PRAXIS 5038/GACE COMPLETE SET PART 3

Pathetic Fallacy

The attribution of human emotions or characteristics to inanimate objects or to nature; for example angry clouds; a cruel wind.

Sestet

6-line rhyme with a varying pattern.

Helen Keller

American female author, political activist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King.

Lorraine Hansberry

A Raisin in the Sun

Moral

A lesson taught by a literary work.

Avi pen name for Edward Irving Wortis

An American male author that wrote The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle in 1990. The novel is a young adult historical fiction It takes place during the transatlantic crossing of a ship from England to America in the 19th century. The book chronicles the evolution of the title character as she is pushed outside her naive existence and learns about life aboard a ship. The novel was well received and won several awards, including as a Newbery Honor

euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Book Pass

An instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest.

Rhetoric

Art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse.

Antithesis

Balanced writing about conflicting ideas.

Anecdote

Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual

William Golding

British novelist,and poet that wrote Lord of the Flies, & To the Ends of the Earth

Jargon

By using specialised terms, the author can persuade the audience that they are an expert

Creating

Creating booklets, -, family scrapbooks, and personal --

High Comedy

Elegant comedies characterized by witty banter and sophisticated dialogue rather than the slapstick physicality and blundering common to low comedy.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Great gatsby

Metaphysical poets

Poetry that are highly intellectualized. Uses strange imagery, use frequent paradox and contains extremely complicated thought.

Walt Whitman

Leaves of grass Transcendentalism Realist

Ballad

Lyrical poem that tells a story

Saul Bellow

Nobel Prize for literature (1976) and Pulitzer Prize for fiction for Humboldt's Gift.

End Rhyme

Occurs when the rhyming words come at the ends of lines.

School Plays

One of the most important traditions contributing to the development of Elizabethan drama was the practice of writing and performing plays at schools.

Edgar Allen Poe

The murder in Rue Morgue

morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Philistinism

The worship of material and mechanical prosperity and the disregard of culture, beauty, and spirit.

Satire

Use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose or criticize people's stupidity or vices. ex: "Weekend Update" from Saturday Night Live

Denotation

What a word means, strictly based on its definition.

Passive Voice

When the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice.

First Generation of Romantic Poets

William Blake William Wordsworth S. T. Coleridge

Authors of Symbolism

William Butler Yeats, James Jocye, T.s. Eliot

Romantic style

William Wordsworth Lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey. The prelude or growth of a poets mind.

"Simplistic"

Word that carries a negative connotation when used in a sentence.

Old English period

Works such as Beowulf, the wanderer, the seafarer and the dream of the rood are from this period.

emergent literacy

a developing awareness of the interrelatedness of oral and written language

Georgic

agricultural; a poem or book dealing with agriculture or rural topics

Hendecasyllabic Verse

a line of eleven syllables

metaphor

comparison not using like or as

Quatrain

four-line stanza

onsets

initial consonant sound of a syllable (the onset of bat is b-; of swim is sw-).

Figure of speech containing an implied comparison in a word or phrase without using 'like' or 'as'

metaphor

picaresque

novel with a colorful, loosely structured, episodic plot that revolves around the adventures of a central character from a low social class

visually representing

presenting information through use of still pictures, animation, and videos

Catharsis

purging of the emotions

falling action

result of the climax

Emblem

special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc.

direct instruction

teacher control of the learning environment through lessons goal setting, choice of activities, and feedback

etymology

the origin and history of words

Chanson

2 line stanzas each ending in refrain

Pentameter

5 meters of poetry

Margaret Mitchell

Gone With Wind (1937)

Handbooks

Contain an abundance of information related to one subject. This is one type of reference material which needs to be circulating in order to serve the patron well.

Antidepressant side effects

dry, cottony mouth

cacophony

harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony

Sentimental Novel

"The Vicar of Wakefield"

J. D. Salinger

Catcher in the rhy Modernist

Robert Herrick's "Upon the Nipples of Julia's Breasts" is an excellent example of what famous school of English poetry?

Cavalier Poetry

Palilogy (or Palillogy)

Deliberate repetition of words, as in Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address."

Ray Bradbury

Something wicked this way comes

Inductive Reasoning

Specific to general.

Alice Walker

The Color Purple (1983)

Pearl S Buck

The Good Earth

Pearl S. Buck

The Good Earth (1932)

Elaboration

a rhetorical method for dev. a theme or pic in such a way as to give the reader a completed impression.

Cycle

a series of poems or songs on the same theme

argument

author's intended point or information

bar graph

graph that has vertical or horizontal bars to compare quantities

What do written symbols represent?

Spoken symbols.

syntactic clues

word order in a sentence provides clues to readers.

British Victorian period

Authors and works part of this period are william make peace Thackeray's vanity fair. Bronte sisters were also part f this period.

American naturalistic period

Authors from this period is Darwin- survival of the fittest and Karl Marx- how money and class structure control a nation.

Personification

A figure that endows animals, ideas, abstractions, and inanimate objects with human form.

Tribrach

A foot of three short or unstressed syllables.

critical reading

A form of critical thinking that includes evaluation of purpose and ideas

Mysticism

A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God

Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet

A form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch consisting of an octave with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba, cdecde or cdcdcd

Panegyric

A formal composition lauding a person for an achievement. Roman's usually used these in praise of living things, while the Greeks used these for praise of the dead.

Tribe of Ben

A nickname for young poets and dramatists of the seventeenth century who acknowledged Ben Jonson as their master. Major members: Robert Herrick

Don Juan

Byron -- written in ottava rima ABABABCC; DJ is Byronic hero, typical brooding "bad guy", mocks many aspects of society, poetry, politics, philosophy, etc.

What are the 5 spelling stages?

-Stage 1: pre-communicative stage. -Stage 2: semi-phonetic stage. -Stage 3: phonetic stage. -Stage 4: transitional stage. -Stage 5: conventional stage.

Middle English period

12th century until the 1470s -religious -Arthurian

Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven

1845

Naturalism

A 19th century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.

line graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

Romanticism

A revolt against Rationalism that affected literature and the other arts, beginning in the late eighteenth century and remaining strong throughout most of the nineteenth century.

Vignette

A sketch or brief narrative characterized by precision and delicacy.

Intonation

A speaker's pitch in their voice or the expressions they use

Direct Speech Quotation

A word or words that are repeated exactly as they were spoken or written by the source.

What were SFL?

Choices in language based on genre, audience, subject and situation.

Simile

Compares two things using LIKE or AS.

Limerick

County Limerick 18th Century; a rhymed humorous or nonsense poem of five lines, with a set rhyme scheme of a-a-b-b-a

Embodies a teaching tone

Didacticism

Paradiastole

Distinguishing two meanings of the same word or euphemistic replacement of a negative word with something more pleasant.

Coordinating Conjunction

FOR, AND, BUT, OR, YET, and SO -- used to join ideas are that similar; remember to use a comma before a conjunction in a compound sentence: Ex: Craig gets in trouble, BUT he usually gets out of it.

Define title and author "The book announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-powerful elite. Its key phrase - Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, The Ministry of Peace (devoted to war), the Ministry of Truth (devoted to lies), the Ministry of Love (devoted to torture) - burned their way at once into the modern consciousness.

George Orwell 1984

Ballad

In Media Res story sung or told in verse and usually accompanied by music.

What is tone?

In literature, it reveals the author's attitude towards the writing, the reader, the subject and/or the people, places, and events in a work.

Modulation

In poetry a variation in the metrical pattern by the substitution of a foot that differs from the basic rhythm of the poem or by the addition or deletion of unstressed syllables.

Symbol

Is anything that stands for, or represents, something else. An object that serves as a _______ has its own meaning, but it also represents abstract ideas. Marks on paper can symbolize spoken words. A flag symbolizes a country. A flashy car may symbolize wealth. Writers sometimes use such conventional _________ in their work, but sometimes they also create _________ of their own through emphasis or repetition.

Exposition

It is writing or speech that explains a process or presents information. In the plot of a story or drama, the ______ is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and situation.

Petrarchan Conceit

It rests on exaggerated comparions ex pressing the beauty, cruelty, and charm of the beloved and the suffering of the forlorn lover.

Haiku

Japanese poetry - 3 lines: 5 syllables, 7 syllables, 5 syllables

British Renaissance

Late 15th and early 16th century to the 17th century.

"Self-Reliance"

NOT anti-society or anti-community; presupposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

Medieval Period (455 CE - 1485 CE) contains three sub groups.

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period Middle English Period Late or High Medieval Period

Thorton Wilder

Our Town

Thornton wilder

Our town American drama: 1900-1950

Humorous or ridiculing imitation of something else

Parody

Jane Austen

Pride and prejudice Sense and sensibility Romantic

British neoclassical period

Relying on the classic styles if the ancient Greeks and Romans. It's main characteristics is an emphasis on logic, common sense, proper ness and adequate performance in society.

Expository Book

Simply informative, not intended to persuade.

Foreshadowing

The use in a literary work of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur. This technique helps to create suspense, keeping readers wondering what will happen next.

Counterpoints

The use of contrasting ideas to communicate a message.

Bandwagon

Tries to persuade the reader to do, think, or buy something because it is popular or everyone is doing it

Cliche

Trite phrase that has become overused.

Dyslexia:

Use both sides of the brain for activities such as reading, while non-dyslexics only use the left side

Anne Bradstreet

Was an English-American writer. She was the first notable American poet; AND She was the first woman to be published in Colonial America. She wrote "In Reference to her Children"

Handbook

a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location

Feet

a group of syllables constituting a metrical unit of a verse

Roman a Clef

a novel in which actual persons and events are disguised as fictional characters

Roman a clef

a novel in which historical people and events are represented as fictional

Exposition

background information the reader needs to make sense of situations

Lewis Carroll

book: Alice In Wonderland

Alice In Wonderland

children's novel; fantasy The story is about a girl who falls asleep and dreams of a series of adventures.

An expression such as "time will tell" or "love is a blessing from heaven above" that has become tired and trite from overuse is known as a/an

cliche

Iambic Pentameter

da DUM, da DUM

Hysteron Proteron

description of events in an order reversing their logical sequence

Middle English period

Authors and work from this period is such as: Geoffrey chaucers the Canterbury tales, Thomas Mallory's mort d'arthur and sir Gawain and the green knight.

Louisa May Alcott

Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boyswrote Little Women; American novelist

Persuasive Appeal (Logos)

Logical reasoning; rational

Romantic Poets(2nd generation)

Lord Byron (George Gordon) Percy Byshe Shelle Mary Shelley John Keats (lower born & educated)

Second Generation of Romantic Poets

Lord Byron (George Gordon) Percy Byshe Shelle Mary Shelley John Keats (lower born & educated)

word webs

graphic representations of the relationships among words that are constructed by connecting the related terms with lines

self-concept

opinion of oneself

interpetive reading

reading between the lines

Publishing

Publishing a --- ---, student magazine, or -- of work

Percy bysshe Shelley

Queen mab Romanticism poetry British romanticism

Verse-novel

represented by Alexander Pushkin's Eugene Onegin and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh, as well as by Anthony Burgess's Byrne, in which is found the explanatory "He thought he was a kind of living myth/ And hence deserving of ottava rima [...]"

What happens v.s. what readers expect

situational irony

reading rate

speed of reading, often reported in words per minute

consonant blend

two or more adjacent consonant letters whos sounds are blended together with each individual sound retaining its identity

Antispast

unstressed, stressed,stressed, unstressed

direct object

will follow the transitive verb, is the noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause that receives the action of the verb

Oscar Wilde

wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray; Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel

Animal Farm

a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

Folk Etymology

a process by which the form of a word is altered to make it resemble a word or words which are better known and with which speakers may believe the word has a semantic relationship.

text leveling

a process that organizes texts according to a define continuum of characteristics so that students may be matched with appropriate materials

Miracle Play

a type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on stories about saints

Macaronic Verse

a type of verse that mingles two or more languages

asynartete

a verse measure in which rhythmic members consist of two unrelated patterns.

Parody

a work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim or comic effect and/or ridicule

experience chart

a written account about common experiences, dicated by student and recorded by teacher

Apocope

abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds

Jack London

book: The Call of the Wild, Sea-Wolf, White Fang

Caroline Cooney

book: The Voice on the Radio

Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

book: The Yearling

George Orwell

books: 1984, Animal Farm; dark satire on Stalinist totalitarianism

Tourette Syndrome:

characterized by facial twitches, grunts, explosive sounds and inappropriate words, body spasms; rarely aggressive, nor reluctant to make eye contact or otherwise engage others; often also suffer from OCD

categorization

classification into related groups

Genteel Comedy

comedy of manners, early 1700s, included Addison

summative assessment

conducted at the end of the learning unit to analyze student progress & the success of the unit; quizzes, tests, products

Leonine Rhyme

fancy words of internal rhyme

Romantic Poets

favored sensory experience over intellectual appreciation, valued strong creative spirit rather than poet's ability to follow formal structures and rules

dangling modifiers

modifying a word, phrase, or clause that does not clearly and sensibly modify a word or a word group in a sentence Ex. Jogging in the park, a rabbit peered at me from the under-brush. [Was the rabbit jogging?]

epiphany

moment when something is realized and comprehension sets in

scanning

moving the eyes rapidly over the selection to locate a specific bit of information

Gift Books

one of the first products to achieve market segmentation and market penetration in the American economy

Dualism

recog. the possibility of the coexistence of antithetical or complementary principles.

Volta

the Italian term for the turn in a sonnet, occurring between the octave and the sestet in the 9th line.

automaticity

the ability to carry out an activity, or to process information, without effort of attention

technological literacy

the abiltiy to use various technological resources for learning and completing various types of projects

verisimilitude

the appearance of being true or real

homonyms

two words are spelled alike and sound alike, but have different meanings

English Neoclassical Period

(17th and 18th centuries) Examples: Dryden's The Conquest of Granada and "Alexander's Feast," Swift's The Battle of the Books and Gulliver's Travels, and Pope's The Rape of the Lock

Auxesis

A gradual increase in intensity of meaning with words arranged in ascending order of force or importance.

A Street Car Named Desire

Tennessee Williams. (Drama) Blanche DuBois, fading Southern belle. Nymphomania and alcoholism. French Quarter of New Orleans. Sister Stella, crude Stanley. Pleasure is short. One-way ticket.

Fable

Terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum.

Excessive use of feeling or emotion

Sentimentality

Exposition

Telling, not showing.

Effect

Totality of impression or emotional impact.

Pathos

the emotional or motivational appeals; vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details.

synonym

a word that has the same meaning as another word

adverb

a word that modifies, or qualifies the meaning of a verb, other adverb, clause, or phrase

Hapax Legomenon

a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion

visual discrimination

ability to determine difference between objects or shapes

guided reading

an instructional model of delivery that provides structure and purpose for reading

readability

an objective measure of the difficulty of written material

word consciousness

having awareness of and interest in words and word meanings

Andrew Marvell's lines "An hundred year should go to praise Thine eyes and on they forehead gaze, Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest" provides excellent examples of?

hyperbole

Blank verse

iambic pentameter, or five feet of iambs

Spenserian Stanza

a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c

Edgar Rice Burroughs

was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter, although he produced works in many genres

Hermeneutic Circle

you interpret something by going from general to specific and from specific to general; go from overall meaning back to specifics, etc.

Classical Roman Period

(200 BCE-455 CE) Rome conquers Greece in 146 CE. Playwrights Plautus and Terence. Roman Imperial period begins with Caesar Augustus in 27 CE: Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Marcus Aurelius, Lucretius, Cicero and Quintilian.

Madrigal

A popular poem set to music, containing multiple parts to be sung in harmony

Paralepsis

A pretended or apparent omission; a figure of speech by which a speaker artfully pretends to pass by what he really mentions; as, for example, if an orator should say, ``I do not speak of my adversary's scandalous venality and rapacity, his brutal conduct, his treachery and malice.''

Indefinite Pronoun

A pronoun that is not referring to a specific defined object or objects.

Vague Pronoun

A pronoun with an antecedent that is not clear.

Motif

A recurring element that appears frequently in works of literature.

Conferencing

Assessment Tool. Technique for evaluation. The process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece.

formal assessment

Assessment measures that are formally constructed such as teacher made tests, norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests.

formative assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching

Assistive Technology Act of 1998: Devices

Assistive devices include any device that could help a disabled student in education or life functioning

Epithalamium

A poem written to celebrate a wedding.

Inverted Pyramid

A style of writing most commonly applied to news stories in which the most important facts appear early in the story and less important facts later in the story

Incunabulum

A term applied to any book printed in the last part of the fifteenth century.

Robinsonade

A term coined by JG Schnabel in 1731 for a work with a shipwreck on a desert island followed by adventures of survival. Examples are the play The Admirable Chrichton (1902) which is the ancestor of Gilligan's Island,The Blue Lagoon (1908) and Lord of the Flies (1954).

Novel of Incident

A term for a novel in which episodic action dominates, and plot and character are subordinate.

Determiner

A type of adjective that includes articles and demonstratives to modify a noun or noun phrase in order to classify or identify the noun.

Spenserian Sonnet

A variant that the poet Edmund Spenser developed from the Shakespearean sonnet that he used in The Faerie Queen. English quatrain and couplet pattern, Italian in rhyme scheme. It has the rhyme scheme ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.

Dialect

A variation of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.

Malapropism

A verbal blunder in which one word is replaced by another similar in sound but different in meaning.

Infinitive

A verbal form comprised of the word to followed by the root form of the verb ex: to hold

Infinitive

A verbal form compromised of the word to followed by the root form of the verb ex to hold

Pun

A verbal joke that depends on a word having more than one meaning or sounding like another word

F. Scott Fitzgerald

American author who wrote The Great Gatsby. Today The Great Gatsby is widely regarded as a "Great American Novel" and a literary classic. The Modern Library named it the second best English-language novel of the 20th Century.

Temporal Words

Are transition words that alert the readers to shifts in ideas. They usually indicate the sequence/order (elementary). They can also indicate addition, exception, contrast, comparison, location, cause and effect, emphasis summary and conclusion (middle/high). EX: Rosie asked what the surprise was. FIRST, the teacher was quiet. NEXT, she stopped....

Edmond Spenser

Developed Spenserian Sonnet: combines English and Italian form. English quatrain and couplet pattern, Italian in rhyme scheme.

Refers specifically to a writers choice of words simplicities refined

Diction

John Steinbeck

Grapes of Wrath

Euology

Great praise or commendation of someone who has died

Syntax

The rules governing the formal construction of sentences. _____ is the way in which words are grammatically placed together to form sentences.

Sprung Rhythm

Stressed and unstressed syllables, invented by Gerard Hopkins.

Begging the Claim

The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Example: Filthy and polluting coal should be banned.

Dysgraphia:

Cannot manage the physical act of writing

William Shakespeare

Othello Romeo and juliet English Renaissance

Deductive Reasoning

Reasons general to specific.

Maxine hong Kingston

The woman warrior

Harangue

a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong emotion

An ode could be best defined as

a lyric poem characterized by its serious topic

caesura

a pause or breathing-place about the middle of a metrical line, generally indicated by a pause in the sense.

Sprung Rhythm

a poetic rhythm that imitates the rhythm of speech

archetype

an original model or pattern from which other later copies are made; especially a character, an action, or situation that seems to represent common patterns of human life. Often, include a symbol, a theme, a setting, or a character that some critics think have meaning for an entire culture

miscue

an unexpected oral reading response (error)

Formal English

Writing and speaking that follows all of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.

prologue

expounds the purpose in writing

modifiers

is a word or word group that makes the meaning of another word or word group more specific. The two kinds are adjectives and adverbs. They either make a noun more specific or a verb more specific

pronouns

is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns

Percy Shelly "Ozmandias"

1818

British neoclassical period

Covering 1660-1798

Post-Colonial Criticism

Focuses on the influences of colonialism in literature, especially regarding the historical conflict resulting from the exploitation of less developed countries and indigenous peoples by Western nations. Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi Bhabha and Declan Kiberd

Georgian Age

1914-1940

James Agee

A Death in the Family (1957) America

Tennessee Williams

A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948) & Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955). Playwright

Eiron

A basic comic character in Greek drama.

Dangling Modifiers

A dependent clause that comes at the beginning of a sentence that does not modify the correct subject.

Kenning

A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "whale-road" for ocean... another way of describing something to avoid repetition.

Anticlimax

A drop from a dignified or important idea...usually ridiculous or humorous.

Aphorism

A focused, succinct expression about life from a sagacious viewpoint. Franklin, Pope, Bacon.

Suffixes

A group of letters added to the end of the root of a word.

Half Rhyme

A near-rhyme; one that is approximate, not exact

standardized test

A norm-referenced published test that has been constructed by experts in the field and is administered, scored, and interpreted according to specific criteria.

Enantiomorph

An object that is a mirror image of another.

Agon

In Greek tragedy, it was a prolonged dispute, often a formal debate in which the CHOROS divided and took sides with the disputants.

Tennessee Williams

The glass menagerie American drama: 1900-1950

perception

The process of organizing and using information that is received through the senses.

Assonance

The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together.

Symbolism

Uses symbols

City Comedy

a genre of Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline comedy on the London stage from the last years of the 16th century through 1672. Could refer to: - any English comedy written during the Reign of James I and set in London. - London comedies that are particularly satirical in nature, depicting London as a hotbed of vice and folly. - Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker's "The Roaring Girl" is a city comedy. (Review Roaring Girl for examples).

English/Shakespearean Sonnet

a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg

Calque

an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language

Homeoptoton

ending adjacent phrases in the same case

E.E. Cummings's poem "she being Brand" could best be described as a/an ________ comparing sex with a woman to driving a brand new car.

extended metaphor

1984

is a book written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

Freewriting, brainstorming, clustering, and idea mapping are most important during which stage of the writing process?

prewriting

classicism

the principles and styles admired in the classics of Greek and Roman literature, such as objectivity, sensibility, restraint, and formality

Emily Dickinson

wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;" 19th century poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter

rimes

Part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (i.e., the rime of bag is ag and the rime of swim is im.)

Prometheus Unbound (Shelly)

Poem about a revolt of humans against a repressive society

Pronoun Number

Pronouns are either singular or plural.

David Auburn

Proof (2001)

John Updike

Rabbit is Rich (1982) & Rabbit at Rest (1991)

Romantic style

Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Frost at midnight Dejection: an ode.

auditory discrimination

The ability to hear differences in sounds

Sarcasm

Saying one thing but meaning another.

Haplography

Writing something once when it should be written twice.

"This was all the account I got from Mrs. Fairfax of her employer and mine. There are people who seem to have no notion of sketching a character, or observing an describing salient points, either in persons or things: the good lady evidently belonged to this class; my queries puzzled, but did not draw her out. Mr. Rochester was Mr Rochester in her eyes, a gentleman, a landed proprietor- nothing more; she inquired and searched no further, and evidently wondered at my wish to gain a more definite notion of his identity." Mrs. Fairfax differs from the speaker in that Mrs. Fairfax

is willing to take people at face value

Idyll

(adj.) Charming in a rustic way; naturally peaceful.

MAry Shelly (romantic)

1818

Anne Frank

1940s

Pronoun

A word that represents a specific noun in a generic way ex. I she he it

The Joy Luck Club

Amy Tan

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: disorganized, defensive, immature, impulsive, often interrupts conversations, hyperactive

Harlem Renaissance

Countee Cullen, Claude McKay and Langston Hughes.

A French term for the unknotting or resolution of the plot

Denouement

Anne frank

Diary of Anne frank

Robert frost

The road not taken

Simple Verb Tense

The three verb tenses of present, past, and future.

sequence of events organization

details presented in the order they occurred

statement support organization

main idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph explains or proves it

thesis statement

main idea or purpose at the beginning of a chapter or subsection

third person omniscient point of view

narrator knows everything that is going on inside every character's head

reading/study techniques

technique design to enhance comprehension and retention of written material

A line of iambic pentameter contains how many total syllables?

ten

Grub Street

the world or category of impoverished literary hacks.

Sonnet 18

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" This has a couplet with ABAB CDCE EFEF GG rhyme scheme by William Shakespeare

American modernist

Between WWI and WWII

Edinburgh Review

...

John Keats, wrote various odes

1818

Adjective

A word that describes a noun or pronoun.

3 categories of metacognition

Awareness, planning, and self monitoring

Liturgical Drama

Drama that had roots from religious ceremony.

Laudatory

Full of or giving praise

Ingenue

Naive, unsophisticated person

denotation

dictionary meaning of the word

Distance

indifference by personal withdrawal

Central character/s who engages the readers interest and empathy. Example: Homer Simpson

Protagonist

American post modernist

-Samuel Beckett -Joseph heller

Emily Dickinson

1850's

Herman Melville, Moby dick and billy bud

1851

Walt Whitman "captain my Captain" to a stranger

1860's

George Orwell, Animal Farm

1945

Patristic Period

70 CE-455 CE Early Christian writings appear (ie Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. Jerome first compiles the Bible, Christianity spreads across Europe, Roman Empire dies. , comes from the Latin word-meaning father. During this period creative thinkers hammered out most of the basic doctrines (teachings) of Christianity in response to controversies within the church persecution and threats from without, and other historical developments (Peterson 55). The Patristic Period - includes St Augustine, Tertullian, Sain Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. This period follows the spread of Christianity across Europe from 70 CE to 455 CE

Old English period

7th century-1066 -the grave -beowulf

Spenserian stanza

9-line stanza - first eight lines are pentameter and the last line is alexandrine.

Alterity

: otherness; specifically : the quality or state of being radically alien to the conscious self or a particular cultural orientation

Picaresque Novel

A chronicle-usually autobiographical- presenting the life story of a rascal of low degree engaged in menial tasks and making his living more through his wits then his industry.

Scriblerus Club

A club organized in 1714 in London by Jonathan Swift. Their goal was to satirize literary incompetence. Major writers: Pope, Gay, and Congreve.

Short story

A fictional narrative written in prose, which is shorter than a novel. e.g., Jackson's "The Lottery, Irving's "Rip Van WInkle",

Synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole. Example: "If you don't drive properly, you will lose your wheels." The wheels represent the entire car.

Universal Theme

A message about life that can be understood by most cultures. Many folk tales and examples of classic literature address __________ _____________ such as the importance of courage, the effects of honesty, or the dangers of greed.

Extended metaphor

A metaphor used throughout a work over a series of lines in prose or poetry.

Synecdoche

A part of an object representing the whole.

Formalism, New Criticism

A school of literary criticism and literary theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of a particular text. Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Erich Auerbach, René Wellek

Objective Correlative

A situation or a sequence of events or objects that evokes a particular emotion in a reader or audience.

Phonemic Awareness

A skill in which a student is able to hear, identify, and manipulate the parts of a word.

Consonant Sound

A sound represented by the letters of the alphabet excluding the vowels that is made by controlling air flow in order to make a specific sound.

European Literature

All of the following became popular around the turn of the 20th century except

A reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history or literature

Allusion

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; First writer of short and detective story. American Romantic Movement The Fall of the House of Usher ~ The Murders in the Rue Morgue The Raven - 1845 The Pit and the Pendulum - 1842 Tell-Tale Heart & Black Cat - 1843 Cask of Amontillado - 1846 Poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;"

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act: a federal act prohibiting discrimination based on disability in the areas of employment, state and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications

Definition Poem

An Elizabethan mode defined by Louis Martz as "a rapid sequence of analogies."

Cock-and-Bull-Story

An unbelievable tale.

Robert Louis Stevenson

Author of Treasure Island, creator of the character Long John Silver, and children's poet (Child's Garden of Verses, which features poems such as "The Swing"

British Renaissance

Authors and their works from this period is: Edmund Spenser's the fairie queen, William Shakespeare, and Thomas Wyatt.

British neoclassical period

Authors and their works from this period is: john Milton's paradise lost, Alexander pope's illiad and gullivers travels. Dr. Samuel Johnson who wrote dictionaries and Daniel Defoe who wrote Robinson Crusoe.

Meta-cognition (3 categories)

Awareness, planning, and self monitoring

Eugene o'neill

Beyond the horizon American drama: 1900-1950

British romantic period

Championing of the individual. Ordinary people attempt to free themselves from traditions is an element of this period.

Edwin Arlington Robinson

Collected Poems (1922); The Man Who Died Twice (1925); Trist ram (1928)

Analogies

Comparisons of two pairs that have the same relationship.

Atlases

Contain an organized group of physical, political, road, and/or thematic maps. Symbols, scales, and terms used in them should be explained in an easy to understand and complete manner.

Structuralism/Semiotics

Examines the universal underlying structures in a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through any structures. Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Mikhail Bakhtin, Yurii Lotman, Jacques Ehrmann, Northrop Frye and morphology of folklore

Ray bradbury

Farenhiet 451

Bildungsroman

German term signifying "novel of formation" or "novel of education" the coming of age novel

first person point of view

story is told by a character in the story

Amphimacer

stressed, unstressed, stressed

K-W-L strategy

Know-Want to Know-Learned. Elicits students' prior knowledge of the topic of the text. Sets a purpose for reading. Helps students to monitor their comprehension.

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period

Known as the Dark Ages (455-799) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move into Europe. Franks Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain. Poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer originated during this time period. Within this period, Carolingian Renaissance (800-850) also emerged in Europe. Texts included early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, and other alike.

Generalizations

Make sweeping statements about a whole group, based on only one or two members of that group. These can be persuasive if the audience believes the generalization is appropriate, but can undermine argument if they do not.

Relative Pronoun

Pronoun that starts a subordinate clause that acts as an adjective clause. Ex: that, which, who, whom, whose

Surrealism

Movement in art and literature that started in Europe during the 1920s. Wanted to replace conventional realism with the full expression of the unconscious mind, which they considered to be more real than the "real" world of appearances.

This type of literature is used to explain things the teller does not understand. Greek and Romans use heroes and heroines to explain thunder, fires, and the movement of the sun.

Myth

Greek Mythology

Myths and legends of the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. Part of Greek religion. Athena - Wisdom, reason, peace, warfare, strategy Dionysus is god of wine

OCD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: an anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel compelled to perform

Split Infinitive

Occurs when an adverb is placed between "to" and the verb.

Compound Adjective

Occurs when two or more adjectives are used together to modify the same noun. Sometimes hyphenated: well-known, long-distance

Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

Pronouns must agree with their antecedent in number and person. For the third person singular pronoun "she" to be used, the antecedent would have to be a singular female who is not the speaker or who is being directly spoken to.

Objective Pronoun

Pronouns that can be the direct or indirect object of the verb, object of the preposition, or any other instance where an object is needed.

Selecting a new car requires each buyer a weigh a number of factors. First to be considered is the car's appearance. Next, and even more critical, are the car's performance and safety rating. Most significant to any prospective buyer, however, is the car's price. What type of order best describes the paragraph?

Order of importance

Juxtaposition

Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ezra Pound: "The apparition of these faces in the crowd;/ Petals on a wet, black bough."

Picture Walks:

Should start on the first day; Give young readers the idea books are arranged sequentially; Pictures provide a narrative coherence and context clues; Holding a book and turning pages gives young readers a familiarity with them

Zora Neal Hurston

Their Eyes were Watching God

The Pigman

Written by Paul Zindel, first published in 1968 The novel begins with Lorraine's delinquent friend named John. signed by John Conlan and Lorraine Jensen, two high school sophomores, which pledge that they will report only the facts about their experiences with the principal

William Golding

Wrote To the Ends of the Earth; British novelist, poet

The Joy Luck Club

a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair

picture graph

a graph that uses pictures or symbols to stand for the number of things

Katherine Patterson

a Female American author best known for children's novels. For four different books published 1975 to 1980, she won two Newbery Medals and two National Book Awards. She is one of three people to win the two major international awards: for "lasting contribution to children's literature" she won the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award A Bridge to Terabithia Jacob Have I Loved The Great Gilly Hopkins

Hagiography

a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person (especially a person who is a saint)

Vade Mecum

a book or other thing that one regularly carries about.

Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners (ELLs):

avoid idioms and slang, involve students in hand-on activities, reference students' prior knowledge, speak slowly

Stephen Crane

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

Edith Wharton

book: Ethan Frome

Louis Sacher

book: Holes

Scott O'Dell

book: Island of Blue Dolphins

Charlotte Bronte

book: Jane Eyre

Ester Forbes

book: Johnny Tremain

Jean Craighead George

book: Julie of the Wolves

Patricia Maclachlan

book: Sarah Plain and Tall

Phyllis Reynolds Taylor

book: Shiloh

Avi

books: Crispin, Nothing But The Truth

Daniel Defoe

wrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel

descriptive

centers on person, place, or object; concrete and sensory words; creates mood or impression; chronological or spatial organization

Wrenched Accent

change word accent for metrical accent.

varied language

changing wording or structure to avoid dullness

Choral Character

character whose role is to comment on the main character

Gothic

characterized by gloom and mystery and the grotesque

Paul Zindel

was an American playwright, author, and educator. The Pigman is a young adult novel first published in 1968.

Geoffrey Chaucer

wrote The Canterbury Tales

JD Salinger

wrote The Catcher in the Rye

Elie Wiesel

wrote Night - He is a Romanian-born Jewish-American. He is a writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Prize Winner, and Holocaust survivor. The novel -Night - is about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps.

Karen Hesse

wrote Out of the Dust

Nostos

homecoming

structural grammar

prescriptive grammar

ethos

the source's credibility, the speaker's/author's authority

Robert Frost

was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. One of the most popular and critically respected American poems of his generation, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes was for the poem The Road Not Taken". It was published in 1916. Carved out elder-statesmen role in official American culture.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

wrote "Aurora Leigh," poet of the Victorian era

Clause vs Phrase

Clause has subject and verb - He hit the ball phrase is missing subject and verb -hitting the ball

The phrases "Have a good day" or "Look on the brighter side" is an example of

Cliche

Biographical Resources

Contain information about individual people or locate (index) other works which provide this type of information. Collected ones can cover a given subject, a stated time period, or other special groups of individuals.

Almanacs

Contain specific facts, statistical data, tables of comparative information, and organized lists of basis reference information related to people, places, events, etc. Usually cover broad periods of time, whereas Yearbooks will have the same time of information for a single year.

Wordiness

Adding words to a writing sample or speech with the intent of sounding more sophisticated than the writer and speaker really is.

Apostrophe

Addressing an absent or dead person.

Their Eyes Were Watching God

After two marriages to oppressive men, a woman (Janie Crawford) finds temporary happiness with a husband twelve years her junior; themes: the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion

British neoclassical period

Age of Enlightenment Philosophy -Augustan

British Victorian period

-Charles dickens -William Thackeray -bronte sisters -George Elliot

Ralph Waldo Emerson, "nature"

1836

Oedipus Complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

I was a child and she was a child, In this kingdom by the sea; But we loved with a love that was more than love— I and my Annabel Lee; With a love that the wingéd seraphs of heaven Coveted her and me. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The excerpt is from a poem written by which of the following authors? A. William Shakespeare B. John Keats C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow D. Edgar Allan Poe

D. Edgar Allan Poe

Arthur Miller

Death of a Salesman

Didactic

Form of fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking. Ex: "God Girl"

Wordsworth

English Romantic poet. He wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor. Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

British romantics

Had emphasis on the individuals expression of emotion and imagination departure from the attitudes and forms if classicism.

authentic assessment

Evaluating knowedge or skill in a context that approximates the real world or real life as closely as possible.

Stephen Vincent Benet

John Brown's Body(1929); Western Star (1944)

Anaphora

Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines.

Hyperbaton

Reversal of normal word order (as in 'cheese I love')

Meter

Set number of syllables that are stressed and unstressed

The romantic style

Shows which the self comes under a great scrutiny and imagination is heralded as an organizing and unifying power.

Harper Lee

To kill a mocking bird Southern gothic

Words for Effect

Words that more powerfully, purely, or connotatively contribute to the author's intended tone and/or purpose.

Magazines

Became popular in America in the 19th Century.

audience

author's intended readers

When a line ends without pause and continues to the next line is called

enjambment

Fahrenheit 451

is a 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot that takes place in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

Enallage

subst. of one grammatical form for another.

Ernest Hemingway

was an American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'. He wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Sun Also Rises

Ben Mikaelson

wrote Touching Spirit Bear

Aphaeresis

(linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in 'coon' for 'raccoon' or 'till' for 'until'

Choriambus

- U U -

Naturalism

1870-1920 (philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations , A literary branch of realism which suggested that social conditions, heredity, and environment helped to shape human character, 1865-1900. Honore de Balzac, Upton Sinclair are examples.

Mark Twain, tom sawyer and huck finn

1876

apostrophe

A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.

Allegory

A story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities EXAMPLE: Animal Farm; Dante's Inferno; Lord of the Flies, John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress

Post-Structuralism/Deconstruction

A strategy of "close" reading that elicits the ways that key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable. Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, J. Hillis Miller, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Gayatri Spivak, Avital Ronell

Enclosed Rhyme

A term applied to the rhyme pattern of the In Memoriam stanza: abba

Transcendentalism

Idealistic literary and philosophical movement of the mid19th century. Holds the key to knowledge of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through tuition.

Parody

Is a comical piece of writing that mocks the characteristics of a specific literary form. Through the exaggeration of the types of ideas, language, tone, or action in a type of literature or a specific work, a _______ calls attention to the ridiculous aspects of its subjects. Don Quixote is a ______ of 16th century romantic literature.

Oral Tradition

Is the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth. Many folk songs, ballads, fairy tales, legends, and myths originated in this.

Stories that are usually exaggerated about real people, places, and things.

Legends

Preposition

Links a noun and pronoun to the other parts of the sentence

Rational Appeal

Logical reasoning (logos)

Making

Making a ---, participating in a --, giving a ---

Subjunctive Mood

May express conditions or wishes that are contradictory to facts, demands, or requests. The present form of the subjunctive is the same as the past form of the indicative, unless the verb -be is used. The subjunctive uses -were for all subjects when using the verb -be.

Climax

Moment in the story with the greatest emotional tension.

Comparative Adverb

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the word. ____________ adverbs use more and less to compare to what degree two object perform an action. Some irregular adverbs do use the -er ending to make their comparison.

Dramatic Poetry

Poetry that uses the techniques of drama. A dramatic poem is a verse that presents the speech of one or more characters. It usually involves many narrative elements, such as setting, conflict, and plot.

Blank Verse

Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines. This verse form was widely used by William Shakespeare.

Inappropriate Shift in Pronoun Usage

Pronouns must agree in number and person. An ______________ _______ occurs when the writer changes number from either singular to plural or when the writer changes person from 1st, 2nd, or 3rd.

Burlesque

Ridicules a topic by treating something exalted as if it were trivial. And vice versa.

Define author and title She thanked men, -good! but thanked Somehow - I known not how - as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-year-old name With anybody's gift Who'd stoop to blame This sort of trifling?

Robert Browning "My Last Duchesses"

Macbeth's famous speech beginning, "Tomorrow and tomorrow, and tomorrow" is a good example of ______, also known as a dramatic convention which a character, alone onstage, utters his or her thoughts aloud.

Soliloquy

Red Badge of Courage

Stephan Crane novel best known for its literal realism depicting actual accounts of the American Civil War using the allegory of heroism/cowardice & the repeated use of color/irony

Flat characters who exist as the embodiment of particular type rather than an individual

Stock Character

American naturalist period

Sub genre of realism. Has dominant themes: survival, fate, violence an taboo. Nature is an indifferent force acting on humans. Brute within each individual us comprise of strong and warring emotions.

Personal Pronoun

Subjective or objective pronoun that identifies who is speaking, who is spoken to, or who or what is being spoken about.

Homer

The Odyddey and The Illiad

Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea (1953), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Won a Pulitzer Prize for The Old Man and the Sea, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Late or High Medieval Period (1200 - 1485)

Tumultuous period is marked by the Middle English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and WIlliam Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan.

British romantic period

Two elements of this period are: the importance of nature and the dangers is technology.

Compound Sentence

Two independent clauses (simple sentences) joined together with the correct punctuation (comma and coordinating conjunction or a semicolon).

Middle English period

Was known to be from about 1100-1500.

Modified

When the meaning of a word is changed by the words describing it.

Romantic Poets(1st generation)

William Blake William Wordsworth S. T. Coleridge

Duple Meter

a line consisting of two syllables

Agroikos

a rustic or country bumpkin in Greek works.

The Great Gatsby

a self-made man (Gatsby) woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

Negative Capability

a theory of the poet John Keats describing the capacity for accepting uncertainty and the unresolved.

subskill theory of reading

a theory that depicts reading as a set of subskills that children must master and integrate

Life and Letters

a type of biography popular in the nineteenth century.

Nonsense Verse

a type of light verse that emphasizes rhythmic and sound effects over meaning

Cloak and Sword

a type of literary work containing swashbuckling action, gallant heroes, and plots filled with adventure

fluency

act of reading easily, smoothly and automatically with a rate appropriate for the text, indicating that students inderstand meaning

Anna Karenina

after having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; Russian, 1970s, psychological novel

Mesostich

an acrostic in which the middle letters form a word.

Fourth Wall

an imaginary wall between the audience and the actors in a representational play

Complex Sentence

an independent clause plus one or more dependent clauses.

Dionysian

as distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking impulses

Anacoenesis

asking a question as though to seek the opinion of one's hearer, reader, opponent, or judge.

prefixes

beginning units or meaning which can be added to a base or root word

Katherine Patterson

book: A Bridge to Terabithia

Emily Bronte

book: Wuthering Heights

The Illiad

epic poem about the Trojan war, by Homer

hyperbole

exaggeration or deliberate overstatement

empirical evidence

facts and statistics used to prove a point or justify a claim

International Novel

focus on the collision between American and European cultures (Henry James, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Lawrence)

discourse

formal and orderly speech or writing; 1970s- conversational exchanges between characters whose voices engage in a dynamic interchange poststructural criticism, refers to all verbal material which is the primary concern of literary criticism

Ennead

group of nine

subject complement

is a word or word group in the predicate that describes or identifies the subject

Christopher Paul Curtis

is an Africican American children's author and a Newbery Medal winner who wrote The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Elijah, & Bud, Not Buddy. Bud, Not Buddy is the first novel to receive both the Coretta Scott King Award and the Newbery Medal. His book Elijah of Buxton (winner of the Scott O'Dell Historical Fiction Award, the Coretta Scott King Award, and a Newbery Honor) is set in a free Black community in Ontario that was founded in 1849 by runaway slaves.

Karen Hesse

is an American author of children's literature and literature for young adults, often with historical settings. She wrote Out of the Dust. Set in Oklahoma during the years 1934-1935, this book tells the story of a family of farmers during the Dust Bowl years. With Billie Jo being the main character, the book goes into her own life and struggles. The structure of the novel is unusual in that the plot is advanced entirely through a series of free verse poems. She recieved an 1998 Newbery Medal for Out of the Dust and Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction

Kate Dicamillo

is an American female author of children's fiction. Her 2003 novel The Tale of Despereaux won the annual Newbery Medal as the "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children", three years after Because of Winn-Dixie was a runner up (Newbery Honor Book). She is also known for the Mercy Watson series of picture books, illustrated by Chris Van Dusen

Aurora Leigh

is an eponymous epic novel/poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The poem is written in blank verse and encompasses nine books. (1856)

Civil Disobedience

is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Beowulf

is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literaturea. great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

Daniel Defoe

known as the father of the English novel He wrote Robinson Crusoe

Decadents

late 19th & early 20th C. France, England, America. Writers who believed that art was superior to nature and that the finest beauty was that of dying or decaying things. They attacked the moral and social standards of their times. Members: France- Verlaine, England- Oscar Wilde, America- Edgar Saltus.

Palimbacchius

metrical foot of two long and one short syllable

visualization

picturing events, places and things described by the author

Twentieth Century Literature

questions accepted valued and morals, alienation from middle class materialism, complexity of human mind, unconscious techniques to explore human psyche.

Colloquial Language

refers to diction that is presented in a conversational manner and may include slang.

Epizeuxis

repetition of the same word for emphasis

Description that uses like, than or as to draw comparison between two dissimilar things

simile

Venus and Adonis Stanza

six lines of iambic pentameter rhyming ababcc, named from Shakespeare's poem

catastrophe

the "turning downward" of the plot in a classical tragedy. By tradition, occurs in the fourth act of the play after the climax. Initiates the falling action of the play.

Barbarism

the incorrect usage of words or forms of language

Demotion

the reduction of STRESS on a syllable caused by the rhythmic environment.

text-based processing

trying to extract the information that resides in the text

circle or pie graph

used to compare parts of a whole

persuasive

used to direct actions of the listener/reader; arranges facts and opinions; uses selective vocabulary

Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

was a Female American author who lived in rural Florida and wrote novels with rural themes and settings. She wrote The Yearling

H.G. Wells

was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. He has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

Aposiopesis

when the speaker or writer deliberately stops short and leaves something unexpressed, but yet obvious, to be supplied by the imagination

"In Reference to her Children"

written by Anne Bradstreet, maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest

Percy Bysshe Shelley

wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"

Zora Neale Hurston

wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; 20th century African-American writer; folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance

What is the order of representation?

1. Spoken Language; 2. Written Language

Quatrain

4 line poem.

Medieval Period

500-1500 A preoccupation with death and its macrbe thoughts about rotting corpses became prsent in the: , 400 CE - 1400 CE, rhetoric no longer search for truth, used to instruct faith, write letters to/from feudal kingdoms, preachers (few educated people)

Quatrain

A stanza of 4 lines.

In Medias res

A story that starts in the middle. Example: The Odyssey

Maze Test:

A type of cloze test with multiple choice answers for each blank

End Rhyme

A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line

Transcendentalism

Authors who are well known in this period are ralph waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Margaret fuller

Epistolary Literature

Literature written as letters

Romantic style

Percy bysshe Shelley. Alaster

Legend

Story about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners --- Irving's The legend of sleepy hollow, King arthur and the holy grail

A larger argument of literary work make about one or more of its subject, typically expressed in a sentence, is a:

Theme

Chinua Achebe

Things fall apart -one man struggles in Africa to survive in a changing society

Common Meter

a closed poetic quatrain, rhyming abab, in which lines of iambic tetrameter alternate with iambic trimeter

Canon

a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired

portifolio

a collection of work or artifacts gathered over a period of time

Dysphemism

a common neutral word.

elegy

a formal poem focusing on death or mortality, usually beginning with the recent death of a particular person

Heroic Quatrain

a four line stanza rhymed abab

developmentally appropriate

a framework or an approach for working with young children in which the reader considers each child's competencies and adjusts instruction accordingly

Magnus Opus

a masterpiece

Dead Metaphor

a metaphor that has become so overused that we no longer realize that is a figure of speech—we simply skip over the metaphorical connection it makes. Examples: the roof of the mouth, the eye of the storm, the heart of the matter, and the arm of a chair

The Joy Luck Club

a novel written by Amy Tan (born in China but an American author). The story is about a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair

Animal Farm

a novel written by George Orwell about a group of animals who mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

The Call of the Wild

a pampered dog (Buck) adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

retelling

a student's recounting of a story or other material that he or she has read.

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review

Deictic

a word specifying identity or spacial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs

alternative assessment

all types of assessment other than standardized tests

anachronism

an event, object, custom, person, or thing that is out of order in time; some unintentional, such as when an actor performing Shakespeare forgets to take off his watch; some deliberate to achieve a humorous or satiric effect, such as Mark Twains's "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court"

verbals

are formed from verbs. may have modifiers and complements. However, used as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs. There are three kinds: participles, gerunds, and infinitives

Pantisocracy

attempts at communal living (Keats, Coleridge, Southey), part of romantic period

Alienation Effect

audience kept at such a distance that unthinking emotional and personal involvement is inhibited while politcal messages are delivered.

Laconism

brevity of speech

cause and effect organization

describes how two or more events are connected

spatial/place organization

descriptions are organized according to the location of items in relation to one another and to a larger context

informal reading inventory

finds frustration level, independent level ,instructional level, and capacity level

Watership Down

heroic fantasy novel about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

Scottish Literature

literary tradition in which Walter Scott, Robert Burns, and J.M. Barrie emerge

Terza Rima

poetic stanza with recurring scheme, used by Keats, Byron, Shelley.

Merism

rhetorical device of contrasting two parts of a whole

phonics

the association of letters with speech sounds

Connotation

the associations and implications that go beyond a word's literal meanings

Hedonism

the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle

grapheme

the written symbol that represents a sound, or phoneme

consonant diagraph

two consecutive consonants that represent one new speech sound. in the word diagraph, the "ph" sounds like "f"

compound words

two or more base words that are connected to form a new word

Saying "This is my lively car" when the cat sleeps 23 hours a day is an example of

verbal irony

root words

word from which another word is developed

Metonymy

Use of an object or idea to related to another object or idea to represented the second. "Hit the books," "go study"

Hypozeuxis

Use of series or parallel clauses.

Pageant

Used in three senses: (1) a scaffold or stage on which dramas were preformed in the Middle Ages; (2) play performed on such stages ; and (3) modern dramas spectacles designed to celebrate some historical event.

Metonymy

Using an object to embody a general idea.

Concisely

Using as few words as necessary to convey the point the writer or speaker is trying to convey. The goal is not just to use fewer words but to use the exactly correct words to convey the point.

Dime Novel

a cheaply printed, paperbound tale of adventure or detection, or originally selling for about ten cents

Low comedy

a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque

adequate yearly progress

a component of the ESEA; established by each state to determine the progress of each school district and school

Cento

a literary patchwork, usually inverse, made up of scraps from one or many authors.

rubric

a set of criteria used to describe and evaluate a student's level of proficiency in a particular subject area;also known as a scoring guide. It is used as a guideline for evaluating a student's work.

Double Entendre

a statement that has two meanings, one of which is dirty or vulgar

Alazon

the braggart in Greek comedy; he is the opposite or the eiron because he pretends to know more than he does.

Reinassance

the revival of art and literature under the 1500-1670 influence of classical models in the 14th-16th centuries, means "rebirth" The Reinassance literary movement was characterized by order, humanism, and imitation. It took place during the late 14th-16th centuries and included the works of Shakespeare.

In order to understand what the main theme or themes in a literary work might be, it is helpful first to examine:

the significance of the setting, point of view and functions of any symbols

literal comprehension

the understanding of what is explicitly stated in a text

Dramatic Propriety

the principle that a statement or an action within any dramatic situation is to be judged not in terms of its correspondennce to standards external to the dramatic situation but in terms of appropriateness to its context

graphic organizers

visual depictions of text material, such as webs

vowel digraph

two adjacent vowel letters that represent a single speech sound

Golden Line

two adjectives and two nouns with a verb between

Hypozeugma

use of a series of subjects with a single predicate

think-aloud

verbalizing aloud the thought processes present as one reads a selection orally

Soliloquy

A speech that presents the character's thoughts as though the character were overheard when alone.

Caudate Sonnet

A standard fourteen-line sonnet is augmented by the addition of other lines, including "tails".

Allegory

A story having both a Literal and Symbolic meaning-Masque of the Red Death-Poe.

Paralogism

false reasoning

Metafiction

fiction that concerns the nature of fiction itself, either by reinterpreting a previous fictional work or by drawing attention to its own fictional status.

Little Women

four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

idioms

words and phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words

sight words

words that are recognized immediately without having to resort to analysis

anecedotal record

written account of a specific incident or behavior in the classroom

motivation

incentive to act; goal-directed behavior

dramatic arc

pattern that drama takes from beginning to end

affective connotations

personal feelings a word arouses

top-down processing

reading begins with the generation of hypotheses or predictions about the material by the reader

ambiguity

two or more interpretations of the word

Noh Plays

use music and dance to tell a story but actors do not move much and wear masks, using their gestures to convey their tale

holistic rubric

rubric used to assess student's work as a whole. overall quality

epistolary

series of letters or correspondences between two characters

multiple intelligences

several distinct areas of potential that readers posses to different degrees.

Anticipation guide

used before reading a text, provides agree/disagree statements to challenge or support preconceived ideas

An Aside

A short speech delivered by an actor in a play, which expresses the character's thoughts. Traditionally, the ____ is directed to the audience and is presumed to be inaudible to the other actors.

Double Rhyme

A rhyme in which the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of the words involved (politely-rightly-sprightly); one form of feminine rhyme.

Limerick

A rhymed humorous or nonsense poem of 5 lines in which lines 1,2,5 rhyme and 3,4 rhyme. a-a-b-b-a

Anacoluthon

finishing a sentence with a different grammatical structure from that with which it began

creative reading

involves going beyond the material presented by the author

German Neoclassical Period

(18th and 19th centuries) Examples: Lessing's Zur Gesschicte und Literatur (On History and Literature), von Schiller's Don Carlos, and Goethe's Faust

Zora Neal Hurstson, Their eyes were watching god

1937

Epithet

An adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality. "Father of our country" and "the great Emancipator" are examples. A Homeric epithet is a compound adjective used with a person or thing: "swift-footed Achilles"; "rosy-fingered dawn.

Lord Byron

British poet and leading figure in Romanticism. He wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;"

Catharsis

Events that bring about a moral or spiritual renewal. Relief from tension.

Joseph Conrad

Heart of Darkness

The Giver

It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; the novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life; book allegedly glorified Communism

Amy tan

Joy luck club Modernist

Ralph waldo Emerson

Nature Transcendentalism

Chinua Achebe

Things Fall Apart

circumlocution

an indirect way of expressing something

developing literacy

stage of literacy development where children begin to read and write by decoding and recognizing high-frequency vocabulary words

Ray Bradbury

wrote Dandelion Wine

Drame

A form of play between tragedy and comedy dev. by French in 18th Century intro. into England

Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet

A form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba cdecde or cdcdcd

Ballad Stanza

A four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, consisting of alternating eight- and six-syllable lines.

Sonnet

A fourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject was traditionally love.

Angry Young Men

A group of male British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with political establishment and a self-satisfied middle class. John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1957) is one of the seminal works of this movement. (1950's-1980's)

Epigone

A less dist. follower or initator of a work, author, or movement.

Reference Material

Any one of many types of books, web pages, or other research utilities that can be used by a student to find factual answers.

Encyclopedias, Subject

Contain the same type of information and organized like a general one. The entries are limited to those that fall within the subject ~~'s scope of the coverage.

Dictionaries

Contain words of a given language and other information such as their origins, pronunciations, and ~~. Unabridged dictionaries contain 250,000 words or more.

Complex Sentence

Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Compound-Complex Sentence

Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Indeterminacy

Elements in a literary work which depend for their effect or result on a reader's interpretation, and which may be interpreted in a number of different (and, likely, mutually conflicting) ways are said to be 'indeterminate'.

euphony

Pleasing or sweet sound, especially as formed by a harmonious use of words

Booth Tarkington

The Magnificent Ambersons (1919), Alice Adams (1922), Winner of two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction.

Pedagogy

The art, science, or profession of teaching.

Play-poem

The genre into which Virginia Woolf placer her novel "The Waves" (1931).

Response to Intervention

a multitiered pre-referral method of increasingly intensive interventions; used to identify nonresponders or student with learning disabilites

Octave

eight-line stanza

Jean Craighead George

was an American writer who authored over one hundred books for young adults, including the Newbery Medal-winning Julie of the Wolves, the Newbery Honor book My Side of the Mountain, and its sequel, On the Far Side of the Mountain. Common themes in her works are the environment and the natural world.

modality

a sensory system for receiving and processing information (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile)

H.G. Wells

"The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

antithesis

"To err is human, to forgive, divine," by Alexander Pope, illustrates where words and phrases with opposite meanings are balanced against each other.

Harlem Renaissance

Arna bontemps, Langston hughs, zora neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson were all part of this period

In medias res

"in the middle of things"; beginning a story in the middle and using flashbacks to tell the beginning

Tudor Period

(1485-1603)The Tudor period begins when Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, defeats King Richard III at Bosworth Field to become King Henry VII. During Henry VII's reign, William Caxton prints many books in England (he also translates French works into English). Henry's eldest son and heir to the throne, Prince Arthur, dies before he can become King. His little brother Henry VIII rules after their father, and takes Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, for his queen. , In 1476, the printing press, England by Caxton. "the end of the monasteries as the sole transmitters of learning" and the beginning of mass production of books Chaucer, continuing to write in this "popular" language called English, Instead, because of the tremendous impact of the King James Bible, one of the very first books to be commercially printed and distributed, there began a "tradition of stately religious" poetry (McArthur 1992: 365). , rise of nationalism linked to desire for more expressive languag

Sinclair Lewis

Arrow smith (1926) prize declined

Kenning

A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "whale-road" for ocean

Leitmotif

A dominant theme or underlying pattern.

Lake Poets and Lake School

Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey. Poets living at the beginning of the 19th century at the Lake District.

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it. "We requested from the crown support for our petition." The crown is used to represent the monarch.

American naturalistic period

-jack London -Stephen Crane -Ellen Glasgow -uptown sinclaire

American Renaissance

-ralph waldo Emerson -Nathaniel Hawthorne -Herman Melville -Henry Davis Thoreau -Walt Whitman

Emergent Writers' Stages:

1. Scripting the end-sound to a word (KT=cat) 2. Leaving space between words 3. Writing from the top left to the top right and from top to bottom of the page

verbal irony

A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. "Jumbo shrimp." "Pretty ugly." "Bitter-sweet"

Our Town

(Thornton Wilder, 1938).It is divided into three acts: "Daily Life" (Professor Willard and Editor Webb gossip on the everyday lives of town residents); "Love and Marriage" (Emily Webb and George Gibbs fall in love and marry); and "Death" (Emily dies while giving birth, and her spirit converses about the meaning of life with other dead people in the cemetery). A Stage Manager talks to the audience and serves as a narrator throughout the drama, which is performed on a bare stage.

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. "Jumbo shrimp." "Pretty ugly." "Bitter-sweet"

Middle English Period

1066-1450. Norman French armies conquer England under William I. French chivalric romance (troyes) and fables (Marie de France and Jean de Meun) spread in popularity. Peter Abelard and other humanists produce great scholastic and theological works

American Renaissance

1830-1860 The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Trancendentalist movement including Whitman, Hawthorne, and Melville. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. , A burst of American literature during the 1840s, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works.

C.S. Lewis, Chronicals of NArnia

1950

J.D. Salinger catcher in the rye

1951

Ray Bradbury, Farenheight 451

1953

Period of Confessional Self

1960 - Present. Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath, James Tate, Louise Gluck, Alan Williamson, Robert Morgan, Everettte Maddox, Kathleen Norris, Albert Goldbarth.

Maya Angelou, I know Why the Caged Bird Sings

1969

Adverbial Clause

A dependent clause (includes a subject and a verb) that acts as an adverb in the sentence and begins with subordinating conjunction.

Epistle

A letter that is not always intended for public distribution; yet, owing to the fame of its sender or recipient becomes so.

Terza rima

3-line stanza form with interlocking rhymes that move from one stanza to the next. ABA BCB CDC

Alcaics

4 four-line stanzas (first two hendecasyllabic (11), third - nine syllables, fourth - decasyllabic. The most notable English attempt is in Tennyson's "Milton."

In Shakespearean Sonnet, contains _____ quatrains and ____ couplet

4 quatrains 1 couplet

Patristic Period

70 CE-455 CE Early Christian writings appear (ie Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome). Jerome first compiles the Bible, Christianity spreads across Europe, Roman Empire dies.

The Aeneid

A Trojan (Aeneas) destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas.

Anecdote

A brief story about an interesting, amusing, or strange event. They are told to entertain or to make a point.

Periodic Sentence

A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax.

Soliloquy

A long speech made by a character in a play while no other characters are on stage.

Novel

A long work of fiction. Like a short story, it has a plot that explores characters in conflict. However, this is much longer than a short story and may have one or more subplots, or minor stories, and several themes.

Bathos

A ludicrous attempt to portray pathos.

Ode

A lyric poem with intricate rhyme schemes and irregular number of lines. Generally long. Usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.

Canzone

A lyrical poem, a song or ballad.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished , 1920s black literacy and cultural movement that produced many works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

Scribe

A person who copies manuscripts and documents

Eponym

A person whose name is the source of a word

metacognition

A person's ability to think about his or her own thinking; requires self-awareness and self-regulation of thinking.

Cinquain

A poem with one five-line stanza having no rhyme scheme. Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1914) named it and invented meter.

Ballad Stanza

A quatrain consisting of alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines rhyming (abcb)

You hate me and I hate you. And we are so polite, we two! But whenever I see you, I burst apartLine And scatter the sky with my blazing heart.(5) It spits and sparkles in stars and balls, Buds into roses—and flares, and falls. Scarlet buttons, and pale green disks, Silver spirals and asterisks, Shoot and tremble in a mist(10) Peppered with mauve and amethyst. I shine in the windows and light up the trees, And all because I hate you, if you please. And when you meet me, you rend asunder And go up in a flaming wonder(15) Of saffron cubes, and crimson moons, And wheels all amaranths and maroons. Amy Lowell, from "Fireworks" In line 13, "rend asunder" creates an image of A. tearing apart B. overheating C. becoming angry D. becoming lost

A. tearing apart

Cacemphaton

An expression that is deliberately either foul (such as crude language) or ill-sounding (such as from excessive alliteration).

Persona

An external representation of oneself.

Catalexis

An extra unaccented syllable at the ending of a line after the regular meter ends

New York School

American poets who flourished between 1950 and 1970, distinguished by urbanity, wit, learning, spontaneity, and exuberance. Leader- Frank O'Hara. These poets were interested in the culture of France, modern paintings, jazz, Hollywood movies, and city life.

What is the Harlem Renaissance?

An African American cultural movement that took place in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. Zora Neale Hurston is associated with this movement.

Ben Mikaelson

An American author who wrote Touching Spirit Bear. Touching Spirit Bear is a 2001 young adult novel. The book is about a troubled Minneapolis teen named Cole who completely changes after spending a year on a isolated southwestern Alaska island.

Superlative Adjective

An adjective that tells the difference between three or more objects, people, ideas, or places. It can be formed by adding -est to a single syllable word or by using most or least.

Comparative Adjective

An adjective that tells the difference between two objects, people, ideas, or places. It can be formed by adding -er to a single syllable word or by using more or less.

Conjunctive Adverb

An adverb that is used to join two independent clauses. A semicolon or period must come before a ____________ ________ and a comma is usually placed after the adverb.

Dadaism

An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.

Arts and Crafts Movement

An international design movement that originated in Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It was instigated by the artist and writer William Morris (1834-1896) in the 1860s and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin (1819-1900). It influenced architecture, domestic design and the decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials, traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.

Omniscient Point of View

An omniscient (or all knowing) narrator tells the story, also using the third person pronouns. This narrator, instead of focusing on one character only, often tells us everything about many characters.

Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy (IBC)

An organizational method of ensuring that students have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

Traditional Literature

Ancient stories with a set form. Stories are typically given through word of mouth. (Folk Tale, Fable, Parable, Fairy Tales, Myths, Legends)

Author of Surrealism

Andre Breton

Tony Kushner

Angels In America: Millennium Approaches ( 1993)

The character, force, or collection of forces that cause conflict for the central character. Example: Mr. Bern

Antagonist

Philippic

Any bitter speech.

Stock character

Appears repeatedly in a particular literary genre.

American Drama

Arthur Miller - The Cruicible, All My Sons, and Death of a Salesman, Tennessee Williams-Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Glass Menargerie, and A Street Car Named Desire. , Appeared in the early 18th century in such cities as Boston, New York, Charleston, South Carolina though no drama was written till about the middle of the century , Which emphasizes strong conflict in exposition in developing the 4th wall?

9. A. For thou hast sent her a mantle of green, As green as any grass, And bade her come to the silver wood To hunt with Child Maurice. B. An Ace of Hearts steps forth: the King unseen Lurked in her hand, and mourned his captive Queen: He springs to vengeance with an eager pace, And falls like thunder on the prostrate Ace. The nymph exulting fills with shouts the sky; The walls, the woods, and long canals reply. C. Who would have thought my shriveled heart Could have recovered greenness? It was gone Quite underground; as flowers depart To see their mother-root, when they have blown, Were they together All the hard weather, Dead to the world, keep house unknown. D. But wherefore rough, why cold and ill at ease? Aha, that is a question! Ask, for that, What knows,—the something over Setebos That made Him, or He, may be, found and fought, Worsted, drove off and did to nothing, perchance Which is from a mock epic? A. Excerpt A B. Excerpt B C. Excerpt C E. Excerpt D

B. Excerpt B

Fly me not, though I be gray, Lady, this I know you'll say; Better look the Roses red,Line When with white commingled.(5) Black your haires are; mine are white; This begets the more delight, When things meet most opposite: As in Pictures we descry, Venus standing Vulcan by. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: "This" in line 6 refers to A. "the more delight" (line 6) B. "When things meet most opposite" (line 7) C. "Pictures" (line 8) D. "we descry" (line 8)

B. "When things meet most opposite" (line 7)

It came whispering from the springs of the still swaying rocking-horse, and even the horse, bending his wooden, champing head, heard it. The big doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly, and seemed to be smirking all the more self-consciously because of it. The foolish puppy, too, that took the place of the teddybear, he was looking so extraordinarily foolish for no other reason but that he heard the secret whisper all over the house: "There must be more money!" Yet nobody ever said it aloud. The whisper was everywhere, and therefore no one spoke it. Just as no one ever says: "We are breathing!" in spite of the fact that breath is coming and going all the time. —D. H. Lawrence, from "The Rocking-Horse Winner" 19. "It" in line 1 refers to which of the following? A. The sound made by the rocking-horse B. An unspoken truth C. The sound of people breathing D. A quantity of hidden money

B. An unspoken truth

After hearing his students discuss what a tragedy might be, a teacher observes that they have misconceptions that may interfere with their understanding of a tragedy they will be reading. He prepares a list of statements about what constitutes a tragedy, and asks students to indicate whether they agree or disagree with each statement. After reading the play, the class will discuss what their misconceptions were and how they have revised their thinking. Question: Which of the following comprehension strategies did the teacher use? A. Semantic feature analysis B. Anticipation guide C. Reciprocal teaching D. Background building

B. Anticipation guide

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. For all of these poets, imagination was a supreme organizing and unifying power; it went beyond merely recording and rearranging sense data to create both itself and the world that an individual could know. To see was to create, by composing exterior experience in accordance with basic principles which rise out of the mind in the process of composition. The way we see is who we are. For them, self-analysis became a prime ingredient of all poetry. Question: This passage best describes A. Thomas Hardy, A. E. Housman, and Ezra Pound B. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley C. Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Samuel Johnson D. Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare, and John Donne

B. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley

Emily Dickinson

Because I couldn't stop for death I heard a fly buzz American romantic

Weeks before they decided on their destination, the seniors had already begun a massive fundraising project to help finance their class trip. When they were offered the choice between Rome and London, an overwhelming majority chose Rome. Then preparations began in earnest. In the months that followed the students' enthusiasm escalated until the day the plane finally took off, carrying them towards an experience they would remember forever. What type of order best describes the paragraph?

Chronological Order

Apostrophe

Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called an invocation. Example: Josiah Holland ---"Loacöon! Thou great embodiment/ Of human life and human history!"

Apostrophe

Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called an invocation. Example: Josiah Holland ---"Loacöon! Thou great embodiment/ Of human life and human history!"

Sentence Patterns

Can be determined in a variety of ways. They may be classified according to verb by verbs of being, linking verb, and action verb. They may be classified by the order of the subject, verb, direct object, indirect object, or objective complement in the sentence. They may be classified by how independent clauses are joined and the placement of dependent clauses.

Formal language

Can make the author sound knowledgeable while removing emotion from the issue. This can make the argument sound reasonable and rational, and the contention seem balanced. 'lf we consider the situation in emergency wards, with increasingly low staff retention rates, there are concerns about the capacity of hospitals to maintain adequate doctor to patient ratios.'

Subordinate Clause

Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction (after, while, which, where)

Define title and author `I am tired,' said Miss Havisham. `I want diversion, and I have done with men and women. Play.' I think it will be conceded by my most disputatious reader, that she could hardly have directed an unfortunate boy to do anything in the wide world more difficult to be done under the circumstances. `I sometimes have sick fancies,' she went on, `and I have a sick fancy that I want to see some play. There, there! ' with an impatient movement of the fingers of her right hand; `play, play, play!'

Charles Dickens "Great Expectations" Came from Victorian Era Novel Dickens was the masters of memorable flat characters

Define author and title "This was all the account I got from Mrs. Fairfax of her employer and mine. There are people who seem to have no notion of sketching a character, or observing an describing salient points, either in persons or things: the good lady evidently belonged to this class; my queries puzzled, but did not draw her out. Mr. Rochester was Mr Rochester in her eyes, a gentleman, a landed proprietor- nothing more; she inquired and searched no further, and evidently wondered at my wish to gain a more definite notion of his identity."

Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre

CSR

Collaborative Strategic Reading: group of four reading strategies that students with learning disabilities can use to decipher and understand texts; Small groups of students at various reading levels support one another by going through the strategies as they read aloud or silently. 1. Before reading the group previews, applying prior knowledge and prediction. 2. Readers target words or syllables they didn't understand called clunks and apply a number of strategies to decode the clunks. 3. Students get the gist by determining the most important character, setting, event, or idea. 4. Students wrap it up by creating questions to discuss their understanding of the text and summarizing its meaning.

Asyndeton

Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X,Y,Z.... see polysyndeton.

Asyndeton

Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X,Y,Z.... see polysyndeton.

Conceit

Comparison between seemingly disparate objects or concepts. Donne's "flea bite to act of love" "The Flea"

Conceit

Comparison between seemingly disparate objects or concepts. John Donne's "flea bite to act of love" in the poem "The Flea"

Drama

Compositions written in verse or prose and in the form of a play involving action and dialogue for the purpose of presentation on stage.

Cultural Load:

Concerned with how the relationship between language and culture can help or hinder learning

Education Novel

Devp. in late 18th cent., presenting in fictional form a plan for the education of a young person into a desirable citizen and a morally and intellectually self-reliant individual.

John Patrick Shanley

Doubt (2005)

Explain the difference between a dynamic character and a static character.

Dynamic characters change due to what happened within the story, while a static character stays the same.

The Sun Also Rises

E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. Jake Barnes is in love with Brett Ashley (a girl), but Barnes suffered an injury during World War I... Robert Cohn (Jewish outsider), Michael Campbell (Brett's fiance), Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero (star bullfighter of the fiesta.)

The Renaissance and the Reformation Period (1485-1660) consists of 5 sub periods

Early Tudor Period Elizabethan Period Jacobean Period Caroline Age Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum

American colonial period

Edward Johnson's wonder-working providence, cotton mather's magma loa Christi Americana. Anne Bradstreet were all known for this period.

Gongorism

Elaborate and affected poetic style which was originated by the 16th century Spanish poet Luis de Gongora y Argote.

Nonrestrictive/Parenthetical Elements

Elements such as appositives, clauses, or phrases that do not limit the meanings of modified words. They are set off with commas.

Persuasive Appeal (Pathos)

Emotionally moving, persuading

Orthography

Fancy word for spelling

FERPA

Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act: a federal law that addresses student rights regarding their records; Students have the right to: 1. obtain records within 45 days of making the request. 2. request amendment of inaccurate information or information that violates the student's privacy. 3. be notified before personal information is shared with third parties. 4. file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education should the school fail to fulfill these requests.

Zora Neale Hurston

Female African-American writer in the wrote 20th century. She wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; Her work is folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance Themes found in the book Their Eyes Were Watching God include- the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion

Maya Angelou

Female Africica-American. She is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist. She wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In the course of Caged Bird, she transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. The author uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity, rape, racism, and literacy.

Ester Forbes

Female American novelist, historian and children's writer who received the Pulitzer Prize and the Newbery Medal for writting Johnny Tremain

Science fiction

Fiction that deals with current and future development-- Orwell's 1984, ALdous Huxley's Brave New World, and Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451

James Balwin

Go Tell it on the Mountain

New Comedy

Greek comedy developed around 300 BC stressing romance, wit and unexpected plot twists

skene

Greek word for "scene"

Classical Greek Period

Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles all make their mark during this time period. Also known as Golden Age of Greece.

Hartford Wits

Group of Connecticut writers, active around the American Revolution. Members included Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight, and John Trumbull. They followed Addison and Pope. (Connecticut Wits)

Stanza

Grouping lines, set off by spacing, usually contains a set meter and rhyme.

African-American Literature

Harlem Renaissance , began with slave poetry of Jupiter Hammon and Phillis Wheatley and developed later with SLAVE NARRATIVES, especially by Frederick Douglass. In 1853 William Wells Brown, an escaped slave, published the first novel by an African American, Clotel, or, the President's Daughter. Their contributions, notable most obviously for their power, are major forces changing the earlier American literary monolith of the white middle class.

Mary Chase

Harvey (1945)

Free verse

Poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.

Blank Verse

Poetry that is written in unrhymed but has a strict rhythm like iambic pentameter

Joseph Conrad

Heart of darkness Lord Jim The secret agent

Modal Auxiliaries

Helping verbs that are used to place a condition on a main verb.

Identify this passage: Poor Queequeg! When the ship was about half disemboweled, yous houd have stooped over the hatchway, and peered down upon him there; where, stripped to his woolen drawers, the tattooed savage was crawling about amid that dampness and slime, like a green spotter lizard at the bottom of a well. And a well, or an ice-house, it somehow roved to him , poor pagan; where, strange to say, for all the heat of his sweatings, he caught a terrible chill which lapsed into a fever; and at last, after some day's suffering, laid him in his hammock, close to the very sill of the door of death.

Herman Melville: Moby Dick

The Classical Period(1200 BCE - 455 CE) consists of four sub periods.

Homeric or Heroic period Classical Greek period Classical Roman Period Patristic Period

Archetype

Idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned, or emulated.

Anastrophe

Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion.

Anastrophe

Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion. Noun and adjective flipped.

Anastrophe

Inverted order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme.

Internal Conflict

Involves a character in conflict with himself or herself.

Foil

Is a character who provides a contrast to another character.

Image

Is a word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses. Writers use these to re-create sensory experiences in words.

Point of View

Is the perspective from which a story is told. First-person, second-person, third-person

Rhyme Scheme

Is the regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem. The _____ _____ of a poem is indicated by using different letters of the alphabet for each new rhyme. In an aabb stanza, for example, line 1 rhymes with line 2 and line 3 rhymes with line 4.

Conditional (conditional mood)

Is used to speak of an event whose occurrence depends on another condition. It generally uses the verb - would and is found in the independent clause. The subjunctive mood occurs in the dependent clause.

Last of the Mohicans

James Fenimore Cooper - 1826 Main character- Natty Bumppo -nickname: Hawkeye - brave and resourceful woodsman armed with unerringly long rifle. Setting: 1757, Upstate NY, Seven Yrs. War. Romantic Allegory- symbolizes Native American removal from the land. Heightened formal rhetoric

Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.

Haiku

Japanese poetry: Is a three-line verse form. (5,7,5) It seeks to convey a single vivid emotion by means of images from nature.

Old English period

Known for anonymous authorship.

C. S. Lewis

Lion, witch and the wardrobe Chronicles if narnia Post moderist

All knowing god-like narrator that is able to move from place to place and pass back and forth throughout time. Slips in and out of characters as no human being even good in real life.

Omniscient narrator

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

Mildred Taylor. The Logan family lives in Mississippi in the 1930's. Times are tough, especially for a black family in the segregated South. Despite all odds, the Logans instill in their children determination and strong values. Cassie and her siblings are taught to stand up for what they believe despite the dangers. It provides a realistic view of racism in the 1930's and 1940's.

Zona Gale

Miss Lula Bett (1921)

Herman Melville

Moby dick Typee Modernism

Willa Cather

One of Ours (1923)

Relative Adverb

One of three main adverbs that begin a subordinate clause.

Poetry

One of three major types of literature; the others are prose and drama. Most poems make use of highly concise, musical, and emotionally charged language. Many also make use of imagery, figurative language, and special devices of sound such as rhyme. Poems are often divided into lines and stanzas and usually employ regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some poems are written out just like prose, and some poems are written in free verse.

Gazebo

Notably boring material that takes up time and space without advancing a plot, exp. character, or even affording entertainment.

Stage Directions

Notes included in a drama to describe how the work is to be performed or staged. These instructions are printed in italics and are not spoken out loud. They are used to describe sets, lighting, sound effects, and the appearance, personalities, and movements of characters.

Re account of realistic stories that either happened or could have happened. Characters are realistic and the location can be any city, country, or planet as long as the author can make the reader believe the setting is real.

Novel

Corrective Feedback:

Offered to a student to explain why a particular error is, in fact, an error. Corrective feedback is specific; it locates where and how the student went astray so that similar errors can be avoided in the future

Cloze Test:

Offers a text with key words blanked out and the student must determine the most likely words based upon context and vocabulary

Willa Cather

Oh pioneers The song of the lark Colonial (American)

Performing

Performing --, --, --, or readers' theater productions

American colonial period

Period from 1607-1765. Greater importance in history than in literature. The first settlers wrote about their time in the new world.

"The people all saw her come because it was sundown. The sun was gone, but he had left his footprints in the sky. It was the time for sitting on porches beside the road. It was the time to hear things and talk. These sitters had been tongueless, earless, eyeless conveniences all day long. Mules and other brutes had occupied their skins. But now, the sun and the bossman were gone, so the skins felt powerful and human. They became lords of sounds and lesser things. They passed nations through their mouths. They sat in judgment. " The description of the sun in the second sentence contains what literary devices?

Personification

tactile

Pertaining to the sense of touch

Function of Phrases

Phrases can function to add information to a sentence or to shape it. Phrases can serve as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Phrases for effect

Phrases that more powerfully, purely, or connotatively contribute the author's intended tone/or purpose.

Laudatory

Praising, Complimentary

David Lindsay-Abaire

Rabbit Hole (2007)

Transcendentalism

Ralph waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret fuller, William Henry Channing and George ripely are all apart of this period.

Stephen crane

Red badge of courage Realist Naturalism

Uses You in the story - extremely rare

Second person narrator

Crown of Sonnets

Seven sonnets interlinked by having the last line of the first form the first line of the second, the last line of the second from the first line of the third, and so forth, with the last line of the last sonnet repeating the first line of the first.

School of Spenser

Seventeenth century poet. Major writers: William Browne, George Wither, and William Drummond.

Define the title and the author "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow"

Shakespeare "Macbeth" uses iambic pentameter (abab cdcd efef gg)

Conte

short story

Position Based Spellings

Teaching predictable spellings of sounds based on where they are located in a word.

Plath

The Bell Jar; born during the great depression

Willa Cather

United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947), wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

Fireside Poetry

The introduction of public education at the beginning of the 19th century prod. by 1825 a generation of literates who needed entertainment and education.

Contraction

The joining of two words with an apostrophe being used to signify the dropping of a letter or letters.

Expository

The kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information

Diastole

The lengthening of a syllable usually scanned as short.

Conventional Spelling

Universally accepted rules in the correct spelling of words.

Indicative

The mood used for stating facts, asking questions, or stating opinions is the indicative mood.

Chartism

The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britian in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament.

Prose

The ordinary form of written language. Most writing that is not poetry, drama, or song is considered ________. One of the major genres of literature, _______ occurs in two forms: fiction and nonfiction.

Neoclassic Period

The period in English Literature spanning the years 1660-1798 and including the Restoration Age, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Johnson

Pantheism

The philosophic-religious attitude that god exists in all things.

Word Recognition

The process of identifying a word's meaning and pronunciation

Obiter dicta

Things said "by the way"; incidental remarks

Dramatic Irony

There is a contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader or audience knows to be true.

Inverted Pyramid

Thesis is stated first and supported with details. General to specific. A style of writing most commonly applied to news stories in which the most important facts appear early in the story and less important facts later in the story

Richard Wilbur

Things of This World (1957); New and Collected Poems (1989)

Uses He or She or They in the story and typically does not participant in the action. This is also the most common.

Third person narrator

Hasty Generalization

This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts. Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course.

Slippery slope

This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur A must not be allowed to occur either. Example: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.' Example: I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick.

Roman Noir

Thriller involving crime, detection, punishment, and corruption in high places

participle

Verb that acts like an adjective

Marxist Criticism

Views literary works as reflections of the social institutions from which they originate. Georg Lukács, Valentin Voloshinov, Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin

Connotation

What words mean past their literal definition.

The Awakening

Written by Kate Chopin in 1899. The Awakening portrays a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s.

Caribbean Literature

Written in Spanish, French, or English. No indigenous tradition, African expressions

Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman

You Can't Take it With You (1937)

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power. Written by Dr. Maya Angelou Maya Angelou - A black female writer.

sematic clues

a meaning clue

Dactyl

a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables

Iambs

an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

interrogative pronoun

asks a question: which, whose, what, whom, who

informative connotations

definitions agreed upon be the society in which the learner operates

Octava Rima

eight line stanza

Caroline Cooney

is an American author of suspense, romance, horror, and mystery books for young adults. The Voice on the Radio The Face on the Milk Carton

faulty parallelism

lack of balance in grammatical forms; dissimilar or unequal weight

Haplology

omission of a doubled or similar sound or syllable in a word

shared-book experience

reading and rereading books in a group activity for understanding and enjoyment

skimming

reading selectively to pick up main ideas and general impression about the material

transformational grammar

recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules (some of which are called transformations) to express these relationships.

cacophony

refers to the use of words and phrases that imply strong, harsh sounds within the phrase.

story grammar

set of rules that define story structures

recognition vocabulary

set of words they can assign meanings to when spoken or read

productive vocabulary

set of words they know the meanings of when spoken or read

Feminine Ending

the ending of a metrical line on an unstressed syllable, as in a regular trochaic line

Concrete Universal

the idea that a work of art expresses the universal or abstract through the concrete and the particular.

Nobel Savage

the idea that primitive human beings are essentially good and their evil is the product of civilization and society

independent reading level

the level of reading material that a student can read independently with high comprehension and an accuracy level of 95-100%

logos

the logic used to support a claim (induction and deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument.

Mot juste

the most suitable or exact word or expression

The Pigman

told in chapters alternating from Lorraine's and John's point of view, opens with an "Oath," signed by both John and Lorraine, two high school sophomores, in which they swear to tell only the facts, in this "memorial epic" about their experiences with Angelo Pignati

Alliteration

words that begin with the same initial consonance sound

transitions

words that help the story move from one event to another

William Wordsworth

wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" English Romantic poet; joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

American Renaissance

1830-end of the American civil war. Romantism and transcentalism

Octava rima

A form of poetry with eight lines, rhyming ABABAB CC

British romantic period

A period from 1785-1830

Allegory

A story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities EXAMPLE: Animal Farm; Dante's Inferno; Lord of the Flies

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The passage discusses the A. shortcomings of authors who lack formal training B. value of continuing to teach the classics C. characteristics of writers who are essentially derivative and unimaginative D. creation of a new popular genre

D. creation of a new popular genre

Author's selection and arrangement of events in a story to shape the action and give the story a particular focus

Plot

Affixes

Prefix, Root, Suffix

Toni Morrison

The bluest eye - a family trying to survive Beloved

Scansion

Two part analysis of a poetic line.

epigram

a concise, witty saying in poetry or prose that either stands alone or is part of a larger work

big book

a large over-sized book that the whole class can share together

Langston Hughes's lines "I bathed in Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it." best exemplify s what poetic term?

anaphora

Didactic Novel

any novel clearly designed to teach a lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking

Mise en Scene

arrangement of scenery and properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted

indirect object

is the recipient of the direct object

Ingemination

old term for repetition of a word or phrase

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

Native American Literature

viewed mainly as folklore; often poetic and moving; tribal language can be found , First American literature; functional and oral, myths and tales that were educational and taught to the younger generation the beliefs, morals, and history of the people; to memorize, they were put to music, narrative, included heroic memorable characters, and included repetition; , type of literature that emphasizes humans' relationship with the world around them; stories shared orally

Wendy Towle

wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an American Inventor

Kate Chopin

wrote The Storm; feminist author of the 20th century; born in St. Louis, Missouri

Helen Keller

wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King; American author, political activist, lecturer; first deafblind person to earn BA

Johann David Wyss

wrote The Swiss Family Robinson

HG Wells

wrote The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

Langston Hughes

wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance

Fitzgerald, the side of paradise

1920s

Parallel Structure

A form of syntax in which word forms, sentences, clauses, or paragraphs are constructed in the same way.

American Academy of Arts and Letters

Created in 1904 to recognize accomplishment in literature, art, or music. Resulted from the American Social Science Association creating the National Institute of Arts and Letters. From the NIAL it was created out of the fifty most distinguished members of the Institute.

Correlative Conjunction

EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas

Petrarchan Sonnet

Iambic pentameter (most often). Octave of 8 lines (ABBA ABBA) & Sestet of 6 Lines (varied rhyme "cde cde"; or "ced ced"; or "cd cd cd") Two part theme: first 8 lines, octave, state a problem, ask a question, or express an emotional tension. Last six: resolve the aforementioned. (Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard Earl of Surrey) (16th Century).

Old English period

Literature written in the vernacular. Has German origin.

From Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Roald Dahl got readers to see through the eyes of Charlie and his desire for candy becomes over powering. This type of literature allows readers to see through the eyes of the character. What type of literature is this?

Menippean Satire

Deductive Reasoning

Moves from general to specific facts.

American Poetry

Multifacited. Authors include: Edna St. Vincent Millay, Marianne Moore, Richard Wilbur, Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, Rita Dove and Robert Frost. , Focused on landscape, celebrated and developed american political philosophy and emphasized equality of persons,incorporated american words, and befits a country founded by revolution and pushed at moral boundaries

Correlative Conjunction

Pair of words that are used to join two words or group of words. The second half of the pair is a coordinating conjunction. Either/Or, Neither/Nor, Both/And

Old Man, Old Woman

STOCK characters in the theater and also the performers who customarily take such roles.

Tennessee WIlliams

THe Glass Menagerie, A Street Car Named Desire

Red Herring

This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them. Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families.

E.B . White

an American writer who wrote Charlotte's Web

illustrations

drawings or pictures to clarify a point

Hubris

excessive pride, a tragic flaw

Lai

short narrative poem

Enjambment

the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause

Johann David Wyss

was a chaplain in the Swiss army and served in Italy. He is best remembered for his book The Swiss Family Robinson. It has since become one of the most popular books of all time.

Christopher Marlowe

wrote Doctor Faustus

Willa Cather, The song of the Lark, O' pioneers

1920's

Haiku

A Japanese form of poetry, consisting of three lines containing five, seven, and five syllables

Caesura

A pause in a line of poetry //

British romantics

Imagery--nature -John Keats -Percy bysshe Shelley -William Blake -William wordsworth

Vice

Immoral or wicked behavior/characteristic

Persuasion

Is writing or speech that attempts to convince the reader to adopt a particular opinion or course of action. A newspaper editorial that says a city council decision was wrong is an example of persuasive writing attempting to mold opinion.

Chiasmus

It involves taking parallelism and turning it inside out.

British Renaissance

Late 15th/early 16th century- 17th century -Edmond Spenser (poet) -Christopher Marlowe -Shakespeare -Thomas more -Francis bacon -john Donne

This type of story is realistic and contains a moral. It tends to be didactic (teaching a lesson) and can possibly be true. Jesus taught "The Prodigal Son," and "The Good Samaritan."

Parable

Submitting

Submitting work for publication beyond the classroom in a ---- ---, in the local ---, in a --- --- for writers, in a contest, or for an online --

Classical Roman Period

The classical Roman Period 200 BCE-500CE follows the Roman's rise to power. Writers include Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Marcus Aurelius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Quintilian.

The Glass Menagerie

Tom Wingfield financially supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a gentleman caller for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda.

Verbal Dyspraxia:

Unable to correctly place the tongue, lips, and jaw for consistent sounds that can be organized into syllables

Ethical Appeal

When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in this type of appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence. (Ethos)

Dithyramb

a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing

Bloomsbury Group

an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles

Stephan Crane, red badge of courage

1895

Sentimental Comedy

18th century genre that was a reaction to the immorality in Restoration drama; presents life as ideal

Metaphysical poets

-John Donne -Andrew Marvell -George Herbert -Samuel Johnson

Ernest Hemingway

A Farewell to Arms

Authors of Modernism

Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Sigmund Freud

John Keats

Romanticism

Franz Kafka

The Metamorphosis

Compound Sentence

Two clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.

Drab

a term for early Renaissance literature

malapropism

a word humorously misused

portmanteau

a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings

Esemplastic

adj. - forming, by imagination, disparate partsinto a whole; aesthetically unifying

David Copperfield

after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, a boys finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

Sonnet 18

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" Shakespearean couplet with ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme

Inclusive/exclusive language

'we','our', 'us', and 'them' can persuade by including the reader, or by creating a sense of solidarity or a sense of responsibility.

Chronological Order

(Time Order) Events are arranged in the order in which they happened. Words commonly associated with chronological order in literature includes "Weeks before," "When," Then," and "in the months that followed."

Period of Conformity and Criticism

1930-1960; Period of the Great Depression and the New Deal. Major writers were Hemingway, Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe,Steinbeck, Robert Frost, T.S Eliot, Eugene O'Neill, and Gertrude Stein.

The Literary Club

A 1764 club in London formed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, the painter, and co-founded by Samuel Johnson. They met to discuss books and writers. Major writers: Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, James Boswell, Tennyson, and Oliver Goldsmith.

Analogy

A comparison between two things, such as a computer and a brain.

An Article

A part of speech used to identify a noun.

Diction

A speaker or writer's choice of words.

Metalepsis

Adding multiple tropes to reduce the literal meaning.

August Wilson

Fences (1987) & The Piano Lesson (1990)

David Mamet

Glengarry Ross ( 1984)

British romantic period

Lord Byron's Don Juan, percy blysshe Shelley's mutability and ode to the west wind and john Keats' ode to a nightingale was from this period.

Spelling Conventions

The accepted and universally used spelling rules and methods.

Pronoun Person

Pronouns have three different persons or points of view. 1st person contains the singular "I" and the plural "we." 2nd person contains the singular "you" and the plural "you." 3rd person contains the singular "he," 'she," and "it." The third person plural is "they."

Subjective Pronoun

Pronouns that can be the subject in a sentence.

Ralph Ellison

The Invisible Man

Aristotle's Unities

Time, Place, Action

Jane Eyre

a Gothic novel written by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. The story is about who an impoverished young woman as she struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; novel, bildungsroman (coming of age), social portest novel

Beowulf

a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

Harper Lee

a female American author who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird

Morality Play

a kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character, popular in the 15th and early 16th centuries.

instructional level

a level of difficulty at which the reader can read with understanding with teacher assistance; the reader can ordinarily recognize at least 95 percent of the words in a selection and comprehend at least 75 percent of what he or she reads.

Frustration Reading Level

a level of reading difficulty which which a reader is unable to cope; when reading material is on this level, the reader usually recognizes 90 percent or less of the words he or she reads or comprehends 50 percent or less of what he or she reads.

anapest

a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables

Feminine Rhyme

a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as "waken" and "forsaken" and "audition" and "rendition." Feminine rhyme is sometimes called double rhyme.

chiasmus

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed

I. Americans who do not speak French are at a disadvantage in Paris. II. Americas, who do not speak French, are at a disadvantage in Paris. Which of the following describes the meanings of sentence II? a. All Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris. b. Only those Americans who do not speak French are at a disadvantage in Paris. c. Some French-speaking Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris. d. Only French-speaking Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris.

a. All Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris.

David Copperfield

after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, this young man finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.

anaphora

William Armstrong

book: Sounder

What a character believes or says to be true v.s. what readers understand to be true

dramatic irony

This is an example of ________. She thanked men, -good! but thanked Somehow - I known not how - as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-year-old name With anybody's gift Who'd stoop to blame This sort of trifling?

dramatic monologue

study guide

duplicated sheets prepared by the teacher and distributed to students to help guide reading in content fields and allieviate some difficulties that interfere with understanding

Homer calls the rocket fuel 'rocket candy' because of its sweet odor. This is an example of

metaphor

Eclipsis

n. - omission of a grammatical element necessary to the full meaning of a sentence

Epyllion

narrative poem similar to an epic but much shorter

third person limited point of view

narrator knows only about one character's perspective only

Neologism

new word or expression

Dyscalculia:

severe difficulty in making arithmetical calculations, as a result of brain disorder.

Volta

the Italian term for the turn in a sonnet, from question to answer, occurring between the octave and the sestet in the 9th line.

Metrical Romance

written in meter; a long narrative poem that tells of love, knights, adventure, women, long ago, and far away times; expresses Rules of Courtly Love

in medias res

"into the middle of things": a story that opens not at the beginning of events, but in the middle of them

Romantic Period

(1790-1840) poets turned inward for the inspiration to celebrate the powers of nature and the creative spirit of individualism , 1795-c. 1830 medieval narrative usually treating of supernatural elements and written in latinate language; concerned with truth. Characteristics: love/longing for past, emphasis on individual, love of nature, beauty in everything, emphasis on supernatural, emotion trumps logic, protestant beliefs, catholic sympathies. , (1820-1900); characterized by using music to tell a story or express an idea, melodies are fuller and more dramaticl; Complexity, music for oneself, virtuosity, nature, macabre, emotional, sublinme, program music. Tension builds!

Keats

(1795-1821) One of the principle poets of the English Romantic movement. Odes, "Upon First Looking into Chapman's Homer," "Cristabel," "Endymion," "Isabella," "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode on Melancholy," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Ode to Autumn."

French Neoclassical Period

(17th century) Examples: Racine's Andromaque and de la Fontaine's Fables choises, mises en vers

Nationalist Period

(1828-1836) Examples: Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, which included The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie; Emerson's Nature, "The Over-Soul," "Compensation," and "Self-Reliance"; Irving's "Rip van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent; Poe's The Raven and Other Poems, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque; and Longfellow's Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Tales of a Wayside Inn, which included "Paul Revere's Ride"

Old English Period

(450-1066 AD). Example: Beowulf. , The period between the invasion of England by the Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, beginning around 428, and the establishment of Norman rule around 1100, following the triumphant Conquest by the Norman French under William the Conqueror. , Express religious faith and give moral instruction through literature; Early English epic poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer and The Seafarer

Death of a Salesman

(Arthur Miller, 1949). This play questions American values of success. Willy Loman is a failed salesman whose firm fires him after 34 years. Despite his own failures, he desperately wants his sons Biff and Happy to succeed. Told in a series of flashbacks, the story points to Biff's moment of hopelessness, when the former high school star catches his father Willy cheating on his mother, Linda. Eventually, Willy can no longer live with his perceived shortcomings, and commits suicide in an attempt to leave Biff with insurance money.

The Crucible

(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem Witch Trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Sandra Cisneros

(born in America but of Mexican decent) - For her insightful social critique and powerful prose style, she has achieved recognition far beyond Chicano and Latino communities, to the extent that The House on Mango Street has been translated worldwide and is taught in American classrooms as a coming-of-age novel The House on Mango Street

Amy Tan

(born in China) But an American writer. She is widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century. Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is The Joy Luck Club, which has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, the book was adapted into a commercially successful film.

The Metamorphosis

(changes to something else , for example caterpillar--> butterfly or man --> werewolf) . Novel by Franz Kafka ,where a man wakes up as a giant insect. He struggles with simple task of getting up and out of bed.

Motif

(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design

British postmodernist

-August Strindberg -luigi Pirandello

Hypotyposis

-vivid description used for rhetorical or dramatic effect.

Assistive Technology Act of 1998: Four Required Activities

1. A public awareness program 2. Coordinate activities among state agencies 3. Technical assistance and training 4. Outreach to underrepresented and rural populations

Four types of Bilingual Special Education Instructional Delivery Models:

1. Bilingual Support Model teams bilingual paraprofessionals with English-speaking special educators to assist with the IEP implementation 2. Coordinated Services Model team consists of an English-speaking special education teacher and a bilingual educator 3. Integrated Bilingual Special Education is applied in districts with bilingual special education teachers who can give instruction in the native language, English as Second Language (ESL) training and transition assistance as the student gains proficiency 4. Bilingual Special Education Model integrates all school personnel who focus on bilingual special education instruction and services

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences:

1. Verbal linguistic 2. Mathematical logical 3. Musical 4. Visual spatial 5. Body kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal 7. Naturalistic 8. Existential

Sonnet

14 lines, 5 foot iambic pentameter rhyming to a prescribed theme. 13th Century in Sicily spread to Tuscany adopted by Petrarchan.

Elizabethan Period

1550-1625 , A rather vague classification applied as a rule to the second half of the 16th century and the early part of the 17th. Elizabeth actually reigned from 1558 to 1603. Among the more famous writers of the age were: Marlowe, Sir Philip Sidney, Nashe, Spenser, Sir Francis Bacon, Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. , 1550-1603. part of tudor period. elizabeth saves england from spanish invasion. peace at home. flowering of culture, including printing press, rise of the middle class, and revival of scholarship/science. rejection of medieval form of christianity; interest in order and hierarchy, study of the cosmos. age of idealism. emphasis on central authority to unify political fragmentation. humanists discredit medieval science and engage in experimentation.

Colonial Period

1607-1765 Dominated by puritan beliefs, and thus this period of literature is usually historical, religious, or didactic Most common genres were tracts, polemics, journals, narratives, sermons, and some poetry First slave narratives were written at this time Imaginative literature was rare, and in some colonies was banned for being immoral , Early America-1776 this period was at the very beginning of America and made way for the rest of the countries literature. founding of J town- stamp act diaries, letters, religious documents. Enlightenment happens in GB

American colonial period

1607-1783 -William Bradford -Anne Bradstreet -Philip freneau

The Enlightenment

1700-1800 A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. , was a movement in 18th cent., thought dedicated to the elevation of general education and welfare - French philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau were important figures, Democratic approach to knowledge, education, opinions, Everyone is equal in society (in principle). - How do absolute monarchs fit in?, World can be rational: Science and reasoning should explain the universe, Where does the church fit in?, Growth of modern newspaper (source for objective information and commentary), Encyclopedia, by Denis Diderot (1751-72), 72,000 articles, including many on musical topics Brings all knowledge together into one place

Age of Johnson

1750-1798. Neoclassicism was yielding in many ways to the impulse towards romanticism. The creation of the "laughing" comedy by Sheridan and Goldsmith in reaction against sentimental comedy. The chief poets were Burns, Gray Cowper, and Crabbe. Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. It is sometimes called the Age of Sensibility.

Revolutionary Period

1765-1790 Begins with the passing of the Stamp act in England and ends in 1790 Revolutionary period usually refers to writings that are politically motivated, either in support of British rule, in support of American patriotism, and independence or relating to the constitution , (1760-1787) The revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists Samuel Adams, Josiah Quincy, John Dickinson, and Joseph Galloway, a loyalist to the crown. Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity. Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the period.

JAne Austen, pride and predjudice

1813

Romantic Period (American)

1820-1860s A multifaceted movement in music, painting, and literature that originated in Germany and Britain during the 18th century. Generally a reaction against rationalism and materialism. Belief in the primacy of the imagination rather than in a purely rational mode of apprehending and understanding reality, and in the imagination's transformative power to invest reality with meaning , From 1828 when Alan Jackson was elected president to 1865, the Romantic Period in the US has also been called the Age of Transcendentalism. Civil War 1861-65. The limits of American unity were tested due to westward expansion and the issue of slavery. During this time, the first truly American literature was produced. The writers of this period maintained that humans were innately divine and had the ability to discover great truths. They generally emphasized emotion over intellect, inspiration, imagination, and intuition over logic, discipline and order, and the wild and natural over the tamed, individual rather than society. Literature produced during this time has been called the first truly American literature, independent of British models. Writers: Hawthorne, Melville, Poe, Dickinson, Whitman, Douglass, Emerson, and Thoreau. (pg. 450)

Realism

1820-1920 - popularized Novel form , A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be , 19th C literary movement in Europe and the US (1860-1900) that stressed accuracy in the portrayal of life, focusing on characters with whom middle-class readers could easily identify; it is often contrasted with romanticism. (William Dean Howells, A Modern Instance, Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn; Henry James, Daisy Miller) 1855-1900 Style of writing, usually prose, in which surface appearance is presented in an unembellished way. In contrast to romance or the fantastic, the realist writer also seeks to represent experiences that are usual or typical rather than extraordinary or exotic A reaction to romanticism, it was popular during the 19th century. Realism focused on the realities of life. Writers Included Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy. Realism, a reaction to romanticism, was popular during the 19th century, and focused on the realities of life. Writers include Gustave Plaubert, Geroge eliot, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy.

Transcendentalism

1820s-1830s Religious Philosophy -ralph waldo Emerson -Henry David Thoreau

Transcendental Movement

1830-1860 , A group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century (1830-1860) and evolved into a predominantly literary expression. The adherents believed that knowledge could be arrived at not just through the senses, but through intuition and contemplation of the internal spirit. As such, they professed skepticism of all established religions, believing that Divinity resided in the individual, and the mediation of a church was cumbersome to achieving enlightenment. It represented a new way of understanding truth and knowledge. The roots of the philosophy go back to Germany, specifically the writings and theories of Immanuel Kant.

The Bloomsbury Group

1830-1964 , 1. The Bloomsbury Group is the collection of artsy people which Woolf belonged. They were all intelligent people who had lively and witty conversations when they gathered at her house in Bloomsbury. These conversations were known for their frankness on anything, even sexual topics. , group began as a few recent Cambridge graudates and their closest friends would assemble on Thursday nights for drinks and conversations. members were committed to a rejection of what they felt were the strictures and taboos of Victorianism on religiousm, artistic, social and sexual matters

Victorian Period

1837-1901 , An English movement starting in 1837, when Queen Victoria was crowned, and ending in 1901, when she died. This period was marked by prose fiction and non-fiction, with common themes of loss and wistfulness. Realism and its forms were part of this era. , 1832-1901. Sentimental novels. Elizabeth Browning, Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Dickens, the Brontes, Pre-Raphaelites idealize and long for the morality of the medieval world. End of the period marked by intellectual movements of aestheticism and "the decadence" in the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.

Existentialism

1850-present , A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions , A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. , The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.

Late Victorian Age

1870-1901. The first sub-period of the Realistic Period. With the death of Queen Victoria saw the full flowering of the movement toward realism, which had begun as early as the 1830s but had been subordinated ot the dominant romanticism of the first half of Victoria's reign. George Eliot and Hardy carried the realistic novel to new heights. Spencer, Huxley, Newman, Arnold, and Morris, in the essay, argued the meaning of the new science, religion and society. The drama, which had been sleeping for more than a century, awoke under the impact of Ibsen and the Celtic Renaissance. Stevenson, WH Hudson, and Kipling revived romantic fiction. Wilde, following the lead of Pater, advanced the doctrine of "art for art's sake." The tendency to look with critical eyes on human beings, society and God, to as pragmatic questions, and to seek utilitarian answers ha become the dominant mode of thought and writing by the time Queen Victoria died. Major works: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island and doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde, Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, Bram Stoker's Dracula, Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas, and Kipling's The Jungle Book series.

"Graveyard School"

18th century poets who wrote about death and morality. The poetry was related to early stages of the English Romantic Movement. Members include Thomas Parnell, Gray, Robert Blair, and Edward Young. The lasting effect of there poetry has been one element in the Gothic aspect of romanticism.

American Neoclassical Period

18th century. revived interest in classical forms and ideas (order, simplicity, clarity, reason). movement from poetry to nonfiction, from religious idealism to nonfiction written in plain language. politics and religion move away from theism (god involved in everyday lives) to deism (goad as watchmaker). authors: benjamin franklin (poor richard's almanac), phillip freneau (the national gazette), alexander hamilton.

British modernistic period

1901-1939 -Samuel Beckett -George Orwell -Virginia wolf

Modernism

1910-1965 A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement. , An art movement characterized by the deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. , 19-20th centuries, connected w/ enlightenment & the govt., preoccupation w/ the present ("modo" in Latin means "now") in terms of fashion, technological, and social change, industrialization, consumption, and time - viewer is subject to repetitive character of time machine; different relationships to the present for the most part not modern (ex. "Moulin de la Galette" by Renoir) The modernist Movement arrived in the early decades of the 20th century. Modernists used experimental forms and asked readers to realize that knowledge is not absolute. A loss of a sense of tradition and the dominance of technology characterize this movement's writings. Writers were influenced by Einstein, Ma Planck (quantum theory), and Freud.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s -zora neale Hurston -Langston Hughes -countee Cullen -Claude McKay

The Beat Generation

1945-1965 , a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about. Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality. (the 1950's) , a group of American post-World War II writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of "Beat" culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being. , Jack Kerouac, Ginsburg, and Lenny Bruce were part of this generation. , refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came together in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of "Beat" culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being. This movement was later incorporated into the Hippie culture 1944-1962 Devoted to anti-traditional literature, in poetry and prose, and anti-establishment politics. Rise in confessional poetry and sexuality in literature, which resulted in legal challenges and debates over censorship in America

HArper Lee

1961

Post-Modernism

1965-today , History: Begins after WW2 but in 1960s mainly, movement that said poetry was too stagnant , Media-influenced aesthetic sensibility of the late 20th century characterized by open-end edness and collage. Post Modernism questions the foundations of cultural and artistic forms through self-referential irony and the juxtaposition of elements from popular culture and electronic technology. , 1960s-Present: Extreme modernism. Fragmented poetry. Rejection of plot/character: meaning is illusory. fragmentation and incoherence of modern life is made fun of and nonsensical. Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot—absurdist tragicomedy. Two characters wait for someone who never shows. References to religion, psychology, war, philosophy. Existential: questions human existence and existence of God.

ALice walker, the color purple

1982

George Orwell

1984 Animal farm Modern-post modern

This piece of work depicts a dystopian world where people's every action is monitored by totalitarian government calls "Big Brother."

1985, George Orwell

AMy TAN

1990s

Parnassians

19th century French poets. Influenced by Gautier's doctrince Art for Art's Sake, they reacted against romanticism. They wrote impersonal poetry with great objective clarity and precision of detail. They had a strong preoccupation with form and reintroduced French forms. Their leader was Leconte de Lisle. Other members included Rene Sully-Prudhomme, Albert Glatigny, Francois Coppee, and Theodore de Banville. They influenced other poets in the use of French forms.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason , A broad and general term referring to a set of beliefs, attitudes, and values associated with a shift in Western culture that was characterized by a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism and an emphasis on emotion, innovation, nature, the individual, and subjective experience. , An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Emily Dickinson

19th century female poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meterwrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;"

Realism; when, what, type

19th century reaction to romanticism. It emphasized true life subject matter and rejected classical themes such as mythology and ballads. Example is a novel which gained much popularity.

Modernism

1rst decades of the 20th century. Experimentation and realization that knowledge is not absolute. Loss of sense of tradition and dominance of technology.

Surrealism; when, what

20th century and contains elements of surprise, unexpected juxtaposition and non sequitur.Purpose was to free people from what they saw as false rationality and restrictive customs, and structures.

Sestina

6 six-line stanzas ending with tercet; last words of each line in 1st stanza are repeated as last words in next stanza

Rhyme royal

7 lines, poetry, iambic pentameter, fixed rhyme scheme.

Villanelle

A 19-line poem consisting of five tercets and a final quatrain on two rhymes. The first and third lines of the first tercet repeat alternately as a refrain closing the succeeding stanzas and joined as the final couplet of the quatrain.

Transcendentalism

A 19th century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reasons and sensory experience.

Impressionism

A 19th movement in literature and art which advocated a recording of the artist's personal impressions of the world, rather than a strict representation of reality

Edward Albee

A Delicate Balance (1967); Seascape (1975); Three Tall Women (1994)

William Faulkner

A Fable (1955) & The Reivers (1963) posthumously

Alice Walker

A Female African American author and poet. She wrote The Color Purple; self-declared feminist and womanist; For Color Purple recieved the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Mildred Taylor

A Female African American author, known for her works exploring the struggle faced by African-American families in the Deep South. Her most famous book is Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. In 1977, the book won the Newbery Medal.

The Odyssey

A Greek warrior undertakes an arduous journey back to his homeland and his loyal wife and son, experiencing many fantastical adventures along the way.

Hardy Stanza

A Stanza form, adapted and perfected by Thomas Hardy, with a ballad-like mixture of four-stress and three-stress lines and plangent echo effect in the second line, like Renaissance lyrics.

Epitaph

A brief poem or statement in memory of someone who is deceased, used as, or suitable for, a tombstone inscription; now, often witty or humorous and written without intent of actual funerary use.

Theme

A central message or insight revealed through a literary work. It is a generalization about people or about life that is communicated through the literary work. It may be stated directly or implied. When the _______ of a work is implied, readers think about what the work seems to say about the nature of people or about life. The story or poem can be viewed as a specific example of the generalization the writer is trying to communicate. Not all literary works have this. A work meant to only entertain may have no _______ at all.

Great Vowel Shift

A change in the pronunciation of the long vowels of English, which happened in the centuries around 1500. Most long vowels were raised, but the high vowels became diphthongs.

Loose sentence

A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows

Habbie

A component of the names of stanzas used in Scottish poetry

Genetic Fallacy

A conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Example: The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.

Paradox

A contradiction that oddly makes sense.

Open Couplet

A couplet in which the second line is not complete but depends on succeeding material for completion.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in 1920s America during which black art, literature and music experience renewal and growth. Originating in New York city's Harlem district.

Hyperbole

A deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. In Mark Twain's "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," the claim that Jim Smiley would follow a bug as far as Mexico to win a bet is _______. They are often used for comic effect. Ex: "If I told you once, I've told you a million times...."

Relative Clause

A dependent clause (includes a subject and a verb) that modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (when, where, why) or a zero relative. It is also known as an adjective clause. Omitting the relative pronoun or relative adverb is using the zero relative and is acceptable as long as the first word of the phrase is not a verb. Ex: The girl [who works in the bakery] is my cousin.

Adjective Clause

A dependent clause that acts as an adjective. Ex: The tiger [that was angry] snarled at me.

Jumping the Shark

A desperate recourse that attempts to reverse a downward trend in ratings for a series, usually on television. The name, first applied in 1997, refers to an episode of Happy Days in which a character on water skis jumped over a shark.

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it. "We requested from the crown support for our petition." The crown is used to represent the monarch.

Onomatopoeia

A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.

Metonymy Example: "The White House issued a statement"

A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it

Oxymoron is _______. An example would be pious rape and amorphous shape.

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.

Hyperbole

A figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration or overstatement, for effect. "If I told you once, I've told you a million times...."

Rising Rhythm

A foot in which the last syllable is accented, the iamb and the anapest.

Autobiography

A form of nonfiction in which a person tells his or own life story.

Biography

A form of nonfiction in which a writer tells the life story of another person.

Sonnet

A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. The English, or Shakespearean, sonnet consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a couplet (two lines), usually rhyming abab cdcd efef gg.

Muscular Dystrophy:

A genetically inherited disease that frequently first manifests in childhood; Loss of muscle strength over a period of time

Kit-Cat Club

A group of Whigs in London from 1703-1733. They were dedicated to ensuring a Protestant succession to the throne. Major writers: Addison, Steele, Marlborough, Jacob Tonson, and Congreve.

Misspellers

A group of comic writers who flourished during the 19th century, specializing in rustic PERSONAE for whom usage and spelling are a challenge.

Geneva School

A group of critics, who see a literary work as a series of existential expressions of the author's individual consciousness, placing high value on individual consciousness.

Prepositional Phrase

A group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with the object of a preposition. Ex: across the bridge

Simple Sentence

A group of words consisting of one subject and one verb that express a complete thought. Contains only one independent clause.

Dependent Clause

A group of words including a subject and a predicate that cannot stand alone as a simple sentence. It can also be called a subordinate clause. Some _________ __________ begin with a subordinating conjunction, such as -while or -though.

Independent Clause

A group of words that contain both a subject and a verb and that can stand alone as a simple sentence.

Romance

A highly imaginative tale set in a fantastical realm dealing with the conflicts between heroes, villains, and/or monsters.

Limerick

A light or humorous form of five chiefly anapestic verses of which lines one, two and five are of three feet and lines three and four are of two feet, with a rhyme scheme of aabba.

Hypercatalectic

A line with an extra syllable at the end.

Epic

A long narrative or narrative poem about the deeds of gods or heroes. Ancient folk _______ like RAMAYANA and SUNDIATA were recited aloud as entertainment at feasts and were not written down until long after they were composed.

Epic

A long narrative that starts in the middle, goes back to explain, and then finally reaches the present. Characteristics include in medias res, chronic's heroic deeds and events important to a culture or nation and focuses on a serious subject.

characterization

A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.

dactyl

A metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables

Antibacchius

A metrical foot of three syllables, of which the first two are stressed and the third unstressed, or the first two are long and the third short.

Asperger Syndrome

A mild form of autism; children with this disorder typically do interact with teachers, other adults, and sometimes other children; however, the interaction is rather remote and without emotional expression; very focused on subjects of great interest to the abandonment of all others; when asked to redirect focus, they often become emphatically obstinate, refusing to shift focus

Prompt

A more detailed and thought provoking exam question or writing assignment. Prompts may be more than just a question, and they may seek to frame the exam taker's thinking in a certain way before giving the assigned writing topic.

Apocalyptics

A movement of English Poetry flourishing between 1935 and 1950 led by Henry Treece and J.R. hendey

Rationalism/Neoclassicism/Age of Reason

A movement that began in Europe in the seventeenth century, which held that we can arrive at truth by using our reason rather than relying on the authority of the past, on the authority of the Church, or an institution.

Constructivism

A movement, org. in Russian theater around 1920, that used mechanical constructions as a means of expression.

Lyric Poem

A musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. They have a musical quality achieved through rhythm and such other devices as alliteration and rhyme.

Colliteration

A name suggested for the effect, similar to alliteration, of beginning accented syllables with similar consonants.

University Wits

A name used for certain young university people who came to London in the late 1850s and took careers as professional writers. The most important was Christopher Marlowe. Others were Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Nash, and Thomas Kyd.

Legend

A narrative or collection of related narratives regarded as historically fact but mixed with fact and fiction.

caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.

Inappropriate Shift

A negative shift in writing is one that creates inconsistency because of an abrupt change. Shifts can occur in tense, number, voice, mood, person, pronoun, diction, tone, direct and indirect discourse.

Villanelle

A nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain. The villanelle uses only two rhymes which are repeated as follows: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa. Line 1 is repeated entirely to form lines 6, 12, and 18, and line 3 is repeated entirely to form lines 9, 15, and 19; thus, eight of the nineteen lines are refrain. Dylan Thomas's poem "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" is an example of a villanelle.

Noun Clause

A noun clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that is dependent and functions as a noun in a sentence (as the subject, object, or complement). It is also called a nominal clause.

Gerund

A noun formed from a verb (such as the '-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

Irregular Plural Noun

A noun that does not follow the conventional rules to becoming plural. The plural of these nouns is not formed by adding -s or -es.

Common Noun

A noun that does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized.

Proper Noun

A noun that is naming a specific person, place, thing, or idea.

Singular Noun

A noun that is preceded by the articles "a" or "an" that is only one in number.

Novel of Manners

A novel focusing on and describing social customs and habits of a particular social group. The novels of Jane Austen, Edith Wharton, and John P. Marquand are novels of manners. Some critics consider the works of Edward Higgins and Elmore Leonard novels of manners.

Novel of Sensibility

A novel in which the characters have a heightened emotional response to events, producing in the reader a similar response. Sterne's Tristram Shandy is a major example. Mackenzie's Man of Feeling carries the idea of intensity of character response beyond the limits of reason.

Lord of the Flies

A novel written by William Golding about a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty

Couplet

A pair of rhyming lines, usually of the same length and meter. A ______ generally expresses a single idea. Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 ends with the following ______: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Conjunction

A part of speech used as connectors between words, clause, sentences, or phrases.

Caesura

A pause. Sometimes signified by a slash or a comma.

Absolute Phrase

A phrase that consists of a noun or pronoun and at least one other word. An _______ ________ modifies an entire sentence and not just a word. It can be found anywhere in the sentence. It is often separated by commas, but may be set apart from the sentence by other punctuation.

Adjectival Phrase (adjective phrase)

A phrase, usually a prepositional phrase, that can modify a noun or pronoun.

Participial Phrase

A phrase, usually acting as an adjective, that includes a present participle (-ing), a past participle (-ed) and any modifiers, complements or objects. It generally is found at either the beginning or the end of a sentence and is generally set apart from the rest of the sentence by a comma.

Closet Drama

A play that is written to be read rather than performed onstage. In this kind of drama, literary art outweighs all other considerations. See also drama.

Free Verse

A poem "free" of regular meter and rhyme. The poem may have irregular line lengths or fragments, and non-conventional uses of grammar, punctuation, and capitalization. It is "free" of conventions, yet very deliberate in its use of words and form

Cavalier Lyric

A poem characteristic of the Cavalier Lyricists; lighthearted in tone; graceful, melodious, and polished in manner; artfully showing Latin classical influences; sometimes licentious and cynical or epigrammatic and witty.

Elegy

A poem of mourning, particularly for someone who has died.

Map Poem

A poem that gives the impression that the poet wrote it while looking at a map.

Possessive Pronoun

A pronoun that shows ownership. A possessive pronoun does not use apostrophes

Contrerime

A quatrain, so named by Paul-Jean Toulet, in which an alternating syllabic scheme of 8-6-8-6 is opposed by a chiastic rhyme scheme of abba.

Henopeoia

A rare name for a figure that sums up several qualities as one entity.

Intensive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun and an intensive pronoun are both defined as a pronoun in which the antecedent is referenced and combined with the -self ending to form the pronoun (myself, himself, herself). The difference is that an intensive pronoun can be omitted from the sentence and not change the sentence's meaning.

Parable

A relatively short story that teaches a moral, or lesson about how to lead a good life.

Refrain

A repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song

Metaplasm

A rhetorical term for any alteration in the form of a word, in particular the addition, subtraction, or substitution of letters or sounds. Adjective: metaplasmic

Near Rhyme

A rhyme based on an imperfect or incomplete correspondence of end syllable sounds.

Heart of Darkness

A sailor tells the story of his journey through the Congo, where he met an enigmatic, powerful, insane imperialist who had abandoned the rules of English civilization., story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

Periodic Structure

A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.

Pantoum

A series of quatrains with a rhyme scheme of ABAB BCBC CDCD and repeated lines

Rhyme Royal

A seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets.

Novella

A short 50-100 line narrative-- Orwell's Animal Farm, Kafka's The Metamorphosis

Pidgin

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.

Collective Noun

A singular noun that represents many members or parts as a whole.

Phonemes

A small unit of sound used in spoken words

Novel of Soil

A special kind of regionalism in the novel, in which the lives of people struggling for existence in remote rural sections are starkly portrayed. This term is usually restricted to portrayals in the manner of realism or naturalism. Examples are Ellen Glasgow's Barren Ground, O.E. Rolvaag's Giants in the Earth, and Elizabeth Madox Robert's Time of Man.

Lyrical Novel

A species of novel in which conventional narration is subordinated to the presentation of inner thought, feelings, and moods.

Monologue

A speech by one character in a play, story, or poem. May be addressed to another character or to the audience, or it may be a soliloquy-a speech that presents the character's thoughts as though the character were overheard when alone.

Creole

A stable, natural language developed (with grammatical rules) from the mixing of parent languages.

Strophe

A stanza sung aloud, alternating with the antistrophe.

Paradox

A statement that although seemingly contradictory or absurd may actually be well founded or true. "less is more" in Browning's "Andrea del Sarto" is an example.

magic Realism

A style of writing in which realistic details, events, settings, characters, and dialogue are interwoven with magical, bizarre, fantastic, or supernatural elements.

Realism

A style of writing, developed in the nineteenth century, that attempts to depict life accurately without idealizing or romanticizing it.

Aesthetic Distance

A term used to describe the effect produced when an emotion or an experience, whether autobiographical or not, is so objectified that it can be understood as being independent of the immidiate experience of its maker.

Epithet

A term used to point out a characteristic of a person. Homeric epithets are often compound adjectives ("swift-footed Achilles") that become an almost formulaic part of a name. Epithets can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition. For example, athletes may be proud of given epithets ("The Rocket").

tercet

A three-line stanza

Underlining

A title or major work is underlined. Usually the larger work is underlined and what is contained in that work is placed in quotation marks.

Civil War Period

A transitional period between Romanticism and Realism. Ex: Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass), Emily Dickinson (themes of introspection and attention to nature's details and wonders). Legendary figures such as Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill arose in the oral tradition at this time. Mark Twain is another example (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)

Demonstrative Pronoun

A type of adjective that modifies the noun to show which object is being written or spoken about. This, That, These, Those

Consonance

A type of alliteration where the consonants stay the same but the vowels change.

Appeal to authority

A type of argument in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument.

Appeal to emotion

A type of argument in which the author appeals to the reader's emotion to prove the argument.

Platonic Criticism

A type of criticism that finds the value of a wor of art in its extrinsic rather than intrinsic qualities.

Technical Article

A type of expository writing that explains a procedure, provides instructions, or represents specialized information. Often, specialized vocabulary is used. Sometimes, diagrams or charts illustrate complicated structures or steps.

Gothic

A type of fiction that makes use of the grotesque, violent, mysterious and supernatural.

Dub

A type of poetry org. around 1975 w/ words improvised to a background of recorded music.

Spenserian Sonnet

A variant that the poet Edmund Spenser developed from the Shakespearean sonnet that he used in The Faerie Queen. It has the rhyme scheme ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.

Verb Phrase

A verb that is made up of more than one word and still functions as the simple predicate of the sentence.

Fourteeners

A verse form consisting of 14 syllables arranged in iambs.

Solecism

A violation of prescriptive grammatical rules.

diphthong

A vowel sound produced by two adjacent vowels in the same syllable whose sounds blend together (i.e., oy, ow).

Legend

A widely told story about the past that may or may not have a foundation in fact. A legend generally has more historical truth and less emphasis on the supernatural than does a myth.

Jeu d'esprit

A witty playing with words, a clever sally. The term is also applied to brief, clever pieces of writing, such as Ben Franklin's "bagatelles."

The House on Mango Street

A woman growing up in poverty in 1960s Chicago is determined to find her own path in life without forgetting her past.

Rhetorically Poor Run-on

A word group that contains at least two independent clauses that are joint with a conjunction but without punctuation.

Rhetorically Poor Fragment

A word group that is missing at least a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought. A fragment may be okay if the writer intends to write the fragment for a specific rhetorical reason. A rhetorically poor fragment does not accomplish any rhetorical goal and is a mistake.

Adverb

A word that describes/modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Tells how, when, to what extent. Not & Never = Always Adverbs

Libertine Play

A work concentrating on a man. The treatment may be farcical, satirical, comic, or tragic, all with a strong sense of moral didacticism.

Tragedy

A work of literature, especially a play, that results in a catastrophe for the main character. In ancient Greek drama, the main character was always a significant person, a king or hero, and the cause of the _______ was a tragic flaw, or weakness, in his or her character. the purpose of __________ is not only to arouse fear and pity in the audience, but also, in some cases, to convey a sense of grandeur and nobility of the human spirit.

Campus Novel

A work, usually comic, set at a university.

A hush is over all the teeming lists, And there is pause, a breath-space in the strife; A spirit brave has passed beyond the mists And vapors that obscure the sun of life. And Ethiopia, with bosom torn, Laments the passing of her noblest born. For her his voice, a fearless clarion, rung That broke in warning on the ears of men; For her the strong bow of his power he strung, And sent his arrows to the very den Where grim Oppression held his bloody place And gloated o'er the mis'ries of a race. Through good and ill report he cleaved his way Right onward, with his face set toward the heights, Nor feared to face the foeman's dread array,— The lash of scorn, the sting of petty spites. He dared the lightning in the lightning's track, And answered thunder with his thunder back. —Paul Laurence Dunbar, from "Frederick Douglass" 1. Student A: This poem is about war. It's about "strife" or "bloody" fighting. The champion "cleaved his way Right onward." 2. Student B: A famous leader is praised for all the contributions he made to his people. He met much oppression in his struggle for his people but overcame it all. 3. Student C: This lady, Ethiopia, is very sad when someone close to her dies. This person, who was killed in war, helped people. He must have been some kind of a super warrior or maybe even a god. 4. Student D: It interested me the way this poem is so concerned with sound and noise. It begins on a quiet note and death but then builds up to the final stanza which is full of sound words and action. To which of the following should a student be referred for the fullest discussion of a word that presents the kind of problem discussed in the previous question? A. A hush is over all the teeming lists (line 1) B. Baugh's History of the English Language C. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language D. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary

A. A hush is over all the teeming lists (line 1)

A hush is over all the teeming lists, And there is pause, a breath-space in the strife; A spirit brave has passed beyond the mists And vapors that obscure the sun of life. And Ethiopia, with bosom torn, Laments the passing of her noblest born. For her his voice, a fearless clarion, rung That broke in warning on the ears of men; For her the strong bow of his power he strung, And sent his arrows to the very den Where grim Oppression held his bloody place And gloated o'er the mis'ries of a race. Through good and ill report he cleaved his way Right onward, with his face set toward the heights, Nor feared to face the foeman's dread array,— The lash of scorn, the sting of petty spites. He dared the lightning in the lightning's track, And answered thunder with his thunder back. —Paul Laurence Dunbar, from "Frederick Douglass" 1. Student A: This poem is about war. It's about "strife" or "bloody" fighting. The champion "cleaved his way Right onward." 2. Student B: A famous leader is praised for all the contributions he made to his people. He met much oppression in his struggle for his people but overcame it all. 3. Student C: This lady, Ethiopia, is very sad when someone close to her dies. This person, who was killed in war, helped people. He must have been some kind of a super warrior or maybe even a god. 4. Student D: It interested me the way this poem is so concerned with sound and noise. It begins on a quiet note and death but then builds up to the final stanza which is full of sound words and action. "What often misleads less able students when they read poetry is the very commonness of some words. Most will look up words they have never seen before; what deceives them are words that they 'know' perfectly well, but 'know' in an inappropriate sense." Question: In which of the following lines from Dunbar's poem is the underlined word likely to present the kind of problem discussed above? A. A hush is over all the teeming lists (line 1) B. And there is pause, a breath-space in the strife (line 2) C. A spirit brave has passed beyond the mists (line 3) D. And vapors that obscure the sun of life (line 4)

A. A hush is over all the teeming lists (line 1)

My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and her neighbours because she had brought me up "by hand." Having at that time to find out for myself what the expression meant, and knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. She was not a good-looking woman, my sister, and I had a general impression that she must have made Joe Gargery marry her by hand. Joe was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of such a very undecided blue that they seemed to have somehow got mixed with their own whites. He was a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow—a sort of Hercules in strength and also in weakness. —Charles Dickens, from Great Expectations 22. Which of the following is used in the description of Joe Gargery in the second paragraph? A. Allusion B. Simile C. Metonymy D. Irony

A. Allusion

A. For thou hast sent her a mantle of green, As green as any grass, And bade her come to the silver wood To hunt with Child Maurice. B. An Ace of Hearts steps forth: the King unseen Lurked in her hand, and mourned his captive Queen: He springs to vengeance with an eager pace, And falls like thunder on the prostrate Ace. The nymph exulting fills with shouts the sky; The walls, the woods, and long canals reply. C. Who would have thought my shriveled heart Could have recovered greenness? It was gone Quite underground; as flowers depart To see their mother-root, when they have blown, Were they together All the hard weather, Dead to the world, keep house unknown. D. But wherefore rough, why cold and ill at ease? Aha, that is a question! Ask, for that, What knows,—the something over Setebos That made Him, or He, may be, found and fought, Worsted, drove off and did to nothing, perchance Which example example of ballad stanza? A. Excerpt A B. Excerpt B C. Excerpt C E. Excerpt D

A. Excerpt A

I was walking by the Thames. Half-past morning on an autumn day. Sun in a mist. Like an orange in a fried-fish shop. All bright below. Low tide, dusty water and a crooked bar of straw, chicken-boxes, dirt and oil from mud to mud. Like a viper swimming in skim milk. The old serpent, symbol of nature and love. —Joyce Cary, from The Horse's Mouth Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following best describes the descriptive strategy used most consistently in the excerpt? A. Fragments connecting a series of perceptions and reactions B. Fragments connecting a series of actions and events C. Fragments connected by water imagery D. Fragments connected by color imagery

A. Fragments connecting a series of perceptions and reactions

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The epic Beowulf and its shorter elegiac contemporaries, "The Wanderer" and "The Seafarer," were all originally written in what language? A. Old English B. Middle English C. Elizabethan English D. Early Modern English

A. Old English

My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and her neighbours because she had brought me up "by hand." Having at that time to find out for myself what the expression meant, and knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. She was not a good-looking woman, my sister, and I had a general impression that she must have made Joe Gargery marry her by hand. Joe was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of such a very undecided blue that they seemed to have somehow got mixed with their own whites. He was a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow—a sort of Hercules in strength and also in weakness. —Charles Dickens, from Great Expectations Question: The point of view in the passage is A. first person B. second person C. third person, limited D. third person, omniscient

A. first person

Sprung rhythm

Accentual rhythm - the accent falls on the first syllable of every foot.

auditory acuity

Acuteness or sharpness of hearing

Apostrophe

Addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

Walter Dean Myers

African American author of young adult literature. He has written over fifty books, including novels and nonfiction works. He has won the Coretta Scott King Award for African American authors five times. He wrote The Glory Field

Horatian Satire

After the Roman satirist Horace: Satire in which the voice is indulgent, tolerant, amused, and witty. The speaker holds up to gentle ridicule the absurdities and follies of human beings, aiming at producing in the reader not the anger of a Juvenal, but a wry smile.

Trochee

Also known as Foot, is metrical units by which a line of poetry is measured

Cockney School

An alleged group of cockney poets writing in England in the second and third decade of the nineteenth century. This term came in the form of hostile reviews in Blackwood's Magazine in 1817. Its primary target was Leigh Hunt but included John Keats and William Hazlitt. John Scott died after a duel over the controversy

Harlem Renaissance

An artistic and cultural movement reflecting the experiences of African Americans centered in the Harlem area in New York City during the 1920s

British romantics

An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century. Characterized by a heightened interest in nature.

British romantic period

An element if this period focuses on beauty of the supernatural.

Irony of Situation

An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the readers, or the audience.

Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD)

An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modeling a strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until students can use it independently.

Enantiosis

An utterance which says the opposite of what is meant.

A similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based: the analogy between the heart and a pump.

Analogy

Ayn rand

Anthem -man living in a future in which people have lost all knowledge of individualism

Ode

Any of several stanzaic forms more complex than the lyric, with intricate rhyme schemes and irregular number of lines, generally of considerable length, always written in a style marked by a rich, intense expression of an elevated thought praising a person or object.

Subordinating Conjunction

Any one of a set of words that can connect a dependent clause and an independent clause. Most of the time the dependent or subordinate clause is dependent because of the __________ ______________. Ex: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc....

Spasmodic School

Applied by W. E. Aytoun in 1854 to a group of contemporary English poets. They were influenced by Shelley and Byron. Their verse reflected discontent and unrest, and their style was marked by jerkiness and strained emphasis. Members included Dobell, Alexander Smith, P. J. Bailey, and George Gilfillan.

Gematria

Assigning numerical values to letters and thereby computing totals for words.

British romantic period

Authors and their work from this period are: William Blake, William wordsworth's I wandered lonely as a cloud, Samuel Taylor coleridge's rime of the ancient manner, kubla Kahn and cristabel.

British romantics

Authors such as john Keats, Percy bysshe Shelley and lord Byron were part of this period.

ASD/PSD

Autism Spectrum Disorder/Pervasive Spectrum Disorder: typically very withdrawn, avoid eye contact and are not responsive to verbal or physical attempts to connect. Some children fall into repetitive behaviors that are very difficult to arrest or prevent. These behaviors include rocking, spinning, and handshaking.

Click on your choices. Question: Which of the following novels are paired with their corresponding author? Select all that apply. A. Beloved - Alice Walker B. The Joy Luck Club - Amy Tan C. The Color Purple - Maya Angelou D. The Woman Warrior - Maxine Hong Kingston E. Their Eyes Were Watching God - Zora Neale Hurston

B, D, E

Question: Which of the following novels focuses primarily on the concept of individualism versus collectivism? A. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe B. Anthem by Ayn Rand C. Lord of the Flies by William Golding D. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison

B. Anthem by Ayn Rand

I was walking by the Thames. Half-past morning on an autumn day. Sun in a mist. Like an orange in a fried-fish shop. All bright below. Low tide, dusty water and a crooked bar of straw, chicken-boxes, dirt and oil from mud to mud. Like a viper swimming in skim milk. The old serpent, symbol of nature and love. —Joyce Cary, from The Horse's Mouth 15. Which of the following best characterizes the language used to describe the Thames? A. It contains concrete and abstract terms in equal proportions. B. It moves from the local and vernacular to the mythic. C. It consistently employs similes and metaphors instead of factual, declarative statements. D. It is conventional and clichéd.

B. It moves from the local and vernacular to the mythic.

You hate me and I hate you. And we are so polite, we two! But whenever I see you, I burst apartLine And scatter the sky with my blazing heart.(5) It spits and sparkles in stars and balls, Buds into roses—and flares, and falls. Scarlet buttons, and pale green disks, Silver spirals and asterisks, Shoot and tremble in a mist(10) Peppered with mauve and amethyst. I shine in the windows and light up the trees, And all because I hate you, if you please. And when you meet me, you rend asunder And go up in a flaming wonder(15) Of saffron cubes, and crimson moons, And wheels all amaranths and maroons. Amy Lowell, from "Fireworks" Which of the following literary elements is most prevalent throughout the excerpt? A. Personification B. Metaphor C. Foreshadowing D. Allusion

B. Metaphor

The following excerpt is from William Shakespeare's King Lear. See how yond justice rails upon yond simple thief. Hark in thine ear. Change places and handy-dandy, Which is the justice, which is the thief? Through tatter'd clothes small vices do appear. Robes and furr'd gown hide all. Plate sin with gold, And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks; Arm it in rags, a pygmy's straw does pierce it. Question: Which of the following is the best summary of this passage? A. Everyone deserves a chance to reform. B. Riches and position hide guilt. C. No one can escape retribution. D. Justice is blind.

B. Riches and position hide guilt.

A hush is over all the teeming lists, And there is pause, a breath-space in the strife; A spirit brave has passed beyond the mists And vapors that obscure the sun of life. And Ethiopia, with bosom torn, Laments the passing of her noblest born. For her his voice, a fearless clarion, rung That broke in warning on the ears of men; For her the strong bow of his power he strung, And sent his arrows to the very den Where grim Oppression held his bloody place And gloated o'er the mis'ries of a race. Through good and ill report he cleaved his way Right onward, with his face set toward the heights, Nor feared to face the foeman's dread array,— The lash of scorn, the sting of petty spites. He dared the lightning in the lightning's track, And answered thunder with his thunder back. —Paul Laurence Dunbar, from "Frederick Douglass" 1. Student A: This poem is about war. It's about "strife" or "bloody" fighting. The champion "cleaved his way Right onward." 2. Student B: A famous leader is praised for all the contributions he made to his people. He met much oppression in his struggle for his people but overcame it all. 3. Student C: This lady, Ethiopia, is very sad when someone close to her dies. This person, who was killed in war, helped people. He must have been some kind of a super warrior or maybe even a god. 4. Student D: It interested me the way this poem is so concerned with sound and noise. It begins on a quiet note and death but then builds up to the final stanza which is full of sound words and action. . Which student response provides the best summary of the poem? A. Student A B. Student B C. Student C D. Student D

B. Student B

Aristotle moved from place to place in the Lyceum while he taught. He was the prototype of peripatetic teachers. So say those who enjoyed not only hours, but days, walking with C. S. Lewis or Francis Schaeffer. Question: To determine the meaning of the underlined word in the passage above, a student would find which of the following most helpful? A. The use of structural cues B. The use of context cues C. Understanding of figurative language D. Understanding of euphemisms

B. The use of context cues

Holistic Evaluation

Based on the premise that the overall impact of an essay depends on the integration of different elements of writing, such as organization, development, sentence structure, word choice, and mechanics. _________ evaluators assign a single score to a student essay based on the total effect to which these elements contribute.

American colonial period

Bay palm book, roger Williams and Thomas hooker were part Of this period.

Children's Lit

Became popular second half of 18th century. The Visible World of Pictures by John Amos Comenius.

gerund phrase

Begins with noun form of verb ending in -ing, plus any modifiers or complements

Phonetically Spelling Untaught Words

Being able to "sound out" words and spell them by comparing what is heard with what the student knows about the sounds of consonants and vowels.

Spell Phonetically

Being able to "sound out" words and spell them by comparing what is heard with what the student knows about the sounds of consonants and vowels.

Paganism

Belief or conduct different from that contained in a prevailing religion. Charges of this were brought against writers- such as Byron, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, D.H. Lawrence, Karen Blixen, and Henry Miller.

Transcendentalism

Believed that knowledge could be arrived at not just through the senses but through intuition and contemplation of the internal spirit.

Between you and I or between you and me?

Between you and me *Prepositions should be followed by an objective pronoun

Eugene O' Neill

Beyond the Horizon (1920), Anna Christie (1922), Strange Interlude (1928). Has won 4 times-most Pulitzer prizes for drama.

Authors of Existentialism

Blaise Pascal, Fredrich Nietzche, Martin Heidegger, Jeal-Paul Sartre.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Born in CT 1811- Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in outraged response to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

Aphorism

Brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of a principle or accepted general truth. Example: "If it ain't broke, don't fix it."

Repetition

By repeating letters, words and phrases the author can reinforce an argument and ensure that the point of view being made stays in an audience's mind.

A leaf falls to earth While butterflies float near. For each, a mirror. Question: To make this poem fit the structure of a classic haiku, the author should change A. "A leaf" to "Lone leaf" B. "butterflies" to "butterfly" C. "float" to "hover" D. "mirror" to "birth"

C. "float" to "hover"

[He] could not close his ears to the Old Testament challenge: "Canst thou catch Leviathan with a hook?" And does not . . . Ahab become, in his alienation, his sultanism, his pride, blasphemy, and diabolism, finally more monstrous than the beast he hunts? When, on the last day, they confront each other, which is the Monster, [Leviathan] in his "gentle joyousness," his "mighty mildness of repose," or Ahab screaming his mad defiance? Question: The passage above is from a discussion of a novel by A. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. William Thackeray C. Herman Melville E. Thomas Hardy

C. Herman Melville

If you were to go merely by the quantity of his imitators, you could argue that Dashiell Hammett was a more important writer than James Joyce. He gave his imitators more than an attitude; he gave them a cast of characters, a resilient plot, a setting, a repertory of images, a style, a keyhole view of society, an ethos, and, above all, a hero. Sam Spade is an old American type brought up to date, Hawkeye become private eye with fedora and street smarts instead of leather stockings and wood lore, his turf the last frontier of San Francisco. In the last sentence, the comparison of Sam Spade to Hawkeye alludes to novels by A. Joseph Conrad B. Nathaniel Hawthorne C. James Fenimore Cooper D. Herman Melville

C. James Fenimore Cooper

Fly me not, though I be gray, Lady, this I know you'll say; Better look the Roses red,Line When with white commingled.(5) Black your haires are; mine are white; This begets the more delight, When things meet most opposite: As in Pictures we descry, Venus standing Vulcan by. Question: Which of the following statements about the versification of the poem is true? A. The poem is written in blank verse. B. The poem is written in iambic pentameter. C. The poem uses a meter in which each line begins and ends with a stressed syllable. D. The poem uses incremental repetition and sprung rhythm.

C. The poem uses a meter in which each line begins and ends with a stressed syllable.

My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and her neighbours because she had brought me up "by hand." Having at that time to find out for myself what the expression meant, and knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. She was not a good-looking woman, my sister, and I had a general impression that she must have made Joe Gargery marry her by hand. Joe was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of such a very undecided blue that they seemed to have somehow got mixed with their own whites. He was a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow—a sort of Hercules in strength and also in weakness. —Charles Dickens, from Great Expectations 21. In the passage, the character of Mrs. Gargery is developed primarily through the author's depiction of her A. husband's opinion of her B. most prominent physical traits C. effect on other people D. reputation among her neighbors

C. effect on other people

K-L-W Chart

Can be used to document what students know, what they want to know, and what they learned. Would be an effective means of collecting data on students' prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives.

Leslie Marmon Silko

Ceremony

Meditative Poetry

Certain kinds of metaphysical poetry of the 16th and 17th centuries that yoke religious meditation with Renaissance poetic techniques, usually dealing with memorable moments of self-knowledge and of union with some transcendent reality.

Spelling Pattern

Certain sounds can be made in many different ways in the English language. Spelling patterns are used when there is not a hard or fast rule to explain why a word is spelled a certain way.

context clues

Clues in surrounding text that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word.

Talks down to reader. Believe reader is beneath him or her in age, knowledge, and/or class.

Condescension

Name 6 fundamental aspects of tone

Condescension, Didacticism, Sentimentality, Parody, Humor, and Irony.

In this type of literature, the character, which is known as the round character, usually reveals his thoughts or ideas.

Confession

Archibald MacLeish

Conquistador (1933); Collected Poems 1917-1952 (1953)

Tanka

Consists of five unrhymed lines with a pattern of five, seven, five, seven syllables.

Encyclopedias, General

Contain an alphabetically organized listing of a broad range of subjects with basic information for each entry. General ones provide a good basis for the beginning stages of research. They are also helpful resources for ready reference questions.

Directories

Contain an organized list of people and/or organizations of some type. Other information such as addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, etc. are included for each entry.

Indexes

Contain information necessary for locating information in a given specific item or a type of resource. They help to locate information in periodicals, anthologies, newspapers, etc. Concordances and quotation dictionaries are specific types of indexes.

Bibliographies

Contain one or more lists of resources and materials sharing some common attribute such as location, publishing date, subject, etc. A good one should include all pertinent data. Some will include descriptive or critical annotations.

Epigram

Couple or quatrain compromising of a single thought or event and often witty or humorous/satirical Ex: "Sir, I admit your general rule, That every poet is a fool, But you yourself may serve to show it, That every fool is not a poet."

Satire

Criticism or an attack on something that the author doesn't agree with / sees as stupid.

Formal Criticism

Criticism that examines a work in terms of the type or genre to which it belongs.

Chicago Critics

Critics associated with the University of Chicago who published Critics and Criticism in 1952. They are plurists who attempt to value our understanding of literature. They are Neo-Aristotelisn, being concerned with the practical criticism of individual works of literature, emphasizing the principles that govern their construction and tending to see literary texts in generic classifications. Members include Ronald S. Crane, Elder Olson, Richard McKeon, Wayne Booth, Norman Maclean, W. Rea Keast, and Austin M. Wright.

A high school teacher wants to meet the needs of reluctant readers who are required to read Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. Which of the following materials is most likely to motivate these students to become engaged in the book? A. A book about Dickens' country and city of origin B. Photographs of the town in which Dickens wrote the novel C. Copies of the novel that are printed in large, easy-to-read print D. Software allowing students to interact with the setting of the novel

D. Software allowing students to interact with the setting of the novel

A hush is over all the teeming lists, And there is pause, a breath-space in the strife; A spirit brave has passed beyond the mists And vapors that obscure the sun of life. And Ethiopia, with bosom torn, Laments the passing of her noblest born. For her his voice, a fearless clarion, rung That broke in warning on the ears of men; For her the strong bow of his power he strung, And sent his arrows to the very den Where grim Oppression held his bloody place And gloated o'er the mis'ries of a race. Through good and ill report he cleaved his way Right onward, with his face set toward the heights, Nor feared to face the foeman's dread array,— The lash of scorn, the sting of petty spites. He dared the lightning in the lightning's track, And answered thunder with his thunder back. —Paul Laurence Dunbar, from "Frederick Douglass" 1. Student A: This poem is about war. It's about "strife" or "bloody" fighting. The champion "cleaved his way Right onward." 2. Student B: A famous leader is praised for all the contributions he made to his people. He met much oppression in his struggle for his people but overcame it all. 3. Student C: This lady, Ethiopia, is very sad when someone close to her dies. This person, who was killed in war, helped people. He must have been some kind of a super warrior or maybe even a god. 4. Student D: It interested me the way this poem is so concerned with sound and noise. It begins on a quiet note and death but then builds up to the final stanza which is full of sound words and action. Which student response points out the author's appeal to the senses to complement the content of the poem? A. Student A B. Student B C. Student C D. Student D

D. Student D

You hate me and I hate you. And we are so polite, we two! But whenever I see you, I burst apartLine And scatter the sky with my blazing heart.(5) It spits and sparkles in stars and balls, Buds into roses—and flares, and falls. Scarlet buttons, and pale green disks, Silver spirals and asterisks, Shoot and tremble in a mist(10) Peppered with mauve and amethyst. I shine in the windows and light up the trees, And all because I hate you, if you please. And when you meet me, you rend asunder And go up in a flaming wonder(15) Of saffron cubes, and crimson moons, And wheels all amaranths and maroons. Amy Lowell, from "Fireworks" Question: In the excerpt, "scatter the sky" (line 4), "spits and sparkles" (line 5), and "flares, and falls" (line 6) are all examples of A. onomatopoeia B. assonance C. internal rhyme D. alliteration

D. alliteration

It came whispering from the springs of the still swaying rocking-horse, and even the horse, bending his wooden, champing head, heard it. The big doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly, and seemed to be smirking all the more self-consciously because of it. The foolish puppy, too, that took the place of the teddybear, he was looking so extraordinarily foolish for no other reason but that he heard the secret whisper all over the house: "There must be more money!" Yet nobody ever said it aloud. The whisper was everywhere, and therefore no one spoke it. Just as no one ever says: "We are breathing!" in spite of the fact that breath is coming and going all the time. —D. H. Lawrence, from "The Rocking-Horse Winner" Question: In the passage, the representations of the rocking horse and doll are examples of A. hyperbole B. metaphor C. allusion D. personification

D. personification

A. For thou hast sent her a mantle of green, As green as any grass, And bade her come to the silver wood To hunt with Child Maurice. B. An Ace of Hearts steps forth: the King unseen Lurked in her hand, and mourned his captive Queen: He springs to vengeance with an eager pace, And falls like thunder on the prostrate Ace. The nymph exulting fills with shouts the sky; The walls, the woods, and long canals reply. C. Who would have thought my shriveled heart Could have recovered greenness? It was gone Quite underground; as flowers depart To see their mother-root, when they have blown, Were they together All the hard weather, Dead to the world, keep house unknown. D. But wherefore rough, why cold and ill at ease? Aha, that is a question! Ask, for that, What knows,—the something over Setebos That made Him, or He, may be, found and fought, Worsted, drove off and did to nothing, perchance 10. Which is from a dramatic monologue? A. Excerpt A B. Excerpt B C. Excerpt C E. Excerpt D

E. Excerpt D

A Farewell to Arms

E. Hemingway. A love story which draws heavily on the author's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver during WWI. Falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley. The Battle of Caporetto. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies due to hemorrhages.

School of Night

Elizabethan dramatists, poets, and scholars with some nobility. It was lead by Sir Walter Ralegh. Its members include Christopher Marlowe, George Chapman, and Thomas Harriot. They studied natural sciences, philosophy, and religion and were suspected of being atheists.

Define title and Author My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun - In Corners - till a Day The Owner passed - identified - And carried Me away - And now We roam in Sovereign Woods - And now We hunt the Doe - And every time I speak for Him - The Mountains straight reply - And do I smile, such cordial light Upon the Valley glow - It is as a Vesuvian face Had let its pleasure through - And when at Night - Our good Day done - I guard My Master's Head - 'Tis better than the Eider-Duck's Deep Pillow - to have shared -

Emily Dickson - My life had stood a loaded gun She never titled her works, therefore the title usually is the first line Things to look for -Random Capitalization -Lots of Dashes -Short Cryptic lines -Unconventional spelling and grammar

Cultural Studies

Emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life. Raymond Williams, Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall; Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno; Michel de Certeau; also Paul Gilroy, John Guillory

John Keats

English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century. He wrote: "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer. Written in October 1816, this is the first entirely successful (surviving) poem he wrote. John Middleton Murry called it "one of the finest sonnets in the English language," One of the most anthologised English lyric poems, "To Autumn" has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language.

Persuasive Appeal (Ethos)

Establishing credibility

Psychoanalytic Criticism

Explores the role of consciousnesses and the unconscious in literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text. Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Harold Bloom, Slavoj Žižek, Viktor Tausk

Old English Period

Express religious faith and give moral instruction through literature; Early English epic poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer and The Seafarer

Coordinating Conjunction

FOR, AND, BUT, OR, YET, and SO -- used to join ideas that are similar; remember to use a comma before a conjunction in a compound sentence: Ex: Craig gets in trouble, BUT he usually gets out of it.

Non realistic story with a moral that often as an animal as a main character. Scholars classify the story with animals as characters as beast tales. What type of literature is this?

Fable

The key component to this type of literature is magic. Stories often reflect what the 'proper' or 'ideal' women is; beautiful, kind and long suffering (ex: Cinderella). Magic comes in 3's

Fairy Tales

Mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

Toni Morrison

Female African-American writer, who wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; She won Pulitzer Prize in 1988. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

James Fenimore Cooper

First novel 1820 - famous series - Leatherstocking Tales (5) incl. The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), The Deerslayer (1841). First book was Precaution, which attempted to Satirize Jane Austen's novels.

Cinquain

Five line stanza, unrhyming, line 1 gives the title. Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1914) named it and invented meter.

Surrealism

Flourished in the 20th century. Features the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur. Movement began in Paris in the 1920s with Andre Breton. Surrealists attacked false rationality and restrictive customs and structures. Many espoused communism with anarchism. , a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams , An artistic movement emphasizing the imagination and characterized by incongruous juxtapositions and lack of conscious control

Reader-Response Criticism

Focuses upon the active response of the reader to a text. Louise Rosenblatt, Wolfgang Iser, Norman Holland, Hans-Robert Jauss, Stuart Hall

A character that reveals by contrast the distinctive qualities of another character is a/an:

Foil

Often referred to as "language of the people," this type of literature is often used for entertainment purposes. During the 1600's and 1700's it took many different stories and changed it to humorous stories.Another name for this type of literature is noddlehead stories.

Folk Tales

Mary Shelley

Frankenstein Gothic

Paragram

Generally, a word that resembles another and is used in its place for the sake of euphemism, apotropaic deformation, insult, avoidance of libel, or some other purpose.

Assessing Silent Reading Fluency:

Give a three-minute Test of Silent Contextual Reading Fluency for times a year. This test presents a student with a string of text in which no spaces between words appear; punctuation is also removed. The student must divide one word from another by marking where division should occur. The more words a student accurately separates the higher the silent reading fluency score.

Frankenstein

Gothic novel; a scientist creates a monster, and then abandons it in horror, a decision that leads to disaster and the deaths of nearly everyone he loves

Postmodernist Period in English Literature, 1965-

Graham Greene, Kingsley Amis' and Lawrence Durrell, Philip Larkin. Struggles in Ireland and between Catholics and Protestants intensified and demanded more and more of the attention of the English.

Old Comedy

Greek comic plays that directly or indirectly lampooned society and politics; they were filled with sight gags and obscene humor

Homeric or Heroic Period

Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. This is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates.

Knickerbocker Group

Group writing in New York during the first half of the 19th century. Members included Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, Joseph Rodman Drake, Fitz-Greene Halleck, John Howard Payne, and Samuel Woodworth.

The Lost Generation

Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald and William Faulkner are American writers associated with the Lost Generation. They wrote during the Modern Period of 1914-1945. They are also connected with the Jazz Age. The music and lifestyle of the Roaring Twenties influenced many of these writers, as well as world movements and civil wars. , a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

What are the difficulties with English spellings?

Homophones, digraphs, irregular spellings.

Authors of Realism

Honore de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy

Contested Usage

How a word or part of speech can or should be used can be disagreed upon. When that is the situation, students must be able to justify why they used the word they did, or at the very least realize the way in which they used the word could be incorrect. Students should be able to look through the necessary reference materials and determine a word's correct usage.

Mark twain

Huckleberry fin Adventures of Tom Sawyer Realist

Conveys precise fun and/or joking

Humor

Light verse

Humorous, comic, witty poems.

Maya Angelou

I know why the cage bird sings Still I rise

Romance

Idealized events far removed from everyday life-- Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida and King Horn (anonymous)

Romanticism; when, where, and what

In 18th and 19th century. Began in Germany and England. Eventually spreading throughout Europe. Happened in Western hemisphere throughout music. Emphasized fancy, imagination, freedom, and emotion.

Extended Metaphor

In an __________ _________, as in a regular metaphor, a subject is described as though it were something else. However, an _______ ___________ differs from a regular metaphor in that several comparisons are made. They sustain the comparison for several lines or for an entire poem.

deus ex machina

In literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem.

Figura

In theology and literature a person who represents both a human being and a higher reality.

Elements of Word Recognition:

Include strategies to decode unfamiliar words, considering alternate word meanings to decode a text and the ability to apply prior knowledge to determine a word's meaning

Explicit Instruction:

Includes clarifying the goal, modeling strategies, and offering explanations geared to a student's level of understanding

Function of Clauses

Independent clauses can function as a sentence. Dependent or subordinate clauses function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in sentences.

Modern Era

Industrial Revolution to the mid-twentieth century. Four values came into focus across the American cultural landscape. Working efficiently, Celebrating the individual, Believing in a rational order, Rejecting tradition and embracing progress. Modernist movement arrived in the early decades of the 20th century. Modernists used experimental forms and asked readers to realize that knowledge is not absolute. A loss of a sense of tradition and the dominance of technology characterize this movement's writings. Writers were influenced by Einstein, Max Planck (quantum theory), Freud , Marx.

Hedge Club

Informal group of transcendentalists living in or near Boston. Headed by Frederick Henry Hedge

Colloquial language

Informal, everyday, conversational language that includes down to earth views and is seductive because it appears friendly, and can make the audience feel that the author is on the same wavelength as them.

Assonance

Internal vowel sound Example: AslEEp under a trEE

Oscar Wilde

Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel. He wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray;

Incongruity between what one expects and what actually happens. Appears in 3 forms; language (verbal), incident (situational) and point of view (dramatic)

Irony

Surprise Ending

Is a conclusion that violates the expectations of the reader but in a way that is both logical and believable.

Stanza

Is a formal division of lines in a poem, considered as a unit. Often the ________ in a poem are separated by spaces.

Parable

Is a simple, brief narrative that teaches a lesson by using characters and events to stand for abstract ideas.

What is Figurative language

Is a way of adding information and description to the writing to make reader think about the text.

Misplaced Modifier

Is a word, phrase, or clause that is intended to modify another word, phrase, or clause.

Free Verse

Is poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern, or meter. It seeks to capture the rhythms of speech. It is the dominant form of contemporary poetry.

Arabesque

Islamic art/geometric patterns that are repeated over and over

Scott O'Dell

Island of the Blue Dolphins The Black Pearl Over Sea, Under Stone

The Call of the Wild

Jack London wrote this novel about a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

Define author and title "Her astonishment, as she reflected on what had passed, was increased by every review of it. That she should receive an offer of marriage from Mr. Darcy! That he should have been in love with her for so many months! so much in love as to wish to marry her in spite of all the objections which had made him prevent his friend's marrying her sister, and which must appear at least with equal force in his own case, was almost incredible!"

Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

James fenimore cooper

Last of the Mohicans The pioneers

Anticlimax

Like a climax, it is the turning point in a story. However, it is always a letdown. It is the point at which you learn that the story will not turn out the way you had expected.

Denotations

Literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings. Ex: "And on a day we meet to walk the line And set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each." Wall = physical barrier/emotional barrier

Symbolism; when, what, why

Literary movement that reached its peak in the last two decades of the 19th century. Its purpose was to evoke, indirectly and symbolically an order of being beyond the material world of 5 senses.

Wisdom Literature

Literature in which literary elements plot, character, and so forth, are subordinate to the direct formulaic expression of moral wisdom and truth.

Regionalism

Literature that emphasizes a specific geographic setting and that reproduces the speech, behavior, and attitudes of the people who live in that region.

Brave New World

Looks to the year 2540, where society accepts promisc sex and drug (soma) use and science has made humanity carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. War and poverty no longer exist, and people are always happy. But these achievements have come by eliminating things from which people derive happiness —. Marx and Lenina are both from this artificial world where babies are made in factories, while John the Savage and Linda are from a Savage Reservation that still practice old ways.

William Golding

Lord Of the flies -school children fighting to survive

Robert Lowell

Lord Weary's Castle (1947); The Dolphin (1974)

Euphemism

Make something bad sound good Ex: "The old man passed away."

Huckleberry Finn

Mark Twain. 1884. First time American vernacular, dialect in a book. Mock-epic tale of American Democracy. Intended to be sequel to Tom Sawyer. Plot is more connected set of adventures. Main Character, Huck, whose worst experience is having drunken father return. Runs away, faking his own death, goes to Jackson's Island, meets Jim, a runaway slave.

The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece from mid 1800s about Hester Prynne who has affair w/ Dimmesdale (preacher) and has a baby w/ him. Deals w/ Puritan culture and Hawthorne's ties to Salem witch trials.

The last three lines suggest that "cotton country" (line 9) is a place where _______ "When I was a child I knew red miners dressed raggedly and wearing carbide lamps. I saw them come down red hills to their camps dyed with red dust from old Ishkooda mines. Night after night I met them on the roads, or on the streets in town I caught their glance; the swing of dinner buckets in their hands, and grumbling undermining all their words. I also lived in low cotton country where moonlight hovered over ripe haystacks, or stumps of trees and croppers' rotting shacks, with famine, terror, flood, and plague near by, where sentiment and hatred still held sway and only bitter land was washed away.

Only the land washes away; the hatred, terror, flood, and plague remain.

ODD

Oppositional Defiant Disorder: a psychiatric disorder characterized by noncompliance, tantrums, extremely irritating conduct, refusal to follow rules, argumentative behavior, and blaming others

ORF/CBM

Oral Reading Fluency/Curriculum-Based Measure: a one-minute assessment in which the student reads a grade-level text aloud; test supervisor notes errors the reader doesn't self-correct and the number of words read correctly

Parallelism

Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.

Epideictic Poetry

Poetry written for special occasions prim. for the pleasure and edification of its audience.

Metaphysical poets

Poets such as john Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell were known for this period.

Robert Penn Warren

Promises: Poems 1954-1956 (1958); Now and Then: Poems 1976-1978(1979).

Reflexive Pronoun

Pronoun in which the antecedent is referenced and combined with the -self ending to form the pronoun. (myself, himself, herself)

Nonfiction

Prose writing that presents and explains ideas or that tells about real people, places, objects, or events. To be classed as __________, a work must be true. They are essays, newspaper and magazine articles, journals, travelogues, biographies, political, and philosophical writings.

Edgar Allan Poe

Raven Tell tale heart The fall of the house of usher Black cat Romanticism

Modern Literature

Recent stories with categories of traditional literature and can include other forms of literature. (Novel, Romance, Confession, Menippean Satire)

Allusion

Reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something (usually from literature, etc.).

Allusion

Reference to someone or something that is well-known from history, literature, mythology, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something (usually from literature, etc.).

Subordinating Conjunction

Related subordinate or dependent clauses to independent ones.

Jonathan Larson

Rent (1996)

Antanaclasis

Repetition of a word in two different senses

Anaphora

Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect.

Anaphora

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.

Antimetabole

Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Example- Moliere: "One should eat to live, not live to eat." In poetry, this is called chiasmus.

Formal discourse

Requires more passive voice, a lack of contracted forms, impersonality, and complex sentence structure

RTI

Response to Intervention: A strategy for diagnosing learning disabilities in which a student receives research supported interventions to correct an academic delay

Complex Texts

Rhetorically sound essays, articles, novels, poems, short stories, or plays. Texts are said to be complex when they are at the proper level of difficulty to challenge the reader.

Cross-Compound Rhyme

Rhyme between the first syllable of one word and the second syllable of another, and vice versa. Meathead and Deadbeat

Define title and author "Have ye beheld (with much delight) A red rose peeping through a white? Or else a cherry (double graced) Within a lily? Centre placed? Or ever marked the pretty beam A strawberry shows half drowned in cream? Or seen rich rubies blushing through A pure smooth pearl, and orient too? So like to this, nay all the rest, Is each neat niplet of her breast"

Robert Herrick "Not So Suddenly Upon Juliet's Breast" Cavalier Poets (England, 17th Century) --> spoke about love, beauty, sensuality, nostalgia, and Carpe Diem philosophy

Type of literature that presents idealized view of a life where characters, settings, actions are better than what one can have in real life. Usually this type of literature is very formulated.

Romance

Explain the difference between a round character and a flat character.

Round characters have many struggles, almost like a real person in society would. Flat characters on the other hand is able to be summed up really quickly.

Ambiguous Antecedent

Same as a vague pronoun. The antecedent for the pronoun is not clear.

Define the title and the author "Day after day, day after day, We stuck, nor breath, nor motion. Idle as a painted ship, Upon a painted ocean Water, water everywhere, And all the boards did shrink. Water, water everywhere, Nor any drop to drink."

Samuel Taylor Coleridge "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" From the British Romantic Poetry (1785-1830)

Parabasis

Scene in classical Greek Old Comedy in which the chorus directly addresses the audience members and makes fun of them.

Frederick Douglass

Self-educated slave who wrote a book named after himself...Narrative of the Life of________, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist. Without his approval, this man became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States

Use of semicolon with lists

Semicolons are also used to separate lists of itmes that are separated by commas

Closely Related Independent Clauses

Sentences that deal with the same subject. A semicolon is used to connect the sentences to emphasize their relationship.

The Grapes of Wrath

Set during the Great Depression, this novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry.

Inappropriate Shifts in Verb Tense and Aspect

Shifts in verb tense and aspect that create inconsistency in tense without explainable cause.

The Lottery

Shirley Jackson. Mysterious town-wide lottery takes place in which the winner is stoned to death. Mrs. Hutchinson wins..., Injustices are easy to overlook when they don't affect you AND traditions should not be carried on simply because they have always been done. There should be some other basis for their presence.

What are 5 fundamental aspects of figurative language

Simile, Metaphor, Analogy, Personification, and Cliche

Minnesinger

Singer of love, a medieval German lyric poet whose art was perhaps inspired by that of the troubadour, but who reflected the system of courtly love.

Shakespearean Sonnet

Sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg

Shakespearean Sonnet

Sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg

On a dark, secluded street stood three abandoned house. The first had broken shutters and shattered windows. Net to it stood a dilapidated structure badly in need of paint. Adjacent, amid debris, stood a shack with graffiti scrawled across the door. What type of order best describes the paragraph?

Spatial Order

Soliloquy

Speech given by a character that believes to be alone. What the character says is what they're truly thinking.

Dramatic Monologue

Speech given by actor, with audience in mind, reveals key aspects of character's psyche and sheds insight on the situation at hand. (Invented by Robert Browning).

Paradox

Statement that initially appears to be self-contradictory, but after closely looking at it, it makes sense. Example: The pen is mightier than the sword.

Myth

Stories that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history or traditions.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Story of a slave sold from Kentucky into a life of danger and uncertainty. Embolden by his abiding faith - allows him to forgive his final slave master's torture. Rescues Eva, white girl, whose father buys him and intends to emancipate him after Eva's death, but is killed before he can. Sold to evil Simon Legree eventually dies a martyrs death.

Denotations

Straight-forward or common sense meaning Ex: "A lamb is a young sheep."

Which of the following is the best description of traditional phonics instruction? -Students study lists of high frequency words in order to increase reading speed and comprehension -Students are taught individual letter sounds first, followed by letter combination sounds, and the rules of putting these combinations together to make words -Students are immersed in written language and encouraged to decode entire words using context clues -Students analyze patterns of organization and syntax as a way of learning to recognize common structures

Students are taught individual letter sounds first, followed by letter combination sounds, and the rules of putting these combinations together to make words

concentric circles strategy

Students form two concentric circles and exchange information with a partner until the teacher signals the outer circle to move in one direction, giving each student a new peer to talk to. An effective way to encourage one-on-one communication between students.

Subject Verb Agreement

Subjects and Verbs must agree in number. If the subject is singular, the verb must also be in its singular form. If the subject is plural, the verb must be in its plural form.

Critical thinking tools

Summarization, question generation, and textual marking

What are 3 critical thinking tools?

Summarization, question generation, and textual marking

The Bell Jar

Sylvia Plath- was an American poet, novelist and short story writer who wrote this novel. It is about a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies

Symbolism

Symbolism flourished in the last two decades of the 19th century. This movement began in France as a reaction to realism. Symbolism uses poetic expression to show personal emotion by use of symbols which are identified with a particular poet. Authors who used symbolism are Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot. William Butler Yeats and TS Eliot are associated with the literary movement known as Symbolism. Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelly and Victor Hugo are writers of romantic literature which flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their books emphasize the beauty and wildness of nature, the freedom and nobility of individuals, freedom of emotion, and the glories of a pastoral life.

Define title and author Unreal City. Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many I had not thought death had undone so many. Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled, And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine. There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying: "Stetson! You were with me in the ships at Mylae! The corpse you planted last year in your garden, Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?

T.S. Eliot "The Waste Land"-- one of the most important works of Modernism! Modernism (1900-1945) where literary works are self consciously different or obscure. Contains Free Verse Forms reflect fragmentation and chaos Alienation, homelessness, and loss Use of myth as an organization framework

Indirect Object

Tell for who and what an action was done ex. Joan served us the meal

Direct Object

Tell to who or what an action was committed ex. Joan served the meal

Great Expectations

Tells the story of Pip, an English orphan who rises to wealth, deserts his true friends, and becomes humbled by his own arrogance. It also introduces one of the more colorful characters in literature: Miss Havasham.

Superlative Adverb

Tells to what degree in relation to three or more objects an action is being performed. Ex: She is the fastest runner on her team.

Catastrophe

The "turning downward" of a plot in a tragedy - usually in the 4th act, after the climax.

The Wasteland

The (1922) T. S. Eliot's epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning.

Mark Twain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - 1884 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - 1876

Edith Wharton

The Age of Innocence (1922) House of Mirth (1905) Ethan Frome (1911)

Age of Johnson

The Age of Johnson (1750-1790) is called the colonial period of America. Writers include Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Adams. Major writers are Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Edward gibbon, Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, and William Cowper.

William S. Merwin

The Carrier of Ladder (1971); The Shadow of Sirius (2009)

Robert Cormier

The Chocolate War (The Chocolate War was challenged in multiple libraries. His books often are concerned with themes such as abuse, mental illness, violence, revenge, betrayal and conspiracy. In most of his novels, the protagonists do not win.) The Chocolate War is a young adult novel. First published in 1974, it was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time.

Usage as a Matter of Convention

The English language is always evolving and word meanings change over time. Slang and cliches change the meaning of a word and the accepted usage of that word changes.

John Steinbeck

The Grapes of Wrath (1940)

Marc Connelly

The Green Pastures (1930)

Heroic/Homeric Period

The Heroic or Homeric Period dates from 1200-800 BCE. These hero legends are part of the oral tradition. Homer's Illiad and Oddesy are from this period.

Isabel Allende

The House of Spirits

Sanra Cisneros

The House on Mango Street

Amy Tan

The Joy Luck Club

William Gibson

The Miracle Worker

Charles Dickens

The Mystery of Ewin Drood

Paul Zindel

The Pigman

William Saroyan

The Time of Your Life (1940)

Avi

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle Nothing But the Truth Crispin

Henry James

The Turn of a Screw

Maxine HIng Kingston

The Woman Worrier

Tone

The _____ of a literary work is the writer's attitude toward his or her audience and subject. The _____ can often be described by a single adjective, such as formal or informal, serious or playful.

Climax

The _____ of a story, novel, or play is the high point of interest or suspense. The events that make up the rising action lead to the _______. The events that make up the falling action follow the ______.

Meter

The _______ of a poem is its rhythmical pattern. This pattern is determined by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line. To describe the ____ of a poem, you must "scan" its lines, marking the syllables. Each strong stress is marked with a slanted accent mark, and each unstressed syllable is marked with a curved accent mark. The stressed and unstressed syllables are then divided by vertical lines into groups called feet.

Connotation

The ___________ of a word is the set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. For example, the title "The Bean Eaters" refers literally to people who eat beans. The phrase connotes simplicity and poverty.

Phonological Awareness

The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of a spoken language.

Inference

The act or process of inferring; the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former.

Paragoge

The addition of an extra letter, syllable, or sound at the end of a word, as in "dearie for "dear."

Hermeneutics

The art of analyzing literary texts or human experience, understood as fundamentally ambiguous, by interpreting levels of meaning.

Scansion

The art of scanning a poem to determine its meter.

Analytical Essay

The author breaks down a large idea into parts. By explaining how the parts of a concept or an object fit together, the essay helps readers understand the whole idea or thing.

Miles Gloriosus

The braggart soldier, a stock character in comedy.

Ancient Greece

The classical Greek Period dates from 800-200BCE. Writers would include Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles. This is called the Golden Age of Greece. These writings were often political or philosophical

Well-Made Play

The climactic play structure codified by Eugene Scribe and marked by cause-to-effect action, with heavy reliance on exposition, discoveries, complications, and reversals. The term is now sometimes used derisively.

Alice walker

The color purple Womanist

Imagery

The descriptive or figurative language used in literature to create word pictures for readers. These pictures, or images, are created by details of sight, sound, taste, smell, and movement.

In the octave, the poet recalls what? "When I was a child I knew red miners dressed raggedly and wearing carbide lamps. I saw them come down red hills to their camps dyed with red dust from old Ishkooda mines. Night after night I met them on the roads, or on the streets in town I caught their glance; the swing of dinner buckets in their hands, and grumbling undermining all their words. I also lived in low cotton country where moonlight hovered over ripe haystacks, or stumps of trees and croppers' rotting shacks, with famine, terror, flood, and plague near by, where sentiment and hatred still held sway and only bitter land was washed away."

The discontent of miners

Style

The distinctive manner in which a writer crafts his work, including diction, syntax, and figurative language.

Dialogue

The exact spoken words between two characters in a story or play. Dialogue is set off from the rest of the work by quotation marks.

Zora neale Hurston

The eyes are watching God Harlem Renaissance

Suspense

The feeling of curiosity or uncertainty about the outcome of events in a literary work. Writers create _________ by raising questions in the minds of their readers.

Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction

The framework emphasized five phases of reading instruction in a content domain: observing and personalizing, searching and retrieving, comprehending and integrating, communicating to others, and interacting with peers to construct meaning.

Irony

The general term for literary techniques that portray differences between appearance and reality, expectation and result, or meaning and intention.

Beat Generation

The generation of writers who rebelled against American Culture for its conformity, blind faith in technology, and materialism.

Robinson Crusoe

The hero of Daniel Defoe's novel is about a shipwrecked English sailor who survives on a small tropical island, A man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than twenty years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself., a novel written by Daniel Defoe about a sailor shipwrecked on an island

Speaker

The imaginary voice assumed by the writer of a poem. In many poems, the _______ is not identified by name. The _________ within the poem may be a person, an animal, a thing, or an abstraction.

Mixed Figures

The incongruous mingling of one figure of speech with another immediately following.

Protagonist

The main character in a work of fiction-the character readers would like to see succeed.

External Conflict

The main character struggles against an outside force.

Adonic Verse

The measure that consists of a Dactyl and a Spondee (stress un un / stress stress) or a dactyl and a Trochee (stress un un/ stress un)

Modernist Period in English Literature

The modernist period in England may be considered to begin with the first world war in 1914, to be marked by the strenuousness of that experience and by the flowering of talent and experiment that came during the boom of the twenties and that fell away during the ordeal of the economic depression in the thirties.

Homeoarchy

The occurence of the same or similar unstressed syllables preceding rhyming stressed syllables, as in indeed rhymed with in need.

Denouement

The outcome after a string of complex events.

Jacobean Age

The portion of the Renaissance during the reign of James I (1603-1625). The literature was a rich flowering of the Elizabethan Age and showed attitudes of the Caroline Age.

Discipline-Based Inquiry

The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and investigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning, and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode. Builds off a question, problem/idea that allows for exploration and connects students to the world.

Legitimate Theater

The presentation of regular plays, depending entirely on acting, on a stage before an audience, using live actors; differentiated from film, television, vaudeville, puppets, ballets, musicals.

Aritculation

The pronunciation of words and phrases

scale

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface.

Alliteration

The repetition of initial consonant sounds. Writers use this to give emphasis to words, to imitate sounds, and to create musical effects.

Consonance

The repetition of similar consonant sounds at the ends of accented syllables. The repeated T and CH sounds in "the spurt of a lighted match" create ________. It is used to create musical effects and to emphasize particular words.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in two or more stressed syllables. In "The Kraken," Tennyson repeats the long e sound in the following lines: Below the thunders of the upper DEEP; Far, far BENEATH in the abysmal SEA,...

Parallel Structure/Parallelism

The repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures. Ex: Ellen likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and taking afternoon naps.

Inversion

The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. Examples: What a beautiful picture it is! Where in the world were you! How wonderful the weather is today!

Indirect Satire

The satire is expressed through a narrative and characters are ridiculed by what they say and do.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

The scarlet letter The house of the seven gables

I. Americans who do not speak French are at a disadvantage in Paris. II. Americas, who do not speak French, are at a disadvantage in Paris. The sentences can best serve as illustrations of which of the following

The semantics of punctuation.(How the slight use of punctuation can change the meaning of the entire sentence.)

Plot

The sequence of events in a literary work. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, the ______ involves both characters and a central conflict. The _____ usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is followed by the inciting incident, which introduces the central conflict. The conflict then increases during the development until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. All the events leading up to the climax make up the rising action. The climax is followed by the falling action, or denouement. The resolution is the end of the story, in which an insight or a change as a result of the conflict is shown.

The Color Purple

The story of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the resulting children. The protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. Name this Pulitzer Prize winning novel featuring Celie.

British Victorian period

The time of queen Victoria 1837-1901.

Phonological Awareness:

The understanding of the sounds within a spoken words

Convention

The universally agreed upon rules, methods, or processes

Sarcasm

The use of positive feedback or cutting wit to mock someone

Onomatopoeia

The use of words that imitate sounds. Whirr, thud, sizzle, and hiss are typical examples. Writers can deliberately choose words that contribute to a desired effect.

Sister Carrie

Theodore Dreiser's novel; single woman who moved to city and worked in shoe factory but then turned to prostitution due to poverty

The people all saw her come because it was sundown. The sun was gone, but he had left his footprints in the sky. It was the time for sitting on porches beside the road. It was the time to hear things and talk. These sitters had been tongueless, earless, eyeless conveniences all day long. Mules and other brutes had occupied their skins. But now, the sun and the bossman were gone, so the skins felt powerful and human. They became lords of sounds and lesser things. They passed nations through their mouths. They sat in judgment. What is the best way to describe the last three sentences?

They are vivid way of describing the ease and authority the sitters feel during the evening.

What must children learn in order to be able to write and spell efficiently?

They must learn that there is some correspondence between sound and symbol. (writing and speaking)

Why can't you be too critical (take a deficit approach) of children's work?

They're still learning. Spelling errors may reflect the writer's best effort.

Either/or

This is a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices. Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)

This is an approach to linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Michael Halliday, who took the notion of a system from his teacher, J. R. Firth.

Ad hominem

This is an attack on the character of a person rather than their opinions or arguments. Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.

Ad populum

This is an emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism or fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand. Example: If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.

listening comprehension level

This refers to the level at which students can understand texts that are read aloud to them....

Circular Argument

This restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Example: George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.

Invisible Man

This story depicts a black man's struggle for identity. In the end, the unnamed narrator runs for his life and falls into a cellar. He decides to remain underground and write a novel about the absurdities of his life., It told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North.

Informal English Situations

Times at which a speaker or writer may incorporate a more relaxed tone and may for effect ignore some standard grammar and usage rules.

Formal English Situations

Times at which a speaker or writer should follow all of the standard usage and grammar rules.

Regular Plural Noun

To make a regular or standard noun plural, an -s or -es is added to the end of the noun.

Hamartia

Tragic flaw, leads to a Hero's fall

Petrarchan Sonnet

Two part theme: first 8 lines, octave, state a problem, ask a question, or express an emotional tension. Last six: resolve the aforementioned. (Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard Earl of Surrey) (16th Century).

dramatic monologue

Type of poem in which a character (speaker) addresses a silent audience (or reader) in such a way as to reveal unintentionally their temperament and personality

Harriet Beecher Stowe

United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896), wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Archetype

Universal symbol

Blank verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter - lines of 10 syllables that don't rhyme, each even-numbered syllable has an accent.

Fused Rhyme

Used by Gerard Manley Hopkins, the rhyme sound is begun at the end of a line but not completed until the beginning of the next. "Rest of them... unconfessed of / them... breas of the / Maiden."

Zuegma

Using a single verb to defer to two different objects in a way that is unusual - "kill the boys and the luggage"

Feminist Criticism

Using feminist principles and ideological discourses to critique literature language, structure and being. This school of thought seeks to describe and analyze the ways in which literature reinforces the narrative of male domination in regard to female bodies by exploring the economic, social, political, and psychological forces embedded within literature.

Antithesis

Using opposite phrases in close conjunction.

Redundancy

Using words that mean the same thing to convey meaning. It can be used for rhetorical emphasis, but is not considered a standard usage strategy.

Verbals

Verb forms that do not function as verbs in the sentence. They function in a sentence as noun adjectives and adverbs. They are also infinitives, participles and gerunds.

Progressive Verb Aspects

Verb forms that show continuing action at a certain point in time.

Verb Mood

Verbs are generally indicative, subjunctive, or imperative in mood. They should be written consistently when possible.

Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into That Good Night" is an example of what famous poetic form?

Villanelle

Active Voice

When the subject is acting, the verb is in the ______ ________.

Parallelism

When there are similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.

Authors of Romanticism

William Wordswarth, Lord Bryon, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Victor Hugo

(Poetry is) "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

William Wordsworth

Past Tense of Irregular Verbs

With irregular verbs instead of adding -ed to form the past tense the whole word changes.

Interjection

Words that express emotion, which are usually found at the beginning of the sentence. Set apart from sentence by "," or "!"

Homophones

Words that sound alike despite their differences in spelling and meaning

Latino Literature

Write to retain cultural heritage, share their people's struggle for recognition, independence, and survival, and express their hopes for the future. (De Cervantes-Starfish, Neruda-Collections of poetry)

Informal English

Writing and speaking that incorporates slang, cliches, and nonstandard spelling.

Figurative Language

Writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally. It is often used to create vivid impressions by setting up comparisons between dissimilar things.

Travesty

Writing that its incongruity of treatment ridicule a subject inherently noble or dignified.

Science Fiction

Writing that tells about imaginary events that involve science or technology. The setting can be on Earth, in space, on other planets, or in a totally imaginary place. Many ________ __________ stories are set in the future.

Neoclassicism

Written between 1660 and 1798. Tried to imitate the style of the Romans and the Greeks. Era of enlightenment and logic and reason.

1984

Written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

The Outsiders

Written by SE Hinton this novel is about a group of poor kids (greasers) hold their own against a group of rich kids (socials aka socs), losing two of their own in the process; protagonist: This story is a bildungsroman novel (bildungsroman means - coming-of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which character change is thus extremely important.

Emily Bronte

Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Wuthering Heights is the only published novel by this aurthor. The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them. Jane Eyre is this author's sister. Today Wuthering Heights is considered a classic of English literature

Define author, title and era most associated with "The people all saw her come because it was sundown. The sun was gone, but he had left his footprints in the sky. It was the time for sitting on porches beside the road. It was the time to hear things and talk. These sitters had been tongueless, earless, eyeless conveniences all day long. Mules and other brutes had occupied their skins. But now, the sun and the bossman were gone, so the skins felt powerful and human. They became lords of sounds and lesser things. They passed nations through their mouths. They sat in judgment."

Zora Neale Hurston's "Their Eyes were Watching God." Most associated with Harlem Renanissance

Vers libre

a 19th century poetic movement to free poetry from strict rules resulted in cadences and rhythmic poetry called vers libre, which means free verse.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power

Comitatus

a body of well born men attached to a king or chieftain by the duty of service - it entails a mutual loyalty.

predictable book

a book that is written with repetitive and rhythmic language patterns, often featuring familiar concepts

The Canterbury Tales

a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories.

Emendation

a change made in a literary text by an editor for removing error or supplying a suppressed correct reading that has been obscured or lost through textual inaccuracy or tampering.

Naïve Narrator

a character who is the ostensible author of a narrative, the implications of which are plainer to the reader than they are to the narrator who is often innocent, ignorant, or a child.

Glyconic

a classical quantitative measure of three or four feet sometimes simplified to the pattern trochee-trochee-trochee-dactyl, but with plenty of room for variation

Investigative Questioning Procedure (InQuest)

a comprehension strategy that combines student questioning with creative drama

Auteur Theory

a critical method by which a film is viewed as the product of its "auteur" or director and is judged by the quality of its expression of the director's personality or world view; usually used to relate a film to others by the same director.

Sensual and Sensuous

a critical term characterizing writing that plays fully on the various senses of the reader; not to be confused with sensual, which is now generally used in an unfavorable sense and implies writing that is fleshly or carnal, in which the author displays the voluptuous.

Incremental Repetition

a device widely used in ballads whereby a line or lines are repeated with slight variations from stanza to stanza

apostrophe

a direct address to an object, idea, or to an absent or dead person

synecdoche

a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, ex. "John Hancock" for the signature of any person

metonymy

a figure of speech in which the name of an object is replaced by another which is closely associated with it. For example, "the crown" is used for the word monarch; "The White House" for the word president; "The See of Peter" for the pope; "the pitch" for a soccer field

anapest

a foot consisting of three syllables in which the first two are short or unstressed and the final one is long or stressed.

Amphibrach

a foot with unstressed, stressed, unstressed syllables

comedy

a form of dramatic literature that is meant to amuse and often ends happily

Free verse

a form of poetry that refrains from consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern.

Clerihew

a humorous form in which the first line is a person's name and has a rhyme scheme of aa bb.

Serpentine Verse

a line of poetry that begins and ends with the same word

closet drama

a literary composition written in the form of a play, intended, or suited, only for reading in a private study rather than for stage performance

Interior Monologue

a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue

Dandyism

a literary style marked by excessively refined emotion and preciosity (affectation) of language

Epic

a long poem reflecting values of the culture

Robinson Crusoe

a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself

Spatial Order

a means of organizing information by showing where things are located. The words "next to," "adjacent" are typical of the kind of words used in descriptions.

Bestiary

a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals

Dibrach

a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed syllables

Moby Dick

a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale

The Red Badge of Courage

a naive young man (Henry Fleming) matures as a result of fighting in the Civil War

Oxford Movement

a nineteenth-century group of teachers in Oxford who rallied against England's interference in the workings of the Irish church. John Henry Newman was one of its leaders

appositive

a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it

Moby Dick

a novel by Herman Melville, first published in 1851. It is considered to be one of the Great American Novels and a treasure of world literature. The story tells the adventures of wandering sailor Ishmael, and his voyage on the whaleship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ishmael soon learns that Ahab has one purpose on this voyage: to seek out a ferocious, enigmatic white sperm whale. In a previous encounter, the whale destroyed Ahab's boat and bit off his leg, which now drives Ahab to take revenge. In this novel Melville employs stylized language, symbolism, and the metaphor to explore numerous complex themes. Allegorical - Whale = Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/Civilization/Human Will; Ishmael=Poet/Philosopher (Debate between Ahab and Ishmael)

Identical Rhyme

a phenomenon, also called redundant rhyme or rime riche, in which a syllable both begins and ends in the same way as a rhyming syllable, without being the same word as in "rain," "rein," and "reign."

Hegelianism

a philosophy developed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which can be summed up by a favorite motto by Hegel "The rational alone is real". Which means that all reality is capable of being expressed in rational categories. His goal was to reduce to a more synthetic unity the system of transcendental idealism.

Trancendentalism

a philosophy that requires humans to go beyond (transcend) reason in their search for truth. it assumes that an individual can arrive at the basic truths of life through spiritual insight if he/she takes the time to think seriously about them. , Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the 19th century

Cerebral Palsy:

a physical disability that affects movement and posture

Passion Play

a play based on the last week in the life of Christ or the part of a life of a God.

Macbeth

a play written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland the play is inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

Contaminatio

a practice--followed by some Roman comic writers--which involved using material from one play to rewrite another.

Accismus

a pretended refusal that is sincere or hypocritical

allusion

a reference to another work or famous figure assumed to be well known enough to be recognized by the reader

anastrophe

a rhetorical term for the inversion of conventional word order. An example is, "Arms that wrap about a shawl" from 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock' by T.S. Eliot.

Zeugma

a rhetorical term for the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one. Examples, "He fished for compliments and for trout," and "The disgruntled employee took his coat and his vacation

conundrum

a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; may also be a paradox or difficult problem

aphorism

a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life

anecdote

a short, simple narrative of an incident; a brief story that illustrates or demonstrates a point

Howler

a small error that begins in innocence or ignorance and ends in folly and potential embarrassment.

Paean

a song of praise or joy.

Dirge

a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person

Cryptarithm

a sophisticated puzzle in which letters of the alphabet are assigned a numerical value so that a spelled-out formula is true of both the words and the numbers.

Chiasmus

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed

Masculine Ending

a stressed syllable ending a verse line

SQRQCQ

a study method consisting of six steps: Survey, Question, Read, Question, Compute, Question

Galant

a style in the arts, emphasis on lightness and elegance.

euphony

a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose

anticlimax

a sudden transition in discourse from a significant idea to a trivial or ludicrous one. Alexander Pope's 'The Rape of the Lock,' "Here thou, great Anna, whom three realms obey, Dost sometimes counsel take, and sometimes tea."

Secondary Transition:

a synchronized group of activities that are results-oriented; include post-school activities, vocational education, employment support, adult services; and considers the individual's strengths, preferences, and interests Additional activities include instruction, related services, community experiences, the development of employment and other post-school adult living objectives, and acquisition of daily living skills and functional vocational evaluation

Rime couee

a tail-rhyme stanza, in which two lines, usually in tetrameter, are followed by a short line, usually in trimeter, two successive short lines rhyming

K-W-L teaching model

a teaching model for expository text; stands for What I Know, What I Want to Learn, What I Learned

semantic feature analysis

a technique in which the presence or absence of particular features in the meaning of a word is indicated through symbols on a chart, making it possible to compare word meanings.

reciprocal teaching

a technique to develop comprehension and metacognition in which the teacher and students take turns being "teacher". Occurs when dialogue takes place between the students and the teacher. They predict, generate questions, summarize, and clarify ideas

Romantic Criticism

a term sometimes used for the ideas that developed late in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a part of the triumph of ROMANTICISM. New theories suggested that Shakespeare was successful because his works followed the laws of nature and were more authentic than artificial formal rules. Wordsworth's theory was that poetry called for simple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary life - a sharp reaction to neoclassic poetry. Art was an expression of the artist unsullied by artifice or by commerce.

transactive theories of reading

a theory based on Rosenblatt's idea that every reading act is a transaction that involves a reader and a text and occurs at a particular time in a specific context, with meaning coming into being during the transaction between the reader and the text

interactive theories of reading

a theory that depicts reading as acombination of reader-based and text-based processing

Romantic Novel

a type of novel marked by strong interest in action, with episodes often based on love, adventure, and combat.

Mystery Play

a type of religious drama in the MIddle Ages based on stories from the Bible

sestet

a type of stanza; six lines

Miltonic Sonnet

a variation of the Italian sonnet in which the rhyme scheme is kept but the turn between the octave and sestet is eliminated

Gallicism

a word or phrase borrowed from French

colloquialism

a word or phrase used in everyday conversation, sometime inappropriate in formal writing

appositives

a word or word group that follows a noun and explains the noun more fully

Nonce Word

a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion

Tragedy

a work of drama written in either prose or poetry, telling the story of a brave, noble hero who, b/c of some tragic character flaw, brings ruin upon himself

Vox nihili

a worthless or meaningless word.

Ghostwriter

a writer who gives the credit of authorship to someone else

The Bell Jar

a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies

What pattern of stanzas and rhymes describe a Shakespearean (or English) sonnet?

abab cdcd efef gg

What pattern of stanzas and rhymes describe a typical Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet?

abbaabba cdecde

creative dramatics

acting out stories spontaneously without a script

amplification

addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail

The line "beaded bubbles winking at the bring" exemplifies

alliteration

The title of Ann Lauinger's Poem "Marvell Noir" contains two ______, or brief cultural references to a person, place, thing, event or idea in history or literature.

allusion

English sonnet

an English variation of the Petrarchan sonnet composed of three quatrains, each with an independent rhyme scheme, and ended with a rhymed couplet

balanced approach to reading instruction

an approach in which teachers concentrate on providing both word recognition and comphrension strategy and skill instruction, along with a variety of other materials

"Civil Disobedience"

an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state

conceit

an elaborate figure of speech in which two seemingly dissimilar things or situations are compared

Catharsis

an emotional purging of a character

Link Sonnet

an english sonnet in which the three quatrains are linked by repeating the second rhyme of one quatrain as the first rhyme of the succeeding quatrain. Spenserian sonnet.

Obligatory Scene

an episode of which the circumstances are so strongly foreseen that the writer is obliged to deliver the scene.

Beloved

an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe

legend (of a map)

an explanation of a map's symbols and scale

Exegesis

an explanation or critical interpretation (especially of the Bible)

allegory

an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric

Controlling Image

an image or metaphor that runs throughout and determines the form or nature of a literary work

Jane Eyre

an impoverished young woman (Jane) struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; Gothic novel, bildungsroman, social portest novel

vicarious experience

an indirect experience

reading miscue inventory

an informal instrument that considers both the quality and the quanitity of miscues made by the reader

Intrusive Narrator

an omniscient narrator who freely and frequently interrupts a narrative to explain, interpret, or qualify, sometimes in the form of essays. Ex: Fielding in Tom Jones; Tolstoy in War and Peace, George Eliot in Adam Bede.)

The saying "The world is a stage," and "A heart is a pump" is an example of

analogy

Displacement

analysis of dreams. one of the devices for coping with a challenging problem.

structural analysis

analysis of words to help understand the meaning of a word as a whole. Commonly involves the identification of roots, affixes, compounds, , inflected and derived endings, contractions, and in some cases, syllabication. Is sometimes used as an aid to pronunciation or in combination with phonic analysis.

purpose

author's intended reason for writing

I. Americans who do not speak French are at a disadvantage in Paris. II. Americas, who do not speak French, are at a disadvantage in Paris. Which of the following describes the meanings of sentence I? a. All Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris. b. Only those Americans who do not speak French are at a disadvantage in Paris. c. Some French-speaking Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris. d. Only French-speaking Americans are at a disadvantage in Paris.

b. Only those Americans who do not speak French are at a disadvantage in Paris.

From the very beginning, I wrote to explain my own life to myself, and I invited any readers who chose to make the journey with me to join me on the high wire. I would work without a net and without the noise of the crowd to disturb me. The view from on high is dizzying, instructive. I do not record the world exactly as it comes to me but transform it by making it pass through a prism of fabulous stories. I have collected on the way. I gather stories the way a lepidopterist hoards his chloroformed specimens of rare moths, or Costa Rican beetles. Stories are like vessels I use to interpret the world to myself. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? a. The author provides several explanations for taking a certain course of action. b. The author uses analogies to explain his experience of a particular action. c. The author makes a comparison between his own experiences and that of others in his profession. d. The author chronicles the various phases of his work in a particular discipline.

b. The author uses analogies to explain his experience of a particular action.

This is an example of ______. There lived a wife at Usher's Well, And a wealthy wife was she; She had three stout and stalwart sons, And sent them o'er the sea.

ballad stanza

Deductive reasoning

begins with a generalization and then applies it to a specific case. The generalization you start with must have been based on a sufficient amount of reliable evidence

The Catcher in the Rye

bildungsroman; after being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown

1984

book written by George Orwell, announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

Virgil

book: The Aeneid

Richard Adams

book: Watership Down

Elizabeth George Speare

book: Witch of Blackbird Pond

Lois Lowry

books: Number the Stars, The Giver, Gathering Blue.

Alice Walker

books: The Color Purple; American author, self-declared feminist and womanist; won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Kate Chopin

born Katherine O'Flaherty she was an American author of short stories and novels. She is now considered by some to have been a forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. She wrote The Awakening and The Storm; She was born in St. Louis, Missouri

Motto

brief statement used to express a principle

Vers de societe

brief, lyrical verse in a genial sportive mood and sophisticated in both subject and treatment.

knowledge-based processing

bringing one's prior world knowledge and background of experiences to the interpretation of the text

word sort

catergorization activities that involve classifing words into categories

Comstockery

censorship because of perceived obscenity or immorality

Phrases that have become meaningless because of their frequent uses. Makes listener question the characters sincerity.

cliche

assessment

collection of data to measure student achievement; assessment methods can include interviews, objective methods or subjective methods.

Cloak and Dagger

concerning the activities of spies or undercover agents, especially involving elaborate deceptions

Electra Complex

conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Ottava rima

consists of eight iambic pentameter lines with a rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c. It is a form that was borrowed from the Italians.

Which of the following is not a common characteristic of an epic? a. begins in medias res b. chronicles heroic deeds and events important to a culture or nation c. focuses on a serious subject d.is told in an informal, down to earth style

d. is told in an informal, down to earth style

The following passage suggests that the speaker would describe the "account" mentioned in the first sentence as ________. "This was all the account I got from Mrs. Fairfax of her employer and mine. There are people who seem to have no notion of sketching a character, or observing an describing salient points, either in persons or things: the good lady evidently belonged to this class; my queries puzzled, but did not draw her out. Mr. Rochester was Mr Rochester in her eyes, a gentleman, a landed proprietor- nothing more; she inquired and searched no further, and evidently wondered at my wish to gain a more definite notion of his identity."

deficient -this is because the speaker states "no notion of sketching a character, or observing and describing salient points, with in person or things." hence giving the reader a deficient description

comparison-contrast organization

describes the differences or similarities of two or more ideas, actions, events, or things

Dramatic Conventions

devices that theater audiences accept as realistic even though they do not necessarily reflect the way real-life people behave

William Shakespeare

early 1600's

Robert Frost

early 1900s

Spenserian stanza

eight lines of iambic pentameter and a ninth line of iambic hexameter, called an alexandrine, rhymed ababbcbbc

Aurora Leigh

epic/novel poem written in blank verse and encompasses nine books (the woman's number, the number of the prophetic books of Sibyl)

flashback

episode from an earlier time inserted into a chronological narrative

Great Chain of Being

everything in the universe is interconnected. each element has to function properly within its own sphere to secure universal harmony. when an element moves out of place, the world of nature and human society are disrupted

humor

evokes feelings of amusement; achieved through irony, understatement, exaggeration, funny words, jokes, stereotyping, and word play (puns)

Gender/Queer Studies

examines, questions, and criticizes the role of gender identity and sexuality in literature

Which element of the plot does this passage "Killings," by Dubus exemplify? Richard Strout was twenty-six years old, a high school athlete, football scholarship to the University of Massachusetts where he lasted for almost two semesters before quitting in advance of the final grades that would have forced him to return. People then said: Dickie can do the work; he just doesn't want to. He came home and did construction work for his father but refused his father's offer to learn the business; his two older brother had learned it, so that Strout and Sons trucks going about town, and signs on construction sites, now slashed would into Matt Fowler's life.

exposition

intransitive verb

expresses action or tells something about the subject without the action passing to a receiver, or object

transitive verb

expresses an action directed toward a person, place, or thing. The action expressed by this verb passes from the doer--the subject--to the receiver of the action

Elegiac

expressing sorrow often for something past

denouement

final resolution of the plot

octave

first eight lines of a sonnet

Uses I or We in the story and can be either a major or minor participant in the action.

first person narrator

object complement

follows, modifies, or refers to the direct object

This passage in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" best exemplifies the narrative technique of: "She carried her head high enough- even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. Like when she bought the rat poison, the arsenic. That was over a year after they had begun to say "Poor Emily," and while the two female cousin were visiting her. "I want some poison," she said to the druggist. She was over thirty then, still a slight woman, though thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eye-sockets as you imagine a lighthouse-keeper's face out to look. "I want some poison," she said.

foreshadowing

writing workshop

framework or model for teaching writing that includes a mimilesson designed to improve specific skills; includes a writing time, a conference time, and sharing time

expository essay

gives information; explains or defines topic; based on facts, examples, and statistics; uses direct tone and objective delivery; non-emotional information

expository

gives information; explains or defines topic; based on facts, examples, and statistics; uses direct tone and objective delivery; non-emotional information. A precise, factual writing style.

semantic maps

graphic representations of relationships among words and phrases in written materials

The Fugitives

group of poets and scholars centered in Vanderbuilt university in Nashville, TN; included Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and Robert Penn Warren; attacked industrialism and materialism; looked for community based on benevolence toward dependents and respect for land

semantic cues

hints based on meaning that help readers understand text

mettle....metal nun....none The pair above are examples of

homophones - They sound alike despite different spellings and meanings.

Farenheit 451

in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

Crime and Punishment

in an attempt to prove a theory, a student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s

narrative

incident or anecdote; uses series of events; chronologic; answers 5 W questions; topic sentence and conclusion are necessary

Metanalysis

incorrect placement of 'n' at start of word following a nindefinite article

Science Fiction: readers claim to either love it or loathe it: either they avoid it like poison or they devour favorite works and authors like chocolate addicts gulping down fudge truffles. The author of the passage compares certain readers with 'chocolate addicts' primarily in order to

indicate the depth of certain readers' feelings abut science fiction

Bathos

insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

Macbeth

inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

Four Senses of Interpretation

interpreting allegorical or scriptual materials: the literal, the allegorical, the moral, and the anagogical.

Coined Words

inventing new words...adolecent slang (geek, dweeb)

litotes

ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary

Their Eyes Were Watching God

is a 1937 novel and the best-known work by African American writer Zora Neale Hurston. The novel narrates main character Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny." Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received for its rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions. Today, it has come to be regarded as a seminal work in both African American literature and women's literature

Lois Lowry

is a Female American author of children's literature She has explored such complex issues as racism, terminal illness, murder, and the Holocaust among other challenging topics. She has also explored very controversial issues of questioning authority such as in The Giver Trilogy. She wrote The Giver, The Giver, winner of the 1994 Newbery Medal, and Number the Stars

The Aeneid

is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. *A Trojan destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas

Edith Wharton

is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote Ethan Frome Ethan Frome struggles to make a living as a farmer near the bleak Massachusetts town of Starkfield, while his dour wife Zeena whines and complains about her imaginary ailments. When Zeena's destitute cousin, Mattie Silver, a sweet and cheerful young woman, comes to live with the couple, the growing friendship between Ethan and Mattie arouses Zeena's jealousy, and she evicts Mattie from the house. As they are about to part, Ethan and Mattie take a sled ride down the big hill near town. In despair now and aware of their love for each other, they decide to end their lives by crashing the sled. Instead they are both left crippled for life. At the end of the story, the original roles have changed. Ethan is deformed, hopeless, and poorer than ever, and Mattie is now the helpless invalid. Caring for them both—presiding over their wrecked lives—is Zeena.

Patricia Maclachlan

is a bestselling female U.S. children's author. She is best known for winning the 1986 Newbery Medal for her book Sarah, Plain and Tall.

Watership Down

is a classic heroic fantasy novel, written by English author Richard Adams, in 1972 about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

The Giver

is a dystopian children's novel by Lois Lowry. The novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life. It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; book allegedly glorified Communism

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

is a female American author best known for her children and young adult fiction books. She is best known for her children's-novel trilogy Shiloh (a 1992 Newbery Medal winner), Shiloh Season and Saving Shiloh, all made into movies. She is also known for her "Alice" book series; The Grand Escape, the short story collection The Galloping Goat and Other Stories; The Witch Saga; and a series of books, starting with The Boys Start the War, about boys and girls pulling pranks on each other.

Nancy Farmer

is a female American author of children's and young adult books and science fiction stories. She has written three Newbery Honor Books and she won the 2002 National Book Award for Young People's. She wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm - a story for children about Africa and is a Newbery Honor book. The story takes place in Zimbabwe in the year 2194. The book combines elements of science-fiction, Afrofuturism and African culture, and depicts the struggle of a notorious general's three children to escape from their kidnappers in a crime-infested area of Zimbabwe.

The Great Gatsby

is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

Little Women

is a novel by American female author Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). This story is about four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

Robinson Crusoe

is a novel by Daniel Defoe that was first published in 1719. It is about a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic

Crime and Punishment

is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It Is a novel about an attempt to prove a theory. A student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s.

Holes

is a novel for children or young adults written by Louis Sachar. It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". Set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commitcommit

Anna Karenina

is a realistic fiction - novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. THis novel is commonly thought to explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion, and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the city After having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; russion, 1970s, psychological novel

The Red Badge of Courage

is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

S.E. Hinton (Susan Eloise Hinton)

is an American author best known for her young adult novel The Outsiders. By the time she was 17 years old, she was a published author. While still in high school in her hometown—Tulsa, Oklahoma—she put in words what she saw and felt growing up and called it The Outsiders, a now classic story of two sets of high school rivals, the Greasers and the Socs (for society kids). Because her hero was a Greaser and outsider, and her tale was one of gritty realism, she launched a revolution in young adult literature.

Louis Sacher

is an American author of children's books. He is best known for the series Sideways Stories From Wayside School and for the novel Holes which he has followed with two companion novels. Holes won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[1] and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children. There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom

Jerry Spinelli

is an American author of children's novels on adolescence and early adulthood. He is best known for the novels Maniac Magee and Wringer. Maniac Magee is a young adult fiction novel and published in 1990. Exploring themes of racism and homelessness, it follows the story of an orphaned boy looking for a home in the fictional Pennsylvania town of Two Mills. He becomes a local legend for feats of athleticism and fearlessness, and his ignorance of sharp racial boundaries in the town. Recieved Boston Globe/Horn Book Award ·1991: Carolyn Field Award, Newbery Medal (American Library Association)·1992: Charlotte Award, Dorothy Canfield Fisher Award,Flicker Tale Award, Indian Paintbrush Book Award, Rhode Island Children's Book Award·1993: Buckeye Children's Book Award, Land of Enchantment Award, Mark Twain Award, Massachusetts Children's Book Award, Nevada Young Readers' Award, Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader's Choice Award,Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award

Carl Hiaason

is an American journalist, columnist, and novelist. He wrote Hoot Hoot is a 2002 young-adult novel The story takes place in Coconut Cove, Florida, where new arrival Roy makes a bad enemy, two oddball friends, and joins an effort to stop construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site. The book won a Newbery Honor award in 2003.

Sharon Creech

is an American writer of children's novels. She was the first American winner of the Carnegie Medal for British children's books and the first person to win both the American Newbery Medal and the British Carnegie. She wrote Walk Two Moons

Gary Paulsen

is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newbery Honor-winning wilderness survival novel. Hatchet Brian's Winter Tracker Dogsong

The Picture of Dorian Gray

is an English Gothic novel written by Oscar Wilde, about the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful

Richard Adams

is an English novelist who wrote Watership Down. Watership Down is a classic heroic fantasy novel, Set in south-central England, the story features a small group of rabbits. Although they live in their natural environment, they are anthropomorphised, possessing their own culture, language (Lapine), proverbs, poetry, and mythology. Evoking epic themes, the novel is the Aeneid of the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home, encountering perils and temptations along the way. Watership Down has never been out of print, and it is Penguin Books' best-selling novel of all time. It won the annual Carnegie Medal, annual Guardian Prize, and other book awards. It has been adapted as a 1978 animated film that is now a classic and as a 1999 to 2001 television series.

Mary Downing Hahn

is an award-winning female American author of young adult. She wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story-. When eleven-year-old Drew goes to spend the summer with his great-aunt in the family's old house, he is drawn eighty years into the past to trade places with his great-great-uncle who is dying of diphtheria.

Self-Reliance

is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.

"Self-Reliance"

is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. Some of his quotes: NOT anti-society or anti-community; pre-supposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

Geoffrey Chaucer

is known as the Father of English literature, He is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. He wrote The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century. The tales (mostly written in verse although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return. The Canterbury Tales was his magnum opus. He uses the tales and the descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Structurally, the collection resembles The Decameron, which he may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372.

George Orwell

is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair who was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and belief in democratic socialism. He wrote 1984, and Animal Farm -I t was the first British animated feature released worldwide. Despite the title and Disney-esque animal animation, it is in fact a no-holds-barred adaptation. The book is about a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

All the following is true of a literary symbol expect: it can be a person, object, or event it suggest more than its literal meaning it is hidden by the author for the reader to find and decode it can contribute to the development of a theme

it is hidden by the author for the reader to find and decode

sestet

last six lines of a sonnet

Countee Cullen

leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance. He was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; He wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet

Goliardic Verse

lilting Latin verse, usually satiric, composed by university students and wandering scholars; celebrating wine, women, and song, marked by licentiousness and irreverent attacks on church and clergy

Another name for this kind of narrator who uses he, she, they and tells a story as if looking over the shoulder of a single character is a/an

limited omniscient narrator

preposition

links nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence

syllogism

logical argument in which a proposition or conclusion is inferred from two prior bits of information that are already accepted as true

ballad

long narrative poem that presents a single dramatic episode, often tragic 1.folk- sung and passed down orally; author generally unknown 2.literary- imitates the form and spirit of the folk, but is more polished, uses a higher level of poetic diction

"In Reference to her Children"

maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest

semantic webbing

making a graphic representation of relationships in written material through the use of a core question, strands (answers), strand supports (facts and inferences from the story), and strand ties (relationships of the strands to each other)

Ectasis

making a short syllable

story mapping

making graphic representation of stories that make clear the specific relationship of story element

performance-based assessment

measurement of a student's ability to create an assigned response or product to demonstrate her or his level of competence

Frankfurt School

media theory, centered in neo-Marxism, that valued serious art, viewing its consumption as a means to elevate all people toward a better life; typical media fare was seen as pacifying ordinary people while repressing them

Corpus Christi Plays

medieval religious plays based on the Bible and performed by town guilds on movable wagons, or pageants, as a part of the procession on Corpus Christi day (the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday)

anapestic meter

meter that is composed of feet that are usually unaccented-unaccented-accented, usually used in light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick

cloze procedure

method of estimating reading difficulty by omitting every nth word in a reading passage and observing the number of correct words a reader can supply; can also be used as a method of instruction and testing for comprehension.

Logaoedic

mixed rhythms

Demotic Style

modeled on the language, rhythms and associations of ordinary speech

inductive reasoning

moves from facts to conclusions

Naturalistic and Symbolistic Period in American Literature

naturalism before WWI, symbolism after WWI; birth of American poetry; imagists; Frost, Pound, Doolittle, Eliot, Stevens, W.C. Williams; in drama, Eugene O'Neill and Little Theater Movement; in prose, realistic novel, W. E. Howells, Willa Cather, Edith Wharton; Lost Generation (Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Cummings, Cowley, Anderson); Agrarians in south (John Crowe Ranson, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, William Faulkner); these groups looking for something new from traditional American writer; New Humanists formed at end of period. Ended with Stock Market Crash and Great Depression.

Beloved

novel by the female African-American writer Toni Morrison, published in 1987. Story is about an African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured.Margaret is visited by the spirit of her deceased daughter.

Existentialism; when, what

occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Individual existence, freedom, and choice. Believes moral choice involves objective judgement of right and wrong.

In Petrarchan Sonnet, the octave represents ______ while the sestet ________

octave presents a narrator, states a proposition or ask a question sestet drives home the narrative, applies the proposition or answers the question

Aestheticism

often associated with Romanticism, a philosophy defining aesthetic value as the primary goal in understanding literature. This includes both literary critics who have tried to understand and/or identify aesthetic values and those like Oscar Wilde who have stressed art for art's sake. Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Harold Bloom

Hypheresis

omission of a letter of syllable in the body of a word (grandmother becomes grammer)

Aphra Behn

one of the first English female writers. She wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century),

Compound/Complex

one or more dependent clauses plus two or more independent clauses.

Ergodic Literature

open, dynamic tests where the reader must perform specific actions to generate a literary sequence: i.e. video games.

Trochee

opposite of iambic, DUM da, DUM da

Frankenstein

or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. This is a Gothic novel.

In a holistic evaluation of student essays, evaluations are made on the basis of the

overall quality of each student's essay in relation to the topic

frame narrative

overall underlying story within which one or more tales are related

tempo

pace at which the writer wishes the reader to read

Palimpest

paper or parchment in which the original writing has been effaced to make way for other writing

Rising Action

part of the plot in which a complication creates some sort of conflict for the protagonist often taking up the majority of the story.

"A shuttle car darted in its crablike arms, sweeping up the coal thrown out" is an example of

personification

Attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects

personification

kinesthetic

pertaining to body movement and muscle feelings

Hypocorism

pet-name; diminutive or abbreviated name

Benthanism

philosophy all individuals should be able to achieve the most happiness for the greatest number

graphic aids

pictures, maps, graphs, illustrations, charts etc.that provide informatiin to nonfiction materials

Mock Drama

plays whose purpose is to ridicule the theater of their time.

Palinode

poem in which earlier thoughts or feelings are retracted

narrative poetry

poetry containing all the features of poetry, such as meter, rhyme, verses and stanzas, but also containing all the features of fiction or non-fiction prose, such as characters, conflicts, action, plot, climax, theme and tone

Chain Verse

poetry in which the stanzas are linked through some pattern of repetition

Terza Rima

poetry written in three-line stanzas linked by end-ryhmes patterned aba, bcb, cdc... No specified stanzas, usually end with a single line or couplet rhyming with middle line of the last tercet. Dante first poet to use "Divine Comedy,"

Melic Poetry

poetry written to be accompanied by the lyre or flute

rising action

point at which conflict starts

classification organization

presents grouped information about a topic

bottom-up processing

processing printed text by examining the printed symbols, with little input being required from the reader

scaffolding

provide support through modeling or feedback and then withdrawing support gradually as the learner gains competence

Rhetorical Questions

questions that do not require and answer and are asked for effect only. They engage the audience and encourage them to consider the issue and accept the author's answer, or imply that the answer is so obvious that anyone who disagrees is foolish.

viewing

receiving and deriving information from visual images, sometimes accompanied by sound, as in viewing of television, video, or live performances

denouement

refers to the resolution of the complications of a plot in a work of fiction, generally done in a final chapter or section [often in the epilogue]. This generally follows the climax

ekphrastic

related to a literary description of or response to a visual work of art

affective

relating to attitudes, interests, appreciations opinions, and values

Literation

representation of sounds by letters

Slant Rhyme

rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme

Medieval Literature

rhyme scheme replaced Old English alliterative pattern, courtly romance, poetry, Arthur legends, Robin Hood, Canterbury Tales , began with the barbarian tribes entering Britain after the Roman empire withdrew, culminating in the Anglo-Saxon dominance from fifth century to 1066 with the Norman invasion when French language and culture gained precedence and started mixing with local cultures. The oldest tales (like Beowulf) are oral, later transcribed into Old English. With the dominance of the Normans, the language shifted into Middle English in twelfth century. Medieval values—Anglo Saxons: comitatus (group-oriented, loyalty to lord, importance of largesse of the lord, boasting to cement individual goals in communal compact), no psychological mindset, purely mythical expressed as the forces of society warring against the forces of anarchy. Middle English—a melding of Christian and pagan beliefs, unwittingly mixed, but the dominance of the church is clear. A mythical mindset is still in evidence with Gawain, but it moves into a more political mindset with Wife of Bath. Complexity of social relations increases as shown in the complexity of the tests through which Gawain must proceed and in the complexity of the punishment and redemption of the knight in Chaucer.

Parodos

scene in Classical Greek Drama where the chorus enters, also the entrance way for the chorus in Greek theatre

disaggregated data

scores that show the progress of subgroups of students, including racial/ethnic groups, economically disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, and students with limited English proficiency

Menippean Satire

ses plot freely and loosely to present the world in sharply controlled intellectual patterns (Gulliver's Travels by Swift, Alice in Wonderland by Carroll).

Holes

set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commit

Heptastich

seven-line stanza

contractions

shortened forms or two words in which a letter or letters have been deleted

Correption

shortening in pronunciation

example, clarification, and definition organization

show, explain, or elaborate more on the main idea

Gnomic

signifying general truth; pertaining to aphorisms or proverbs

"He's got more money than Carter's got little liver pills" is an example of

simile

Sestet

six-line stanza

Burns Stanza

six-line stanza rhyming aaabab. Lines 1,2, 3 and 5 are tetrameter, and lines 4 and 6 are dimeter.

base words

stand-alone linguistic unit which cannot be deconstructed or broken down into smaller words

Keats Ode Stanza

stanza developed for odes written with ten or eleven lines with a rhyme scheme that exploits the benefits of both the ENGLISH and ITALIAN SONNET while avoiding the drawbacks of an unwieldy 14-line unit

curriculum standards

statements or descriptions of expectation outlining what students should know and be able to do at particular grade level and content areas

Characteristic of fairy tales. Example - Woods convey fear, doom, or evil

stereotyping or connotation

dramatic play

stimulating real-life or authentic experiences, such as playing a cashier at a grocery store

Conflict

struggle within the plot between opposing forces

A writer's characteristic choices with regard to sentence lengths, diction, and irony can all be distinctive aspects of his or her:

style

A _____ in a literary work can usually be identified by a single word or short phrase, such as 'love,' 'betrayal,' 'gender roles,' innocence,' emotional dependency,' etc.:

subject

inflectional endings

suffixes that express plurality or possession when added to a noun, tense when added to a verb , or comparison when added to an adjective

Inductive reasoning

takes a specific representative case or facts and then draws generalizations or conclusions from them; must be based on a sufficient amount of reliable evidence.

synthetic approach to phonics instructions

teaching pupils to blend together individual known letter sounds in order to decode written words

analytic approach to phonics

teaching the sounds of letters in already known words

metacognitive strategies

techniques for thinking about and monitoring one's own thought processes

propaganda techniques

techniques of writing used to influence people's thinking and actions, 1. Card stacking (present facts on your side only). 2. Bandwagon (everyone's doing it.) 3. Transfer (symbols). 4. Plain folks (attachment to common people). 5. Name calling (give bad name/image). 6. Glittering generalities (Mussolini/ Hitler pics. Vague phrases that makes it hard to tell where you stand). 7. Testimonals (well-known ppl to endorse idea).

invented spelling

temporary unconventional spelling resulting from children's attempts to associate sounds with letters

Art Brut

term used by Jean Dubuffet to describe art that is untaught, brutish, "genuine"

criterion-reference test

test designed to yield measurements interpretable in terms of performance standards

norm-referenced test

test designed to yield results interpretable in terms of a norm, the average or mean results of a sample population

content area textbooks

textbooks in areas of information such as literature, social studies, science and mathematics

Hebraism

the attitude that subordinates all other ideals to those of the obedient conduct and ethical purpose; opposed to the Hellenistic conception of life that subordinates everything to the intellect.

Common characteristics of British Romantic poetry include all the following expect: a revolutionary spirit the belief that humans are all just players on the stage of life nature individualism

the belief that humans are all just players on the stage of life

Meliorism

the belief that the world can be made better by human effort

alphabetic principle

the concept that letters represent speech sounds

enjambment

the continuation of a grammatical construction of a line of verse into the next line; stands in opposition to an end-stop, creates a sense of suspense and excitement, emphasizes the last word of the line

cognitive development

the development of the ability to think and reason

diction

the distinctive tone or tenor of an author's writings. the selection of certain words or phrases that become peculiar to a writer.

Erastianism

the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters

Gemination

the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect)

dissonance

the grating of sounds that are harsh or do not go together

print conventions

the language rules that involve location, punctuation, and capitalization when reading and writing

Acmeism

the name of a poetic movement founded in Russia in 1912 on the initiative of two poets, Nikolai Gumilev and Sergei Gorodetsky. Its members also included two major Russian poets of the first half of the twentieth century, Anna Akhmatova and Osip Mandelstam

Language Load:

the number of unrecognizable words an English Language Learner encounters when reading or listening; one of the barriers ELLs face Rephrasing, dividing complex sentences into smaller units and teaching essential vocabulary before the student begins reading are all strategies which can lighten the load.

ellipsis

the omission of a word or phrase that is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context

schemata

the personal knowledge and experience that a reader relies on to represent and understand concepts. (schema theory)

Which of the following is not an element of setting? the time when a story takes place the social environment that frames the characters the point of view of the narrator the place where a story occurs

the point of view of the narrator

The Picture of Dorian Gray

the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel

Not Without Laughter

the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another

prosody

the rhythmic patterns of oral language in speech

Anabasis

the rising of action to climax or dénouement; A military march up-country, especially that of Cyrus the Younger into Asia.

Formal Satire

the satiric voice speaks, usually in the first person, either directly to the reader or to a character in the satire

topic sentences

the sentence which states what the entire paragraph is about; set forth the central thought of the paragraph

zone of proximal development

the span between a child's actual skill level and potential level

Theater of Cruelty

the theater becomes a ceremonial act of magic purgation. Human beings' inescapable enslavement to things and to circumstance.

Antiphrasis

the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)

polysyndeton

the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural

guide word

the words that appear at the top of the page in many reference books; they tell the first and last subjects on each page

heroic couplet

two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter

Dimoric

two short syllable

Heteronym

two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation (e.g. 'bow')

architectonics

unifying structure of something; Machiavelli took the distinct concepts of liberty, citizenship, and republicanism as they had been developed autonomously of each other in previous generations and proceeded to show the realisation of the one is possible only by being linked to the realization of the others. citizenship, liberty and republicanism form a body of interconnected principles implying popular government.

Epitrite

unstress, stress, stress, stress

bacchius

unstressed - stressed - stressed

Iambic

unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

periphrasis

use of excessive language and surplus words to convey a meaning that could otherwise be conveyed with fewer words and in more direct a manner.

repetition

use of repeating a phrase or word to emphasize its importance

Hendiadys

use of two words connected by a conjunction, instead of subordinating one to the other, to express a single complex idea.

Local Color Writing

uses specific details describing dialect and other customs associated with a particular region or section of the country

Grammar may be taught in two main ways- by experience with discourse that entails the varieties of word forms and sentence construction, or by analyzing dummy sentences and diagramming parts. Plentiful discursive experience is what really teaches grammar, for it exercises judgement and provides language intake, whereas formal grammar study has been proved irrelevant. Politics more than pedagogy retards the changing of the curriculum to fit this truth. The author of this passage argues

using language in a wide variety of situations improve grammar

apostrophe

usually in poetry or prose the device calls out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person; or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction either to begin a poem or to make a dramatic break in thought somewhere within the poem

contrast between what is said v.s. what is meant

verbal irony

Jules Gabriel Verne

was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Journey to the Center of the Earth, and Around the World in Eighty Days

Fyodor Dostoevsky

was a Russian writer of novels, short stories and essays. His literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russia. He is often acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature. He wrote Crime and Punishment

Leo Tolstoy

was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays He wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; War and Peace is a novel first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature. It is considered his finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873-1877).

Willa Cather

was a female American author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains. Her works include: O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for "One of Ours (1922), a novel set during World War I. She has the reputation as being one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

Madeline L'Engle

was a female American writer best known for her young-adult fiction, particularly the Newbery Medal-winning A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, National Book Award-winning. She also wrote The Small Rain and 24 Days before Christmas

J.D. Salinger

was an American author, (January 1, 1919 - January 27, 2010) best known for his novel, The Catcher in the Rye (1951) The Catcher in the Rye is a bildungsroman(coming of age book) .

Washington Irving

was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle",

Jack London

was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life. He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf

Edgar Allan Poe

was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, (In works of art, macabre is the quality of having a grim or ghastly atmosphere. Macabre works emphasize the details and symbols of death) This author was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

Thoreau

was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.. He wrote "Civil Disobedience;"

William Armstrong

was an American children's author and educator. Best known for his 1969 Newbery Medal-winning novel, Sounder. The story of an African-American boy living with his sharecropper family. Although the family's difficulties increase when the father is imprisoned for stealing a ham from work, the boy still hungers for an education. Sounder won the Newbery Award in 1970, and was made into a major motion picture in 1972

Elizabeth George Speare

was an American children's author who won many awards for her historical fiction novels, including two Newbery Medals. She has been called one of America's 100 most popular children's authors and much of her work has become mandatory reading in many schools throughout the nation. Indeed, because her books have sold so well she is also cited as one of the Educational Paperback Association's top 100 authors. Witch of Blackbird Pond The Sign of the Beaver The Bronze Bow

Scott O'Dell

was an American children's author who wrote 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He has been called "the foremost American writer of children's historical fiction." Although he is best known for stories set in the past, his books include gothic romances, nonfiction, and stories of contemporary life. He wrote Island of Blue Dolphins. Island of the Blue Dolphins is a 1960 American children's novel. The story is about a young girl stranded for years on an island off the California coast, it is based on the true story of Juana Maria, a Nicoleño Indian left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island in the 19th century. Island of the Blue Dolphins won the Newbery Medal in 1961. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1964.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, and Unitarian minister who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. Most important figure in Transcendentalist movement & friend of Thoreau. A champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Nature - 1836 - individualism Self-Reliance - 1841 - optimistic

Ralph Waldo Emerson

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. He wrote "Self-Reliance;"

Ray Bradbury

was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction writer. Best known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and for the science fiction and horror stories gathered together as The Martian, Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951). He was one of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers. Many of his works have been adapted into television shows or films.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

was an American novelist and short story writer who wrote The Scarlet Letter. His works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution. His later writings also reflect his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement. He wrote "The Birth-Mark," The Scarlet Letter; works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)

Herman Melville

was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. Best Known - Moby-Dick (abridged - 1851). He also wrote Billy Budd, and Sailor. Moby-Dick is classified as a Dark Romantic. Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of America.

Stephen Crane

was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel "The Red Badge of Courage", which he wrote without any battle experience. His first novel was the 1893 Bowery tale "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets", which critics generally consider the first work of American literary Naturalism. His writing is characterized by vivid intensity, distinctive dialects, and irony. Common themes involve fear, spiritual crises and social isolation. Although recognized primarily for The Red Badge of Courage, which has become an American classic, Crane is also known for short stories such as "The Open Boat", "The Blue Hotel", "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky", and The Monster. His writing made a deep impression on 20th century writers, most prominent among them Ernest Hemingway, and is thought to have inspired the Modernists and the Imagists.

Walt Whitman

was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. He is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. He wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy. He also wrote: ·"Song of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration. As an American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people. Franklin Evans (1842) ·Drum-Taps (1865) ·Memoranda During the War ·Specimen Days ·Democratic Vistas (1871)

Christopher Marlowe

was an English dramatist, poet and translator. He wrote Doctor Faustus. Doctor Faustus, is a play based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.

Charles Dickens

was an English novelist during Victorian era and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. He wrote David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and many more!

Jane Austen

was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. She wrote Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park,

Mary Shelley

was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

William Shakespeare

was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". He was the greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His work includes: Sonnet 18- Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Hamlet-follows the young prince Hamlet home to Denmark to attend his father's funeral. Hamlet is shocked to find his mother already remarried to his Uncle Claudius, the dead king's brother. And Hamlet is even more surprised when his father's ghost appears and declares that he was murdered. Exact dates are unknown, but scholars agree that Shakespeare published Hamlet between 1601 and 1603. Many believe that Hamlet is the best of Shakespeare's work, and the perfect play. Macbeth- the Three Witches foretell Macbeth's rise to King of Scotland but also prophesy that future kings will descend from Banquo, a fellow army captain. Prodded by his ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan, becomes king, and sends mercenaries to kill Banquo and his sons. His attempts to defy the prophesy fail, however; Macduff kills Macbeth, and Duncan's son Malcolm becomes king. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of William Shakespeare about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime. The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama.

J. R. R. Tolkein

was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit (being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's wrote The Hobbitliterature.), The Lord of the Rings (The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel), and The Silmarillion.

Virginia Woolf

was an English writer, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. She wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist.

C.S. Lewis

was an Ireland novelist, poet. He wrote The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children Published in 1950, it is the original book of The Chronicles of Narnia and is the best known book of the series Time magazine included the novel in its "All-TIME 100 Novels" (best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005).(It has also been published in 47 foreign languages.)

James Joyce

was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. He wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:

William Butler Yeats

was an Irish/British poet and playwright, and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. He wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 191."

Virgil

was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. This poet is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era. Her poetry was widely popular in both England and the United States during her lifetime. A collection of her last poems was published by her husband, another famous poet, shortly after her death. She wrote "Aurora Leigh," and Sonnet Number 43 - How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace. I love thee to the level of everyday's Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight. I love thee freely, as men strive for Right; I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise. I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints,—I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life!—and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.

Lewis Carroll

was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an English author. His most famous writings are "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and its sequel "Through the Looking-Glass", as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky" ("Jabberwocky" is a nonsense verse poem written in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found). All examples of the genre of literary nonsense.

Self-Effacing Author

when objectivity is so used in the narrative point of view that the author ostensible ceases to exist and seems to become merely an impersonal and non evaluation medium through whom the story is witnessed.

environmental print

words that children frequently see in the world around them

homographs

words that have the same spelling but different meanings and pronunciations

Rime Riche

words with identical sounds but different meanings, such as "stair" and "stare"

Attic

writing characterized by a clear, simple, polished, and witty STYLE.

wit

writing of genius, keenness, and sagacity expressed through clever use of language

stream of consciousness

writing that reflects the mental processes of the characters expressing jumbled memories

informational books and articles

writings, such as in books and magazines, that are meant to pursuade or to provide information

To Kill a Mockingbird

written by Harper Lee is a Southern gothic novel. It was published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. Atticus Finch, a lawyer in the Depression-era South, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his kids against prejudice. The plot and characters are loosely based on the Harper Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality.

The Catcher in the Rye

written by JD Salinger After being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown. Originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages. Around 250,000 copies are sold each year, with total sales of more than 65 million books. The novel's protagonist and antihero, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon for teenage rebellion. it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It has been frequently challenged in the United States and other countries for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality. It also deals with complex issues of identity, belonging, connection, and alienation

Not Without Laughter

written by Langston Hughes, which is the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another

William Butler Yeats

wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 1916;" Irish poet and dramatist; foremost figures of 20th century literature; British WWI poet

Countee Cullen

wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance

Henry David Thoreau

wrote "Civil Disobedience;" American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist

Aphra Behn

wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century), one of the first English female writers

Anne Bradstreet

wrote "In Reference to her Children;" English-American writer, first notable American poet; first woman to be published in Colonial America

John Keats

wrote "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer," "To Autumn," and "Bright Star, Would I Were Stedfast As Thou Art;" English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century; motifs include departures and reveries, the five sense and art, and the disappearance of the poet and the speaker; symbols include music and musicians, nature, and the ancient world

Ralph Waldo Emerson

wrote "Self-Reliance;" Transcendentalist poet, essayist, speaker

Lord Byron

wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;" British poet and leading figure in Romanticism

Nathaniel Hawthorne

wrote "The Birth-Mark," works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)

Washington Irving

wrote "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle;" American author, essayist, biographer, historian

T. S. Eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

t.s. eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

Robert Frost

wrote "The Road Not Taken;" American poet; highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech; won Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry four times

Ernest Hemingway

wrote A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises; American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'

Leo Tolstoy

wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction

Toni Morrison

wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; female, African-American writer, won Pulitzer Prize in 1988

Herman Melville

wrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet

EB White

wrote Charlotte's Web

Fyodor Dostoevsky

wrote Crime and Punishment; Russian writer, essayist, philosopher

Charles Dickens

wrote David Copperfield, English novelist during Victorian era

Mary Shelley

wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

Maya Angelou

wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet

Walt Whitman

wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy

Louisa May Alcott

wrote Little Women; American novelist

Jerry Spinelli

wrote Maniac Magee

Virginia Woolf

wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century

Willa Cather

wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

Frederick Douglass

wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist, was self-educated slave

James Joyce

wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: 20th century Irish author

William Shakespeare

wrote Sonnet 18, Hamlet and Macbeth; greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet, known for sonnets

Sylvia Plath

wrote The Bell Jar; born during the Great Depression

Anne Frank

wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany

Nancy Farmer

wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm

Edgar Allan Poe

wrote The Fall of the House of Usher, wrote poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;" American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; part of American Romantic Movement

Wendy Towle

wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an Aftican American Inventor. Elijah McCoy (1844-1929), the child of escaped slaves, was born in Canada and educated in Scotland as an engineer during the Civil War. Settling in Michigan, he was able to find work only as a fireman, stoking the engines of a locomotive and oiling its parts. But his training was not wasted: he invented an automatic lubricator--possibly the original "real McCoy"--and went on to patent other devices, including the portable ironing board and the lawn sprinkler. He eventually founded the Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company but never received his due for his work and died alone in a nursing home.

Mary Downing Hahn

wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story

Sharon Creech

wrote Walk Two Moons