Practice Questions 443

The Geneva Charter for Well-Being includes how many key actions?

5

Which is a statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of a population when comparing one to another?

Adjusted rate

In France, which is similar in function to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?

Agency of Health Safety of Health Products

Which type of assessment directs attention to community strengths and resources as a primary approach?

Asset-based assessment

Which public health term identifies the important concept that individuals, families, and populations have the healthcare personnel and systems needed to address their respective healthcare needs?

Assurance

Which defines the difference between the incidence rates in an exposed and an unexposed group of people?

Attributable risk

What is the leading cause of mortality in Canada?

Cancer

Which describes the relationship between two variables in which the presence or absence of one variable determines the presence or absence of the other?

Causality

Which is a group of consumers, health professionals, policy-makers, and others working together to improve community health status or to solve a specific community health problem?

Coalition

Which is an observational analytic study in which enrollment is based on status of exposure to a certain factor or membership in a certain group?

Cohort study

Which model involves public health officials working in partnership to emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of the task?

Collaborative

Which approach is based on the idea that the expertise of community dwellers is central to the task of understanding the health and well-being of the community?

Community as partner

According to standards set by the Affordable Care Act, hospitals must do which of the following in order to maintain non-profit status?

Convene a group of stakeholders every three years.

Which is the cognizance of one's own cultural values and biases?

Cultural awareness

Which is true of culture?

Culture is shared, not private.

Which is a study that collects information to identify the characteristics of individuals, groups or situations, and the frequency with which certain phenomena (risks) occur?

Descriptive

Which describes the web of causation?

Emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness

Which is the tendency of people to view their way of doing things and their culture as superior to the cultures and ways of others?

Ethnocentrism

A major goal of the Affordable Care Act was to shift the focus of health care toward individual, episodic care.

FALSE

A type I error is created by accepting the null hypothesis when it is false.

FALSE

A type II error is created by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

FALSE

A windshield survey is a way to get an objective idea of what a community is like.

FALSE

Cultural safety is understanding that culture influences ideas about health and illness and using those ideas to promote wellness for patients.

FALSE

Culturally competent nurses should be fluent in all cultures at all times.

FALSE

Health inequities are differences in health outcomes for marginalized populations that are unavoidable.

FALSE

Health planning is best achieved when it occurs only at the local level.

FALSE

Risk factors are those characteristics or events that have been shown to decrease the probability that a specific disease or illness will develop.

FALSE

Routine descriptors of a person used in demographic data include income and education level.

FALSE

Since age adjustment and other types of adjusted rates are artificial, they cannot provide a valid way to compare two populations.

FALSE

TRICARE is an example of a privately owned health insurance company.

FALSE

The Shanghai Declaration was developed in 2000.

FALSE

The U.S. healthcare system has historically given stronger support to community rather than individual care and to prevention rather than cure.

FALSE

The characteristics of a culture usually stay the same over time.

FALSE

The independent variable is the response, behavior, or outcome presumed to be affected by the dependent variable(s).

FALSE

The epidemiologic triad is based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the host, agent, and clinician.

FALSE Epidemiologic Triad = Agent, Host, and Environment

Which is a model or a road map that assists the direction toward a goal?

Framework

Which is another term used to refer to the attack rate?

Incidence rate

Which is an example of a social determinant of health?

Income

Which explains why race can be thought of as a subculture?

Individuals of the same race have shared experiences.

Which is a key theme of systems theory?

Interconnectedness

Which is another term for host factors?

Intrinsic factors

Whose analyses of the weekly reports of births and deaths in London were the precursor of modern vital statistics?

John Graunt

Who recommended the establishment of a state health department and local health boards in every town?

Lemuel Shattuck

Which refers to the departure from a state of physiologic or psychological well-being?

Morbidity

Which is an international source of healthcare information?

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Which was created following the first international conference on health promotion?

Ottawa Charter

Which is the probability that the obtained results are not due to chance alone?

P value

Which type of change refers to seasonal or cyclic fluctuations in time surrounding health problems?

Periodic

Which refers to members of a community with common interests who have interpersonal and intrapersonal connections?

Phenomenologic community

Which of the following involves improving clinical health outcomes of a defined group of individuals within an integrated clinical health system?

Population health management

Who is the most appropriate individual to serve as language interpreter for a client?

Professional interpreter

Which is the primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness?

Rate

Which is a selected subset of a population?

Sample

Which refers to establishing the conditions for the health improvements achieved by an intervention to continue beyond the period of a formal community health program or for a program to continue after grant funding ends?

Sustainability

A community assessment should empower those responsible for implementing that change.

TRUE

A key informant is a person knowledgeable about specific aspects of a problem and the community's current and past attempts to address it.

TRUE

An epidemic is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population.

TRUE

An outbreak's definition is usually limited to a localized increase in the incidence of an illness.

TRUE

Association is the statistical relationship between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables.

TRUE

Community report cards provide a snapshot of the overall health and well-being of a community.

TRUE

Controls are subjects in an experiment who provide baseline data against which the effects of the treatment can be measured.

TRUE

Current data show that incidences of dental health are worsening in the United States.

TRUE

Determination of the date of onset is required for studies of incidence.

TRUE

Epidemiologic studies can focus on disease and disability, as well as states of wellness.

TRUE

Examining the illness experiences of individual people does not provide evidence of causality.

TRUE

Maternal and Child Health Services is an example of a program receiving a block grant, which gives money to specific programs and providers based on state health needs.

TRUE

Memorizing a list of cultural traits of clients is simplistic and may promote stereotyping.

TRUE

Prevalence rates measure the number of people in a given population who have a specific existing condition at a given point in time.

TRUE

Protecting the planet is a key action in the Geneva Charter for Well-Being.

TRUE

Public health nurses represent the largest group within the professional public health workforce.

TRUE

The Department of Health and Human Services has identified mental health as an area in need of special emphasis.

TRUE

The United States spends more money on health care than other high-income countries but has a shorter life expectancy and ranks lowest in performance among key health indicators.

TRUE

The educational credential for entry into public health nursing practice is the baccalaureate degree in nursing.

TRUE

The first step in any plan to help a community is to assess the community's needs.

TRUE

The group of people who live within the boundary of the geopolitical community may also be called an aggregate.

TRUE

The social ecological model is based on general systems theory.

TRUE

The term cultural competence does not capture the idea that culture and how it intersects with health is an ever-changing set of concepts, and therefore a nurse would never be done with learning about them.

TRUE

According to the Core Competencies for Public Health Nurses, in which tier do competencies apply to entry-level public health professionals at the basic or generalist level?

Tier 1

Which is an example of a biologic agent?

Toxin

Which country does NOT have a healthcare system with universal coverage?

United States