukoplakia C. laryngeal web D. papilloma E. carcinoma

C. laryngeal web

99. You are working in a skilled nursing facility with elderly patients and their families. Many family members are distressed by the problems experienced by these patients secondary to stroke and dementia, and you find yourself spending time counseling with the family members. You mainly use the ______ approach, wherein the family members freely express their emotions while you listen and respond to both the content and the feeling behind the words that they say A. clinician-centered B. directive clinician-centered C. nondirective client-centered D. nondirective clinician-centered E. emotive-rationalistic

C. nondirective client-centered

78. A spongy growth that starts on the footplate of the stapes and causes it to become rigid is known as A. otospongiosis B. ossicular discontinuity C. otosclerosis D. chronic otitis media E. ear wax

C. otosclerosis

72. The two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain are the A. levator tympani and stapedius muscle B. auditory meatus and levator tympani C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle D. buccinator tympani and risorius E. risorius tympani and stapedius

C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle

27. Linguavelars are produced by A. raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge B. the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum D. the tongue making contact with the upper teeth E. keeping the vocal folds open and letting the air pass through them

C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum

12. Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function A. "More" (said by a child with an empty juice glass). B. "I want cookie." C. "Grandpa white car." D. "Why doggy bark?" E. "Mommy go store."

D. "Why doggy bark?"

86. Select the correct statement A. Ideally, concurrent validity should be very high. B. Validity is consistency of measures across repeated measurements. C. The construct validity is based on a criterion of future performance. D. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation. E. Construct validity is based on an expert examination of the test items.

D. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.

13. A clinician assesses an adolescent whose discourse skills are limited. The clinician's treatment goals would most likely involve which of the following A. Increased comprehension and use of idioms and metaphors B. Increased mean length of utterance and sentence complexity C. Increased accuracy in the use of morphological structures D. Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers E. Expanded vocabulary to be more commensurate with age level

D. Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers

91. Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis A. It states that there is no cause-effect relationship between two specified variables. B. It means a zero hypothesis. C. It is the one that researchers try to reject. D. It states that two variables are causally related. E. It is different from the alternative hypothesis.

D. It states that two variables are causally related.

68. A teacher has referred a fifth-grade boy to you for a speech-language assessment. She is concerned because she feels that he is academically "behind his peers." He and his family are Vietnamese refugees, and they have been in the United States for 5 months. Because the boy has been in refugee camps most of his life, his schooling in Vietnam was limited. His parents tell you that they estimate that he has had approximately 2 years of schooling in Vietnam. The teacher is concerned that the boy may have an underlying language-learning disability, and she wonders if he is eligible for speech-language services. What is the best combination of assessment techniques to use with him A. Use of formal, standardized tests in English combined with observations of the boy's interactions, in Vietnamese, with peers and family members B. Use of school records of the boy's achievement and performance so far in the English-speaking classroom and use of the Language Processing Test translated into Vietnamese by an interpreter C. Use of a district-developed test for Vietnamese students in your geographic area and administration of questionnaires to the boy's teachers and family D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of his interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children E. Use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 and the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language translated into Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and language samples in Vietnamese

D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of his interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children

5. What are the most commonly described suprasegmentals or prosodic features that affect speech production A. Labials, bilabials, linguadentals, and glottals B. Nasals, stops, fricatives, liquids, and glides C. Consonants, vowels, voiced sounds, and voiceless sounds D. Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture E. Assimilation, coarticulation, and phonetic adaptation

D. Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture

1.You are working in a hospital with a boy named Luke whose medical chart indicates that he has a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are damaged. Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure A. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus B. Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini C. Levator veli palatini, genioglossus, salpingopharyngeus D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini E. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, genioglossus

D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini

48. What is a pink or white wart-like growth that can be found anywhere in the airway and can make a person's voice sound hoarse, breathy, and low pitched A. Hyperkeratosis B. Leukoplakia C. Hemangioma D. Papilloma E. Carcinoma

D. Papilloma

3. Which of the following statements is false A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language. B. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus. C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex. D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature. E. The pyramidal system consists of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.

D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.

100. Which of the following statements is true A. The innermost intercostal (T2-T11) elevates ribs 1 through 11. B. The external intercostal (T2-T11) pulls the rib cage down. C. The pectoralis minor (C4-T1) decreases the transverse dimension of the rib cage. D. The serratus anterior elevates the ribs 1 through 9. E. The internal intercostal (T2-T11) elevates ribs 2 through 11.

D. The serratus anterior elevates the ribs 1 through 9.

46. Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was air lifted to the trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, Lisa returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that Lisa had a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion that had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused A. hyperkeratosis B. leukoplakia C. hemangioma D. a granuloma E. carcinoma

D. a granuloma

6. A school speech-language pathologist is working with adult accent clients who speak English as a second language. She is teaching her clients the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables. She teaches them that stressed syllables A. are lower in pitch B. require reduced muscular effort to produce C. are shorter in duration D. are longer and higher in pitch E. are lower in intensity (softer)

D. are longer and higher in pitch

39. Some studies have shown that A. central auditory function is clinically and significantly abnormal in all persons who stutter B. people who stutter have a significant auditory feedback defect C. language is always represented in the right hemisphere of people who stutter D. both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter E. there is reduced blood flow in the right temporal lobe of people who stutter

D. both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter

58. Speech rate modification is a significant goal for patients with A. dementia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. right hemisphere syndrome D. dysarthria E. dysphagia

D. dysarthria

89. Senbo is a third-grade student who speaks Afrikaans. Her teacher refers her for assessment because Senbo is having academic difficulty. To evaluate Senbo's language skills, you use dynamic assessment, an alternative approach in which the clinician A. collects various kinds of work samples from the child being evaluated B. compares a child's performance with the established norms C. seeks to sample the child's speech and language in naturalistic settings D. makes a preliminary assessment, teaches missing skills, and reevaluates the skills taught E. compares a child's performance to a performance standard (e.g., 90% accuracy)

D. makes a preliminary assessment, teaches missing skills, and reevaluates the skills taught

34. Stuttering is more likely A. on the third and fourth words in a sentence B. when the client speaks in monologue with no audience C. when the client produces words that are more frequently used in the language D. on words that begin with consonants E. on words that begin with vowels

D. on words that begin with consonants

33. When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as A. regressive assimilation B. progressive assimilation C. voicing assimilation D. reduplication E. accommodation

D. reduplication

56. You are working with Mike, a 65-year old man who has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In therapy, you are addressing his speech difficulties, which are due to dysarthria. Dysarthria is a A. speech disorder in the absence of muscle weakness or paralysis B. speech disorder never associated with aphasia C. single disorder with a single etiology D. speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis E. speech disorder characterized by groping, effortful speech

D. speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis

23. A 5-year-old child with specific language impairment may say something like "dog bark" instead of "the dog is barking." This is known as A. functional speech B. topic maintenance C. lack of assertiveness D. telegraphic speech E. lack of responsiveness

D. telegraphic speech

80. The concept of adequate construct validity means that A. several judges have agreed that a test has been constructed appropriately and measures what it purports to measure B. test items have been judged to be relevant for measuring what the test purports to measure C. the test accurately predicts future performance on a related task D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations E. if a test is new, it correlates highly with an established test of known validity

D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations

16. You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations B. development of basic morphological features C. comprehension of compound sentences D. use of functional words in one-word utterances E. looking at family members when their names are spoken

D. use of functional words in one-word utterances

17. You work in early intervention with a child who uses holophrastic speech. This child A. uses primarily two-word utterances B. speaks in compound sentences C. uses solely complex sentences D. uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings E. only coos and babbles

D. uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings

10. The concrete operations stage of cognitive development, defined by Piaget, occurs at what ages A. 2-7 years B. 5-7 years C. 4-8 years D. 9-11 years E. 7-11 years

E. 7-11 years

11. According to Brown's stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child A. Prepositions B. Regular third-person -s C. Contractible copula D. Uncontractible auxiliary E. Contractible auxiliary

E. Contractible auxiliary

98. ___________ states that all children and youth with disabilities from ages 3 to 21 years are guaranteed free and appropriate public education in the "least restrictive environment," including special education and related services A. P.L. 142-204 B. P.L. 149-204 C. P.L. 29-204 D. P.L. 49-142 E. P.L. 94-142

E. P.L. 94-142

74. Sally just delivered her first baby boy. The pediatrician has noticed that the child was born with his external ear canal completely closed. The doctor explains that the child has A. external otitis B. otitis media C. microtia D. myringotomy E. aural atresia

E. aural atresia

95. A study designed to evaluate a treatment procedure for hoarseness of voice recruited all subjects who had witnessed a football game the previous day. The treatment, conducted over the following 2 weeks and offered to all subjects, resulted in improved voice quality. A critic said that the study lacked internal validity because A. there was no control group to rule out the influence of extraneous variables B. of statistical regression to the mean C. of maturational variables D. of genetic influences E. both A and B

E. both A and B

61. Case management for an elderly patient includes the following targets: establishing a simple routine, using various reminders, writing down a list of things to do every morning, and writing a checklist of things to do before leaving the house. Such a plan is most appropriate for a patient with A. Broca's aphasia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. right hemisphere syndrome D. hypokinetic dysarthria E. dementia

E. dementia

41. A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the patient's peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called A. indirect laryngoscopy B. direct laryngoscopy C. endoscopy D. electroglottography E. electromyography

E. electromyography

7. Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similar-sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream," she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called A. stress B. prosody C. pitch D. rate E. juncture

E. juncture

26. A child is brought for an evaluation because he is having difficulty producing /r/ and /l/. In your report, you state that he is having difficulty producing A. glides B. nasals C. affricates D. fricatives E. liquids

E. liquids

76. A father tells you that he is concerned about his son Adam, who has had many episodes of otitis media with effusion. Adam has taken antibiotics for the last 7 months, but testing reveals that he continues to have middle ear fluid although he is not sick. You refer Adam and his father to the pediatrician, who asks the ear, nose, and throat doctor to perform a surgical procedure in which a small incision will be made in Adam's tympanic membranes to relieve pressure. This procedure is known as A. pressure-equalizing tubes B. myringoplasty C. otosclerosis D. otospongiosis E. myringotomy

E. myringotomy

50. A medical chart indicates that a patient's true vocal folds adduct instead of abduct during inhalation. The medical information also indicates that at times the patient's vocal folds remain closed throughout the respiratory cycle. According to the speech-language pathologist, the patient has A. unilateral vocal fold paralysis B. bilateral vocal fold paralysis C. ankylosis D. spasmodic dysphonia E. paradoxical vocal fold motion

E. paradoxical vocal fold motion

30. Jaden, an 11-year old boy, is receiving speech therapy for remediation of /r/. His clinician is using the therapy technique of phonetic placement, which is used to teach or establish A. minimal pair contrasts B. maximal pair contrasts C. stimulability D. auditory discrimination E. production of a phoneme in isolation

E. production of a phoneme in isolation

81. You are working with a 7-year-old child for language therapy, and you are teaching the accurate production of the plural -s in words. You record the correct and incorrect responses on each attempt you ask the child to make. This practice is known as A. the pretest-posttest method B. intermixed probing C. the shaping method D. pure probing E. the discrete trial procedure

E. the discrete trial procedure

83. Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because A. they do not allow for comparative evaluation of performance B. they draw nationally representative samples that may not represent local samples C. they are not always accepted as a basis to determine service eligibility in schools D. they are not systematic E. they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner

E. they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner

37. Research has generally shown that children who stutter have parents A. who hold extremely high standards of fluency B. who have high ambitions for their children C. who have unique and aberrant personalities D. who are maladjusted or neurotic E. who are similar to parents with children who do not stutter

E. who are similar to parents with children who do not stutter