Practice Quiz Chapter 1

The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed compartments through which materials destined for secretion must pass. a) True b) False

a) True

Which model organism is the simplest and best used to study immunology? a) mouse b) Arabidopsis c) yeast

a) mouse

What is the name of the process by which eucarytotic cells engulf very large particles, or even entire foreign cells? a) Pinocytosis b) Endocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Lymphocytosis

b) Endocytosis

Genetic change followed by selection are the fundamentals of what process? a) Genetic drift b) Evolution c) Reproduction d) DNA duplication

b) Evolution

A virus is a living organism. a) True b) False

b) False

Animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial cells all possess cell walls. a) True b) False

b) False

The largest single compartment in most cells is. a) the nucleus. b) the Golgi apparatus. c) the lysosome. d) the cytosol.

d) the cytosol.

Which of the following organelles is a stack of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs, functioning in receiving and often chemically modifying the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum, and then directing them to the exterior of the cell or to various locations inside the cell? a) The Golgi apparatus b) Lysosome c) Peroxisome d) Mitochondrion e) Nucleus

a) The Golgi apparatus

Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. a) True b) False

a) True

In which type(s) of cells can a Golgi apparatus be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

a) animal cell b) plant cell

In which type(s) of cells can a lysosome be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

a) animal cell b) plant cell

Which term describes genes (and gene products) related by a common ancestral gene? a) Analogous b) Homologous c) Vestigial

b) Homologous

Which of the following characteristics would not support the idea that the ancestral eucaryote was a predator cell that captured and consumed other cells? a) dynamic cytoskeleton b) large cell size c) ability to move d) rigid membrane

d) rigid membrane

What do eucaryotic cells have that procaryotes lack? a) A nucleus and other internal organelles b) A cell wall c) A means of generating their own energy

a) A nucleus and other internal organelles

What is the cell theory? a) All cells are formed by the division of preexisting cells. b) All cells have genetic material that they pass on to daughter cells. c) All cells require a continual input of energy to sustain life.

a) All cells are formed by the division of preexisting cells.

Which of these is NOT part of the cytoskeleton? a) Cytosol b) Actin filaments c) Microtubules d) Intermediate filaments

a) Cytosol

Which model organism is the simplest and best used to study development of a multicellular tissue? a) Drosophila b) E. coli c) yeast

a) Drosophila

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular detail in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology? a) E. coli b) D. melanogaster c) S. pombe d) C. elegans

a) E. coli

Which statement is NOT true of E. coli? a) E. coli is a model eukaryote. b) E. coli stores its genetic instructions on a single, circular, double-stranded molecule of DNA. c) E. coli normally lives in the gut of humans and other vertebrates.

a) E. coli is a model eukaryote.

What statement is NOT true about procaryotes? a) Procaryotes store their genetic information in a nucleus. b) Procaryotes use DNA to store their genetic information. c) Procaryotes vary widely in shape and size. d) Procaryotes are mostly single-celled organisms, but some are multicellular.

a) Procaryotes store their genetic information in a nucleus.

Which of these structures cannot be resolved with a conventional light microscope? a) Ribosome b) Mitochondrion c) Bacterium d) Nucleus

a) Ribosome

At a molecular level, the members of the two domains of procaryotes—the archaea and bacteria—differ as much from each other as either does from the eucaryotes. a) True b) False

a) True

If two genes from different organisms have closely similar DNA sequences, it is highly probable that both genes descended from a common ancestral gene. a) True b) False

a) True

Membrane components in the cell are made in the endoplasmic reticulum. a) True b) False

a) True

Oxygen is toxic to certain procaryotic organisms. a) True b) False

a) True

Protozoans are single-celled eucaryotes with cell morphologies and behaviors that can be as complex as those of some multicellular organisms. a) True b) False

a) True

Although there are many distinct procaryotic species, most have a small range of shapes, sizes, and growth rates. Which of the following characteristics are not observed in procaryotes? a) a highly structured cytoplasm b) endoplasmic reticulum c) the ability to divide rapidly d) a cell wall

a) a highly structured cytoplasm b) endoplasmic reticulum

By definition, procaryotic cells do not possess __________. a) a nucleus b) replication machinery c) ribosomes d) membrane bilayers

a) a nucleus

In which type(s) of cells can a mitochondrion be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

a) animal cell b) plant cell

In which type(s) of cells can a nucleus be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

a) animal cell b) plant cell

In which type(s) of cells can DNA be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

In which type(s) of cells can a plasma membrane be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model. a) insect b) bird c) amphibian d) mammal

a) insect

The mitochondrial proteins found in the inner membrane are involved in the conversion of ADP to ATP, a source of energy for the cell. This process consumes which of the following substances? a) oxygen b) nitrogen c) sulfur d) carbon dioxide

a) oxygen

The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids. Choose the correct series biochemical reactions from the options presented here. a) replication, transcription, translation b) replication, translation, transcription c) translation, transcription, replication d) translation, replication, transcription

a) replication, transcription, translation

Which model organism is the simplest and best used to study chloroplast function? a) C. elegans b) Arabidopsis c) Drosophila

b) Arabidopsis

Which of the following is a model plant used by scientists? a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae b) Arabidopsis c) C. elegans d) Drosophila

b) Arabidopsis

Although bacteria use a variety of organic substances as food, bacteria are not able live on inorganic substances. a) True b) False

b) False

In plant cells, a tough cell wall takes the place of a cytoskeleton. a) True b) False

b) False

Individual atoms can be seen with an electron microscope. a) True b) False

b) False

Lysosomes are small organelles where fatty acid synthesis occurs. a) True b) False

b) False

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from anaerobic bacteria. a) True b) False

b) False

Primitive plant, animal, and fungal cells probably acquired mitochondria after they diverged from a common ancestor. a) True b) False

b) False

What is NOT a reason scientists study yeast? a) It carries out all the basic tasks a eukaryotic cell must perform. b) It lacks a nucleus so it is easy to genetically manipulate. c) It is as closely related to animals as it is plants. d) It reproduces rapidly in the lab.

b) It lacks a nucleus so it is easy to genetically manipulate.

Which of the following are procaryotes? a) Plants and animals b) Animals and archaea c) Archaea and bacteria d) Bacteria and fungi

c) Archaea and bacteria

How long ago is it estimated that the common ancestor for all of life existed? a) Between 350 and 380 thousand years ago b) Between 3.5 and 3.8 million years ago c) Between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago

c) Between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago

Which model organism is the simplest and best used to study programmed cell death? a) E. coli b) yeast c) C. elegans

c) C. elegans

What role is NOT performed by the cytoskeleton? a) Pulling duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles in dividing cells b) Transporting organelles and molecules from one place to another in the cytoplasm c) Generating chemical energy d) Controlling cell shape and cell movement

c) Generating chemical energy

Which of the following organelles is a small, irregularly shaped organelle in which intracellular digestion occurs? a) The Golgi apparatus b) The endoplasmic reticulum c) Lysosome d) Peroxisome e) Mitochondrion

c) Lysosome

In what way are all cells alike? a) They are round in shape. b) They are about a tenth of a millimeter in diameter. c) They store their genetic instructions in DNA. d) They require oxygen to live.

c) They store their genetic instructions in DNA.

In comparing the complete genomes of five bacteria, one archaean, and one eucaryote (yeast), it was found that 239 families of protein-coding genes have representatives in all three domains. Which of the following families of genes would you not expect to be included here? a) Those involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. b) Those involved in the production and function of ribosomes. c) Those involved in the trafficking of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

c) Those involved in the trafficking of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 __________. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and therefore different functions. a) nucleotides b) sugars c) amino acids d) fatty acids

c) amino acids

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are especially useful in the study of early development because their embryos ______________. a) are exceptionally large b) develop slowly c) are transparent d) are naturally fluorescent

c) are transparent

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different timeline from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are a) viruses. b) parasites. c) endosymbionts. d) anaerobes.

c) endosymbionts.

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location. a) nucleosomes b) lysosomes c) peroxisomes d) endosomes

c) peroxisomes

Which statement is NOT true of chloroplasts? a) Each has an internal stack of membranes and is enclosed by two membranes. b) Chloroplasts contain their own DNA. c) Chloroplasts are thought to have originated from bacteria. d) Chloroplasts are present in essentially all eucaryotic cells. e) Chloroplasts produce food molecules and generate oxygen.

d) Chloroplasts are present in essentially all eucaryotic cells.

Which statement is NOT true of mitochondria? a) Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane. b) Mitochondria contain their own DNA. c) Mitochondria are thought to have originated from bacteria. d) Mitochondria are not present in plant cells. e) Mitochondria generate chemical energy for the cell.

d) Mitochondria are not present in plant cells.

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies? a) amenability to genetic manipulation b) ability to grow under controlled conditions c) rapid rate of reproduction d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Despite the differences between eucaryotic and procaryotic cells, procaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eucaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton? a) cell motility b) vesicle transport c) membrane support d) cell division

d) cell division

The cell constantly exchanges materials by bringing nutrients in from the external environment and shuttling unwanted by-products back out. Which term describes the process of by which external materials are captured inside vesicles and brought into the cell? a) degradation b) exocytosis c) phagocytosis d) endocytosis

d) endocytosis

What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical human cell? a) centimeters b) nanometers c) millimeters d) micrometers

d) micrometers

The __________ __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. a) plasma membrane b) Golgi network c) mitochondrial membrane d) nuclear envelope

d) nuclear envelope

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light. a) absorption b) intensity c) filtering d) wavelength

d) wavelength

Photosynthesis enables plants to capture the energy from sunlight. In this essential process, plants incorporate the carbon from CO2 into high-energy __________ molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP. a) fat b) sugar c) protein d) fiber

b) sugar

Which statement is NOT true about the differences between liver cells and kidney cells from the same animal? a) The different cells express different genes. b) The different cells have different DNA. c) The different cells have different roles in the body.

b) The different cells have different DNA.

Which of the following organelles is an irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane that functions as the site where most cell membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made? a) The Golgi apparatus b) The endoplasmic reticulum c) Lysosome d) Peroxisome e) Mitochondrion

b) The endoplasmic reticulum

What mediates the exchange of materials between the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, the lysosomes, and the outside of the cell? a) The cytosol b) Vesicles c) Mitochondria d) Ribosomes e) Peroxisomes

b) Vesicles

Which of the following has a nucleus? a) Chloroplast b) Yeast c) Archaea d) Bacteria

b) Yeast

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit? a) DNA b) cell c) organelle d) protein

b) cell

The nucleus, an organelle found in eucaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated from other components of the cell. a) lysosomes b) chromosomes c) peroxisomes d) ribosomes

b) chromosomes

Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of __________. a) mutation b) evolution c) heredity d) reproduction

b) evolution

You wish to explore how mutations in specific genes affecting sugar metabolism might alter tooth development. Which organism is likely to provide the best model system for your studies? a) horses b) mice c) E. coli d) Arabidopsis

b) mice

The cytoskeleton provides support, structure, motility, and organization, and it forms tracks to direct organelle and vesicle transport. Which of the cytoskeletal elements listed below is the thickest? a) actin filaments b) microtubules c) intermediate filaments d) none of the above (all the same thickness)

b) microtubules

Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) mitochondrion c) lysosome d) peroxisome

b) mitochondrion

In which type(s) of cells can a chloroplast be found? (Select all that apply.) a) animal cell b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

b) plant cell c) bacterial cell

C. elegans is a nematode. During its development, it produces more than 1000 cells However, the adult worm only has 959 somatic cells. The process by which 131 cells are specifically targeted for destruction is called a) directed cell pruning. b) programmed cell death. c) autophagy. d) necrosis.

b) programmed cell death.