PRAX 5081 I,II (combo)

Unitary System

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

Production Possibilities Curve

A graph that describes the maximum amount of one good that can be produced for every possible level of production of the other good.

Mekong River Valley

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Wet-Farming techniques and tropical climate located in Eastern to South Eastern Asia

Conservative

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.

Constrictive Pyramid

A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older.

Cultural Revolution

A radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966-71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.

Atoll

A ring or partial ring of coral that forms an island in a sea or ocean

Tributary

A stream or river that flows into larger waterway

Sound

A wide inlet of sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline, it separates coastlines from nearby islands

Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

Licenses

May be required of importers of foreign goods so that imports can be restricted.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

State Government

Oversees export and important within its boundaries Manges public health and safety Ratifies amendments

Embargoes

Prohibit trade with other nations. They bar a foreign nation's imports or ban exports to that nation or both.

Flow Resource

Resources that must be used when,where and as they occur (water, sunlight, wind)

Trade Quotas

Restrictions to free trade, put a legal limit on the amount that can be imported, creating shortages which cause prices to rise.

Archaeology

Study of artifacts and relics of early mankind, the study of the remains of past cultures.

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

Tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

Fixed Costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire; reunited the Roman Empire

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Monetary Policy

The way government controls the money supply, such as interest rates

What were the league of nations during WWII?

United States Germany Russia

Stereotype

Unsophisticated and strongly held belief's about the characteristic of a group of people

Nominal Interest Rate

The interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation.

Real Interest Rate

The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation.

Lake Victoria

The largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.

Islam

The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Transference

The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another (psychoanalysis).

Jefferson Davis

Was an American military officer, statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the president of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.

Nicola Machiavelli

Was an Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote, The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.

What is Knowledge Economy.

a. Knowledge economy is a growing sector of developing countries that many one day rival the Agri and Industrial Revolutions consisting of: 1. Data 2. Intellectual property 3. Technology (primarily communication)

Four factors of production.

a. Labor (v) b. Land (f) c. Capital d. Entrepreneurship.

Stock Market

it is the mechanism that enables the trading of company stocks

Byzantine Empire

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans

Stereotypes

A generalization, oversimplified view or opinion that members of a group rigidly apply to a thing, an idea, or another group.

Region

A geographical unit of measure and is defined as a specific area consisting of unifying characteristics There are three types of regions 1. Formal 2. Functional 3. Perceptual

Federal System

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

Red Sea

A long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia

Fjord

A long narrow sea inlet bordered by steep cliffs

Depression

A long period of financial and industrial decline

Valley

A low place between mountains

Mississippi River

A major North American river and the chief river of the United States, longest river in the U.S.

Ring of Fire

A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Rocky Mountains

A major mountain system of the United states and Canada, extending 3,000 miles from Alaska south to New Mexico

Mekong River

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Oligopoly

A market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors. A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market.

Perfect Competition

A market structure in which a large number of firms all produce the same product. The market situation in which there are many sellers in a market and no seller is large enough to dictate the price of a product

Map Projection

A mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface. This term can also be used to describe the type of map that results from the process of projecting. All map projections have distortions in either area, direction, distance, or shape.

Scholasticism

A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Inuit

A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)

Proletarian

A member of the working class (not necessarily employed)

Phoenicians

A merchant society, elaborate trading networks, early alphabet, manufacturing advances (dyes), and improved the Egyptian number system

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Liberal

A person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties, a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets.

Socialism

A political theory advocating state ownership of industry. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Theocracy

A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Stationary Pyramid

A population pyramid in which all cohorts (except the oldest) are roughly the same size.

Inflation

An increase in overall prices for products and services

Conformity

Acting according to certain accepted standards, adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Black economy

An unreported sector of the primary economic system in which transaction are handled in cash only

Schizophrenia

Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact.

Mixed System

An economic system that includes both private ownership of property and government control (or regulation) of some services and industries

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

Proportional Representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Plurality system

An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections

White men of middle income

An ethnic group that gained the most political power as a result of the American Revolution.

Libertarianism

An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.

Biases

An inclination for or against a person, place, idea or thing that inhibits impartial judgment., a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output

Nuclear Family

Which consists children (biological or adopted) all which resides in a single household and interact with one another in respective social positions

Tropic of Cancer

a line of latitude about 23 degrees North of the equator

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Population Push Movement

Circumstances or factors encouraging a person to leave their country or region. For example: War or other armed conflict, Famine or drought, Disease.

Alexandria

City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.

Tundra Biomes

Cold, dark winters with soggy, warm summers in which sun shines 24 hours each day (WORLD COLDEST and DRIEST BIOME)

3rd Amendment

Conditions for quarters of soldiers The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. The war arose from the conflict of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Humanistic Psychology

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

Judicial Restraint

Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution

Anthropology Characteristics

Holism Culture Comparative Method Relativism Fieldwork

Migration to the trans-Mississippi southwest

Increased scale of cotton production during the 1830s and 1840s in the United States.

Demand Pull Inflation

Inflation resulting from an increase in aggregate demand. Increases in the following factors: money supply, government purchases, and price level in the rest of the world can impact this.

Folkways

Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or casual interaction.

Recall Referendum

Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.

Culture Clash

Is experienced when an individual experiences conflict between the beliefs, values and expectations of their primary culture and a new culture in which they must function.

Subsistence economy

Is one in which the output of services and good meets only the population consumption of the area and resources are renewed and reproduced

King George

Leader of England during the American revolutionary war and was blamed for the loss of the 13 colonies.

Attila

Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century.

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Unemployment Rate

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

Ostend Manifesto

Memorandum written in 1854 from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain recommending purchase or seizure of Cuba in order to increase the United States lave holding territory.

Social Cognition

Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people.

Prime Meridian

Meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England)

Monsoon

Rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern wind blows, bringing heavy rains. A season reversal of wind-direction that brings heavy rainfall to parts of Asia.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Anthropology

Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human evolution, development, and culture, Studying the organs and development of people and their society.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790),he wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.

Coral Sea

Sea containing the Great Barrier Reef & located off the northeastern coast of Australia.

Cold (Continental)

Seasonal temperatures that vary widely with low overall precipitation; found on the interior of large land masses

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Montgomery bus boycott

Sparked by Rosa Park's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a while passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Marin Luther King.

Beliefs

Specific ideas that people hold to be true

Socialization

The acceptance and practice of the behavior patterns of a culture (following the norms)

Role

The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group.

Egyptian Afterlife

The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.

Executive Branch

The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.

Internationalism

The doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences.

Pluralism

The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements.

Deadweight Loss

The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.

Fiscal Policy

The federal government efforts to keep the economy stable by increasing or decreasing taxes or government spending.

Matriarchal Authority

The female has power and authority, often being the oldest maternal figure

Abnormal Psychology

The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Foreign Exchange Market

The market in which the currencies of different countries are bought and sold.

Price Elasticity

The measure of how responsive both consumers and producers are to price changes, a measure of consumers price sensitivity e = (percent change in quantity demanded)/(percent change in price)

Scale

The measurement used to describe the size of real objects represented on a map (miles, structures, and land masses)

Acculturation

The modification and adaptation of an individual or group as a result of contact or interaction with another culture. It can also be the manner by which an individual learns a culture

Basic Knowledge for Political science

The nature and purpose of government The Forms of government The United States Constitution The rights and responsibilities of citizen The state and local governments

Capital Account

The net result of public and private international investments flowing in and out of a country. The net results includes foreign direct investment, plus changes in holdings of stocks, bonds, loans, bank accounts, and currencies.

What is Deflation

The opposite of inflation the purchasing power of money increases, thereby lowering the process of goods and service. Consumers benefit but industries suffer from this

Zhou dynasty

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Enculturation

The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.

Appeals Process

The process for seeking protection from the court for violations of constitutional protections.

Mexican Revolution

This revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist and agrarianism movements, led by Francisco Madero, 1810 to 1823. They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,

Gentrification

The restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people).

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Miranda Rule

The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

Institutions

The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics, organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake.

Danube River

The second-longest river of Europe. It flows from southern Germany east into the Black Sea.

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national government and the individual state governments. State government have their own constitution, similar to the U.S constitution, but the laws of individual states cannot conflict with the federal Constitution. Every state constitution reflects its individual history, needs, philosophy, and geography and is uniquely different from all states.

Marginal Propensity

The smaller marginal propensity to save, the larger the multiplier; the larger the marginal propensity to consume, the larger the multiplier

Diffusion Theory

The spread of ideas and technology through human contacts.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another.

Nominal Value

The value of something in current dollars without taking into account the effects of inflation.

Longitude

The vertical lines that run parallel to the prime meridian and measure the distance in degrees east and west from the meridian; based on a 360 degrees system, but written as 180 degrees in each direction

Empiricism

The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Average Variable Cost

Total variable costs divided by the number of units of output.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Gideon v. Wainwright

U.S. Supreme Court decision guaranteeing legal counsel for indigent felony defendants. (1963)

Gideon v. Wainwright

U.S. Supreme Court decision guaranteeing legal counsel for indigent felony defendants. 1963

Gideon vs. Wainwright

U.S. Supreme Court decision guaranteeing legal counsel for indigent felony defendants. 1963

Miranda v. Arizona

U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and against self-incrimination. 1966

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies.

Dominant Cultures

Values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society.

Location

Where something happened: relative location (compared to another place or absolute location (latitude, longitude)

Mixed Economies

contain elements of each traditional and command economies

Chaparral- Hot Biomes

dry, fire and droughts are common

Hominids

earliest known humans

Money and Banking

main purpose is to keep the banking industry strong to ensure a supple of currency.

Industrial Revolution

period of transition when machines began to replace human and animal power

Geologic Maps

provides info. about the earth and resent a perfect opportunity to integrate social studies and science

Meridians

run from pole to pole 360 of them surround the earth in one-degree increments

Demand

the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and abe to purchase at a certain price

Social Anthropology

the study of human groups with a particular emphasis on social structure

Scholasticism

was an effort to reconcile reason and faith an to instruct Christians on how to make sense of the pagan tradition

220 and 476

years Fall of Han dynasty and fall of the western Roman Empire

1096-1099

years of The First Crusade

1914-1918

years of World War I.

1939-1945

years of World War II.

1200-1300

years of the Mongol Domination of Asia

1947

year of Independence of India and Pakistan

1789

year of The French Revolution

1453

year of The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans

1989

year of the Fall of the Berlin Wall

1870's

year the Scramble for Africa begins

Bacon's Rebellion

Friction between English settlers and Native Americans

What were the Tripe Entente of WWI?

Britain Russia France

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Russo-Turkish War

(1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Desert Biomes

(2 types) Hot and dry with little rainfall; extreme cold and snow

Grassland Biomes

(2 types) Tall grass, humid, and very wet; short grass, dry and hot summers, with cold winters

Rain Forest Biomes

(2 types) Year-round warmth and high rain levels . Produces 40 percent of Earth's oxygen

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

Taoism

(Daoism) founded by Laozi The "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; Tao Te Ching is its main document supposedly written by Lao Tzu in three days; talks about the Tao itself and the power or fulfillment that results from living in harmony with it.

El Nino

(Oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time.

Hydrosphere

(Water); Water Cycle, currents of rivers and tides of oceans

The Magma Carta

1215 The clauses of this document (63 total) explained and restricted the rights of the monarch

Townshend Act

1767 Placed a tac on essential goods (paper,glass,tea)

Boston Tea Party

1773 A protest of the Tea Act by American colonists

Tea Act

1773 Tax break to the British East India Company

When the 13 colonies rebelled?

1775 against British ruled because people did not when continued taxation and government rule from England

American Revolution

1775-1783 A struggle in which United States won independence from Great Britain

what are the 4 main types of map projections?

-conic -cylindrical -interrupted -plane

The Mayflower Compact

1776 This compact signed en route on the Mayflower, established a temporary majority-rule government for the Pilgrims

Apports of Early civilizations

-Basic achievements included the invention of the wheel, alphabets, math, and time measurements. -Art and architecture was influential -Alphabetic writing -Religions were defined and practiced -Commonality and diversity became known (separate and geographically and culturally but all developed trade. writing, cities)

What are the major types of economies in the world today?

-Command Economies -Traditional Economies -Mixed Economies -Capitalist Economies -Capitalist Economies -Socialist Economies

What happened after WWII?

-The division of Germany: Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation, each controlled by one of the victorious powers -England had to rely on aid from the United States

What are the 5 themes of Geography?

-place -location -human-environmental location -movement and connections -regions, patterns, and process

Prince Henry, the Navigator

-ruler of Portugal -sponsored voyages aimed at adding territory and gaining control of trading rotes to increase the power and wealth of Portugal

The Era of Napoleon

-viewed as a tyrant -downfall resulted from his inability to conquer England. economic distress caused by the continental system, the peninsular war with Spain, the German war of Liberation, and his invasion of Russia -Actual defeat was at Battle of Waterloo in 1815

What are the three ways humans can impact Earth

1. Consuming natural resources and changing natural patterns 2. By building structures 3. By competing for control

The Korean War

1950-1953 The struggle between communist North Korea (aided by China and USSR- former Russia) and noncommunist South Korea (aided by the United States, Britain, an the United Nations), resulted in the same boundaries between North and South Korea.

Four Coercive (Intolerable) Acts passed after the Boston Tea Party.

1. Shut down ports in Boston until the city paid back the value of the tea destroyed. 2. Required local gov. officials in Mass be appointed by the governor and not elected by the people. 3. Allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain. 4. Required locals to provide lodging for British soldiers at any time.

What are five are major concepts that explain the interaction and impact of physical processes on the Earth?

1. System 2. Boundary 3. Force 4. State of Equilibrium 5. Threshold (point of change)

Roots of the Industrial Revolution

1. The Commercial Revolution: 1500-1700 that spurred the great economic growth of Europe and brought about the Age of Discovery and Exploration, which in turn helped to solidify the economic doctrines of mercantilism 2. Scientific revolution- produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances 3. Increase in population in Europe 4. 19th century political and social revolutions that began the rise to power of the middle class and that provided leadership for the economic revolution

What are the two principal drives of globalization today?

1. economic policies 2. technology

Neolithic Revolution

10,000 B.C.E Began in the Middle East and spread into India, North Africa, and Europe Developed agricultural societies Improved economic, political, and social organizations Gave humans the ability to remain settled permanently Civilizations begin to form Developed alongside major rivers for agricultural production (river valley) Created a basic set of tools Introduced writing, mathematics, and politics

The Civilization of China

1029 B.C.E Was the longest-lasting civilization in world history and one of the most influential. They had three dynastic cycles. Zhou, Qin, Han, all of which developed strong political institutions, created active economies, and promoted central tax systems. As one dynasty began to falter, the next rose developed through a prominent general, peasant, or invader who took the lead. Inventions: Bronze casting, crossbow, paper, iron plowshare, silk.

Juan Ponce de Leon

140-1521 Spanish explorer and solider who discovered the Gulf Stream and was the first European to set foot in Florida, while searching for the Fountain of Youth

John Cabot

1450-1499 English explore and navigator who explored the Canadian coastline looking for a northwest, passage Asia

Amerigo Vespucci

1454-1512 Italian explorer who was the first person to realize that the Americas were separate from Asia, stating that the Americas were not the East Indies. In 1507, a mapmaker named the Americans after him

Jacques Cartier

1491-1557 French explorer who discovered Canada. He paved the way for the French exploration of North America

Hernando De Soto

1496-1542 Spanish explorer who explored Florida and the southeastern United States. He is credited with the discovery of the Mississippi River.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

1510-1554 Spanish conquistador who explored the American Southwest (AZ,NM,TX,OK,KS). He killed many Native Americans because they would not convert to Christianity

Sir Walter Raleigh

1552-1618 British explorer, poet, historian, and solider who established English colonies in the Americas. He named the state of Virginia after Queen Elizabeth

Henry Hundson

1565-1611 English explorer who explored the Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America. The Hudson River, the Hudson Strait, and the Hudson Bay were named after him and he is credited with founding New York

John Smith

1580-1631 Captain in the English military who founded Jamestown, Virginia. He explored Chesapeake Bay and New England coast

American-Indian Wars

1587-1890 These struggles involved European settlers in the colonies who defeated Native Americans and tribes in order to expand ownership of land , resulting in the placement and confinement of Native Americans on reservations

The Thirty Years' War

1618-1648 reasons for the wars: religious, dynastic commercial, and territorial rivalries Fought over most of Europe and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia changed the boundaries of most European countries

Vitus Berig

1681-1741 A dutchman who explored Alaska and Siberia. The Bering Strait bears his name

Captain James Cook

1728-1779 British explorer and astronomer who led expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, the Arctic, and around the world. He is credited with discovering Hawaii.

Daniel Boone

1734-1820 An American pioneer, explorer, trapper, mountain man, and soldier who founded the first U.S settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. He also explored the Kentucky wilderness

Robert Gray

1755-1806 The first American-born explorer to circumnavigate the globe. He also expanded the northwestern United States and helped obtain the Oregon territory.

Stamp Act

1765 First direct tax placed on the colonies; required all printed media to have stamps

Articles of Confederation

1781 The first constitution of the 13 American states was later replaced in 1789 with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States it was the first attempt at establishing the basics of independent government. Passed Nov 15, 1777, they went into effect Mar 1, 1781 following ratification by the 13 states. Prevented central gov from gaining too much power, instead empowering a congress elected by the people, with the states retaining final authority. With no central executive, it was too weak to be effective in settling disputes or enforcing laws. Led to the drafting of the constitution.

American government was formed?

1787

The Federalist Papers

1787-1788 This group of 85 articles was published in the New York newspaper to influence the decision to ratify the Constitution; even today it helps to explain intent of the Constitution. Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

The U.S Constitution

1789 The document that established the basic principles of the American government

Jedediah Smith

1799-1831 An American mountain man, hunter, and fur trapper ho was the first person to travel from New York to California though the Rocky Mountains and the Mohave Desert. He was also the fist person to cross the Great Basin Desert via the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Great Salt Lake.

Kit Carson

1809-1868 An American explorer, guide, trapper and solider who explored the southwest and western United States with John Fremont. In 1683, Carson destroyed the Navajo settlement in Canyon De Chelley and forced Native Americans on the "Long walk"

The Emancipation Proclamation.

1865 - This announcement issued during the Civil War by President Lincoln confirmed the end of slavery in the Confederate states a. Freed all slaves in Confederate states that did not return to the Union by the beginning of the year. b. The proclamation did not free any slaves under the Union control, it did set the stage for emancipation as the war progressed. c. It worked in the Unions behalf as many freed slaves and other black troops joined the Union Army. Almost 200,000 blacks fought in the Union army, and 10,000 in the Navy. d. By the end of the war, 4M slaves were freed, and in 1865, slavery was banned.

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: Neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Jean Piaget

1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations

17th Amendment

1913 - allowed direct election of Senators

16th Amendment

1913- allows the imposition of direct taxation (federal income tax) of citizens.

18th Amendment

1919 - prohibited the sale, production, and importation of alcohol

19th Amendment

1920 - The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote

World War II

1939-1945 The struggle in which the United Sates, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union China and other allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan. Two atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in Japan to end the war, Of the many outcomes of war there are a few to note: Germany was divided into four parts and controlled by the Allied powers: geopolitical power shifted away from western and central Europe: the United States and Russia became known internationally as superpowers; new technology appeared (computer, jet engine, nuclear fission) and many global organizations sprouted (United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Internal Monetary Fund

Korematsu vs. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japaneese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

The Vietnam War

1945-1975 A long conflict in which communist North Vietnam (supported by China and the Soviet Union) tired to take over noncommunist South Vietnam (supported by the United States). It resulted in the defeated of South Vietnam, with North Vietnam imposing a socialist republic where the communist party now governs

Miranda vs. Arizona

1966- U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and against self-incrimination. Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police. Created the Miranda Rule: The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

Persian Gulf War

1990-1991 The United States led a coalition of forces and destroyed much of Iraq's military forces, resulting in driving in driving out of Iraqi army from Kuwait

Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilization

2,500 B.C.E Developed along the Indus River Prospered in urban civilizations Traded with Mesopotamia Developed well-defined alphabet and artistic forms Maintained and regulated irrigation system Created advanced engineering and architectural technology Developed impressive intellectual establishments Constructed massive tombs and palaces Invaded and destroyed by Indo-Europeans

The Iraq War

2003-2011 The struggle in which the United States and Great Britain led a coalition of forces against Iraq to expel Saddam Hussein (dictator) and sought to establish a democratic society

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

5,000 B.C.E Originated n the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia Started from scratch with no model or examples (Sumerian People) Created cuneiform (earliest from of writing) Established political system with a king and organized city-states Developed astronomical sciences, religious belief Improved agriculture through the use of fertilizer Used sliver to conduct commercial trade Developed procedures for law courts and property rights Focused on a standard legal system

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Islam

622 The year of Flight of Muhammad to Medina (considered the beginning of Islam) The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran. As an empire created trade routes; Arab expansion into Africa, Asia, and Europe; Arab center from Makkah to Baghdad to Cairo. Bureaucracy relied on non-Arabs; Arabs translated Greek philosophers. Islamic Scholars Moved to Timbuktu. Inventions: irrigation; astrolabe; algebra; large-scale paper. The split of the Islamic empire. In the seventh century, into the Shiite and the Sunni.

Bay of Bengal

A Bay that the Ganges River flows into, North of the Indian Ocean, On the eastern side of India, South of Tibet, West of China

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassical period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.

Inca

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Anasazi

A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning.

Peninsula

A body of land surrounded by water on three sides

Pond

A body of water smaller than a lake that is surrounded by land on all sides

Channel

A body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

Behavioral Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly stimulus-response methods.

Cavern

A cave that is especially large, deep, and deep

Investiture

A ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office.

Bonds

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate.

Archipelago

A chain or group of island in a sea or ocean

Sachem

A chief of a North American tribe or confederation (especially an Algonquian chief)

Bluff

A cliff with a board face

Tundra

A cold, treeless area, considered the coldest biome

Direction

A concept of space an location (right-left, up-down, north-south) to aid reading map information

Split Brain

A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible for spoken language.

Cartel

A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service. ex/ OPEC

Byzantine Empire

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans Byzantine culture Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was preserved in libraries

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.

Wetland

A damp area of land often with wet soil that is low in oxygen (swamp, riparian, bog, moor, peatland, mire, marsh, slough

Canyon

A deep valley carved by a river with steep sides; includes a deep gorge with a running stream or river

Kalahari Desert

A desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana

Arabian Desert

A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia

Takla Makan

A desert whose name means "those who enter do not come out", located in north western China.

Mutually Assured Destruction

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Pluralistic Ignorance

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Delta

A falt silt, sand, an rock area that is formed at the mouth of a river and often shaped like a triangle, often produces fertile and soil

Pure Competition

A firm produces a homogeneous product and is a small part of the total supply such that it cannot influence market price and total output.

Plateau

A flat area of land with grasses and few trees

Plains

A flat land area with very small changes in elevation, most often a level track of treeless country

Multilateralism

A foreign policy that encourages the involvement of several nation-states in coordinated action, usually in relation to a common adversary, with terms and conditions usually specified in a multicountry treaty, such as NATO

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

Oligarchy

A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony.

Democracy

A form of government in which the people hold certain liberties and freedoms and retain the power and rule either directly through representatives Ruled by majority

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Authoritarianism

A form of government that demonstrates strict control and may coerce and use oppressive measure to ensure obedience

Marsh

A freshwater, brackish water, or saltwater wetland with plants growing out of the water found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts

Habituation

A general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions, decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

Conglomerate

A group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization.

Deccan Plateau

A high area of land at the center of the Indian subcontinent., it lies between the Adrian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and it is made of lava, which produces a rich black soil; it's bordered on the west and east by the East and Western Ghats Mts.

Butte

A high, isolated flattop rock or hill with steep sides formed by the impact of tectonic plates

Cliff

A high, steep face of rock and soil

Dunes

A hill or ride made of sand and shaped by wind

Cove

A horseshoe-shape body of water along the coast surrounded by land formed of soft rock

Anarchism

A lack of government based on the political philosophy by people who hold beliefs that the state is unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful and have attitudes that reject compulsory government Self-Regulated market with voluntary trade

Dead Sea

A landlocked salt lake between Israel and Jordan that is so salty that almost nothing can live in its waters; it is 1,349 feet below sea level, making it the lowest place on the exposed crust of the earth.

Biome

A large geographical area of distinctive plant life and animal life groups that have adapted to the particular environment. It is determined by climate and geography.

Cave

A large hole or hollow in the ground or side of mountain

Continent

A large mass of land, of which there are seven on Earth, that covers a specific area of the Earth's surface

Caspian Sea

A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia

Classical Conditioning

A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.

Bicameralism

A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.

Tropic of Capricorn

A line of latitude about 23 degrees South of the equator

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities (Most common psychological disorder in the United States).

Col

A mountain pass; a depression in the summit line chain of mountain

Carpathian Mountains

A mountain range in central Europe that extends from Slovakia and southern Poland southeastward through western Ukraine to northeastern Romania.

Karakoram Mountains

A mountain range in northern Kashmir the mountain region that includes many mountains like K2 and many villages like Kopje

Cascade Mountains

A mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California.

Strait

A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

Cape

A narrow pointed piece of land that juts out from a coastline into a body of water

Isthmus

A narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces of land with water on two sides

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

Gulf

A part of an ocean or sea larger than a bay that us partly surrounded by land

Prejudice

A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation, an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought or regard to the facts.

Qin dynasty

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Qin Shihuangdi was their first emperor, he believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works. Another ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.

Qin dynasty

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Mongolians Nomadic society with law code unification, strong military, but transmitted disease across continents

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise (inflation)

Populist

A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)

Status

A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or standing, especially in society; prestige

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Confucianism

A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Liberalism

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.

The Republic

A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service and protection of the people who live on the land. Socioeconomics predominated in both Europe and Japan between 700 and 1300 BCE.

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism), a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.

Vote of no Confidence

A process in a parliamentary system where a majority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office.

Neo Colonialism

A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Hill

A raised area or mound of land smaller than a mountain

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Analects

A record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples.

Money Demand

A relationship between the interest rate and the quantity of money that people are willing to hold at any given interest rate.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was part of its endeavor.

Correlational Research

A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make predictions.

Non-Renewable Resource

A resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

Niger River

A river flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea

Congo River

A river in Central Africa that flows into the Atlantic Ocean

Indus River

A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, primarily in Pakistan, fertile crescent.

Euphrates River

A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent, a river running through Sumer, Mesopotamia, provided resources for the Mesopotamians.

Ganges River

A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal., India's most important river, flows across northern India into Bangladesh, Hindus sacred river, they believe it is the "liquid form of God".

Exclusionary Rule

A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.

Aegean Sea

A sea that separates Greece from Asia Minor

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. A result were new products and technologies brought back to Europe.

System

A set of connected parts functioning together. There are two primary systems critical to the ongoing changes on the Earth: 1. Physical 2. Human

Networks

A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.

Caste System

A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.

Lagoon

A shallow body of water located against a coast

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Isle

A small island or peninsula

Islet

A small island usually isolated

Conflict

A state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests, an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals).

Deviance

A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that departs from societal or group norms

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Interventionism

A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the United States in various parts of the world.

Ecosystem

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Grid

A system on a more detailed map that shows the exact locations of places or landforms

Filibuster

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

Serial-Position Effect

A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the regency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

Iroquois

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. Were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose use of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population that made war against other Algonquian peoples

Yukon

A territory in northwestern Canada

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area. Makes quantity distinctions between items through color. Example: Number of hospital beds per 1,000 people by county in a state.

Socialism

A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.

Compass

A tool used for determining specific directions on the Earth's surface

Expansive Pyramid

A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive cohort smaller than the one below it. The pyramid shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people.

Seminoles

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

Totalitarian

A type go government that controls all political aspects, economic matters, attitudes, values, and beliefs of the population keeping the individual subordinate to the state

Swamp

A type of freshwater wetland that consists of spongy, muddy land full of water

Theocracy

A type of government in which a deity is the ruler and the laws are interpreted by religious clergy

Dictatorship

A type of government in which a single ruler or small group alone has absolute power, not restricted by constitution or law, where citizens have no choice in the leadership

Monarchy

A type of government in which supreme and absolute power resides in the hands of a single monarch who rules over the lands for life through hereditary right

Communism

A type of government in which the states design and controls the economy under the power of an authoirty party. It eliminates private ownerships of property or individual capital in order to create a classless society where all good are shared equally by all individuals `

Athenian democracy

A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.

Thematic Map

A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area., shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc...

Desert

A very dry burden are with little to no rainfall, mostly covered with sand

Mountain

A very tall natural place on Earth that rises above the surrounding levels of land

Peloponnesian War

A war fought between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because it was able to cut off Athens' grain supply.

Gulf Stream

A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean

Protectionist Policy

A way to "protect" or insulate a domestic industry from competition by foreign producers of the same good. import tariff allows domestic producers to both capture a larger share of the domestic market and charge a higher price than would otherwise be possible

Fiscal Policy

A way to regulate economic activity

Second Amendment

A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Deindividualism

Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, doing together what we would not do alone

Roe v. Wade

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment 1973

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Atmosphere

Air and Climate and meteorology

South

Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), Florida (FL) Georgia (GA), Kentucky (KY), Louisiana (LA), Mississippi (MS) North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), Tennessee (TN), Virginia (VA), West Virginia(WV)

West

Alaska (AK), Colorado (CO), California (CA), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Montana (MT), Nevada (NV), Oregon (OR), Utah (UT), Washington (WA), Wyoming (WY)

Implicit Costs

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners for which the owners do not make an explicit charge

Total Product

All the goods and services produced by a business during a given period of time with a given amount of input

Open economy

Allows export and import from the global market

Mixed government

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

Realism

Also known as political realism, is a school of international relations that prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. This term is often synonymous with power politics.

Suez Crisis

Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was, that president Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism. 1956

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Lawyer who defended British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial.

Frederick Douglass

American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.

WEB Du Bois

An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.

Nunavut

An Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit

Animal husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

Macedonia

An ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross this heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

Bay

An area of water smaller than a gulf that is partly enclosed by land

Canal

An artificial waterway constructed for irrigation, drainage, river overflows,water supplies, communication, or navigation

Hinduism

An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.

Diseconomies Of Scale

An economic concept referring to a situation in which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased.

Perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union, a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Inflation

An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

Consumer Price Index

An index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer

Price Index

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Price Level

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. A system of thought based on the study of human ideas and actions.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.

International Monetary Fund

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Judicial Activism

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

Ecosystem

An interwoven infrastructure that produces and consumes energy

Mesa

An isolated land or hill usually in a dry area with a flat top and steeply sloping sides

Socrates

Ancient Athenian philosopher who helped bring about Greece's Golden Age

Group

Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

Fundamentalism

Anti-modernist Protest movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible, the name came from the Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.

Renewable Resource

Any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time

Cherokee

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.

Interest Groups

Are aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda, in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues.

Federal Block Grants

Are given to state governments w/regulations that they be used for specific purposes, Block grants give the states more discretion in that they provide federal funds for general areas of use but allow the states to implement the specifics of the programs.

Trade Standards

Are laws or regulations establishing health and safety standards for imported goods, frequently much stricter than those applied to domestically produced goods.

Price Ceilings

Are maximum prices set by the government for particular goods and services that they believe are being sold at too high of a price and thus consumers need some help purchasing them.

Price Floor

Are minimum prices set by the government for certain commodities and services that it believes are being sold in an unfair market, with too low of a price and thus their producers deserve some assistance.

Group Norms

Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the members. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other.

South-West

Arizona (AZ), New Mexico (NM), Oklahoma (OK), Texas (TX)

Settled Agriculture

As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.

Citizenship

As the way we act and live our lives. It includes how an individual makes decisions that may affect others and how individuals demonstrate their concern about the community and nation

Pericles

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference.

Real Value

Value in current dollars after adjusting for inflation.

8th Amendment

Bail, fines, and punishment

Perception

Becoming aware of something via the senses

Original 13 Colonies

Began with founding of settlements called Jamestown (1607), Plymouth (1620), and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629). In 1773 is was established. They are 1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4. Connecticut 5. New York 6. New Jersey 7. Pennsylvania 8. Delaware 9. Maryland 10. Virginia 11. North Carolina 12. South Carolina 13. Georgia

Ideals

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something), a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard.

Values

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something).

Gift economy

Believes that goods and service should be given without specific reason, such as for generosity

Nelson Mandela

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Greenville Acts

Britain was facing serious debt issues, and was in danger of a destabilized economy. These were a series of acts designed to tax the colonies, which included the Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act (1765), currency act (1764), Declatory Act (1766), and Revenue act (1764).

Progressivism

Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.

Minoan Age

Bronze Age civilization, centering on the island of Crete. Built huge palaces, writing, artisans, traded w/Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia

Helladic Period

Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture. The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.

The Black Death

By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Human Characteristic

Can consist of values, religious belief, language system, political structures, economic methods, and socioeconomic status

Veto

Cancel or postpone a decision, bill or so on

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional President John Adams made several appoints of federalist judges to the Supreme Court in the days and hours before Pres. Jefferson, an anti-federalist, was to take office, in a move known as the "Midnight Judges". One of his last appt was on 3 March, the day before Jefferson was to take office. b. On 4 March, Jefferson ordered his Sec of State, James Madison, not to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued. c. The Supreme Court, and CJ John Marshall determine that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal that it gave the judicial branch powers not granted in the constitution. d. Served as the precedent for the SC to nullify laws it found unconstitutional.

Corporate Colonies

Charter---- colonies were led by joint-stock companies. These were run business with backing of wealthy investors. The more money the colony made, the wealthier the investors became. The investors voted in officials and elected the leaders in this type of colony

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Legislative Oversight

Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings, the power of Congress to oversee how laws are carried out.

Mental map or sketch map

Conjures a sketch in a person's mind and is constructed mentally without any particular references: demonstrates what a person knows about location and characteristics of places

Market economy

Considered a compromise system, as it allows public and privately owned companies or business to operate simultaneously. have no central authority; custom plays a small role

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. It is sometimes part of shifting cultivation agriculture, and of transhumance livestock herding.

Perceptual Region

Constructed around human feelings and attitudes of the area, these regions are defined by peoples' subjective images if an area and can be based on biases and stereotypes that may be incorrect or inappropriate.

Three important citizenship are

Content Values Processes

Hippocrates

Contributed to the knowledge of the ancient Greeks by proposing new methods for treating diseases.

Opportunity Cost

Cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another, the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

Variable Costs

Costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced

State and National

Create and enforces laws Set taxes Borrow money

Sensitive Development Period

Critical Period in development is a period of time which an organism typically needs to be exposed to a particular stimulus in order for proper development to occur.

Sumerians

Cuneiform writing, city-state government, adopted silver as a means of exchange, agricultural advances using fertilizer, and improvements on the potter's wheel

Rank

Economic resources and power are equal to all social groups, but prominence is unequally distributed. Often a river or chief maintain the highest prominence status

Federal Courts

Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.

Monroe Doctrine

Dec 2, 1823 - A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Brown v. Board of Education

Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

National Government

Declares War Manages foreign relations Oversees international, foreign, and interstate Mints money in a treasury

Formal Region

Defined in two ways though either common human features such as language, religion, nationality or culture or common physical features such as climate, landform, or vegetation

Mid-Altanic

Delaware (DE), Maryland (MD), New Jersey (NJ), New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA)

Derived Demand

Demand for business or organizational products (tires) caused by demand for consumer goods of services (autos).

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Politcal map

Demonstrates government boundaries and territorial borders for major countries, states, territories, and provinces

Thematic Map

Demonstrates the location of specific ideas or distributions such as population of children, languages of the world, and time zones

Major deserts

Deserts are land areas that are very dry and barren, mostly covered with sand and having specific plants and animals known only to that area. Some provide little possibility for human living conditions. Arabian, Atacama, Austrian, Iranian, Kalahari, Namib, North American, Patagonian, Sharan, Sonoran, Takla Makan-Gobi, Thar, and Turkestand

Topographer

Designs, describes, and develops maps

Infant Industries

Developing industries that require protection to get started.

Erik Erickson

Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages)

Climate Map

Displays weather and typical climatic conditions of a region

Longitude

Distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian (line from the North to the South Pole).

Latitude

Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees. Has the greatest influence on climate.

Identity crisis

Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society.

Congressional district

Divison or part of a state, each district elects one person to the House of Representatives

Sharecropping

Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).

The factory system

Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.

United States Senator

Elected to the Legislative Branch of the U.S. government for a term on 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.

Guild System

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).

Communist

Endorse the establishment of society based on common ownerships of the means of production

Laws

Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society.

Identity Formation

Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.

Fact-book maps

Examines the actual facts of events or activities in certain regions or specific places such as life expectancy rates and energy consumption

Equilibrium Exchange Rate

Exchange rate at which demand for a currency is equal to the supply of the currency in the economy.

Monopoly

Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices

Relief map or topographical map

Exhibits a three-demesional variation in the topography of land and water areas

Classical Civilizations

Expanded trade and provide other influences to areas outside their own borders Reevaluated and restructured key institutions upon decline and fall empires or rules, policies, and values Created new and varied religions Increased agricultural options and opportunities Extended the land territories and boundary areas Integrated the people and societies (social cohesion)

Polar

Extremely cold with permanent ice and tundra present

Sedentary Agriculture

Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place

Nomadic pastoralism

Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.

Shifting cultivation

Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practiced in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown

Nativism

Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.

15th Amendment

Feb 1870 - the right to vote for all US citizens.

Expansionary Monetary Policy

Federal Reserve system actions to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and expand real GDP; an easy money policy.

The First Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

Kingdom of Ghana

First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.

Senate Majority Leader

First-ranking party position, held by a distinguished senior member of the majority party in the Senate. The Senate majority leader schedules floor actions on bills, and helps guide the majority party's legislative program through the Senate.

Indictment

Formal accusation through a legal process

The President

Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the its jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first president

Deciduous Forest Biomes

Four separate seasons- spring, fall, winter, summer

1rst Amendment

Freedom of religion, press, assembly, expression Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Philosophes

French thinkers who popularized Enlightenment ideas through their writings were known as this. Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

Containment

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. diplomat George Kennan.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

What were the Triple Alliance of WWI?

Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

Who were the main rivalries of WWI?

Germany and France over Alsace Russia and Austria over the Balkans Britain and Germany over their navies and economic power

Articles of Confederation

Goal that was clearly expressed was a limit on the power of the national government. This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism.

Subsidies

Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition.

Federal Categorical Grants

Grants that earmark the funds for specific uses and often require that the states meet a number of other requirements to receive and used these funds.

Byzantine culture

Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was preserved in libraries

Thucydides

Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Polis

Greek word for city-state. Is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, it is often translated as "city-state."

Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina

Grew tobacco, rice, and indigo

Lithosphere

Ground and Surface and Rock formation, soil formation, plate tectonics and erosion

Secondary Groups

Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)., groups that meet principally to solve problems

Subcultures

Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture.

Participatory economy

Guides the production, consumption, and allocation of resources through participatory decision-making of its society members

Congress

Has the power to ratify treaties and declare war, and the power to make laws.

Vedic

Having to do with or pertaining to the Vedas-the oldest scriptures in India and the world, passed through oral tradition.

Charlemagne

He attempted to unify his lands in Western Europe after his death in 814 C.E. because regional loyalties that outweighed allegiance to his son.

Julius Andrassy

He became Austria-Hungary's last imperial Foreign Minister, serving for just nine days before resigning on 1 November 1918. With war underway He came out in opposition to Foreign Minister Burien's initiatives in Italy and Poland.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Logan's Lament

He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.

Magellan

He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward across he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Tropical

High temperatures year-round with large amounts of rain

Himalayan Mountains

Highest mountain range in the world, separates India from China

Homo erectus

Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". First developed in Africa.

Movement

How people, goods, culture, and ideas move around the globe

Microeconomics

How specific markets function involving consumers and businesses a. Focuses on the way consumers behave. b. How income is distributed. c. Output and input markets. d. The above factors determine production decisions of producers based on resources and costs.

Macroeconomics

How the national economics function (income, composition, and investment) a. Looks at economic trends on a national level (aka GDP). Variables include: 1. Output 2. Consumption 3. Investment 4. Gov. spending 5. Net exports

Midwest

Illinois (IL), Indiana (IN), Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), South Dakota (SD), Wisconsin (WI)

Historical map

Illustrates the people of an area and the population such as trade routes and religions

Han dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; was an age of economic prosperity, and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050-256 BCE).

Sedition Act

Imposed harsh punishments for expressing ideas disloyal to the United States.

The Great Leap Forward

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?

The Korean War

In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Council met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.

Political Party Leadership

In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troops in barns and empty houses

Neolithic Period

In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs. New Stone Age (following the Mesolithic)

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to increase the frequency of behavior.

Thar Desert

India's longest desert that runs along India/Pakistan border

Hiawatha

Indian from the Iroquois tribe who was one of two men who persuaded five nations to unite and work together as a group.

What is Inflation

Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money, which technically affects the value of the currency. Countries generally devalue their currency to keep up with inflation.

Marcus Garvey

Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Clear and Present Danger Test

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, led to the dramatic nineteenth century expansion of slavery in the South.

Capital Flows

Investment flows per period of time, into and out of a country. EX: Portfolio/FDI

Legitimacy

Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.

Isolationism

Is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism & Protectionism

Central-Place Hierarchy

Is a geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas.

Jet Stream

Is a high-velocity wind in the lower levels of the atmosphere that attains speeds of over 250 miles per hour as it moves in a westerly direction, carrying weather patterns with it.

Plantation

Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.

Isolationism

Is a policy of national isolation from world affairs by generally abstaining from alliances and other types of international political relations.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

Two Treatises of Government

Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Temperance movement

Is a social movement against the use of alcoholic beverages. Its movements may criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.

Strait of Bosporus

Is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia.

Nomadic Herding

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which inspired people in the North to join antislavery campaigns.

The European Union

Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.

The Silk Road

Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China.

Hammurabi's Code

Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye"

Planned economy (directed economy)

Is designed and managed through a primary authority

Human migration

Is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond.

Trade Balance

Is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.

The Preamble

Is the formal introduction to the Constitution. It summarizes the basic premises and the explains the purpose of the Constitution

Growth Rate

Is the percentage increase or decrease of GDP from the previous measurement cycle. It is annualized so it can be compared to the previous year.

Idealism

Is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas.

Geography

Is the study of places and encompasses four main concepts Physical Characteristic (Lands and Vegetation) Geopolitical information (boundaries and capital cities) Demographics (size, density, and population) Economic information (agricultural and manufacturing) c. Major elements of geography: 1. Locations 2. Regional characteristics 3. Spatial relations 4. Natural or manmade forces that change the earth

The Golden Age

Is the term used to denote the historical period in Classical Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE.

Political Science

Is to promote citizenship education , so students can learn to make informed decisions that improve and enhance society. Focus themes of Power, Authority, and Governance and Civic Ideals and Practices, which provide students with knowledge about the forms of government and the importance of community participation in a society

Frictional Unemployment

Is unemployment that comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations

Dual Federalism

Is when the states govern the people directly and the national government governs foreign affairs. Continued until the Great Depression of 1930

U.S. Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002

It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.

US Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.

Cultural Anthropology

It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful scientific concept.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

American Dawes Commission

Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title of Indian lands, and adopt the policy of dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. During this process, the Indian nations were stripped of their communally held national lands, which was divided into single lots and allotted to individual members of the nation.

On Liberty

John Stuart Mill, essay, plead for the practical and moral value inherent in safe guarding individual differences and popular opinion.

14th Amendment

Jul 1868 - overturned Dred Scott, and redefined citizenship, giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus Valley; spread Greek culture across three continents

Content

Knowledge that helps promote good citizenship

Black Sea

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Mycenaean Age

Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.

Unitarianism

Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.

Proclamation of 1763

Law created by British officials that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains

Sun Yat-sen

Led a movement to create a united, democratic China free from foreign control.

V.I. Lenin

Led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia (wrote What Is to Be Done?)

Nat Turner

Led the most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America. The rebellion he led killed about sixty white people in Virginia in 1831.

Seven Articles

Legislative Power (Popular Sovereignty) Executive Power (Republicanism) Judicial Power (Federalism) States' Powers and Limits (Separation of Powers) The Process of Amendments (Checks and Balances) Federal Powers (Limited Government) Ratification (Individual Rights)

The Connecticut Compromise

Legislative branch would have two parts: 1. a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and 2. a Senate, with two members from each state.

What Is to Be Done

Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.

Biosphere

Life, Ecosystems, habitats, and plant and animal realm

Dry

Limited rain with wide daily temperature ranges (semiarid and arid)

Checks and balance

Limits imposed on all branches of government by giving each the right to amend acts of the other branches

Patagonia Desert

Located in Southern Argentina and is the largest desert in the Americas

Gobi Desert

Located in north central China. 2nd largest desert in the world. extreme temperature. very dry and infertile. sand is called loess.

Mount Kilimanjaro

Located on great rift valley, Africa's tallest mountain, 19,341 ft. high

Nationalism

Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals, the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. Roman general who became the republic's dictator; created the basis for the calendar

Amazon River

Major river of South America; located primarily in Brazil, largest river in the world

Budget

Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation

Consumption

Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation

The Long March

Mao Zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in China.

Dot Map

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

Monopolistic Competition

Market or industry characterized by numerous buyers and relatively numerous sellers trying to differentiate their products from those of competitors.

Laissez-faire economics

Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."

Mesolithic Period

Middle Stone Age 10,000-7,000 B.C.E humans were able to plant an harvest some crops and began to stay in one place for longer periods

Mesolithic Period

Middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago

Capitalism

Mostly private-owned for profit Property is privately owned and goods are privately

Population Pull Movement

Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, for example: Higher incomes, Lower taxes, Better weather, Better availability of employment.

Ural Mountains

Mountain rage that divides Europe from Asia.

Hindu Kush

Mountain range in Central Asia. It meets the Karakoram and Himalaya from the West to complete a wall of mountains between the subcontinent and the rest of Asia.

Zagros Mountains

Mountains on the western side of Iran help isolate that country from the rest of Southwest Asia. The birthplace of agriculture located in northeastern Iraq.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization

Strait of Gibraltar

Narrow waterway that separates Europe from Africa by 8 miles

Balance of Payments Account

National account of international payments and receipts, divided into current account, and capital and financial account

Kwakiutl

Native American people that formerly inhabited the northwestern coastal region of North America

Egalitarian

No one social group has grater access to economic resources, power, or prominence than another. Economic differences hold no bearing upon prominence within the society. For example a cook and a doctor have equal access to societal possessions

Plain Indians

Nomadic and warlike, depended on buffalo and horse, hunted, fierce warriors, large tribes made up of smaller independent bands, rule by chief and elders, gender roles, communicated with other tribes through sign language

Huns

Nomadic people from Asia who attacked Europe in the 4th Century and then invaded the northwest part of India in the 5th Century.

Native American

North America's first immigrant, who probably moved into the region from Asia thousands of years ago

Coordinates

Numbers or letters used on map as a system to focus on finding specific locations

Cost Push Inflation

Occurs when businesses respond to rising production costs, by raising prices in order to maintain their profit margins.

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.

Social Stratification

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Libertarian

One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties, strong support for civil and political liberties but reject government regulation of the economy.

Natural economy

Operates on a bartering or trade system rather than a monetary foundation for the exchange of goods and services

Functional Region

Organized around a central hub with the surrounding areas connected to the center by transportation system, communication, systems, manufacturing or trading. Most common-Metropolitan area

Liberalism

Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting power of government interference with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.

Townsend Acts

Parliamentary measures (named for the chancellor of the Exchequer) that taxed tea and other commodities, and established a Board of Custom Commissioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts. 1767

The Dawes Act

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.

Taft Hartley Act

Passed over President Harry Truman's veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. It imposed a federally mandated "cooling-off period" on strikes judged to endanger national security.

Interaction of people and environment

People adapt, modify, and depend on the environment which can cause change in the environment

Recession

Period of slow economic growth plagued with high unemployment and minimal spending

The Meiji Restoration

Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all control was given to the government and Japan was modernized

Constituent

Person who is represented by an elected official

Delegate

Person who is represented by an elected official

Daoism

Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Manifest Destiny

Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as justification for American empire.

Place

Physical and human characteristic of a location

B.F. Skinner

Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.

The Platt Amendment

Platt Amendment (1901) Amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.

Mercantilism

Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Non-interventionism

Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.

Authority

Rules of power are often dependent on gender in most societies

Community

Populations of different plants and animals

Prosocial Behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Conformal map.

Present land masses and the reaction of proper shapes, but these maps are often distorted a. Equal area - the proportional size of various areas are accurate. b. Conformal - focuses on the correct shape with less concern for size.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.

Trade Winds

Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator

Stamp Act

Primarily intended on paying for the military defense of the colonies. Parliament required that all revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter.

Immigration and Naturalization Service

Protected and enforced the laws of naturalization, the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen. It also tackled illegal entrance into the United States, preventing receipt of benefits such as social security or unemployment by those ineligible to receive them, and investigated, detained, and deported those illegally living in the United States.

Fourth Amendment

Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Government agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

Twentieth-Centrury Development and and Transformation

Provided humankind with many advancements and technologies. From radio to cellphones to artificial intelligence,

5th Amendment

Provisions concerning prosecution The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

Cognitive Theory

Psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes: how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve-problems.

Amendment

Ratified in 1791 are considered the Bill of Rights Is to change the wrong or meaning of a motion, bill, constitution, and so on by formal procedure. Are incorporated into the meaning of the Constitution

The Gilded Age

Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century (1865-1901). Is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. Characterized by robber barons, panics, and political corruption.

Trail of Tears

Refers to the forced relocation between 1836 to 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and North Carolina to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees

Reactionary Groups

Refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state (the status quo ante) in a society. The term is meant to stand in opposition to and as one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radicalism".

Utopias

Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed to create perfect societies.

Long Run Phillips Curve

Relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate in the long run, looks at long-term natural rate of unemployment.

New England

Relied on ship building, sailing, and fishing

Copperheads

Republican term for northerners opposed to the Civil War; it derived from the name of a poisonous snake.

Miranda vs. Arizona

Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

Natural Resource

Resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature

Renewable Resource

Resources that can replenish themselves after they are used

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, major step towards German unification. Came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state.

Physical Map

Reveals the features of actual geographical surfaces, such as mountains or rivers and the underlying geological structures, such as rocks or fault lines

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

4th Amendment

Right of search and seizure Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Government agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

2nd Amendment

Right to keep and bear arms A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

7th Amendment

Rights in civil cases

6th Amendment

Rights of accused in criminal prosecutions

9th Amendment

Rights retained by the people

Brahmaputra River

River that begins in Tibet, flows through northeast India and Bangladesh, joining with the Ganges to empty into the Bay of Bengal.

Western Ghats

Rolling mountains west of the Deccan Plateau in Southern India.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happened he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.

Augustus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. First Roman Emperor

Socialism

Rule by all

Republic

Rule by law

Oligarchy

Rule by minority

Autocracy

Rule by one

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.

Norms

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members, shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

Autarky economy (closed economy)

Self- sufficient systems that limits outside trade, relying on its own resources

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst in 1890. Each newspaper's accounts events in Havana harbor in 1898 that led to the Spanish-American War.

Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.

House Representative

Serves a 2 year term

Values

Set standards of human behavior

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000.

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware

Shipped Crops and traded furs

Equal-area map

Shows land area with relatively proper sizes: however, distortion can occur

Outline map

Shows some geographic features but does not include others

Topographic Map

Shows surface features of an area such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus by using contour lines to show changes in elevation

Indian Removal Act

Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma. 1830

Positive Sanctions

Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.

Negative Sanctions

Social disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a punishment to promote conformity to norms.

Primary Groups

Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection.

Ascribed Status

Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

Communitarianism

Social reform movement of the nineteenth century driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on common ownership of property, a less competitive and individualistic society could be developed.

Third Party Candidate

Sometimes force one or both of the two dominant parties to shift their political platforms.

Mercantilism

States that a nation must depend on its capital and that the world market is unchangeable

10th Amendment

States' right

Laisses-farie

Strict free market with absence of government involvement, promotes private to maintain freedom, security, and property rights.

Plato

Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society.

Anthropologist

Studies the history of people such as their culture and language

Mao Zedong

Successfully implemented communism in China because he had the support of the Chinese peasantry.

Seperation of powers

System of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches

Socialist

System of social control regarding property and income rather than individual control

Physical Anthropology

Systematic study of humans and biological organisms

Trade Restrictions

Tariffs and quotas restrict the amount of a good imported and supply will decrease

Automatic Stabilizers

Taxes and transfer payments, Federal government expenditures or receipts that automatically increase or decrease without requiring action by Congress or the President. Examples are unemployment compensation and corporate and individual income tax.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports, raise the price of imported goods, which increases the demand and price for the same goods produced by domestic suppliers. Revenues from these are collected by the domestic government.

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups, belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.

Deindustrialization

Term describing decline of manufacturing in old industrial areas in the late twentieth century as companies shifted production to low wage centers in the South and West or in other countries.

Individualism

Term that entered the language in the 1820s to describe the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment free of outside interference.

Current Account

That part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments

United States vs. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of exceutive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.

US v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.

The Vietnam War

The Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States resulted in war.

Nativism

The French philosopher Rene Descartes states that there is a body of knowledge that people are born with that requires no learning or experience. Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.

The greatest trading society of West Africa

The Kingdom of Mali (which took the place of Ghana), which became rich from salt and gold.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

Absolute Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources.

Social mobility

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.

Explicit Costs

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production and other suppliers.

The Rise of Non-European Civilizations

The advent of civilization furnished a framework for the majority of the developments in the world. Specifically, the rise of civilizations in Africa and the Middle East provided structure and cultural systems. Numerous civilizations began during this period

Neolithic Period

The age of the first civilizations, technological innovations, fire, tools, cave paintings (religious and decorative), domesticated animals, agricultural. aka: New Stone Age people began living in much larger communities (towns, or villages) Pottery was developed Writing developed

Supply and demand

The amount of goods and services, which is directly related to the request for them when the request (demand) goes up, the amount (supply) must go up, and therefore, the price goes up

Money Multiplier

The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves, the multiple by which deposits can increase for every dollar increase in reserves; equal to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Growing Season

The average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall. The most common measure of the length of this is the number of days with no frost.

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.

Value

The basis for economics,used to describe and measure what is occurring in the market

Judicial Branch

The branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice, the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states

Legislative Branch

The branch of the United States government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of representatives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.

The Assembly

The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Fifth Amendment

The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the United States.

Mores

The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

The Four Noble Truths

The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path).

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Russian Revolution

The coup d'état by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Neo-local

The couple chooses a place of residence separate from either set of patterns

Matrilocal

The couple lives with or near the family of the wife

Patrilocal

The couples lives with or near the family of the husband

Bush vs. Gore

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.

Marxism

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded

Praetorian Guard

The elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor

Third Amendment

The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner

Asoka

The grandson of Chandragupta who also was a leader of the Mauryan Empire. He converted to Buddhism from Hinduism and tolerated other religions other then Buddhism when he was the leader. He is the most honored leader of the Mauryan Empire and controlled a very successful civilization (India).

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

Electoral College

The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President

Summit

The highest point of a mountain

Pinnacle

The highest point of rock, ice, or land

Amazon Basin

The home of the world's largest tropical rainforests, runs along the largest river in the world on the continent of South America.

Latitude

The horizontal lines that run parallel to the equator and measure the distance in degrees north and south from the equator; based on 90˚ in each direction

Tang Dynasty

The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period

Economies of Scale

The increase in efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases.

Marginal Product

The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input, the additional output that can be produced by adding one more unit of a specific input, ceteris paribus.

Marginal Cost

The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production, the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

Hunting and Gathering

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. Prehistoric Cave People Moved in Search of Food

Lake Superior

The largest freshwater lake in the world, one of the great lakes hat is the border between US and Canada.

Iroquois Confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution. The nations who joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawk. Once they ceased most of their infighting, the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century northeastern North America.

Socialization

The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a sense of self.

Scarcity

The limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants, the condition that results from limited resources combined with unlimited wants.

Estuary

The location where a river meets the sea or ocean

Volga River

The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river.

Yangtze River

The longest river of Asia, River found in China; 3rd longest river in the world (3915 miles long)

Patriarchal Authority

The male has the power and authority demonstrated in personal as well as governmental law

People

The people of the world are diverse and offer a rich contribution to global unity. The live throughout the regions of the Earth's surface and sometimes are the primary means to defining an area. People are categorized in many ways in order to better describe them as related to their specific characteristics. Knowing information about the people of certain regions will help understand their relationships to the spaces of the world:

Progressive Income Tax

The percentage of income paid in taxes will increase as income increases.

Symbols

The pictures or icons representing some item on a map (land masses, population), but the same icons and pictures are not consistently used the same on all maps

Impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.

Democracy

The political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

Great Irish Famine

The potatoes disease which caused 25 % of a population to leave their homeland, cause of Irish immigrants to the US

Processes

The practice of citizenship through activities and opportunities

Compass Rose

The precise direction on a map or globe (north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest)

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure that is exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, which is caused by the collisions between molecules in the air.

Market Price

The price at which buyers and sellers agree to trade. The price determined by supply and demand.

Price Equilibrium

The price at which demand and supply are equal.

Money Supply

The quantity of money available in the economy

Spending Multiplier

The reciprocal of 1 minus the marginal propensity to consume. Or the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save.

Cultural Relativity

The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

Labor Demand

The relationship between the quantity of labor demanded by firms and the wage.

Acropolis

The religious center of Athens in Ancient Greece; meeting place; site of Parthenon. Large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

McCulloch vs Maryland.

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank a. Maryland voted to tax any bank outside of MD that did business within the state. McCulloch, a federal bank employee, refused to pay the tax on behalf of the Second Bank of the US. b. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress could charter a national bank, and that Maryland did not have the right to tax the bank or the federal government. c. Established the precedent that when national and state governments collide, the Federal gov. would prevail.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Social Solidarity

The state of having shared beliefs and values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members.

Recession

The state of the economy declines, A period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration.

The Last of the Mohicans by James Fennimore Cooper,

The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of the North American colonies. During this war, the French called on allied Native American tribes to fight with the more numerous British colonists.

Chinese Revolution

The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory

Physical anthropology

The study of physical characteristic and difference between groups of people

Buddhism

The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.

Aggregate Supply

The total amount of goods and services in the economy available at all possible price levels

Aggregate Demand

The total demand for goods and services over varying prices within the economy, including componenting such as household consumption, business investment, government spending & net exports., the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels.

Average Fixed Cost

The total fixed costs (TFC) divided by the number of units produced. It is the only cost that decreases with production.

Gross Domestic Product

The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Terms on which the U.S. would mediate would include the retrocession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the acquisition of Constantinople by Russia.

Goods and Services

The use f machines increases the availability of goods and services to the population. This kind of production can decrease the cost of producing the goods and consequently its price.

Sahara Desert

The world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

Andes Mountains

The world's longest mountain chain, stretching along the west coast of South America.

Nile River

The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea

Keynesian Economics

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Class

There is unequal distribution in economic resources, and prominence among social groups. It can be a closed system or an open system

Protectionism

There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.

Norms

These include the general rules by which a society exes.

Ozone depletion

Thinning of Earth's atmosphere layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air.

A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson,

This book Chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of injustices.

Judicial Branch

This branch of government contains the court system. The highest court in the land is the Supreme Court and included in the system are the federal courts, The courts must ensure that the rules of the Constitution are upheld, so members of the courts interpret the meanings of laws and how they should be applied

Legislative Branch

This branch of government is composed of Congress and government agencies that provide support to the Executive Branch. Congress has the power to make laws for the United States and is divided in two parts: the House pf Representatives and the Senate. The Senate allows for the representatives from each state and the House permits representatives from the states population, with a total of 435 seats.

Executive Branch

This branch of the government ensures that the laws of the United States are followed. The head of the Executive Branch is the President of the United States, who also command the military. The President has assistance from the Vice President, Cabinet members, Department members, and federal agencies, all of whom help carrying out policy and providing special services

British Colony of Virginia

This colony was distinctive because it had a popularly elected legislature.

European immigrants

This group came to the United States between 1815 and 1860 because it was attracted to the availability of inexpensive land and higher wages.

Merchants

This group in medieval Europe helped loosen feudal ties.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Communist Manifesto/ Das Kapital

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. 1. economic control 2. always been a class struggle b/w rich and poor 3. theory of surplus value 4. socialism is inevitable b/c capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

Ronald Regan

This president's platform encouraged decreasing taxes and government regulation.

Average Product

Total output divided by total units of the variable factor of production

Economic Profit

Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

Accounting Profit

Total revenue minus total explicit cost.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.

Mound Builders

Tribes of North America who built extensive mounds of dirt, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. They created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Dual economy

Two system (local needs and global needs) within one country, occurs mostly in under-developed countries

Seasonal Unemployment

Unemployment that occurs as a result of harvest schedules or vacations, or when industries slow or shut down for a season.

Structural Unemployment

Unemployment that occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available. Changes in technology and tastes can have an impact on this.

Cyclical Unemployment

Unemployment that rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves. Getting laid off due to a recession is the classic case of this.

Multicultural diversity

Unique characteristics of ethics groups

Industrialism

Uses large industries rather than agriculture or craftsmanship to create a system

Temperate

Warm and dry summers with cool and wet winters

Savanna Biomes

Warm temp. year-round with two seasons; 1. winter (long and dry). 2. summer (short and wet)

Otto von Bismarck

Was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Helped Germany expand, went to war against Denmark, won war, turned against Austria, gained control of North German Confederation.

Escobedo v. Illinois

Was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. (1964)

Escobedo v. Illinois

Was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. 1964

Escobedo vs. Illinois

Was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. 1964

Kingdom of Maili

Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's gathering of steamboat monopolies.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's gathering of steamboat monopolies. 1824

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's gathering of steamboat monopolies. 1824

Abolitionism

Was a movement in western Europe and the Americas to end the slave trade and set slaves free. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century,

William Lloyd Garrison

Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, volunteerist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.

The New Deal

Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 R's: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through large-scale spending on relief and reform.

Kingdom of Songhai

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

Malcolm X

Was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans

John Mercer Langston

Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.

John Brown

Was an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.

Northern Securities Company

Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.

Huey Newton

Was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, an African-American organization established to promote Black Power, civil rights and self-defense.

The Concept of Zero

Was developed in India and brought to Europe by Arab mathematicians. The place-value notation was much more efficient than the unwieldy numerical systems of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

Gunpowder

Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols. The Mongols, Muslims, Western Europe, and Japan adopted gunpowder in chronological sequence.

The Printing Press

Was most responsible for the rapid spread of new ideas in Renaissance Europe.

The Appalachian Plateau

Was one of the regions of the South that had the strongest pro-Union sentiments at the outbreak of the Civil War.

Mexican American War

Was sparked by the factor of a continuing dispute over the southern boundary of Texas.

Yalta Conference

Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.

The Neolithic Revolution

Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier

Shintoism

Was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. It is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.

Sparta

Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.

U.S Constitution

Was written by the founding Fathers i order to avoid the power of one single figure and to create a strong centralized government away from Great Britain. 1787 delegates voted immediately to abandon the Articles of Confederation and draft a new constitution. Checkes and balances, federalism, and separation of powers Three branches of government

The Nature and Purpose of Government

Were establish to protect individual's, properties, and lives from other people Provide rules and laws also established procedures to settle conflicts and some create governmental bodies to mange the people

Anti-Federalists

Were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights, their demands led to the addition of the a Bill of Rights to the document.

Proprietary Colonies

Were owned by a single person or single family. These colonies were run more like a dictatorship, with the family appointing officials as they pleased

The Five Civilized Tribes

Were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. Lived in the Southeastern United States before their relocation to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.

Royal Colonies

Were under direct control of the king or queen.

Mekong River Valley

Wet-Farming techniques and tropical climate located in Eastern to South Eastern Asia

The Great Rift Valley

What is the name of the giant depression in East Africa that runs from Jordan to Mozambique, Long, deep gash in the earth in eastern Africa where the first humans appeared

Trade Surplus

When a country exports more than it imports

Trade Deficit

When a country imports more than it exports.

Law of Diminishing Return

When additional units of a variable input are added to fixed inputs after a certain point, the marginal product of the variable input declines.

Residence

When people marry, they decide where to live, which is dependent on the societal norms and conforms

Prevailing Winds

Winds that blow in the same direction over large areas of Earth.

Taiga Biomes

Winters are cold with much snow and summers are warm, humid and rainy (LARGEST BIOME)

Muckrakers

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, child labor and more. Primarily in the 20th century, their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.

Democracy in America

Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in government and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.

Leviathan

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

Rousseau

Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parliament because the delegates made laws not the people.

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. classified knowledge as either: according to reason, contrary to reason, or about reason. He thought reason and revelation were complementary and derived from God

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers.

Stock exchange

a corporation in the business of bringing together stock buyers and selers

Phenomena

a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. (Example- Earth's surface and activities that occur on Earth)

Three major ideas of the Enlightenment and the philosophers who developed them.

a. A focus on ethics, logic, and observation drove philosophers instead of past belief system, particularly those of the church. Major players: 1. Rene Descartes - I think therefore I am. Believed strongly in empirical observation. 2. David Hume - pioneered empiricism and skepticism, believing truth could only be found through experience. 3. Immanuel Kant - believed in self examination and observation, and that the root of morality lies within humans. 4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - developed the idea of the social contract, where government existed at the will of the people, and when the government no longer served the people, it must be replaced. Greatly influenced by John Locke.

French and Indian Wars.

a. A series of wars between Britain and France, the last one being fought in North America that led to the decline of the French as a colonial power. b. The French had wide support of the colonists and native population, however lost to William Pitt and the British. c. The cost of the war eventually led to hardship and discontent and sparked the American Revolution.

Foreign policy.

a. A set of goals, policies, and strategies that determine how a nation will interact with other countries based on ideals and needs. Strategies shift with change in other countries.

Nationalism and how it affected society in the 18th and 19th centuries.

a. A strong belief in or identification with, and allegiance to a particular nation and people. b. Unified areas that had previously been fragmented which led to patriotism and in some cases imperialism. c. As nations grew, they sought to bring in other nations with similar characteristics. A side effect of this expansion was often conflict or war. d. Imperialism led countries of Europe to spread their influence to Asia and Africa. Africa was divided among several European nations. All of Asia was under control of Europe except China, Japan, and Thailand. e. In the US, Manifest Destiny caused the country to expand to the west. f. Italy and Germany expanded into larger nations in Europe.

What were the major theories of Carl Jung.

a. A student of Freud, Jung developed the theory of Extroversion and Introversion, as well as proposing the existence of the collective unconsciousness and the occurrence of Synchronicity.

Define vertical climate, and name the two major climates found in high latitudes.

a. A vertical climate exists in high mountain ranges. Increasing elevation leads to varying temps, conditions, vegetation, animals, and human habitations. b. The two major climates found in high elevations: 1. Tundra - Ground is frozen throughout a long winter, and becomes a wet and marshy plain during the summer. Weather not amenable to crops, but many plants and animals have adapted to the conditions. 2. Taigas - lie south of Tundras and include the largest forest areas in the world. Large mineral deposits are found here, as well as animals valued for their fur. Taigas are colder than tundras, and hotter in the summer.

Major events of the Bolshevik Revolution.

a. A workers strike in Petrograd in 1917 where the Army sided with the workers. b. Parliament set up a government made up of nobles, while workers and military joined forces to form their own government known as soviets. c. Ensuing chaos led to formerly exiled leaders Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky to move in and gain power and support. d. Lenin et al overthrew parliament and created the communist state of Russia. This led to the spread of communism throughout eastern Europe.

Age of Exploration.

a. Aka the Age of Discovery, is generally considered to have lasted from the early 15th into the 17th century. b. Included major developments in navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding. Expanded European exploration of the rest of the world. c. Portugal, Spain, France and England sought new routes to Asia, which resulted in the discovery and colonization of India, Africa, and North America

The major regional Native American groups.

a. Algonquians - eastern US. Northern tribes lived on hunting and gathering, while those further south grew crops. b. Iroquois - east coast tribe, spoke a different language from Algonquians, lived in long rectangular houses. c. Plains tribes - lived between the Mississippi river and Rocky Mountains, were nomadic, living in teepees and following buffalo herds. Included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche and Blackfoot. d. Pueblo tribes - lived in the SW desert in homes made of stone or adobe. Domesticated animals and cultivated crops. Included the Zuni, Hope, and Acoma. e. Pacific Coast - Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish lived on fish, deer, berries and roots. Lived in large family groups and used totems. f. Far North - Aleuts and Inuit line in skin tents or igloos and were skilled fisherman, using kayaks or umiaks to hunt caribou, seals, whales and walrus.

Globalism.

a. All people and all nations are interdependent. b. Ease of international travel and communication has heightened the sense of interdependence. c. Many of todays issues, including environmental awareness, economic struggles, and warfare require the cooperation of many countries to deal with effectively.

How does the Supreme Court provide equal protection under the law.

a. Amendments to the constitution have granted citizenship and voting rights to all Americans. The Supreme Court evaluates various laws and court decisions to determine if they properly represent the idea of equal protection.

Government dealings with Native Americans through the end of the 19th century.

a. Americas westward expansion caused conflict and violence with Native Americans, such as the Battle of Little Bighorn. b. In 1876 the gov. ordered all Native Americans to relocate to reservations. c. Lack of compliance led to the Dawes Act in 1887, which ordered assimilation vice separation. d. Reformers forced native children into boarding schools where they were not allowed to speak their native tongue and accept Christianity. e. In 1890, the massacre at Wounded Knee accompanied by Geronimo's surrender, led Native Americans to work to preserve their cultures vice fight for their lands.

Alliance.

a. An alliance is formed among countries with similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues. b. There are six existing alliances: 1. NATO 2. Common Market 3. EU 4. Caribbean Community 5. UN 6. Council of Arab Economic Unity c. Large companies and MNCs can also create alliances to control resources.

What is suffrage and franchise, and how voting rights have changed.

a. Both refer to the right to vote. b. Progression of voting rights: 1. Initially only white male landowners 2. By 19th century, most states franchised, allowing all WM to vote 3. 15th Amendment of 1870 granted slaves suffrage 4. 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote 5. 26th Amendment gave voting right to all citizens over 18

Navigation Acts.

a. An attempt by Britain in 1651 to dominate international trade, they banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies. b. While restrictions on trade angered some colonists, it actually helped the colonial economy, providing ships to Britains growing trade interests and using ships for their own trade ventures. c. By the end of the French and Indian Wars, one third of all British merchant ships were built in American colonies.

The Panic of 1893.

a. An economic crisis that affected most of the globe. b. Caused primarily on flooding the market with silver, causing the price to drop; over-speculating on railroads, which caused many banks to fail; and in the end, a run on banks by individuals to cash in their investments. c. As a response, Pres Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, afraid it had caused a downturn in the economy. d. Led to bankruptcy, railroads going under, and unemployment rising to 25%. e. Gave the Republican party an opening to regain power.

What is US citizenship and how can it be lost.

a. Anyone born in the US, born abroad to US citizens, or have gone through the naturalization process is considered a citizen of the US. b. Citizen can be lost by: 1. Committing certain crimes such as treason. 2. Pledges an oath to another country. 3. Serves in the military of a country that is at war with the US 4. individual renouncing citizenship

Differences between cities in various areas of the world.

a. Area available, culture, and economic forces dictate how cities develop b. North American cities tend to be large and spread out. c. European cities tend to have better transportation systems. d. Latin Americans who are wealthy tend to live in city centers. e. In lesser developed countries, transportation and communication between cities is less developed, though mobile phone usage is bridging this gap.

Three occurrences of genocide in modern history (other than the Holocaust).

a. Armenian - Young Turks, heirs to the Ottomans, slaughtered 1M Armenians from 1915-1917. b. Russian Purges - Stalin policies and edicts killed between 3-60M people from 1921-1953. c. Rwandan - the Hutu killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi and Hutu sympathizers during the revolution. UN did not act or intervene.

No taxation without representation

a. As new towns and legislative districts developed, colonists practiced representative government. Representatives were elected and represented male property owners in their dist. b. By contrast, the British parliament represented the entire country, not elected officials representing individual dist. c. When colonists complained, the British gov. did not understand what they meant when they said they had no representation in British gov.

Patterns sociologists use to define relationships involving race and ethnicity.

a. Assimilation: 1. Anglo-conformity - immigrants and minorities conform 2. Cultural pluralism - acceptance of racial and ethnic groups 3. Accommodation - mutual adaption between majority and minority 4. Melting pot - mixing of ethnic groups brings about new cultural gp. b. Conflict: 1. Population transfer - one group is forced to leave by another 2. Subjugation - one group controls another 3. Genocide - one group destroys another

Geography and climate of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica.

a. Australia is the only island on earth that is also a continent. b. Australia has extensive deserts, lowlands, and mountains. c. The economy is driven by agriculture d. Steppes are arid and suitable for livestock, only the coastal areas produce enough rain for crops without using irrigation. e. Oceania refers to thousands of Pacific islands formed by volcanic activity. f. Most islands have tropical climates with wet and dry seasons. g. New Zealand has rich forests and mountain ranges with moderate temps, including rainfall throughout the year. h. Antarctica is covered with ice. Its resource is scientific information. It supports some wildlife and little vegetation.

How do banks function.

a. Banks earn income by making loans and earning interest. b. If less money is available, fewer loans are made. c. Banks can not loan out all their money, and must keep some in reserve d. When the reserve ratio is lower, more money is loaned. e. When the reserve is higher, less money is loaned. f. The amount of the reserve is determined by the Fed Reserve System

Basics of a market economy.

a. Based on supply and demand. b. Market equilibrium price - when needs of consumers meet the needs of suppliers

Six major events of the Civil War.

a. Battle of Bull Run, 21 July, 1861 - the first land battle of the war. Union forces were defeated and set the stage for a long and costly war. b. Capture of Fort Henry, Feb 1862 - the first major Union victory. c. Battle of Gettysburg, 1-3 July 1863 - turning point of the war, saw the largest number of casualties (50,000), and Robert E Lee defeated, crippling the confederate army. d. Overland Campaign, 1864 - led by Gen. Grant, this campaign positioned the Union for victory. e. Sherman's March to the Sea, May 1864 - defeated Atlanta, and then continued to Savannah, indiscriminately destroying everything as he went. f. Following Lee's defeat at Appomattox, Grant accepted his surrender in the home of Wilmer McLean on 9 April, 1865.

How to determine adequacy, relevance, and consistency of information.

a. Before seeking info, develop a list of questions to keep information within the parameters. b. Questions should be based on research goals. c. As pieces of information are discovered, they should be compared to the research questions to insure they are relevant. d. Information from multiple resources should be compared for consistency. e. Adequate information answers research questions completely.

Biodiversity.

a. Biodiversity refers to various habitats on the planet and the organisms that exist there. Greater biodiversity makes it more likely that a habitat and its inhabitants will flourish. Climate change, human intervention, and other factors can reduce biodiversity and cause the extinction of some species.

Describe the work of Pavlov and Skinner.

a. Both built on the theories of John Watsons' behaviorism, believing environment (outside stimulus) strongly influenced behavior. 1. Pavlov's experiments proved the existence of conditioned response causing dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell. 2. Skinner built on Pavlov's work, developing the Skinner Box used to develop and study conditioned response in rats.

What is the origin of the UN.

a. Came into being at the end of WWII as a successor to the League of Nations. b. Worked to bring countries together for diplomatic solutions to international problems. c. It has initiated military action, calling for peacekeeping troops to move against countries violating UN policies.

How do political campaigns gain funding, and what is it used for.

a. Campaign funds are used for office space, supplies, and primarily advertising. Funds are typically gained through several sources: 1. Personal funds 2. Donations from individuals 3. Special interest groups (most significant source of funding).

What are the major characteristics of international trade.

a. Can take advantage of larger markets, bringing a wider variety of products b. Allows individual countries to specialize in products they can easily produce c. Products unavailable domestically can be acquired through trade

How to interpret charts and tables.

a. Charts are a visual representation of data. b. Charts should be labeled in such a way that a reader can locate a point on the chart then consult the surrounding axis for table headings to understand how it compares to other points. c. Tables are a type of chart that divides textual information into rows and columns. Each row or column represents a characteristic of the information.

Major developments of the Scientific Revolution.

a. Church governed scientific belief. b. During the revolution, scientists amassed evidence that challenged the church's doctrine. c. Scientists who brought about the Revolution: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus - argued that the earth revolved around the sun in "Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". 2. Tycho Brahe - catalogued astronomical observations. 3. Johannes Kepler - developed Laws of Planetary Motions. 4. Galileo Galilei - defended the theories of Kepler and Copernicus, discovered four moons of Jupiter, and died under house arrest. 5. Isaac Newton - discovered gravity, studied optics, calculus, and physics, believed the workings of nature could be studied through observation.

The importance, composition, and structure of cities around the world.

a. Cities grow as the area develops. b. Half of the world's population lives in cities, with even higher percentages in developed areas. c. Cites are growing more quickly in developing countries, however even established cities continue to grow. d. As cities grow, they grow into each other, forming a megalopolis.

What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights.

a. Civil liberties - role of the state in providing equal rights and opportunities to individuals in that state. b. Civil rights - define the limitations of state rights, describing those rights that belong to the individual that cant be infringed on by the gov.

What are the requirements for a civilization.

a. Civilizations have the following characteristics: 1. Use of metal to make weapons or tools 2. Written language 3. Defined territorial state 4. A calendar b. Earliest civilizations developed in river valleys on fertile land: 1. Nile River 2. Mesopotamia 3. Indus 4. Hwang Ho

Three major types of learning.

a. Classical conditioning - a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time. b. Operant conditioning - behavior is punished or rewarded leading to a desired behavior. c. Social learning - learning based on observation of others.

How do humans modify their surroundings for their own needs.

a. Clearing ground for crops. b. Redirecting waterways for irrigation. c. Building permanent settlements. d. Side effects of pollution, erosion, and waste can damage the environment. e. Many countries are trying to lessen the impact of humans by passing environmental policy.

Human systems that have influence SE Asia.

a. Colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th century. b. Heavily influenced by Buddhist and Muslim religions. c. Industrialization is growing, with large populations moving from rural to urban areas. d. Natural disasters are common, to include volcanoes, typhoons, and flash flooding, causing extensive damage and cultural disruption.

Contrast Communism and Socialism.

a. Communism draws on class warfare and overthrow of upper classes and the capitalistic systems. b. Socialism uses democratic procedures building on the existing order. c. Between wars, communism took hold. After WWII, democratic socialism became more common. Soon after, capitalism took an even stronger hold. d. Today most industrialized countries practice a mix of the elements of socialism and capitalism.

Types of earnings generated considered in calculation of GDP.

a. Compensation to employees b. Rental income from land c. Interest income from investments d. Entrepreneurial income e. (subtract taxes and depreciation)

Three different interactions that occur between species in the same habitat.

a. Competition - when species compete for resources b. Predation - when one species depends on another as a food source c. Symbiosis - when two species exist in the same habitat without affecting each other or even developing beneficial relationships

What are the five types of market failure.

a. Competition is inadequate. b. Information is inadequate. c. Resources are inadequate. d. Negative externalities or side effects that affect third parties. e. Failure to provide public goods.

Geography and Climate of North Africa, SW and Central Asia.

a. Complex area consisting of seas, peninsulas, rivers and mountains. b. Earthquakes are common. c. Much of the worlds oil lies in this region. d. The tendency of large rivers in N. Africa to follow a set pattern led people to settle there from prehistoric times. Technology has allowed people to tame the river, making it more predictable and the land more productive. e. The arid nature of this area has led to human intervention such as irrigation to increase agricultural production.

Human systems that have shaped Russia.

a. Conflicts led to the formation of the Communist state. b. With collapse in 1991 of the USSR, it has struggled to transition to a market economy c. Attempts to build a workable system have destroyed natural resources, and resulted in nuclear issues such as Chernobyl. d. Needs to improve transportation and communication systems e. Population is not evenly distributed, with 75% living west of the Ural Mountains. f. Russia encompasses over a hundred different ethnic groups.

consistent scale and thematic map.

a. Consistent scale - the same scale is used through the map, i.e. one inch equals 10 miles. Typically used for smaller geographical areas. b. Thematic - specific information about a chosen theme, such as political information, population distro, or climate.

Three types of plate boundaries.

a. Convergent - plates move toward one another. 1. When they collide, they can form mountains. 2. When one goes under another, this can lead to volcanic activity (subduction) b. Divergent - plates move away from one another. The movements leads to rifts. c. Transform - plates slide in opposite directions against each other, leading to earthquakes.

How has globalization affected the ways countries interact.

a. Countries seeking the same nonrenewable resources have experienced high demand, resulting in wild price fluctuations. b. Increased travel and communication abilities have helped to deal with disease, but also spreads the disease via travelers. c. The internet has allowed instantaneous access to anywhere on the globe, leading to interaction between far flung individuals and countries, increasing awareness of happenings all over the world.

Herbert Spencer.

a. Credited with the idea of Social Darwinism. Spencer states that the major driving force behind changes in society is competition.

Three major classifications of inflation.

a. Creeping - 1-3 percent annually b. Galloping - 100-300 percent annually c. Hyper - More than 500 percent annually, leading to economic collapse

Culture.

a. Culture is learned human behaviors. It consists of: 1. Cultural universals such as language 2. Culture, or traditions that define that a society 3. Subculture, or a group within a group.

How was the Constitution proposed and ratified.

a. Delegates from 12 of 13 states met in Philadelphia in May 1787 intending to revise the Articles of Confederation, however it quickly became apparent that a simple resolution would not provide a workable gov structure. b. Vowing to keep the proceedings secret until it was done, the delegates drafted what would become the Constitution of the USA. By doing this in secret, they were able to draft the entire document to present to the country for ratification vice hammering every detail out in the general public.

Relief map.

a. Designed to show details of various elevations across a map. Elevations are represented by different colors, and often show ruggedness or smoothness of an area. Elevation can be represented by contour lines or textures.

The major figures involved in determining and enacting US Foreign policy.

a. Determined by Congress and the President, and is greatly influenced by the Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, and the NSA. b. The State Dept. carries out policy, negotiates treaties, maintains diplomatic relations, assists traveling citizens, and advises the President on international issues. The DoD supervises the armed forces and provides assistance to the President as the Commander in Chief.

Three stages of economic development and the challenges of dev nations.

a. Developing countries typically don't have the monetary or technical resources and training to advance in the stages of economic dev: 1. Agricultural stage 2. Manufacturing stage 3. Service sector stage

How did Max Weber explain differences in social dev between the east and west.

a. Differing religions led to different social dev. b. Protestantism led to the dev of capitalism. c. Organization of the state felt violence was a legitimate means of protecting citizens and enforcing rule.

Three-fifths Compromise.

a. Disagreement between north and south arose on how slaves should counted to determine a state's quota of representatives. b. Southern states wanted the slaves to count for quotas, but not for taxes. c. The decision was to count 3/5 of the slave population for both tax and quota determination.

Three processes that bring about cultural change.

a. Discovery - finding things that already exist (fire). b. Invention - creating new things that changes the way things are done. c. Diffusion - borrowing elements of other cultures.

How does gender and age lead to discrimination.

a. Discrimination against women is profound in developing countries. Increasing the standing of women in society is a major element in increasing the livelihood of that society. b. Discrimination against the elderly is based on their decreased physical ability and ability to contribute economically. Elderly bring experience and knowledge, however their poverty level is at 10% in the US.

Compare and contrast the natural, political, and cultural features on a map.

a. Displayed in the legend. b. Natural features are geographically identifiable areas such as water, mountains, etc, that can be compared by regions. c. Political features are state divisions, roads, railroads, etc, that can be compared numerically. It provides information about density and population. d. Cultural features may include roads, railroads, but museums and historic areas, archaeological areas, and campgrounds. This may provide history on an area, as well as current use.

How is human population analyzed.

a. Distribution of population. b. Industrial areas. c. Transportation d. Map out everything, schools, factories, etc, to show how things are distributed. e. Distribution of towns themselves, from rural to Megalopolis.

Distribution channels in the modern marketplace.

a. Distro channels are the route a product takes from producer to consumer b. Influences the final price and availability c. Two forms of distro: 1. Wholesale - buys in large quantities and resells smaller amounts to businesses. 2. Retail - Sell directly to consumers. d. Modernity of distro - internet allows direct from producer to consumer, skipping the distro system altogether.

Six major social institutions

a. Family - the basic unit of any society and most important b. Education - values and norms are communicated through institutionalized education. c. Political institutions - determine the distribution of power. d. Economic institutions - distribution of wealth e. Religion - provides mores and beliefs that unify a culture. f. Sport - reflects societal values, unifies, and an outlet for aggression.

How can political cartoons be used in studies.

a. Drawing convey an opinion either critical or supportive, summarizing a series of events, fictional situation, or summarize an attitude. b. Secondary source of information. c. May have captions, dialogue, or cultural symbols. d. Employ caricature to call attention to a situation. e. The nature of a caricature reveals the authors position. f. Students should examine the issue, what elements the artist used to support his point, and what the message is.

What was the Dred Scott Decision.

a. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from MO to Illinois then MN, before returning to MO where his owner died. It was argued in the Supreme Court that Scott was a free man since he had lived in free territory. b. The Supreme Court stated that Scott was not a US citizen and his time in the free states did not change his status. They also stated that he did not have the right to sue, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional by outlawing slavery in the territories.

Emile Durkheim's influence on sociology.

a. Due to his effort, sociology came to be a major discipline at universities. He believed that the world was influenced by group and not individual beliefs. Performed in-depth studies of suicide rates due to large changes in society.

Middle East in International Relations and economics.

a. Due to its centralized location and preponderance of oil the ME is important in both diplomatic and economic circles. b. Because of its location, it has always been a hotbed for violence since the beginning of recorded history. c. Conflicts over land, resources, religious and political power continue today, spurred by vast oil reserves.

Industrial activity before and after 1800, as well as inventions that changed industry at that time.

a. During the 1700s, goods were made in small houses or shops. In the 1800s, the focus shifted to factories that were capable of producing goods on a large scale. b. Americans and immigrants found jobs in these factories, which were in constant need of labor. c. One of the major inventions was the cotton gin, which decreased the processing time of cotton, and led to the rapid expansion of cotton production in the south.

How to organize information chronologically.

a. Each piece of information must be associated with a time or date. b. Helps to analyze more easily the effects events have chronologically. c. One disadvantage is that it does not highlight one event that may have been more important than other minor events.

Geography and Climate of Europe.

a. East and south are mountain ranges, while the north is primarily plains. b. The coastline and island nature mean the climate is often warmer than other lands in similar latitudes. c. Many areas have a moderate climate, while the south is dominated by the Mediterranean climate. d. Europe has high levels of natural resources. e. Waterways connect the inner regions to the coast. f. Much of Europe is industrialized, and agriculture has existed for thousands of years.

Market socialism.

a. Economic structure falls between market and planned economies. Planning authority determines allocation of resources, while consumer goods are driven by market demands.

What is cybernomics.

a. Economics driven by ecommerce. Some issues: 1. Security of online trade 2. Intellectual property rights. 3. Rights to privacy 4. Bringing developing nations into the fold

What are the types of money available in the US.

a. Economists measure funds available by the following classes: 1. Deposits in checking and savings accts. (quickly conv into cash) 2. Savings deposits, CDs, and other monetary deposits. 3. The total funds available is the total quantity of the two.

Define elasticity, market efficiency, comparative advantage and opportunity cost.

a. Elasticity - how the quantity of a product responds to price demanded b. Market efficiency - when a market is capable of producing enough to meet demand. c. Comparative advantage - in international trade, this is the ability of a country to focus on a specific product it can produce quicker and cheaper than other countries (aka opportunity cost).

Four major purposes of any government.

a. Ensure national security b. Provide public services c. Ensure social order - settles conflicts among its citizens and makes laws d. Economic decisions - form economic policy domestically as well as international trade. Also has the ability to control distro of wealth and goods

Three important ancient geographers.

a. Eratosthenes - ancient Greek who mathematically calculated the circumference of the earth. b. Strabo - wrote a description of the ancient world called Geographica (17 volumes). c. Ptolemy - astronomer and mapmaker. His skills contributed to the overall knowledge of the earths geography.

Define erosion, weathering, transportation and deposition.

a. Erosion - movement of loose material (soil, sand, or rock) 1. Caused by wind, water, ice, plant cover, or human factors 2. Mechanical erosion is caused by natural forces. 3. Chemical erosion is caused by human intervention or activities b. Weathering - when atmospheric elements affect the earths surface c. Transportation - loose material being moved by wind, water, or ice d. Deposition - the result of the transportation

Four theories regarding the origin of the state.

a. Evolutionary - evolved from family model with head of state as patriarch b. Force - one person or group brought everyone under their control c. Divine right - people were chosen by a prevailing deity to be rulers d. Social contract - no natural order. People allow themselves to be governed to maintain social order. If the state doesn't protect the people, the people have a right to change the leaders.

How do economists classify various markets.

a. Existence of competition b. Number and size of suppliers c. Influence of suppliers over price d. Variety of available products e. Ease of entering the market

Two ways to measure GDP of a country.

a. Expenditures approach - how much money is spent in each sector b. Income approach - how much money is earned in each sector c. Sectors: 1. Consumers 2. Business 3. Government 4. Foreign sector

Three powers delegated to the national government by the constitution.

a. Expressed - declare war, regulate commerce, make money and collect taxes. b. Implied - powers the gov. needs to carry out expressed powers. c. Inherent - powers inherent to any gov not defined in the constitution.

Six major principles of government in the Constitution.

a. Federalism - power is divided between state and national gov. b. Limited government - gov powers are limited and individual rights are inviolable by gov. c. Popular sovereignty - gov gets its power by and from the people d. Separation of Powers - gov is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial e. Checks and balances - no branch can act without input from another, and each has the power to check another to balance power. f. Judicial review - courts at all levels can declare laws invalid if they violate state or US constitution. Supreme court is the final authority.

How does federalism affect policy making.

a. Federalism affects policy: 1. Determines whether local, state, or national gov originates policy 2. Affects how policies are made 3. Ensures policy making functions under a set of limitations b. Federalism affects balance of power: 1. Makes it difficult if not impossible for a single party to seize power 2. Ensures individuals can participate in political process at all levels 3. Makes it possible that individuals working in the system can affect policy at some level

Name the players in the Federalist and Anti-Federalist camps.

a. Federalist leaders - Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Wrote a series called the Federalist Papers aimed at convincing the states to ratify the constitution. b. Anti-Fed - Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. Argued against ratification with the Anti-Federalist Papers. c. Compromise consisted of a strong central gov., controlled by checks and balances. A bill of rights was added becoming the first 10 amendments to the constitution.

Development of political parties in the US.

a. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans - formed in the late 1700s and agreed on balance of power between state and national government. b. Democrats and Whigs - developed before the Civil War, based on disagreements over issues such as slavery. c. Democrats and Republicans - developed after the Civil War, centering on treatment of the post-war South.

What is trench warfare.

a. Fighting during WWI was primarily done in trenches along the Eastern and Western fronts. The trenches added up to 24,000 miles, with each side digging about 12,000 miles of trench. b. Fronts extended nearly 400 miles, from Belgium to Switzerland. c. Allies used open air trenches, while the Germans were well equipped with underground living quarters.

How has the voting process changed over the years.

a. First election was held with a public ballot, which facilitated intimidation or influence by groups over individuals. New practices involved pre-registering voters and use of a secret ballot. Introduction of the voting machine in 1892 further privatized voting, however today even the use of high tech electronic means still doesn't dispel the debate about accuracy of voting results.

First and second phases of the Industrial Revolution.

a. First phase - 1750-1830. Textile industry experienced major changes as more elements of the process became mechanized. Mining benefitted from the steam engine, and transportation became easier with the use of waterways and railroad. b. Second phase - 1830-1910. Industries became more efficient and new industries were introduced such as photography, chemical processes, and electricity became available to produce new goods or improve older goods. Petroleum and hydroelectric became major sources of power.

The importance of the Battle of the Bulge.

a. Following the invasion of Normandy, Allied forces began a push through Europe, gaining considerable ground. b. In December of 1944, Hitler launched a counteroffensive trying to retake Antwerp. It was the largest land battle of the Western Front, and came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes). c. The battle lasted until 28 January 1945, when the Germans were pushed back after successfully making inroads to the Allied front. Heavy losses to both sides, but weakened Germany more.

Human systems that form the basis of culture in North America.

a. Formed from groups of native races and a large number of immigrants. b. Functioned for a period under British rule. c. US broke from Britain through violence, while Canada did through diplomacy. d. Agriculture is important, and technology and service industries play a large part in the economy. e. Supports a high standard of living and development, and supports trade throughout the world.

Four major actions that improved agriculture during the 1800s.

a. Formed the Dept of Agriculture in 1862, working in the interest of farmers b. The Morrill Land-Grant Acts passed in 1862, allowing land grants. c. The Hatch Act of 1887 set up experimental stations to help discover new farming techniques. d. The Smith-Level Act of 1914 est programs to educate people about food, home economics, community development, and agriculture.

Explain the importance of free press and media.

a. Free speech is guaranteed by the first amendment and allows the media to report on government without fear of retribution. It insures that the people are informed about debates and discussions in congress, and draws attention to injustices and transgressions committed by their government. Media outlets CAN align themselves with a certain political ideology and skew the viewpoint in favor of their belief system.

How has the government restricted the First Amendment rights.

a. Freedom of Religion - when religion uses activities that are illegal the government restricts them, such as polygamy, animal sacrifice or drug use. b. Freedom of Speech - restricted if it endangers others, such as yelling fire in a crowded theater. c. Freedom of the Press - prevents the press from publishing falsehoods.

Goals of the French, Spanish, Dutch, and British in colonization of the Americas.

a. French - expanding fur trade. Later focused on plantations, which resulted in slaves being brought to the New World. b. Spanish - came looking for wealth in gold and converting natives to Christianity. Many other established large ranches. c. Dutch - expanding fur trade and importing slaves. d. Britain - Various goals. Some seeking additional income while others were fleeing religious persecution.

Auguste Comte and his sociological theory.

a. French philosopher who first used the term sociology. Major theory was Positivism, which relies entirely on physical data to describe and evaluate human experience, completely discounting metaphysical.

Contributions of Sigmund Freud.

a. Freud was an Austrian doctor who developed a number of theories regarding human processes and behavior. He believed the subconscious to hold repressed experiences that drove behavior without the individual knowing it, and that these motivators could lead to severe personality disorders. He stressed sexual desire. His three major components of an individuals psychological makeup: 1. Id - instinct or basic drives 2. Ego - conscious and self-awareness 3. Superego - strives for perfection and appropriate behavior

Five different forms of unemployment.

a. Frictional - when workers change jobs and are unemployed while waiting for a new job. b. Structural - economic shifts reduce the need for workers. c. Cyclical - business cycles bring about job losses. d. Seasonal - seasonal cycles reduce the need for certain jobs. e. Technological - technology advances result in job elimination.

Progressive Era.

a. From the 1890s to the end of the first World War. b. Progressives believed in workers rights and safety, wanting measures taken against waste and corruption. c. Felt science could help improve society and that government should provide answers to a variety of social problems.

What is the geography and climate of Latin America.

a. Geography consists of mountains, plains, and high altitude plateaus. b. Numerous natural resources untapped due to political issues, geographic barriers, and lack of sufficient economic power. c. Climate zones in LA are largely tropical, with rainforests and savannahs.

Human-environment Interaction.

a. Geography studies the way people interact, use, and change their environment. This study can help determine the best course of action when a nation or group wants to change their environment. Study of consequences can help determine if these actions are manageable and if negative results can be mitigated.

Who formed the first administration of the new government.

a. George Washington - the first President elected in 1789 b. John Adams - the first Vice President c. Thomas Jefferson - Sec. of State d. Alexander Hamilton - Sec of Treasury

Gestalt Psychology, Social Psychology, and Modern Psychology.

a. Gestalt, dev. by Max Wertheimer, states that events are not considered individually, but as part of a larger pattern. b. Social psychology studies how social conditions affect individuals. c. Modern psychology combines early schools of thought by Freud, Jung, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic and stimulus-response theories.

The human systems that shaped the culture of East Asia.

a. Governments vary, ranging from democratic to communist. b. Isolationism limited the countries contact with other nations. c. The population consists of 1.5 billion people unevenly distributed with widely diverse ethnic backgrounds, religions, and languages. d. More residents live in urban areas than rural, creating a shortfall in farming and agriculture. e. Japan is the most industrialized country. f. Some countries are suffering from major environmental issues. g. Japan has some of the strictest environmental laws in the world.

How to interpret graphs and diagrams in social science.

a. Graphs show numeric information on both axis. b. Diagrams are drawings showing a progression of events.

World War I Causes

a. Grew out of tension and conflict between France and Britain. b. Britain saw the US as backing the French since they continued trade with both countries, and Britain wanted to end the trade with France. c. Madison acted by saying whoever lifted trade restrictions, the US would not trade with the other; France lifted trade restrictions, and the US refused trade with Britain. d. Britain claimed the US was allied with France, and war ensued. e. The war established the supremacy of US Naval Forces and reestablished independence from Britain.

Geography and Climate of Southern Africa.

a. High elevations south of the Sahara make it difficult for travel or settlement. b. The area is dominated by a series of plateaus, but also mountains and a large rift valley in the east. c. Lakes, rivers, and waterfalls contrast the desert, and tropical climates, including rain forests exist, as do savannahs and steppes. d. Main natural resources are minerals (gems) and water.

Woodrow Wilson's approach to International diplomacy.

a. His referred to his foreign policy as moral diplomacy, which still influences American foreign policy today. He felt that democracy in all countries would lead to worldwide stability, and would be less likely to threaten American interests. b. Saw the US and Britain as role models, as well as champions of peace and self-government. Free trade and international commerce would allow the US to speak out regarding world events. c. Main elements of Wilson's policies: 1. Maintain a strong military 2. Promoting democracy throughout the world 3. Expanding international trade to boost American economy

How did attitudes change toward education in the 19th century.

a. Horace Mann - felt that public schools could help children become better citizens, keep them from crime, prevent poverty, and unify American society. His Common School Journal brought his ideas into public consciousness, increasing literacy leading to increased awareness of current events, Western expansion, and other major developments of the time. b. Public interest and participation in the arts and literature also increased. c. By the end of the 19th century, all children had access to a free education.

Human systems that geographers incorporate into study of the earth.

a. Human systems affect geography in the way they settle, form groups that grow into habitations, and create permanent changes in the landscape. b. Track peoples movement, and how they distribute goods among other settlements or cultures, and how ideas grow and spread. c. Migration, war, forced relocation, and trade spread cultural ideas, language, goods and other practices. d. Can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control resources.

Describe humid continental, marine, steppe, and desert climates.

a. Humid continental climate produces four seasons, with cold winters and hot and humid summers. Productive farmland is found in this region. b. Marine climates are found near water or on islands. Ocean winds make these areas mild and rainy, making summers and winters mild. c. Steppes are prairie climates found far inland on large continents. Summers are hot and winters are cold, rainfall is sparse. d. Desert climates occur when steppe climates receive less rainfall.

How should info be collected and results organized and reported for research papers.

a. Identify a topic that is interesting and strong opinions are not already formed. b. Identify a research question. c. Identify sources for specific information. d. Have a system for clearly identifying sources. e. Information must be acknowledged with footnotes or a bibliography. f. Research bibliographies of general sources to narrow down information specific to his topic. g. Draft a thesis statement that summarizes the main point of the research. h. Develop a working outline. i. A rough draft should be developed that incorporates the results of research with citations. j. The paper is then edited for clarity, style, flow and content.

How does population affect the GDP of a country.

a. If production is low/population high, income per person is low. b. If the population grows quickly/income grows slowly, income remains low or even drops. c. Economic growth requires consumers to purchase goods and workers to produce them. A population that doesn't grow quickly cant produce enough workers to support rapid economic growth.

Define the role of the Federal Reserve.

a. Implements and regulates monetary policy in the US. b. Decreases or increases money avail to slow or stimulate the economy c. Controls the Discount Rate, or the interest rate charged to banks when they borrow money.

Discuss the early labor movements in the 1800s.

a. In 1751, a group of bakers protested by not baking bread; this was technically the first American labor strike. b. Through the 1830s and 40s, labor movements took hold, led by Boston's masons, carpenters, and stoneworkers who protested the length of the work day. c. In 1844, a group of women in textile protested the work day, forming the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.

Tea Act and how it led to the Boston Tea Party.

a. In 1773, Britain passed the Tea Act which allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices and allowed them to bypass American distributors, selling directly to shopkeepers. b. Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their business. c. December of 1773, 150 merchants boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea in protest. d. This protest came to be known as the Boston Tea Party.

Define the goals of reconstruction and the Freedmen's Bureau.

a. In 1866, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts, putting the southern states under military control to bring order from chaos that was the aftermath of the Civil War. It was an attempt to ensure civil rights of freed slaves and bring the south back into the Union. b. The Freedmen's Bureau was formed to assist freed slaves to help them become self-sufficient, and to give whites assistance with basic necessities like food and clothing.

The importance of the transcontinental railroad.

a. In 1869, the Union Pacific completed the first section from Omaha, NE, to Sacramento, CA. b. Products were more easily transported across the country. c. It proved positive overall to industry, but detrimental to small family farms, who paid high shipping costs while large companies received large discounts. d. 90% of the workers building the RR were Chinese, working in dangerous conditions for very low pay.

Efforts to support WWI in the US.

a. In 1917, Railroads were placed under gov control with regional directors, which increased efficiency domestically and in support of the military. Returned to private control in 1920. b. In 1918, telegraph, telephone, and cable service came under gov control, returning to private ownership the following year. c. The American Red Cross knitted clothes for both military members and refugees and surgical dressing. Over 8M people participated. d. To support the effort, the US sold Liberty Bonds. In four issues, the sold nearly 25B, purchased by nearly one fifth of all Americans.

Popular sovereignty and how it led to the compromise of 1850.

a. In addition to pro and anti slavery factions, a third party arose that felt like states should be able to chose. This was known as popular sovereignty. b. When CA entered the union, the balance of congressional power was again threatened. The Compromise of 1850 introduced laws to end the conflict: 1. CA was admitted as a free state 2. Slave trade in DC was outlawed 3. An increase in effort to capture escaped slaves 4. NM and UT would decide independently whether or not to allow slavery

What human systems shape and influence culture in Southern Africa.

a. Inhabitants are unevenly distributed due to geographical limitations b. AIDS has become a major plague due to beliefs that prevent education about the disease, as well as extreme poverty and unsettled political situations that make it impossible to manage the pandemic. c. Diverse population due to extensive migration. d. Many still rely on subsistence farming. e. Starvation and poverty are rampant due to drought and political instability f. Industrialization is starting in areas with greater resources

Two major types of international organizations.

a. Intergovernmental Org (IGO) - made up of members from various national governments with treaties to determine functions and powers (ex: UN). b. Nongovernmental Org (NGO) - Lies outside the scope of gov and supported through private donations (ex: Red Cross).

Discuss how agriculture changed due to technological advancements in the 19th century.

a. Irrigation techniques were greatly improved. b. Advances in cultivation, breeding, fertilizer and crop rotation. c. In the great plains the dense soil was finally cultivated with steel plows. d. Gasoline powered tractors arrived by 1892, and were widely used by 1900. e. Other advances include combines, silos, deep water wells and cream separators.

Three ideas that drove foreign policy in the early years of the country.

a. Isolationism - the US had no intention of colonization, and would not grow beyond the boundaries of North America. b. No entangling alliances - Washington and Jefferson had no intention of forming permanent alliances or being involved in other countries issues. c. Nationalism - patriotic feeling blossomed after the War of 1812 and the Industrial Revolution allowed people to communicate via telegraph and travel via RR.

What is the importance of eCommerce.

a. It allows businesses to deal directly with consumers and suppliers, bypassing middle men. It supplies nearly instantaneous gratification to the consumer on a wide variety of products, and is constantly and rapidly changing.

Why is Aristotle important to the science of Psychology.

a. Often cited as founding the science of Psychology due to his interest in working with the human mind. Felt that the mind was part of the body, but the psyche was a receiver of knowledge, and the focus was to uncover the soul.

Describe William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy".

a. It was Taft's attempt to influence Latin America and Asia through economic rather than military means. His justification was to protect the Panama Canal, which was vital to US trade interests. b. Despite assurances that his approach was peaceful, the US still used troops to crush revolts, such as those in Nicaragua.

How is socialization important to individuals.

a. It's how they learn to function within a specific culture or society. Observation of others behavior at an early age and throughout their lifetime teaches them how to behave and interact with others.

Contributions of William James and William Wundt to psychology.

a. James founded the worlds first psychology lab, while Wundt published the first experimental psychology journal. 'Introspection' grew out of their work. Their work also helped separate psychology from philosophy.

What caused the Korean War.

a. Japan controlled Korea from 1910 to 1945, when US and Soviet troops occupied the country. b. In 1947, the UN ordered elections to unify the country, but the USSR would not allow it, and set up a Communist gov in the North. c. In 1950, US withdrew its troops, and the N. Korean troops invaded the south. d. The Korean war was the first in which the UN, and any international organization, played a role in the war. e. The war ended in a truce in 1953, and the country remains divided.

The Alien and Sedition Acts.

a. John Adams, President and federalist, backed England in a war with France. Jefferson and the Republicans backed France. The US nearly went to war with France during this time period. b. The acts grew out of this conflict, making it illegal to speak in a hostile manner against the gov., also allowing the US to deport anyone 'not a citizen' who was convicted of these laws. c. When Jefferson was elected in 1800, he repealed the laws and pardoned people convicted under these laws.

Harpers Ferry and John Brown.

a. John Brown - an abolitionist who was active in anti-slavery actions prior to the civil war. Was notorious for killing five pro-slavery men after Lawrence, KS, was sacked, and for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. b. Harper's Ferry - a federal arsenal that contained guns and ammunition. Brown intended to lead a slave revolt with the seized weapons, but was captured by Robert E. Lee, along with 22 accomplices, and hanged.

Behaviorism.

a. John Watson developed the idea that growth, learning, and training would always win out over innate tendencies. He believed anyone could perform any type of art, craft, or enterprise with training and experience.

Factor income.

a. Labor - wages b. Capital - interest c. Land - rent d. Entrepreneurs - profit

Human systems that have shaped North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia.

a. Largely desert climate forcing most populations to develop around water sources b. Most areas were parceled out as European colonies after thousands of years of being huge independent civilizations c. The 20th century saw many of these countries gain their independence d. Islam served as the unifying force in many of these areas e. Agriculture is the big business, but the most valuable resource is oil f. Centuries of conflict has led to political instability, which contribute to the environmental issues

Five significant battles of the Revolutionary War.

a. Lexington and Concord, April 1775 - considered the first engagement. b. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 1775 - bloodiest of the war. Although American troops withdrew, nearly half the British army was lost. c. Battle of Trenton, Dec 1776 - first colonial victory when George Washington and his troops crossed the Deleware on Christmas Day to surprise the British and Hessian troops. d. Battle of Saratoga, Sep 1777 - ended the British attempt to separate the north from the south, and forced the surrender of the British General John Burgoyne. This led to the French joining the war as colonial allies. e. Battle of Yorktown, Oct 19, 1781 - General Cornwallis surrendered after the defeat, ending the war.

Four main political orientations.

a. Liberal - gov should work to increase equality even at the expense of some freedoms. Gov should assist those in need, and focus on enforced social justice and free education for everyone. b. Conservative - gov should be limited, and allow citizens to solve their own problems before gov intervention. Business should not be overregulated allowing a free market. c. Moderate - incorporates some liberal and some conservative ideas. d. Libertarian - gov should be limited to protecting life and liberty of citizens.

Geography and climate of SE Asia.

a. Lies predominantly on the equator, with half being island nations. b. The islands feature mountains that considered part of the ring of fire. c. SE Asia boasts many rivers as well as abundant natural resources, including gems, fossil fuels, and minerals. d. There are two seasons: wet and dry. The wet season arrives with monsoons. e. SE Asia is primarily a tropical rainforest climate and tropical savannahs

What are the five major characteristics of a developing nation.

a. Low GDP b. Rapid growth of population c. Economy that depends on subsistence agriculture d. Poor living conditions that include high infant mortality, disease, s anitation and insufficient housing. e. Low literacy rate

Describe climates as they are divided according to latitude.

a. Low latitude, from 0 to 23.5 degrees 1. Desert - hot, dry climate, sparse rainfall, 50+ degree temp flux 2. Savannah - experience dry winters and wet summers. 3. Rainforest - experience high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall b. Middle latitude, from 23.5 to 66.5 c. High latitude, from 66.5 to the poles

Technological advances in navigation and seafaring.

a. Magnetic compass - used by Chinese navigators for some time before being used by European explorers. b. Astrolabe - came to European explorers from Arab navigators who refined the designs initially made by the Greeks. c. Caravel - a ship designed by the Portuguese in the 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys.

Geography and Climate of South Asia.

a. The longest alluvial plain (plain caused by shifting floodplains of rivers) b. Three major river systems c. Large deposits of minerals including iron ore d. Geography consists of mountains, plains, plateaus, and islands e. Climate ranges from tropical to highlands to desert areas. f. Monsoon winds cause long rainy seasons

Three factors that led to discontent in the American colonies.

a. Many colonists were born in the Americas, decreasing a sense of kinship with England. Their new environment led to new ideas about gov. b. Colonists were allowed to self-govern, but not control international issues. Their own government gave them a sense of independence from Britain, resenting the control the British exercised. c. Threats during the French-Indian War led colonists to call for unification to protect themselves.

What led to the development of political parties.

a. Many were against political parties due to their experiences with Britain. b. Different opinions of Jefferson and Hamilton led to rise of parties, with Hamilton favoring a strong centralized gov., while Jefferson wanted power to rest with the states. c. As other members joined camps, they began to refer to themselves as Federalists (Hamilton) or Dem-Rep (Jefferson).

Two major types of consumer behavior in macroeconomics.

a. Marginal propensity to consume - when consumers make more, they spend more b. Utility - the satisfaction a consumer has with a good or service

Compare a planned economy to a market economy.

a. Market economy - supply and demand are determined by the consumer b. Planned economy - a public entity determines what will be produced, how it will be produced, the means of production and who will benefit.

Three steps used to evaluate a market for a product.

a. Market research - researching a market to determine if it will be receptive b. Market surveys - ask specific questions of specific groups about a product c. Test marketing - releasing a product in a small geographical area to see how it performs.

Marketing and the four types of utility.

a. Marketing is the process of convincing consumers to acquire goods. b. The ability of a product to satisfy a need is called utility. The four utilities: 1. Form - about physical characteristics 2. Place - Location and convenience 3. Time - availability at a certain time 4. Ownership - passed to the consumer

What were the results of the Holocaust and the actions by the UN.

a. Massive loss of human life and culture by the Jewish and Gypsy cultures. b. The UN recognized genocide as a crime against humanity, and passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in order to specify what rights the organization protected. c. Nazi war criminals faced justice during the Nuremberg Trials, where individuals rather than the government were held accountable.

What are the contributions of Margaret Mead to sociology.

a. Mead studied sexual beliefs and norms among S. Pacific and S.E. Asian cultures. She also studied how children were raised in different cultures, and how breastfeeding was viewed among different cultural groups. Her work popularized sociology.

German Blitzkrieg.

a. Meaning lightening war, consisted of fast and powerful surprise attacks that rendered retaliation difficult and demoralized its foes. b. The Battle of Britain brought intense air raids that targeted British air force bases. After two years the Royal Air Force finally stopped the Luftwaffe, ending Germany's hopes for conquering Britain.

The significance of the Second Continental Congress.

a. Met May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord, to discuss defense of the colonies, the growing war, local gov., and declaring independence from Britain. b. They established an Army, and on June 15, named George Washington as the Commander in Chief. c. By 1776 there was full scale war with Britain, and on July 4, drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Goals of the First Continental Congress.

a. Met Sep 5, 1774, with a goal to achieve a peaceful agreement with Britain. b. Consisted of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies. c. Confirmed loyalty to Britain and the right of International affairs, however demanded repeal of the Intolerable Acts, and embargoed Britain until this came to pass. d. George III declared the colonies must submit or face military action, seeking to end assemblies opposing their policies. e. On April 19, 1775, the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly, where a battle ensued in Lexington as armed colonists resisted. f. The resulting battles of Lexington and Concord became the first battles of the American Revolution.

Name the Middle Atlantic Colonies and their economies.

a. Middle Atlantic Colonies: 1. New York 2. New Jersey 3. Pennsylvania 4. Delaware b. Unlike the New England colonies that were English or Scottish, most middle colony founders were from countries like the Netherlands or Sweden. c. More fertile than New England, the Middle colonies produced crops of oats, rye, potatoes, wheat and barley. Some large farm owners were able to produce enough surplus to sell.

What is the geography and climate of East Asia.

a. Mineral resources are plentiful but not evenly distributed. b. Coastlines are long, with a large population, but sparse farmlands, making oceans a major source of sustenance. c. Large area that encompasses several climate regions. Ocean currents provide milder climates, while monsoons provide the majority of rainfall. Typhoons are common, as are earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.

The Missouri Compromise and did it affect north-south relations.

a. Missouri was allowed to enter the Union as a slave state only when the northern part of Massachusetts was brought into the Union as a free state, maintaining status quo. b. The Louisiana Purchase was to remain free north of the 36 degree, which was acceptable as it wasn't amenable to cotton crops. c. Missouri constitution forbade free blacks from entering the state, which was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court at the request and challenge of Henry Clay.

Government policies that mitigate inflation and unemployment.

a. Monetary - amount of funds available to banks (% rates) b. Contractionary - increase taxes and decrease gov. spending c. Expansionary - decrease taxes and increase gov. spending

What is the types and functions of money.

a. Money should be scarce, stable, easily carried, durable, and easy to divide b. Money is used in three ways: 1. As an accounting unit. 2. As a store of value. 3. As an exchange medium. c. Three types of money: 1. Commodity - gems or precious metals 2. Representative - exchange for items such as gold or silver 3. Flat - no inherent value except as declared by a Gov.

Geography and Climate of North America.

a. Mountain ranges, fertile plains, lakes and waterways. b. Climate consists of four seasons in median areas, tropical climates in the south, and arctic climates in the north. c. Human intervention has greatly influenced the productivity of agriculture

Define features of mountains, hills, plains and valleys.

a. Mountains - 2,000 feet or more above sea level, steep and rugged, usually occur in chains or ranges. Six of seven continents have at least one. b. Hills - 500-2,000 feet above sea level. Rounded and found everywhere. c. Plains - large flat areas usually very fertile. Most crops are grown here. d. Valleys - lie between hills and mountains. Vary from fertile to rugged.

Decolonization.

a. Nationalism caused many colonies in Asia and Africa to declare their independence from Europe. This period lasted until the 1960s. b. While some countries were successful, many countries still struggle today with economic and government issues as a result of decolonization.

Four types of monopolies.

a. Natural - a single supplier has an advantage over others b. Geographic - one business offers the product in a certain area c. Technological - one company controls the IT necessary to supply a prod. d. Government - government is the only supplier of a prod or service

Five techniques psychologists use in research.

a. Naturalistic observation - study people without interference b. Surveys c. Case study - individuals or groups are studied in-depth over time d. Experimental - use of experimental and control groups to prove or disprove a theory e. Correlational design - concerned with relationships between variables, such as how one factor causes or influence another

Measures taken by the US government to limit immigration in the 19th century.

a. Naturalization Act, 1870 - US citizenship allowed only to whites and those of African descent. b. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - put limits on Chinese migration. c. Immigration Act of 1882 - taxed immigrants 50 cents per person to help pay for regulating immigration. d. Ellis Island - opened in 1892 as a processing center for those arriving in New York. e. Emergency Quota Act, 1921 - severely limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country.

Effects of new laws on British-Colonial relations following the French and Indian War.

a. New laws enacted after 1763 required colonists to pay Britain. The English government felt this was fair as they (the Brits) had protected the colonists. The colonists considered it unfair and illegal. b. The development of local government gave colonists new ideas of governing. This made it difficult for the British government to understand why colonists protested the resolution to Englands financial problems.

what led to the Boston Massacre.

a. Nine colonies met in New York to demand repeal of the Stamp Act, which resulted in protests in other cities, sometimes turning violent, and targeting ruling British officials. b. The Townshend Act of 1767 led to additional tensions, prompting the Brits to send troops to New York and Boston. c. On March 5, 1770, protestors taunted the troops with snowballs. The troops responded by firing into the crowd, killing five and wounding eight. d. Came to be known as the Boston massacre, prompting Britain to repeal most of the Townshend Acts.

The major objections against ratification of the Constitution.

a. Nine states needed to approve the document for it to be legal. b. Debate included: 1. The lack of a bill of rights protecting individual freedoms 2. States felt too much power was being given to the fed. Gov. 3. Voters wanted more control over elected representatives.

Four processes from which political candidates are chosen.

a. Nominating convention - party members meet to nominate candidates. The DNC and RNC are examples. b. Caucuses - meetings attended by party leaders. Some state still use... c. Primary elections - publicly held election to choose candidates. d. Petitions - gathering of signatures to put a candidate on the ballot.

What ancient cultures existed in the Americas.

a. Norte Chico - A Peruvian agriculture society of approx. 20 individual communities that existed over 5,000 years ago. Oldest in the Americas. b. Anasazi - Ancient Pueblo people of the SW US, emerging about 1200 BCE, built complex adobe dwellings. c. Maya - emerged in S. Mexico around 2600 BCE. They developed a written language and complex calendar.

Compare the advantages of the North and South during the Civil War.

a. North: 1. Larger population, with 24 states to the souths 11. 2. Better transportation and finances. 3. More raw material. b. South: 1. Better trained military officers (West Point Grads) 2. Culturally more familiar with guns and horse riding 3. Defensive position. South was defending and north invading 4. Well defined goals. Fought war to self govern and defend way of life

Describe economic trends in different regions of the developing US.

a. Northeast - depended on manufacturing industry and development. Led to a dichotomy of rich business owners and leaders and the poor workers. b. South - agriculture, specifically large scale plantations worked by slaves. c. West - as new settlements developed, the wild land consisted of mainly agriculture and raising of livestock.

The Second Great Awakening.

a. Occurred between 1800-1830, led by Protestant evangelists who were focused on personal responsibility, both as an individual and in response to suffering and injustice. b. Another movement associated with the SGA was the temperance movement focused on ending the production and use of alcohol. b. Several missionary groups and new denominations arose, including the American Home Missionary Society, Latter Day Saints, and Seventh Day Adventists.

Cartographic Distortion.

a. Occurs when a three dimensional structure is projected onto a two dimensional surface of a map. b. Maps that preserve direction are azimuthal. c. Maps that preserve shapes are conformal. d. Area preserving maps are equal area. e. Distance preserving maps are so named. f. Maps that preserve the shortest routes are gnomonic.

Define parliamentary and democratic systems of government.

a. Parliamentary - government involves a legislature with a variety of political parties. The head of gov., usally a PM, is the head of the dominant party. A head of State can be elected or can by taken by a monarch. b. Democratic - people elect their gov. representatives. Two forms of democracy: 1. Direct - each issue is decided by a vote where each individual is counted separately. 2. Indirect - employs a legislature that votes on issues that affect large numbers of people whom they represent.

How do communities develop and what elements are needed to support them.

a. People form groups with others who are similar to them. They typically share values, a common language, and similar cultural and religious beliefs. b. These elements are needed for a community to develop: 1. Easy access to resources such as food and water 2. Ability to transport raw materials and goods 3. Room to house a sufficient work force

Four types of market structures in an output market.

a. Perfect competition - all existing firms sell an identical product and are not able to control the final price. It is not difficult to enter or leave the industry. (agriculture). b. Monopoly - a single seller controls the price, there are barriers to entry, and high costs keep others from joining the industry. c. Monopolistic competition - many firms sell similar but not identical products (clothes or food). d. Oligopoly - only a few firms control the production and distro of products. High costs prohibit entry.

Physical Geography.

a. Physical - the study of the physical characteristics of the earth, how they form, how they relate, and how they are changed. It includes climate, land, water, and how they affect human populations. cultural geography.study of how physical geography affects individual cultures, and how cultures affect their geographical location.

Major political, social, and economic side effects of the Industrial Revolution.

a. Political - led to widespread education and development of mass communication in the political arena. b. Economic - conflicts arose between companies and employees, demanding fair wages and treatment. Led to the advent of unions who gained power and became active. Increased gov regulation, but businesses fought back arguing free enterprise. c. Social - Populations increased around centers of industry. Cities became larger and more densely populated. Scientific advancement led to more efficient agriculture, greater supply of goods, increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation, leading to better overall health.

The significance of Lewis and Clark expedition.

a. Pres Jefferson wanted the US mapped out for the new Louisiana Purchase territory. He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the expedition. b. After two years, Lewis and Clark returned, having traveled all the way to the Pacific. They brought maps and journals and other information about the expanse. c. Opened up the west for further exploration and settlement.

Three phases of Reconstruction.

a. Presidential - Pres Johnson was lenient on the south and allowed continued discrimination and control over blacks. b. Congressional - provided a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over southern government. Marked by military control of former confederate states. c. Redemption - gradually southern states were readmitted to the union. During this time white Democrats took over most of the south. Troops finally departed the south in 1877.

Presidential and Socialism as forms of government.

a. Presidential - similar to parliamentary with a legislature and political parties, but there is no difference between head of state and head of government. b. Socialism - State provides social services to citizens and guides the economy. It also controls the production of goods, though it may not own all the means of production.

Five major classifications of social groups

a. Primary - need for support, such as family and friends. b. Secondary - need to complete a task. c. Reference - form identity d. In and Out groups - oppose and/or exclude each other. e. Social networks - provide links to large groups of other individuals.

Compare and contrast primary and secondary resources for research.

a. Primary resources: 1. Provide information about an event from people who were at the event. 2. Information from the period might show the social setting or how things were viewed at that time. 3. The internet is a primary source, but the website must be evaluated for the perspective. Websites hosted by individuals or special interest groups are typically biased as opposed to news organizations or government sponsored sites. b. Secondary resources: 1. Provide information about an event but weren't written at the time the event took place. 2. They draw information from primary sources. 3. Have the additional advantage of historical perspective. 4. Magazines that write about events even a week later are counted as secondary sources. 5. They tend to analyze events more effectively than primary sources.

Four major elements of a marketing plan.

a. Product - elements related to the product, including packaging, presentation, or services. b. Price - cost of production, distro, advertising and desired profit c. Place - what outlets will be used to sell the product (stores/internet) d. Promotion - advertising to consumers through multiple mediums

Psychology as a scientific discipline.

a. Psychology correlates human behavior and can use this data to predict future behavior. By observing patterns and recording them in detail, psychologists can apply patterns to predictions about human behavior in individuals, groups, cultures or even countries.

Growth of the labor movement in the 19th century.

a. Pullman Strike, 1864 - Workers, led by Eugene Debs, struck against the Pullman Palace Car Co, after they cut wages by 28 percent. Pres Cleveland called in troops to break up the strike, saying it affected mail delivery. b. The Homestead Strike, 1892 - first large, well organized strike, when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck against Carnegie Steel. Gunfire ensued, and Carnegie was able to eliminate the plants union. c. Children's Crusade, 1902 - Mary Harris Jones, aka Mother Jones, organized a march to the home of Pres Roosevelt protesting child labor. She also worked with the United Mine Workers and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World.

Four Acts of the British parliament after the French and Indian Wars.

a. Quartering Act (1765) - required colonists to house British troops. b. Sugar Act (1764) - tax molasses and sugar brought into the colonies, and the right to search homes if suspected of possessing these items. c. Stamp Act (1765) - taxed printed material such as newspapers and legal documents. Protests led to its repeal in 1766. d. The Townshend Acts (1767) - taxed paper, paint, lead and tea in the colonies.

Explain distribution of income and poverty.

a. Ranges from poorest to richest. b. Income is not distributed evenly in most societies. c. To determine income distro, family income is ranked lowest to highest and then grouped into sections called quintiles and then compared. d. Distro of income is linked to higher levels of education and ability in upper classes, but also due to discrimination and monopolies. e. Income gap grows due to growth in the service sector, changes in American family unit, and reduced influence of labor unions. f. Poverty is living below the level of income needed for a family to function.

Four obstacles faced by developing nations regarding economic growth.

a. Rapid population growth b. Trade restrictions c. Misused resources by the nations government d. Traditional beliefs that slow or reject change

Define realism, liberalism, institutionalism and constructivism as they relate to International relations.

a. Realism - nations are aggressive, and work in their own self-interest. Relations are determined by military and economic strength. b. Liberalism - believes that states can cooperate, and act based on capabilities vice power. c. Institutionalism - institutions provide structure and incentive for cooperation among nations. Institutions are a set of rules used to make international decisions. They help distribute power. d. Constructivism - similar to liberalism but realize perceptions countries have of each other affect their relations.

What led to the founding of the Populist party.

a. Recession struck the US in the 1890s, with crop prices falling and compounded by drought, the farmers formed the Farmers Alliance, bring the poor indebted farmers into one single political entity. b. Recession also struck the industrial parts of the country. The Knights of Labor was able to unite workers into a union to protect their rights. c. The two parties joined forces to form the Populist Party. Their platform included: 1. National currency 2. Income tax 3. Government ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone 4. Secret ballot voting 5. Immigration restrictions 6. Term limits for Pres and V. Pres.

Major traits that appear in all cultures.

a. Recreation b. Economy c. Language d. Institution e. Arts f. Beliefs g. Environment

Functions of political parties and party nominations.

a. Recruit candidates for office b. Increase public awareness c. Work toward compromise on difficult issues d. Staff gov offices and provide admin support e. Support candidates as they run for office and are elected

Subsistence.

a. Refers to the ways in which societies obtain the necessities of life. 1. Foraging or hunter-gatherer 2. Pastoralism 3. Horticulture 4. Intensive agriculture

Explain the characteristics and importance of religion in anthropological studies

a. Religion is a belief system that has a set of rituals involving the worship of supernatural forces that affect our daily life. b. Religion provides meaning and explanation for life events and worldview. c. Religion provides emotional support for individuals and a sense of community within the group. d. Religion provides structured sets of moral norms for the group to abide by e. Secularization has reduced the role of religion in everyday life, leading individuals to find other systems to fill the void.

Religious and political occurrences that led to the Reformation.

a. Religious - abuses by the church such as indulgences, dispensations, religious offices for sale, and a dissolute clergy. b. Political - Increased power by various ruling monarchs who wished to take power from the church. Angry about papal taxes and the increasing wealth of the church, the Protestant Reformation took power from the Pope and the church which helped the monarchs.

Proposed structure of the new government, as well as the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise.

a. Required a strong central gov but with limited power. b. Branches should have balanced power with one no stronger than the other. c. Final power belonged to the citizens who voted officials into office. d. Virginia Plan - representation in Congress should be based on state population. e. New Jersey Plan - equal representation regardless of population f. Great Compromise - each state has two Senators, but the House is based on population, aka a bicameral Congress.

Role of diplomats in international relations.

a. Reside in foreign countries to maintain communications between states. b. Negotiate trade agreements, environmental policy, and convey info. c. Resolve conflict between the countries d. Appointed by the President and approved by Congress.

major provisions of the Commerce Compromise.

a. Resulted from a disagreement between the north and south on whether the Federal government had the right to regulate trade and exports. The south was against it; the north for it. b. Congress received regulatory power over all tariffs on exported goods. c. The south was concerned about tariffs levied on slaves. d. The final agreement allowed importing of slaves for 20 years unregulated by the government. Taxes on slaves were limited. After 1808, Congress would then be allowed to decide whether to allow importation of slaves.

Rights, duties, and responsibilities expected of US citizens.

a. Rights - expressed in the Bill of Rights, include the freedom of speech, religion, assembly and variety of others that the gov can not remove. b. Duties: 1. Pay taxes 2. Loyalty to the gov but can criticize or seek change 3. Support and defend the constitution 4. Serve in the armed forces as required 5. Obey laws set forth by all levels of gov. c. Responsibilities: 1. Vote 2. Respect each others rights and not infringe on them 3. Stay informed about issues 4. Respect each others beliefs

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy.

a. Roosevelt famously quoted a purported African proverb that said "speak softly, but carry a big stick", using this saying to justify his expanded involvement in foreign affairs. He felt that it was the US' responsibility to intervene if countries were left vulnerable to European influence. b. A result of his philosophy was an expanded Navy, and greater involvement in foreign affairs. He made several forays into Latin America and the Caribbean in the time leading up to the world wars.

Discuss the cause and progression of the Russian Revolution.

a. Rule was in the hands of Czars and the structure was feudal. Beneath Czars were rich nobles whose land was worked by peasants and serfs. b. The Russo-Japanese War made conditions worse for lower classes. When peasants protested at the palace, palace guard opened fire on the crowd. c. Trade unions organized strikes, bringing the economy to a halt. d. After the economy stopped, Czar Nicholas signed the October Manifesto, which established a constitutional monarchy and gave power to parliament. He violated the manifesto shortly thereafter, disbanding parliament and violating civil liberties. This led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

What human systems determine the cultural makeup of South Asia.

a. Rural versus urban life. b. Religions, including both Hinduism and Buddhism. c. Poor government and social systems. d. Large agricultural base. e. Prosperity is being found in the high tech industries.

Geography and Climate of Russia.

a. Russia is the largest country in the world, encompassing plains, plateaus, mountains and tundra. b. Russia has a harsh climate, with frozen rivers making transportation of mineral resources difficult. c. Siberia is dominated by permafrost, with the people who reside there still living a hunting-gathering existence. d. Other areas include taiga with dense woods in the north central, and temperate steppes and grasslands in the southwest.

What led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

a. Russia lagged behind other countries in development. The continued existence of feudal system, harsh conditions, and the size of the country led to massive food shortages for the majority of the population. b. The tyrannical rule of Czar Nicholas made it worse as did military losses. c. Increasing poverty, decreasing resources, and the violation of the October Manifesto led to the revolution.

Jacksonian Democracy, and how "null and void" challenged his presidency.

a. Seen as a shift from favoring the wealthy to the common man. 1. All white males were allowed to vote, not just land owners. 2. Favored the patronage system 3. Laissez faire economics 4. Relocation of indian tribes from the SE 5. Opposed formation of the Federal bank 6. Allowed the Second Band of the US to collapse through veto b. Null and Void was a challenge where South Carolina claimed it could ignore or nullify any law it felt was unconstitutional. Jackson sent federal troops to SC to enforce the tariff laws, and Henry Clay engineered a compromise in 1833.

How does the USG control monopolies.

a. Sherman antitrust act - prohibits anything that limits competition b. Clayton antitrust act - prohibits price discrimination c. Robinson-Patman act - Strengthened the Clayton act

Triangular Trade.

a. Ships would set off from the colonies for Africa loaded with rum. b. In Africa, the rum was traded for gold or slaves. c. Ships would then set off for the west Indies. d. In the West Indies, slaves would be traded for sugar or molasses. e. The ships would then set off for the colonies with sugar and molasses to make more rum and store gold and silver as well. f. This trade violated the Molasses Act of 1733, which levied high duties on molasses bought from the French, Dutch, or Spanish.

How to recognize cause and effect relationships.

a. Simple linkages between an event that happened because of some other event. b. Effects are chronologically ordered after causes. c. Causes can be found by asking what happened. d. Comparing similarities and differences requires putting two concepts next to each other and listing the ways they are the same or different. e. Venn diagrams are often used to organize this information.

How do political parties affect the functioning of government.

a. Single party - the government reflects the views of that party b. Two party - two parties with different viewpoints compete for power and influence. c. Multi-party - various parties come together to form a majority and shift the balance of power.

The six climates found in the middle latitude and the Mediterranean and subtropical.

a. Six climates: 1. Mediterranean 2. Humid subtropical 3. Humid continental 4. Marine 5. Steppe 6. Desert b. Mediterranean occurs between 30-40 degrees latitude, has a year long growing season, with hot/dry summers followed by mild winters with sparse rainfall c. Humid subtropical are located on the SE coastal areas. Winds that blow over warm ocean currents produce long summers, mild winters, and long growing seasons. Highly productive, and support a large part of earths pop.

Ways population growth is studied.

a. Size b. Growth due to immigration c. Fertility rate d. Life expectancy

The basic beliefs of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

a. Society is a constant struggle between classes. b. This struggle will eventually lead to revolution between the working class (proletariat) and the men of money and power (bourgeois). c. This will lead to socialism, and eventually to communism, a moneyless, classless, stateless society.

Human systems that have developed the culture of Australia, Oceana, and Antarctica.

a. South Pacific cultures migrated from SE Asia, creating hunter-gatherer or settled agriculture settlements. b. European communities came later, seeking natural resources. c. Some islands remain under the control of foreign governments. d. The culture of these islands remain a mix of modern, industrialized, and indigenous culture. e. Population is unevenly distributed due to the deserts of Australia. f. Agriculture drives the economy. g. Antarctica is the only continent not claimed by a country with no permanent human habitations.

Native Americans in wartime through the beginning of the 20th century.

a. Spanish-American, 1898-1902 - several served with Teddy Roosevelt in the Rough Riders. b. Search for Pancho Villa - Apache scouts assisted Gen John Pershing search for the rebel in Mexico. c. WWI - More than 17,000 were drafted into service, though at the time they were not considered legal citizens. Granted citizenship in 1924.

Sovereignty.

a. State sovereignty is the geographical division of areas into areas controlled by various governments. These groups or governments not only control the land, but the natural resources and the inhabitants. The entire planet is divided into politically or administratively sovereign areas.

Three major ways sociologist gather and test data.

a. Surveys or direct questioning. b. Controlled experiments. c. Field Observations.

Mexican-American War.

a. Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836. b. In 1844, Dems pressed Pres. Tyler to annex Texas, and in 1845 Texas became a state. c. Mexico was deeply indebted to the US for its War of Independence. In exchange, the US would forgive the debt in exchange for NM and upper CA. Mexico refused. d. In 1846, war was declared after the Mexican army attacks US troops on the southern border of TX. The war ended in 1848. e. Conflict arose in Congress over the Wilmot Proviso, which stated that territories acquired from Mexico should be open to slavery.

The Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Treaty of New Echota, and the US policy toward native Americans.

a. The Act gave the gov. the ability to form treaties with native americans. In theory, the US would claim land east of the Mississippi, and the N.A. would claim land to the west. In reality, the N.A. were forced to sign treaties and were relocated by force. b. The treaty was between the US and Cherokee tribes of Georgia. It was not signed by tribal leaders, but a small portion of the Cherokee who were represented. When they refused to be moved, President Martin van Buren sent troops to forcibly relocate. 4,000 died on the Trail of Tears.

How do Open Market Operations work.

a. The Fed Reserve System expands or contracts the money supply by buying or selling bonds; buying stimulates spending, increasing money, and selling decreases money, and limits the amount available in the system to slow inflation. Today banks deal in the international market as well, bypassing the controls the Fed uses to help the economy.

The conditions that led to the rise of the Nazi Party.

a. The Great Depression after the US was no longer able to supply reconstruction loans to Germany. b. Rapid rise in unemployment. c. Fascist parties rose on promises of change and improvement d. Led by Adolf Hitler, he launched numerous expansionist policies, violated peace treaties, and built up his military and started conquering neighbor states, which sparked WWII.

Who is Mary and Louis Leakey and why are their discoveries important.

a. The Leakey's made major human species discoveries at Olduvai Gorge in Africa. They discovered human remains dating back 4 million years, stone tools, footprints, and Mary Leakey developed a classification system for early humans. Their findings changed theories on the development and evolution of humans.

Define the two phases of the Reformation.

a. The Protestant Revolution - rose in Germany when Martin Luther protested abuses of the Catholic church. John Calvin led the movement in Switzerland, while Henry VIII used it to further political goals in England. b. The Catholic Reformation - as a response to the Protestant Revolution, leading to changes in the church. Provided wider tolerance of other religions, while some increased persecution of deemed heretics.

Explain the role of the Federal Trade Commission in eliminating trusts.

a. The Sherman Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act set guidelines for competition among corporations. The FTC was formed to enforce antitrust measures and ensure companies were operated fairly and did not create monopolies.

Major developments in transportation in America and how the affected America's growth.

a. The Transcontinental Railroad traversed the continent, making it easier for travel and shipment of goods from coast to coast. b. Canals and steamboats simplified water travel making shipping easier and less expensive. c. The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson, facilitating transportation of goods. d. With settlers moving west, wagon trails developed, including the Oregon, California, and Sante Fe trails.

Events leading up to the Spanish-American War.

a. The US was interested in Cuba, and offered Spain 130M in 1853. b. 1886, slavery ended in Cuba and another revolt was rising against Spain. c. 1898 another Cuban revolt began, but the US President (McKinley) refused to recognize the rebellion, preferring negotiation with Spain. d. The Maine, a US Battleship, was blown up in the Havana Harbor, killing 300. War was declared two months later, and war ended four months after that in a Spanish surrender.

How did the agricultural revolution change society.

a. The agricultural revolution started 6,000 years ago with the advent of the plow in Mesopotamia. A plow drawn by animals made large scale farming possible and replaced hunting-gathering and planting by hand. Communities formed around arable land, which started the formation of societies. Societies became dependent on a few crops and were subject to weather vagaries. Trading livestock and agri surplus led to the growth of commerce and trading/trade routes.

Factors that affect climate.

a. The earth is tilted which causes changes to come in seasons, making locations nearest the poles and close to the equator experience little change b. Large bodies of water affect climate. c. Ocean currents and wind patterns can change causing typically cold climates to a much more temperate one, such as England. d. Mountains affect short and long term climates. Some deserts are created due to the formation of mountain ranges that block precipitation. e. It is theorized that human activity can also lead to climate change.

Four phases of national economies.

a. The economy of a nation is stable when the output is equal to the aggregate demand. 1. Boom - GDP is high and economy prospers 2. Recession - GDP falls, unemployment rises 3. Trough - recession reaches lowest point 4. Recovery - economy stabilizes as employment and prices rise

Contributions of Johannes Muller and Herman van Hemholtz to psychology.

a. The first psychologists to conduct organized and scientific studies of sensation and perception. They showed it was possible to study physical processes that work to produce mental activity.

How does the constitution address the rights of the accused.

a. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendment addresses the rights: 1. Fourth - no unreasonable searches or seizures 2. Fifth - no self-incrimination or double jeopardy 3. Sixth - Right to trial by jury and legal counsel 4. Eighth - no cruel or unusual punishment

How does human interaction and conflict affect geographical boundaries.

a. The interaction of human societies have led to divisions of territories into countries and other subdivisions. While they are artificial, they are important to the discussion of interactions of populations. b. Geographical divisions occur through conflict. The reasons for conflict: 1. Control of resources 2. Control of trade routes 3. Control of populations c. Conflict can also occur due to religious, political, race or language differences.

The human systems that shaped Latin America.

a. The majority of countries in LA speak Spanish or Portuguese. b. LA shares a common history, having been dominated by native cultures before being conquered by European countries. c. Wide disparity between various countries economic and political factors. d. Most LA countries rely on one or two exports, primarily agriculture which is often controlled by rich families. e. Most LA societies feature major separations between classes. f. Challenges faced include geographical limitations, economic issues, sustainable development, and preserving the existing rain forest.

Why did the British tax the colonies after the French and Indian Wars.

a. The need to pay off war debt. b. The need for funds for the expanding empire. c. The need for funds to govern the 33 far-flung colonies.

Gadsden Purchase and 1853 post-war treaty with Mexico.

a. The second treaty with Mexico determined the US SW border extending all the way to the west coast. b. In 1854, the Gadsden Purchase was finalized providing even more land for the transcontinental railroad. It added what would become CA, NV, UT, parts of NM, WY, CO and AZ, nearly finalizing the modern outline of the US.

Political Science.

a. The study of different governments, how they compare, interact, political theory, structure and function. Also how gov are administrated, elections are exercised, and how values such as freedom, power, justice and equality are expressed. b. Political science also encompasses other disciplines: 1. History - how it shaped political thought and process 2. Sociology - social development and its effect on gov and politics 3. Anthropology - effects of gov process on the culture 4. Economics - how gov policies regulate distro of products and influence the economy

Sociology

a. The study of societies. Societies are made up of institutions, groups, and individuals. How they interact is a major focus of sociology.

Ecology.

a. The study of the way living creatures interact with their environment. Biogeography is the way that physical features of the earth affect creatures. b. Ecology bases its studies on three levels of the environment: 1. Ecosystem - a physical environment and all the organisms that live there 2. Biomes - a group of ecosystems with similar flora, fauna, climate and soil 3. Habitat - an area where a specific species lives. It includes the necessary soil, water, and resources for that species.

Social Psychology.

a. The study of ways in which people interact and why/how they decide who to interact with. The way people react are defined as: 1. Social perception - how we perceive others based on our experiences and prejudices. 2. Personal relationships - relationships developed among people for various reasons, to include reproduction and forming a family unit. 3. Group behavior - people gather into groups with similar beliefs, needs, and characteristics. Sometimes group behavior differs from what might be practiced by an individual alone. 4. Attitudes - indiv. attitudes develop over time based on experience, history, and knowledge, can change over time, but can also lead to prejudice.

How did the Treaty of Paris affect native americans after the Revolution.

a. The treaty granted large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by native americans. The US tried to claim the land as conquerors, which proved unenforceable. b. The gov attempted to purchase the land via a series of treaties that were not honored. Native americans were forced westward as the country expanded, often by military action.

Name the southern colonies and their attributes.

a. The warm climate and rich soil led to long growing seasons. The economy of the south was thus agriculture, and was labor intensive. Crops included tobacco, rice, and indigo, cash crops owned by wealthy plantation owners. Labor on the farms came from slaves and indentured servants. The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. b. Colonies: 1. Virginia - the first permanent English colony. 2. Maryland 3. North Carolina 4. South Carolina 5. Georgia - the last permanent English colony.

Why did the British want to prevent US trade with France.

a. They saw the US as helping supply goods to France's war efforts with Britain. b. The US had grown into a British competitor, taking trade and money away from Britain. c. The British passed the Order in Council, which made French ports off limits to US ships. They also seized US ships and conscripted their crews.

The development of the Whig, Democratic, and Republican Party.

a. Thomas Jefferson, an anti-Federalist, was elected President in 1800 and 1804, and Alexander Hamilton (leader of the Federalist) died in a duel with Aaron Burr, causing the decline of Federalist. By 1816, they virtually disappeared, leading to the creation of other parties. b. After 1824, there was a split in the Dem-Rep party. The Dems, in opposition to the new Whig party, who supported JQ Adams and industrial growth, got their candidate, Andrew Jackson, elected in 1828. c. By the 1850s, issues with slavery arose that led to the formation of the Rep party, which was anti-slavery. This division formed the basis of today's two party system.

Five major elements of a map.

a. Title - basic information about the map, such as the area it represents b. Legend - aka the key, it explains the symbols on a map c. Grid - latitude and longitude marks d. Direction - compass rose used to indicate cardinal direction e. Scale - the relation of distance on a map to actual distance on the ground

Four divisions of geographical study.

a. Topical - the study of a single feature of the earth or one human activity that occurs world-wide. b. Physical - physical features of the earth, how they are created, and forces that change them, and how they affect human activities. c. Regional - specific characteristics of individual places and regions. d. Human - how human activity affects the environment. Includes political, historical, social and cultural activities. e. Tools used to study geography include maps, field studies, interviews, math, and other scientific instruments.

Totalitarian Government.

a. Totalitarian - everything under the control of the gov., to include all personal freedoms. Everything must conform to ideals of the gov. b. Authoritarian - widespread state authority but doesn't dismantle all public institutions, ex: churches that don't pose a threat.

The major military events of the War of 1812.

a. Two naval battles on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain stopped the British from invading from Canada. American counter attempts to conquer Canadian lands were unsuccessful. b. Another battle occurred when the British invaded DC and burned the White House. The first lady, Dolly Madison, purportedly saved the flag. c. On Christmas Eve, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the war. d. Unaware the war was over, Andrew Jackson managed another victory in New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815, leading to upped morale and nationalism that ushered in the Era of Good Feelings.

What happens when industrialization comes about too quickly.

a. Use of technology not suited to the products being produced. b. Poor investment capital. c. Lack of time for population to adjust to new paradigm d. Lack of time for experience at all stages of development

Describe how timelines are used.

a. Used to show relationships between people, places, and events. b. Ordered chronologically, L to R, or top to bottom. c. Each event is associated with a date. d. Electronically, they often contain hyperlinks to more information. e. Cause and effect relationships can be observed. f. They help make the passage of time a concrete concept.

What caused the Vietnam War.

a. Vietnam was part of French Indochina through WWII. b. The war began as the French Indochina War from 46-54 as France battled the forces of the Dem Rep of Vietnam, ruled by Ho Chi Minh. c. In 54, the war ended in a Vietnam victory. The country was divided like Korea, with Communists in the North and a Democratic South supported by the US. d. Conflict ensued with the North, as the US led the fight for the South. e. The war became a political issue, and in 1976, S. Vietnam surrendered, and the state became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

List ways the average citizen can participate in the political process.

a. Voting for elected officials b. Volunteer in political parties c. Participate in caucuses or conventions d. Donate money to political parties, causes, or social welfare issues e. Participate in local gov. f. Run for election in local, state, or national offices

Summarize the events of WWI in Europe.

a. WWI began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian national, leading to a war with Serbia that quickly escalated. b. Europe split into the Allies (Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan and the US) against the Central Powers (Austria, Germany, and Turkey). c. The war left Europe deeply in debt, and devastated the German economy. The ensuing Great Depression made matters worse as economic devastation opened the door for Communist, Socialist, and Fascist leaders to gain power.

How did WWII lead to the Cold War.

a. WWII left Europe in disarray with cities destroyed and 12M killed. b. Communist gov. moved in with a promise of prosperity and economic stability. The Soviet Union backed communist gov. in E. Europe. c. In China, Mao Zedong led communist forces to overthrow the Chinese Nationalist Party. d. Communist gov restored a measure of stability, but brought dictatorships and oppressive police forces. e. The spread of communism brought tensions to the west as democracies tried to stop the spread of communism. f. With the possession of nuclear weapons by both sides, tensions rose, as both feared the other would attack. g. The standoff lasted until 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union dissolved two years later under Mikhail Gorbachev.

What is the difference between weather and climate.

a. Weather and climate are physical systems that affect geography. b. Weather involves daily conditions in the atmosphere temperature, et al. It is short term. c. Climate is seasonal weather conditions measured over a long period of time. Accounts for average monthly and yearly temps and precipitation.

What is inflation and unemployment.

a. When demand outstrips supply price are driven artificially high. Caused by a spending imbalance in the economy where it is growing too quickly. b. When supply outstrips demand resulting in a surplus, causing companies to cut back on production or reduce employees. c. Both are controlled by government intervention.

Human systems that influenced Europe.

a. Wide variety of cultures, ethnic groups, resources, geographical features and climates, have all influenced the distribution of the varied population. b. It is industrialized and developed, with cultural differences giving each country its own characteristics. c. Greek, Roman, and Christian beliefs played a major role in shaping Europe. d. European countries spread their systems of belief throughout the world through migration and colonization, and have had major influence on every other continent in the world. e. Western Europe is democratic, while Eastern Europe functioned under communism for many years. f. The formation of the EU has increased stability and diplomatic relations among European nations. g. Europe is now focusing on environmental issues.

Four types of map projections used today.

a. Winkel triple - most common and is the standard since it balances size and shape and reduces distortion b. Robinson - east and west are less distorted but continental shapes are inaccurate c. Goodes interrupted equal area - size and shapes are accurate but distance is not. d. Mercator - distortion is high in areas farther away from the equator. Commonly used by seafarers.

The motivations behind the Louisiana Purchase.

a. With France waging war with Britain, Napoleon was in need of money. To secure funds, he decided to sell the Louisiana territory to the US for 15M. b. Pres Jefferson was wanting to buy New Orleans as the port made US trade vulnerable to Spain and France. c. The territory was larger than the entire rest of the US combined, and eventually added 15 states. d. Federalists were against it, saying expansion would increase slavery, and weaken the power of the North.

Kansas-Nebraska Act trigger additional conflict between free and slave states.

a. With the creation of the two territories, debate rose over slavery. The Missouri Compromise had already outlawed slavery in new territories, even though Congress tended to allow popular sovereignty. b. Two governments arose in Kansas due to the conflict, one pro and one anti slavery. Conflict rose to violence, leading to Kansas being nicknamed "Bleeding Kansas".

Civil liberty challenges that are currently being addressed.

a. Womens rights with regard to equal pay b. Affirmative action to hire minorities c. Civil rights of homosexuals with regard to marriage d. Compensation of minorities for past discriminatory actions e. Public right to know vice gov. national security needs f. Publics right to privacy vice gov. national security

The origin and the basic ideas of the Declaration of Independence.

a. Written by Thomas Jefferson and signed 4 July, 1776, stated that King George violated the rights of the colonists as a tyrant. b. Many of Jefferson's ideas of natural and property rights were shaped by the 17th century philosopher, John Locke. c. His assertion of the right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness was a derivative of Locke's earlier statements. d. Both felt is was the responsibility of gov to protect individuals, but individual rights were more important than obligations to the state.

Describe the role of the UN in international relations.

a. helps to form international policies by hosting representatives of various countries who then provide input on policy decisions. Member states not abiding by resolutions are subject to sanctions, often economic, though troops can be sent in from member nations.

Paleolithic Period

aka: Old Stone Age the period of the first known humans until 10,000 B.C.E lived in groups of 10-20 and made tools and weapons to kill animals.

Free enterprise

an economic and political doctrine of the capitalist system. Based on the premise that the economy can regulate itself in a freely competitive market through the relationship of supply and demand, and with minimum governmental intervention.

Economic Theory

an explanation of why certain economic phenomena occur

Human Resources

are the people employed in a business or organization LABOR

relative locations

deals with the interactions that occur between and among places, involves the interconnectedness among people b/c of land, water, and technology

The Reformation

destroyed western Europe's religious unity and introduced new ideas about the relationships among God, the individual, and society

absolute location

determined by longitude and latitude

What are the two main types of resources?

economic resources human resources

The Sophists

emphasized the individual and the attainment of excellence through rhetoric, grammar, music and math

Woodrow Wilson

established the Federal Reserve System

Economics.

explain how financial systems work and how the financial entities interact and function Study of ways that societies allocate resources to individuals and groups within that society. Since resources are finite, allocation becomes a reflection of that society's values. The economic system is based on: 1. What goods are produced. 2. How those goods are produced. 3. Who acquires the goods or benefits from them.

Altitudes

heights about and below sea level

human-environmental location

how people rely on the environment, how people alter it, and how the environment may limit what people are able to do

Alpine-Snow Biomes

ice, cold, high winds

regions, patters, and processes

identifying climatic, economic, political, and cultural patterns within regions

movement and connections

identifying how people are connected through different forms of transportation and communication networks and how those networks have changed over time

Physical Characteristic

includes water system, animal life, plant life, landforms, and climate

Market

interaction between potential buyers and sellers of goods and services money is the usual medium of exchange

Traditional Economies

largely rely on custom to determine production and distribution issues.

What did WWII lead to?

led to the beginning of the Cold War

The Ghanaians

lived about 500 miles from what is now Ghana Ghanaians traded gold for salt from the Sahara.

Bantu people

lived across large sections of Africa Bantu societies lived in tiny chiefdoms, starting in the third millennium B.C.E.

Nok people

lived in the area now know as Nigeria they were peaceful farmers who built small communities consisting of houses of poles and sticks

capital

means how much real, usable money a person or a company has

Technical Efficiency

occurs when a society is able to use its resources to the best advantage and thus produce the most types an the largest quantity of goods and services

Efficiency

occurs when a society produces the types and quantities of goods and services that most satisfy its people

Equity

occurs when the distribution of goods and services conforms to a society's notions of fairness

Credit Unions

owned by members each person who deposits money is a member not a customer all credit unions share ideas, information and resources

Capitalist Economies

produce resources owned by individuals

Socialist Economies

produce resources owned collectively by society. resources are under the control of the government

Command Economies

rely on a central authority to make decisions

Empiricism

states that all knowledge is acquired through life experiences, and that the mind is a blank slate at the time of birth. (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. John Locke, a major proponent of empiricism,

Theory of Supply and Demand

states that prices vary based on balance between the availability of a product or service at a certain price (supply) and the desire of potential purchasers to pay that price (demand). This balance of supply and demand can occur naturally or be created artificially

Interpretative Sociology

studies the processes whereby human beings attach meaning to their lives

What was the direct cause of WWI?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914

Federal Reserve System

the central banking system of the United states there are only 12 Federal Reserve Bank districts in major cities throughout the nation issue: bank notes, lend money to member banks, maintain reserves, and supervise member banks

Demand curve

the combination of quantity and price, at all price levels

Ethnology

the interpretive explanation of human behavior, based on ethnography

Economic Resources

the land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability used in the production of goods and services, productive agents, factors of production

Parallels

the lines that run in an east-west direction

Cultural Anthropology

the study of learned behavior in human societies by comparison of ancient and modern cultures and groups of people Which can include Food-getting structures Economic systems Social stratification Patterns of residence Political Organizations Religions Arts

Physical Anthropology

the study of the biologicals, physiological, anatomical, and genetic characteristics of both ancient and modern human populations

Ethnography

the systematic description of a human society, usually based on first hand fieldwork

1957

year Sputnik launched

1492

year of Columbus lands in the Americas

622

year of Flight of Muhammad to Medina (considered the beginning of Islam)

1750-1780

year of Height of the Atlantic slave trade