Praxis 5039 Cliffs Notes

Caesura

A break in the rhythm of language, particularly in natural pause in a line of a verse

Antithesis

A contrast or opposition between two things

Characterization

A method and author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits

Interior monologue

A narrative technique that reveals a characters internal thoughts and memories

Conceit

A specific type of metaphor or figure of speech often elaborate, that compares two things that are very different. When reading a metaphor, the reader is aware of the dissimilarities between the two things being compared; but a conceit broadens the readers awareness of the complexity of the things in question often provides a clear justaposition. Extended metaphor is a synonym of conceit

Diction

And authors choice of words based on their clarity, Constance is consciousness, effectiveness, and authenticity. Example archaic colloquialism dialect jargon profanity Slang. Vulgarity

Hyperbole

And exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect

2 feet

Dimeter

Colloquialism

Expressions that usually are excepted in informal situations or regions, such as "wicked awesome"

Oedipus complex

From the Freudian theory that posits people experience a complex set of emotions based on sexual attraction especially at a young age to the parent of the opposite sex

7 feet

Heptamter

1 foot

Monometer

8 feet

Octameter

Archaic

Old fashion words that are no longer used in common speech, such as thee, thy and thou

Trochaic

Stressed , unstressed

Incongruity

The joining of opposites

Dénouement

The resolution or conclusion of the story

Blank verse

Unrhymed verse, most often occurring in iambic pentameter

Iambic

Unstressed , stressed

Anapestic

Unstressed, unstressed, stressed

Free verse

Verse that contains an air regular metrical pattern and line length also known as vers libre

Dactyl

8 m pool foot of three syllables in which the first syllable is stressed and the next two are unstressed. Ex. Out of the cradle, and less Rocky out of the mockingbirds throat, the music shuttle out of the ninth month midnight

Anecdote

A brief story that illustrates or makes a point

Genre

A category of literature defined by its style, form, and content. Common Sean Rose include short stories novels plays poetry biography and so forth

Foil

A character who acts in contrast to another character

Archetype

A character, plot, image, theme or setting that appears in literature across cultures and is repeated overtime

Analogy

A comparison of objects or ideas that appear, at first, to be different but are alike in some imported way

Paradox

A contradictory statement that makes sense. Example Heigl's paradox, "Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history"

Epithet

A descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing, such as "the father of psychology" refers to Sigmund Freud

Anthropomorphism

A device in which the writer attributes human characteristics to an animate being or an in adamant object

Metaphor

A figure of speech in which a subtle or implicit comparison is made between two unlike things

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another with which is closely associated for example Hollywood for Los Angeles

Canon

A group of literary works considered by some to be central or authoritative to the literary tradition example many critics agree that the western Canon includes the literary works of Homer Shakespeare Hemingway faulkner, frost Dickinson and so on

Moral

A lesson a work of literature is teaching

Death of the author

A literary criticism that rebuts the traditional literary criticism notion that the biography of an author provides a context for interpretation of text; instead, the writing and the creator are unrelated.

Frame story

A literary device in which a story is enclosed in another story

Personification

A literary device in which animals, ideas, and things are represented as having human traits

Flashback

A literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of the narrative

Foreshadowing

A literary technique in which the author gives hands or clues about what is to come at some later point in the story

Motif

A literary term for themes or ideas that are often repeated within the literary work for example a key motive in Arthur Miller's the crucible is accusation and confessions

Foot

A miracle foot is one stressed syllable and a number of Unseth still bowls from zero to as many as four there are four possible miracle foot iambic, trochaic, anapestic dictylic

Heroic couplet

A pair of running lines of poetic verse written and Iambic pentameter

Antagonist

A person or thing working against the hero the protagonist of a literary work

Existentialism

A philosophy that values a human freedom and personal responsibility. Sartre, kierkegaard, kafka

Pun

A play on words based on multiple meanings or on words that sound like but have different meanings. Example Mark twain the Nile river "denial ain't just a river in Egypt"

Rhetorical question

A question that is post but does not actually require an answer

Allusion

A reference to a familiar person, place, thing, or event for example, don Juan, Brave New World, Everyman, Macahavvellian, utopia

Refrain

A repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals particularly at the end of the stanza

Assonance

A repetition of the same sounds in words close to one another example white stripes

Anaphora

A rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several causes an example of this is Martin Luther King Junior's speech I have a dream

Internal rhyme

A rhyme that occurs with in a line of verse, not at the end of the line. Example why I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there was a tapping

Couplet

A stanza made up of two rhyming lines

Allegory

A story in which people things or actions represent an idea or a generalization about life allegories usually have a strong lesson or moral

Poetic justice

A term that means a character gets what he or she deserves in the end. The purest form of poetic justice occurs when one character plots against another but ends up caught or harmed in his or her own trap

Apostrophe

A turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons who is absent . Example Shakespeare Hamlet says alas poor York I knew him Horatio a fellow of infinite jest of most excellent fancy

Dialect

A variation of a language used by people from a particular geographic area

Aphorism

A wise saying that is usually short and witty

Euphemism

A word or phrase that substitutes for an offensive or suggestive ones. Example "in a family way" means pregnant; "lost their lives" means killed; "I miss spoke" means I lied.

Enjambment

Also known as run on online in poetry, and jam it occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete the meaning

Idiom

An expression specific to a certain language that mean something different from the literal meaning example "sick as a dog" means one is very ill

Cliché

An expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power. Example dead as a door nail, or I'm so hungry I could eat a horse

6 feet

Hexameter

Slang

Informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves

Doublespeak

Language that intentionally distorts or just guises meeting. It may take the form of a euphemism such as let go for fired or pass away for died doublespeak can disguise meeting in an intentional effort to see such as final is "genuine imitation leather"

Profanity

Language that shows disrespect for others or something sacred

Vulgarity

Language widely considered crude disgusting and often offensive

Anxiety of influence

Literary critic Harold Bloom advance this way of interpreting poetry by using Sigmund Freud's notion of the Ordipus complex to suggest that poets filled with anxiety and no new ideas to express struggle against the earlier influences of previous generations a poet while bloom at bat advance the anxiety of influence when one is reading poetry readers can also use this lens to interpret other literary works

Anapestic meter

Meter that is composed of feet that are short short unaccented-unaccented-accented. Used in light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick for example the word contradict has three syllables where the accident is on the third syllable

5 feet

Pentameter

Rhetoric

Persuasive writing

Consonance

Repetition of the final consonant sounds in words containing different valves for example stroke of luck

Alliteration

Repetition up initial consonant sounds in which words, such as "Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"

End rhyme

Rhyming that occurs at the ends of the lines of verse

Jargon

Specialized language used in a particular field or content area. Example educational jargon include differentiated instruction cooperative learning and authentic assessment

Dactylic

Stressed, unstressed, unstressed

4 feet

Tetra meter

Hermeneutics

The art and science of text interpretation

Pathetic fallacy

The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals

Mood

The feeling text evokes in the reader such a sadness tranquility or elation

Hubris

The flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero; this term comes from the Greek word hybris which means "excessive pride"

Repetition

The multiple use of the word, phrase, or ideas for emphasis or rhythmic effect

Omniscient Point of view

The narrator of the story shares of the thoughts and feelings of all the

Camarah view point of view

The narrator records the action from his or her point of view, unaware of any of the other characters thoughts or feelings this perspective is also known as the objective view

Limited omniscient Point of view

The narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of one character

Cadence

The natural rhythmic rise and fall of language as it is normally spoken

Point of view

The perspective from which a story is told the possibilities include first person, third person, omniscient limited omniscient, Camera view

Situational irony

The purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result

Dramatic irony

The reader sees a characters errors but the character does not

Rhythm

The regular or random patterns of sounds in poetry

Intertextuality

The relationships between text especially works of literature

Rhyme

The repetition of sounds in two or more words usually at the end of the line but not always

Third person point of view

The story is told by someone outside of the story

First person point of view

The story is told from the point of you one character in the story

Narration

The telling of the story

Malapropism

The type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speakers mind. Example, "the police are not here to create disorder, they're here to preserve disorder quote, Richard Daley, former Chicago mayor

Irony

The use of a word or phrase to me in the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning there are three kinds of irony dramatic verbal situational

Onomatopoeia

The use of words to suggest sounds as in buzz, click and vroom

Imagery

The use of wordsto create pictures or arouse senses in the readers mind

Verbal irony

The writer says one thing and mean another

3 feet

Trimeter