Praxis 5081 Practice Test 1

Question: Which of the following philosophers argued that the protection of private property is a central function of governments? A. Plato B. Machiavelli C. John Locke D. Thomas Paine

"Life, Liberty, and Property, John Locke" - Ron Swanson Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. John Locke famously argued that rights to property are natural rights which governments should protect.

Question: Which of the following best describes the Eastern Woodland peoples, such as the Iroquois and Algonquin, before European colonization

Agriculturalists who supplemented their diet with hunting and gahering

Question: Which of the following increases labor productivity? A. An increase in the labor force participation rate B. An increase in the skills of workers C. An increase in employment D. An increase in immigration

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. An increase in skills will increase production per worker, which is an increase in productivity.

Question: Which of the following is a similarity between Christianity in western Europe and Islam in the Middle East before 1000 C.E.? A. Both were strongly influenced by Judaism. B. Both spread primarily by missionaries along trade routes. C. Both encouraged the spread of literacy. D. Both were led by one individual with supreme religious authority.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Christianity was founded by members of the Jewish community in the Roman province of Judea, while Muslims recognized the founder of Islam as the last prophet in a line going back to the Jewish patriarch, Abraham.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty focusing on the issue of A. climate change B. world poverty C. nuclear proliferation D. drug trafficking

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Countries that have signed the Kyoto Protocol agree to lower their greenhouse gas emissions.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: In the late nineteenth century, economic development in the southern United States was largely characterized by A. a continued reliance on agriculture and related enterprises B. the rise of service-sector fields such as tourism and retail sales C. a focus on finance and international trade D. rapid industrialization, with former slaves as the primary workforce

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Despite the efforts of some to create a New South based on industrialization and urbanization following Reconstruction, the southern United States remained heavily agricultural and rural well into the twentieth century. The majority of southern state economies were based on the production of cash crops such as cotton and tobacco, and many former slaves and poor White people were caught up in the cycle of debt created by sharecropping and tenant farming.

Question: Economics is defined as a social science that deals with the study of how A. society chooses to use its scarce resources to satisfy competing needs B. entrepreneurs create and manage a business organization C. free markets limit government intervention in the economy D. teamwork and collective actions lead to an efficient use of resources

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Economics deals with the allocation of scarce resources among competing ends to satisfy society's unlimited wants.

Question: Which of the following best describes a system in which powers are distributed between the national and subnational governments? A. Federalism B. Separation of powers C. Checks and balances D. Limited government

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between central and regional governments.

Question: Government spending on research and development, education, and infrastructure is most likely designed to A. promote economic growth B. control inflation C. reduce the budget deficit D. reduce the trade deficit

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Growth theory identifies factors such as education as being integral to a country's economic growth. (B) and (D) would explicitly require expansionary fiscal and/or monetary policies, while (C) would be achieved with contractionary fiscal policy.

Which of the following are most common in states that use proportional representation electoral systems? A. Coalition governments B. Single-party governments C. Hybrid regimes D. Authoritarian regimes

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. In a proportional representation voting system, each party gets the percentage of seats equal to the percentage of votes it receives in the election. This makes it more likely for smaller parties to win seats partly because people will be more likely to vote for smaller parties, which would not have much of a chance of winning in a majoritarian voting system, such as single-member district plurality. Proportional representation may or may not be found in the other three systems.

Question: An election in which voters are not required to be members of a political party to vote for party candidates is known as A. an open primary B. a closed primary C. a blanket primary D. a top-two primary

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. In an open primary, voters can choose on election day in which political party primary they want to participate. Closed primaries require voters to declare themselves in advance of election day (often 30 days) while in blanket primaries voters may choose a candidate for each office without regard to party. A top-two primary is a system whereby all candidates appear on the primary ballot, all registered voters can participate, and the top two advance to the general election.

An increase in the aggregate price level results in A. inflation B. disinflation C. deflation D. economic growth

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Inflation is defined as an increase in an economy's aggregate price level.

Question: Which of the following supported the unequal treatment of African Americans in the United States throughout the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century? A. Jim Crow laws B. Radical Reconstruction C. Black Codes D. Republicanism

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted to mandate racial segregation in public facilities. Jim Crow laws were common throughout the southern United States, specifically those states of the former Confederacy, from 1876 to the 1950s.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The elections of Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Jimmy Carter as president in the 1960s and 1970s provide evidence for A. the growing electoral power of Sun Belt states B. the domination of American politics by the Democratic Party C. the preference of voters for lower taxes and smaller government D. the unwillingness of voters to elect former members of Congress to the presidency

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Lyndon Johnson was the first president from a state in the Sun Belt since Zachary Taylor (Dwight D. Eisenhower, though born in Texas, grew up in Kansas). The political influence of the Sun Belt has increased significantly since the 1960s as immigration and migration have boosted the population of Sun Belt states both absolutely and relative to the Northeast and Midwest. A number of factors have contributed to the rise of the Sun Belt, including the invention of air conditioning, the demand for labor (often non-union), and a growing preference of retirees and baby boomers to live in a warmer climate.

Which of the following was most significant in allowing river valley civilizations to flourish? A. Agricultural production from relatively enriched soils B. Religious traditions that provided regional stability C. Protection from warring groups provided by hills and mountains D. Use of waterways for long-distance trade with other civilizations

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Rivers provided a relatively consistent water supply and facilitated the development of irrigation, and silt from flooding replenished the soil

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The post-Second World War United States foreign policy that called for supporting European countries against communist invasions or communist revolutions was the A. Truman Doctrine B. Marshall Plan C. Roosevelt Corollary D. Monroe Doctrine

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Set forth by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, the Truman Doctrine stated that the United States would provide economic and military support to Greece and Turkey to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere of influence. This policy marked one of the earliest attempts at containing communist expansion throughout Europe and the world

Which of the following regions was the first to develop settled agriculture? A. Middle East B. North America C. West Africa D. Western Europe

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Settled agriculture and animal domestication first developed in the Tigris-Euphrates river valley circa 8,000 B.C.E

Question: Singapore has become one of the outstanding centers of manufacturing, finance, and trade along the Pacific Rim. This is due in part to which of the following geographic advantages? A. Relative location B. Absolute location C. Topography D. Mineral resources

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Singapore's rapid economic growth is primarily due to its location near the rapidly growing economies of Southeast Asia and its position on the Malacca Strait, a major trade route connecting East Asia with South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. In geographic terms, both of these features are aspects of Singapore's relative location.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 and the invasion of Panama in 1989 are examples of attempts by the United States to A. eliminate unfriendly governments in the Western Hemisphere B. cultivate peaceful relations with Latin American nations C. combat the production and distribution of illegal narcotics D. force countries to enter the North American Free Trade Agreement

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba and the 1989 invasion of Panama are two examples of United States military action in Latin America intended to topple totalitarian regimes. The United States sought to end the revolutionary leftist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, and depose General Manuel Noriega, who had declared a state of war between the United States and Panama

The massive depletion of the Aral Sea, which has shrunk significantly from the fourth largest lake in the world, is most likely due to which of the following? A. Use of the water from the feeder rivers for irrigation B. Occurrence of persistent drought in Kazakhstan C. Effects of global warming D. Increased dependence on groundwater mining

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The Aral Sea contains freshwater that flows in from its tributary rivers. The river water has been diverted in great quantity by farmers hoping to grow cotton in the regions surrounding the Aral Sea. As a result, the sea has shrunk, exposing the seabed at an increasing rate.

The main goal of the Civilian Conservation Corps was to provide A. public work relief to young men during the Great Depression B. economic recovery assistance for farmers affected by the Dust Bowl C. financial assistance to United States citizens above the age of 65 D. opportunities for civilians on the home front to help the European war effort

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The Civilian Conservation Corps was created during the Great Depression in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. The program was designed to provide relief to unemployed young men and their families by offering jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources on state and federal government lands.

Question: Max Weber argued that individuals band together based on such factors as race, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and gender to form A. status groups B. meritocracies C. clans D. egalitarian societies

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The German sociologist Max Weber believed that people come together to achieve aims based on cultural identities or interests. The existence of these status groups normally leads to the creation of a hierarchical order in the form of social stratification.

Question: A mother and her 2-year-old daughter are in an examination room at the pediatrician's office. The child is happily playing with toys on the floor. When the doctor enters, the child quickly drops her toys and moves to her mother's side. The daughter is displaying behavior typical of A. secure attachment B. insecure attachment C. theory of mind D. separation anxiety

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The behavior described demonstrates the child using the mother as a safe base which indicates secure attachment.

If a country imposes a tariff on imports, which of the following will occur? A. The loss in consumer surplus will exceed the gain in producer surplus. B. The loss in producer surplus will exceed the gain in consumer surplus. C. The gain in consumer surplus will exceed the loss in producer surplus. D. The gain in producer surplus will exceed the loss in consumer surplus.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The loss in consumer surplus will exceed the gain in producer surplus.

A population's rate of natural increase is determined by which of the following? A. The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate B. The sum of the native population and the total number of immigrants in the population over a decade C. The difference between the total number of births and the annual rate of infant mortality D. The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants over a set period of time

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The rate of natural increase is determined by subtracting the crude death rate (the number of deaths per year per thousand people) from the crude birth rate (the number of births per year per thousand people). None of the other options contains the correct formula for determining the rate of natural increase, which must take into account both the number of births and the number of deaths.

Question: Why did the European revolutions of 1848 fail in the years immediately following the uprisings? A. Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes. B. Disagreement among the revolutionaries about the goals of socialism and nationalism split the revolutionaries into warring factions. C. European leaders acted quickly to preserve their power and pacify their people by implementing reforms such as universal suffrage. D. The movement toward national unification of city-states into nations was largely complete by 1849.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The violent rebellions of 1848 were crushed by the existing governments in Europe, which initiated reforms that enfranchised middle-class males.

Question: Which of the following is a major social institution? A. Religion B. Community C. Entertainment D. Technology

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question asks you to recognize an important general social concept, the social institution. Social institutions are established organizations of positive significance to a society. They are usually dedicated to education, public service, or culture and preserve or propagate customs, practices, or relationships important to the community or

Which of the following is the most common psychological disorder in the United States? A. Major depressive disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Paranoid personality disorder D. Dissociative identity disorder

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question asks you to recognize an important issue in psychological adjustment in the United States. While there are a number of different types of psychological disorders, the most common of the four choices listed is depression, which, according to a recent survey, occurs in approximately five percent of the population of the United States.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Immigrants who settled in large cities in the United States between 1890 and 1914 primarily came from which of the following regions? A. Southern and eastern Europe B. Central and South America C. Northern and western Europe D. South and East Asia

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Unlike the previous waves of German, Irish, or Chinese immigration to cities in the United States during the nineteenth century, the groups arriving from the period 1890 to 1914 were primarily from nations such as Italy, Poland, and Ru

Question: Which of the following is a widely shared belief in political culture in the United States? A. Participating in elections is an important civic duty. B. Direct action, such as civil disobedience, is more important than voting. C. Economic equality is as important as political equality. D. Majority preferences should be given more weight than minority rights.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Voting is considered one of the most important forms of political participation in the United States.

Question: Which of the following strategies did the Union attempt as it sought to defeat the South during the American Civil War? Select all that apply. A. Blockading all major Southern ports to disrupt commerce, especially in cotton, the proceeds of which could be used to fund the purchase of military supplies B. Capturing and controlling the Mississippi River in an effort to cut the South in half and damage Southern efforts to keep troops resupplied C. Campaigning to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and destroy the secessionist government of the South D. Plotting to assassinate Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, leading to chaos in the Confederate government

Correct Answer: A, B, C Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. One of Abraham Lincoln's first steps in pursuit of war against the Confederacy was to blockade ports to deny the government of Jefferson Davis the ability to raise money for the military through the sale of cotton. A second important strategy, part of what was known as the Anaconda plan, was a march through the Mississippi River valley to sever the Confederacy in two. Finally, throughout the war, both the Confederacy and the Union tried to capture their opponent's capitals, which were a mere 90 miles apart, an endeavor at which

Question: Which of the following countries has had a woman president or prime minister? Select all that apply. A. India B. Israel C. Mexico D. Great Britain

Correct Answer: A, B, D Options (A), (B), and (D) are correct. India, Israel, and Great Britain have all had women in the top leadership position in government. They were, respectively, Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher.

Question: Interest groups regularly engage in which of the following activities? Select all that apply. A. Filing amicus curiae briefs B. Nominating candidates for office C. Donating to electoral campaigns D. Conducting scientific public opinion polls

Correct Answer: A, C Options (A) and (C) are correct. Interest groups regularly file amicus curiae briefs and donate to electoral campaigns. They do not nominate candidates for office nor typically conduct scientific polls

Match the statements to the correct document. Gave Congress the power to regulate interstate trade Expanded territory through the Northwest Ordinance (1787) Established a bicameral legislature Established a unicameral legislature Articles of Confederation United States Constitution

Correct Answer: Articles of Confederation - B or D; United States Constitution - A or C Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States had a unicameral national legislature and acquired additional territory through the Northwest Ordinance. Under the Constitution, the United States has a bicameral national legislature which is empowered to regulate interstate trade.

Question: Which of the following is the best example of a nation-state? A. Russia B. Japan C. Spain D. The United States

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A nation-state is a country of citizens who share a common culture and ethnic origin and who together compose a state. The nation-state does not exist fully in reality because most national populations are diverse, to a degree. In western Europe Iceland is closest to this ideal type. Japan, because it has set limits on immigration, is the closest to the type in Asia.

Question: The rapid economic growth of Japan in the 1970s and 1980s and, slightly later, of the group of countries that were known as the Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) was largely a result of A. centrally planned economies on the model of the People's Republic of China and North Korea B. government-backed industrialization, high tariffs on imported goods, and export of manufactured goods C. the provision of raw materials to the United States and Europe and the resulting importation of finished goods from them D. cultivation of direct foreign investment by the United States and encouragement of consumer spending over saving

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. After the Second World War, and partly because it was restrained from military spending, the Japanese government invested heavily in the development of industry. Until a dramatic recession in the 1990s, the Japanese also deployed an export-led trade policy that generated huge trade surpluses and stoked its economy. The Asian Tigers, observing this success, strove to imitate the Japanese economic model with similar results (rapid growth followed by sustained recession).

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: In the decade after the end of the Cold War, United States foreign policy was most strongly characterized by which of the following? A. A general retreat from world affairs and a renewed concern for the Western Hemisphere B. A focus on expanding economic prosperity through globalization and free trade C. An effort to prevent the reemergence of fascism by postponing the reunification of Germany D. The modernization of the country's nuclear weapons stockpiles to deter foreign terrorist organizations

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States was able to shift some of the energy and focus that had been devoted to the Cold War standoff to more productive economic goals. United States leaders believed that globalization offered the clearest path to both national and international prosperity, and pursued policies to break down trade barriers and open new markets to American businesses.

Question: Which of the following examples best shows the spatial economic practice of agglomeration? A. The main population center in a fruit-growing region has a juice manufacturing facility. B. A rubber tire factory and windshield producer locate near an automobile assembly plant. C. A popular fast food chain locates their restaurants at roughly equidistant places throughout a metropolitan area. D. A region that specializes in dairy products trades with a region that specializes in grain production.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Agglomeration occurs when similar firms or businesses within the same industry locate in close proximity to each other. Agglomerating businesses tend to benefit from this clustering pattern by sharing a skilled workforce, utilizing local resources, and/or engaging in a manufacturing supply chain.

Question: Assume that fish and chicken are substitutes. If chicken farms experience a significant increase in the price of chicken feeds, which of the following will most likely occur? A. The supply curve in the fish market will shift to the right. B. The demand curve in the fish market will shift to the right. C. The demand curve in the chicken market will shift to the left. D. The supply curve in the chicken market will shift to the right.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. An increase in the cost of chicken feed shifts the supply curve in the chicken market to the left, causing an increase in the price of chicken. Since chicken and fish are substitutes, the demand for fish increases, and the demand curve will shift to the right.

The patent for a popular blood-thinning drug expires this year, and a number of pharmaceutical companies have decided to produce generic versions of the drug. As a result, the price of the drug will A. increase due to a decrease in the supply B. decrease due to an increase in the supply C. decrease due to a decrease in the demand D. increase due to an increase in the demand

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. An increase in the number of producers increases the supply of the drug and, therefore, the price will fall.

Which of the following did Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia have in common as monarchs? A. Both rulers attempted to isolate their countries and resist outside influence. B. Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts. C. Both rulers held a great interest in maritime technology and visited Dutch and English shipyards to learn their secrets. D. Both rulers were enlightened despots who attempted to rule through the loyalty of their subjects.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. At the height of his power, Louis XIV moved the location of his royal court to Versailles, France, a location relatively remote from the city of Paris. Here, the king was able to keep close watch on the nobility and aristocracy by rewarding those who attended his court and waited on him constantly. Peter the Great introduced sweeping reforms in Russia with the intent of modernizing and westernizing the country. The czar prohibited his courtiers from wearing long beards (a tradition in Russia for centuries) and forced them to wear western-style clothing. His Table of Ranks, a method by which nobles worked their way up from the landlord class to the military class, was set in place to encourage aristocrats to serve him as administrators or military professionals.

Which of the following terms describes the process by which bureaucrats interpret the meaning of laws and decide how they should be implemented? A. Lawmaking B. Rulemaking C. Adjudication D. Lobbying

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Bureaucrats in federal agencies interpret and implement laws through the rulemaking process.

Question: An equatorial rain forest is associated with which of the following climatic conditions? A. Cold, dry winters and warm, moist summers B. Hot and wet conditions year-round C. Mild winters and hot, sultry summers D. Cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Climate regions tend to be classified into categories in relation to their proximity to the equator or the polar areas. Equatorial rain forests or low latitude climates receive the direct rays of the Sun year-round, making temperatures high, and they experience large amounts of rainfall and humidity.

Question: After a college football team lost a key game against an arch rival, a crowd of fans ran onto the field, screaming and throwing things. The people in the crowd were otherwise law-abiding citizens. Their behavior can be explained by the principle of A. social loafing B. deindividuation C. group polarization D. scapegoating

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Deindividuation occurs when people tend to lose some of their self-awareness and self-restraint when in groups.

Question: Which of the following was the most important contributing factor to the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979? A. The desire to create a Westernized, secular state on the model of Turkey B. The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force C. The desire to liberate Iran from the political and economic control of the Soviet Union D. The desire to nationalize oil fields to economically support a military regime

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Demonstrations against the United States-supported Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi began in 1977 and the revolution took place in 1979. Under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran became an Islamic republic with a government intent on eliminating secularism.

Question: Media coverage of elections that primarily focuses on which candidates are ahead and behind in the polls is referred to as A. yellow journalism B. horse race journalism C. muckraking D. watchdog journalism

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. During election campaigns, news media coverage tends to focus on how candidates are polling in a phenomenon referred to as horse race journalism.

Which of the following best describes the political organization of Maya civilization circa 300-700 C.E.? A. A large empire with a centralized bureaucracy B. A collection of independent city-states C. An early instance of democracy, with voting for property-holding men D. A feudal state dominated by local warlords

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. During the fourth through eighth centuries C.E., Maya civilization was composed of a series of independent city-states, under which the most powerful cities ruled over smaller, dependent cities.

Question: Which of the following was the primary source of agricultural labor in the British colonies in North America during the early years of colonization until the 1660s? A. Slaves imported from Africa B. Indentured servants from Great Britain C. Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine D. Indians who were enslaved by the colonists

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. During the seventeenth century, the vast majority (as much as 80% in Virginia) of immigrants to the colonies came as indentured servants, and they continued to be an important source of labor in New England and the Middle Atlantic states long after.

Question: Which of the following uses curriculum design to promote an adolescent's motivation to read? A. Aligning content and skills to state standards B. Offering students a choice of supplemental reading materials C. Offering cross-age and peer-tutoring programs D. Monitoring student growth through frequent formative assessments

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Empowering students to make decisions about topics and selections of materials fosters greater student ownership and responsibility for engagement, which positively affects motivation.

Question: Which of the following was an effect of the collapse of centralized communist governments on Eastern Europe in 1989? A. Rapid development of technology industries B. Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions C. Successive waves of invasion by armies of the USSR D. Establishment of neofascist military dictatorships

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. In 1989, Eastern Europe transitioned out of Soviet domination. This process led to a violent civil war in Yugoslavia, which had been constructed as a multiethnic state after the First World War. Conflicts also broke out as people that were not ethnically Russian attempted to establish independent states, such as in Chechnya.

Which of the following is the best example of an application of the full faith and credit clause? A. The state of California charges tourists a fee to use state parks. B. The state of Connecticut recognizes marriage licenses from all other states. C. The state of Virginia does not charge churches for property or sales tax. D. The state of Texas must get congressional approval to do business with Mexico.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. In Article IV, Section I of the United States Constitution, the full faith and credit clause establishes that states have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."

Question: Which of the following best summarizes Thomas Hobbes' argument in favor of a strong central government? A. Legitimate monarchs are right to expect obedience and loyalty from their subjects. B. Anarchy can only be avoided by entering into a social contract enforced by a sovereign. C. The preservation of traditional morality requires a powerful government. D. The prosperity of a country requires a state that can effectively regulate the economy.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. In Leviathan, Hobbes argued that human beings can only leave the state of nature by entering into a social contract and ceding their natural rights to a powerful sovereign.

Which of the following best characterizes the political structures of the Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens in the classical period (circa 510 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E.) ? A. Sparta granted citizenship to women, banished slavery, and developed an early form of democracy; Athens granted women citizenship but kept the majority of its population as slaves and lacked institutions for citizen participation in government. B. Sparta was a military encampment that required citizens to serve as soldiers most of their lives; Athens was a limited democracy in which citizens participated in government, including the military, but performed other work too. C. Both Sparta and Athens were peaceful democracies that had wide participation in the polis (city-state) by all men who were property owners. D. Both Sparta and Athens were military dictatorships that lacked political structures through which citizens could participate in running the state or making decisions about waging war.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. In order to pacify the Helots (slaves) who performed most agricultural work, Sparta converted its citizenry into a standing army, for which service began in boyhood. Athens, by contrast, was a more open society with active participation of citizens — albeit only a small percentage of all inhabitants — in an assembly and a richer civic life.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were all advocates for the claim that A. women should be encouraged to consume alcohol in public B. women should be granted the same voting rights as men C. women should be allowed to enlist in the armed services D. women should receive equal pay for the same work done by men

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were all advocates of women's suffrage in the nineteenth century. Each woman was actively engaged in multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism and temperance, but they were most associated with

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following issues caused both the Whig and Democratic Parties to split internally in the 1850s along sectional lines? A. The legalization of labor unions B. The extension of slavery to newly acquired territories C. The cost of acquiring the Louisiana Territory D. The incorporation of Canadian provinces into the federal system of the United States

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. On the eve of the Civil War, the main national parties, both the Whig Party and the Democratic Party, were split over the issue of whether to extend slavery into the newly acquired territories of the United States. The split was between slave and free states, roughly bet

Question: Political polarization is best described as a process in which A. party coalitions in the electorate shift such that groups supporting each party change B. individuals' political preferences increasingly resemble those of the political parties they are affiliated with C. citizens increasingly identify as independent and do not affiliate with a major political party D. Democratic and Republican legislators are able to achieve compromise and pass legislation together

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Popular political polarization occurs when voters are more starkly and clearly divided along partisan lines.

Question: Former slaves who could not afford to buy land during Reconstruction often turned to which of the following? A. Factory work B. Sharecropping C. Railroad building D. Clerical work

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Sharecropping (tenant farming) was the primary way former slaves supported themselves after the Civil War in the South. The Northern wartime promise of the redistribution of Southern lands to former slaves, made by, among others, General William T. Sherman during his march on Atlanta, was rescinded quickly. During Reconstruction and after, most former slaves resumed work as sharecroppers on plantations that continued to be owned by White people.

Question: Unemployment that occurs as a result of a mismatch between currently available workers and required job skills is A. frictional unemployment B. structural unemployment C. cyclical unemployment D. seasonal unemployment

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Structural unemployment happens when there is a mismatch between jobs and skills.

Which of the following was an argument made by the Anti-Federalists against the ratification of the Constitution? A. The Constitution did not provide a clear separation of powers. B. The Constitution failed to protect individual rights. C. The Constitution failed to give enough power to the national government. D. The Constitution did not allow the states to be a part of the amendment process.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The Anti-Federalists believed that the original Constitution should not be ratified because its text did not include specific individual political rights.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following distinguishes the colonization of New France in the eighteenth century from that of New England? A. French colonists were more likely to create permanent settlements and to engage in warfare with Native American tribes. B. French colonists were more likely to pursue trade in furs with Native Americans and to intermarry with them. C. French colonists held the territories they inhabited more securely over time and built more long-lasting settlements. D. French colonists provided greater flows of raw materials and profit to the royal French government than did New England to the British royal government.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The French fur trade was a larger component of economic activity in New France than in New England, and the French, especially fur traders, were more likely to intermarry with Native Americans than colonists in New England.

Which of the following was a direct result of the Neolithic Revolution? A. The establishment of long-distance trade networks B. The growth of agricultural communities C. The use of cave paintings D. The development of metal tools and weapons

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by the development of settled agriculture and animal domestication

Question: Which of the following was an important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. Decreased power of the Catholic Church in Spain and Portugal B. Increased literacy in predominately Protestant states C. Improved relations between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches D. Decreased military threat from the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The centrality of reading the Bible to Protestant theology, the translation of the Bible into the vernacular language, and the use of the printing press for mass production of books all contributed to an increase in literacy rates in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question: Which of the following is true of the market basket of goods and services used to calculate the consumer price index? A. The market basket changes every year as prices of goods and services change. B. The market basket remains fixed to measure the change in the prices of the same goods. C. The market basket changes every year as real gross domestic product changes. D. The market basket gets smaller over time as population grows.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The consumer price index holds the market basket constant so that only changes in price are measured.

Which of the following effects of the Industrial Revolution most likely influenced Karl Marx's development of the Communist Manifesto? A. Decreasing economic opportunities for agricultural workers B. The widening socioeconomic gap between factory owners and factory workers C. The increasing role of women in the workforce D. Growing levels of pollution in urban areas

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The development of the Communist Manifesto was largely influenced by Marx's observations of the poor working conditions of factory workers and the growing wealth and influence of factory owners.

Question: The framers of the Constitution argued that judicial independence would be best protected by A. the nomination power of the president B. life tenure with good behavior C. the confirmation power of the Senate D. traditions and norms in the legal profession

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The framers believed that justices serving with life tenure would be insulated from undue political pressures.

Question: Which of the following most directly allowed early factories in the United States to appear outside the mill towns of New England? A. Interchangeable parts B. Steam power C. Limited liability D. Slave labor

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The innovation of the steam engine and the use of coal as a source of energy allowed for the expansion of manufacturing beyond the mill towns of New England and reduced the dependency on water-powered machinery.

Question: What causes weather patterns to move from west to east across the United States? A. Trade winds B. Jet stream C. Mountain ranges D. Gulf Stream

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The jet stream is a high-velocity wind in the lower levels of the atmosphere that attains speeds of more than 250 miles per hour as it moves in a westerly direction, carrying weather patterns with it.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following initiatives was a Progressive Era response to the threat of environmental degradation? A. The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency B. The creation of the national park system C. The development of air quality legislation D. The banning of synthetic pesticides

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The national park system, initiated with the founding of Yellowstone in 1872, was greatly expanded under President Theodore Roosevelt, for whom conservati

An increase in the expected rate of inflation will result in which of the following? A. A lower nominal interest rate B. A higher nominal interest rate C. A higher real interest rate D. A lower actual inflation rate

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The nominal interest rate equals the sum of the real interest rate and the expected inflation rate, so if the expected inflation rate increases so does the nominal interest rate.

Assume Country X can produce either 100 computers or 20 cars. The opportunity cost of producing a car in Country X is A. 1/5 of a computer B. 5 computers C. 1/5 of a car D. 5 cars

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The opportunity cost of producing a car is 5 computers (100/20).

Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with." Question: The thought of which of the following Renaissance thinkers is expressed by the passage above? A. Francesco Petrarch B. Niccolò Machiavelli C. Dante Alighieri D. Leonardo da Vinci

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The quoted passage is from Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, a Renaissance instruction manual for elites, which concerns the choices that political figures are required to make to preserve peace and stability. In his writing, Machiavelli notes the difference between public and private morality, or the difference between a political figure's reputation and his or her willingness to act immorally to achieve certain goals.

Question: Which of the following statements regarding the circumstances of Canada, Australia, and South Africa within the British Empire during the nineteenth century is most true? A. All three regions endured protracted and bitter wars between settlers and native peoples. B. All three regions contained a large proportion of European settlers and had considerable autonomy. C. All three regions were wrested from other European states by Great Britain in colonial wars. D. All three regions served as centers of manufacturing and industrial production for British markets.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. These regions were largely settled by people of European descent. Although they were territories under the British Empire, Canada, Australia, and South Africa all operated under relative sovereignty with representative governments and locally elected parliaments in the nineteenth century. This was partially due to their long distance from Great Britain and their inhabitants' preference for representative government.

Question: Communities of Hasidic Jews living in New York City and Mennonites living in rural Ohio are examples of A. utopias B. subcultures C. reactionary groups D. dominant societies

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to bring your knowledge of anthropology to a particular situation and apply important terms defining human cultural structure. A subculture is a group differentiated by ethnic, religious, or social factors that exhibits characteristic patterns of behavior that functionally unify the group and are sufficient to distinguish it from the surrounding culture or society. Both Hasidic Jews in New York City and Mennonites in rural Ohio are relatively small religious groups with distinctive social and cultural behaviors.

Question: According to B. F. Skinner's theories, which of the following should be used to increase the frequency of a behavior? A. Latent learning B. Positive reinforcement C. Punishment D. Classical conditioning

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to recognize a major characteristic of the theory of an important psychologist. B. F. Skinner viewed human behavior in terms of physiological responses to the environment. He pioneered the study of operant conditioning, in which behavior is either rewarded or punished. Skinner found that rewarding a behavior, which he called positive reinforcement, led to an increase in the frequency of

Question: Which of the following has been a primary cause of soil depletion in deforested rain forest environments? A. The overuse of harmful pesticides B. The introduction of cash-crop agriculture C. Contamination by industrial waste D. The use of chemical fertilizers

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the effects of human activity on rain forest environments. The primary cause of soil depletion after deforestation has been cattle ranching and the raising of cash crops that are not suitable for the soil. The crops deplete the soil's fertility after a year or two. Therefore, (B) is correct.

Question: Which of the following best describes the movement of a concept, innovation, or discovery from its area of origin to new areas? A. Culture hearth B. Cultural diffusion C. Culture complex D. Cultural realm

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the means by which discoveries, innovations, and other achievements of individual cultures are transmitted to neighboring societies. The process of spreading those ideas to other locations and societies is an example of cultural diffusion.

Voter turnout is typically highest in which of the following elections? A. Off-year congressional elections B. Presidential general elections C. Presidential primary elections D. Local elections

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Voter turnout is highest in general presidential elections.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Tenement housing in the United States was a response to which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. The rapid growth of suburbs B. Industrialization and urbanization C. Legislation limiting immigration D. Declining urban populations

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. With the increasing industrialization of the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many people flocked to urban areas for work. Because of the relatively high price of land and limited space in cities, apartment-style buildings became increasingly prevalent. Dumbbell apartments with little light or circulation of air were known to be unhealthy places to live and are the architectural style most associated with the word "tenement" today. Progressive

Question: Which of the following were important causes of the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905? Select all that apply. A. The intervention of the United States on the part of its ally, Japan B. The inadequacy of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as a military supply line for Russia C. The continuing expansion of British control over the Japanese economy D. The more advanced industrialization of Japan compared to that of Russia

Correct Answer: B, D Options (B) and (D) are correct. The Trans-Siberian Railroad consisted of a single track that only allowed train travel in one direction. This, combined with the distance of the war front from Russian industries and most of the Russian army, made the railroad insufficient for resupplying Russian troops. The rapid industrialization of Japan during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries contributed to the advantage in military technology over Russia during the war.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. "You may well ask: 'Why direct action? Why sit ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?' You are quite right in calling for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored." Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963) Question: Of the following, which is a strategy reflected in the passage above that the Civil Rights movement used to obtain racial equality? A. Repudiation of the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s B. Violent confrontation to destroy patterns of segregation in the South C. Peaceful civil disobedience to obtain social change D. Alliance with foreign critics of the United States' record of racial discrimination

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" expressed to a group of White ministers who had issued a statement opposing King's strategy of nonviolent provocation his philosophy of achieving civil rights gains through peaceful but confrontational measures.

A mental map would most likely be used to determine A. the optimal number of alternative energy sources in a given municipality B. the current number of public libraries in a region C. the most interesting route to school from home D. the site with the best transportation infrastructure for a new industrial park

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A mental map consists of memory constructs intervening between geographic settings and human action. Mental maps incorporate not only physical location, but also social and economic understanding of the geography in question. Since a mental map reflects a person's perception, residents of a neighborhood, for example, would have a different mental map of the

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following was an immediate cause of the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803? A. The French feared that the United States would ally with the Spanish to invade the territory. B. The British threatened to invade France if they did not reduce the size of their empire. C. The French could no longer afford the territory after the loss of its sugar colonies in the Caribbean. D. The Spanish preferred the United States as an immediate neighbor in North America to the French.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. After the Haitian Revolution began in 1791, France unsuccessfully attempted to re-enslave the Caribbean colony. With the loss of its sugarcane plantations, the unofficial resale of Louisiana by the Spanish, and an impending war with Britain, the French saw little use for the land and sold the entire territory to the United States for 15 million dollars.

Question: Confucianism developed as a system of thought in China primarily in response to A. social and economic dislocation brought about by rapid urbanization and industrialization B. the introduction of European ideas and Christian missionary activity that challenged Chinese traditions C. the instability and political crises brought about by frequent regional conflict during the Warring States period D. the cultural shock caused by military reversals in the wake of nomadic invasions by the Xiongnu

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Although Confucius died just before the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.E.), his followers Mencius and Xunzi spread his philosophy as a way to understand how a ruler could govern wisely and benevolently. The period was known not only for its conflict, but also for the fertility of its cultural advances. Thus, Confucianism helped establish the governmental institutions and cultural assumptions about leadership that were to guide China for the next two millennia.

Question: When the economy is in a recession, the Federal Reserve might implement an expansionary monetary policy in an effort to increase aggregate demand, which will cause A. interest rates to decline B. government spending to increase C. real gross domestic product and the price level to increase D. real gross domestic product to increase and the price level to decrease

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. An increase in aggregate demand will increase both real GDP and the price level.

Question: Which of the following changes indicates long-run economic growth? A. An increase in consumption spending B. An increase in the price level C. An increase in long-run aggregate supply D. An increase in wages in response to an inflationary gap

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. An increase in the long-run aggregate supply represents an increase in capacity, which indicates economic growth.

Question: In contrast to developed countries, developing countries are generally characterized by A. a higher proportion of high school graduates in their population B. lower population growth rates C. a higher proportion of their population working in agriculture D. lower emigration rates answer.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Developing countries, which have real per capita income that is low relative to that in developed countries, tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce employed in agriculture. Populations in developing countries are less educated, on average, than those in developed countries, so (A) is not a correct answer. Population growth rates of developing countries tend to be higher than those of developed countries, so (B) is not a correct answer. More people tend to emigrate from developing countries than from developed countries, so (D) is not a correct

Question: The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water molecules escape the surface of the Earth and enter the atmosphere is called A. precipitation B. condensation C. evaporation D. surface runoff

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Evaporation is the dispersion of water vapor into the atmosphere via solar radiation of exposed surfaces containing water. By contrast, precipitation (A), which takes various forms including rain and snow, returns water to the Earth, and surface runoff (D) is water that is not absorbed by the Earth during precipitation. Condensation (B) is the transition of water from a vapor back to a liquid. In the atmosphere, it leads to the formation of clouds and, sometimes, precipitation.

Question: In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court relied on which of the following constitutional provisions to find that public school segregation is unconstitutional? A. The commerce clause B. The supremacy clause C. The equal protection clause D. The necessary and proper clause

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. In Brown, a unanimous Court held that state laws establishing schools segregated by race were in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question: Which of the following best characterizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Griswold v. Connecticut? A. Prayer in schools is a violation of the First Amendment. B. The Court may exercise judicial review to invalidate legislation. C. Married couples have certain privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. D. Evidence obtained in unconstitutional search and seizures is inadmissible in court.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Court ruled that married couples have privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. This case was a foundational case for the right to privacy.

Question: According to Karl Marx, the modern social structure is a product of A. anomie B. bureaucracy C. capitalism D. rationality

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Marx believed that class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie was the main feature of modern social structure and that capitalism was the source of the struggle.

Which of the following led to Islam becoming the dominant religion in Indonesia from circa 1600 C.E. to the present? A. Indonesia's importance as a key province of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates B. The conquest of Indonesia by Shiite Muslims from Sri Lanka in the sixteenth century C. Indonesians' trade with Arab and Persian merchants across the Indian Ocean D. Indonesia's importance as a colony in India's trade empire in the fourteenth century

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Muslim traders encountered Indonesia via the Indian Ocean maritime system as early as the eleventh century C.E., but significant evidence of the presence of Muslims does not appear until the thirteenth century. As trade expanded and more Muslim merchants came to Indonesia, local rulers began to adopt Islam, so that by the end of the sixteenth century, Islam was the religion of the majority.

Question: Which of the following potential hazards has seen coordinated international efforts to prevent further damage to the environment? A. Earthquakes B. Tropical storms C. Ozone depletion D. Seasonal flooding

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Ozone depletion, caused by chlorofluorocarbons, is expected to taper off over time, largely because of international agreements beginning with the Montreal Protocol of 1987 that limited the use and production of ozone-depleting chemicals.

Question: Selective incorporation is the process by which A. the president selects judicial nominees for federal court B. the bureaucracy decides how a policy should be implemented C. certain Bill of Rights protections have been applied at the state level D. amendments have been incorporated into the Constitution

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Selective incorporation is the process by which certain protections of the Bill of Rights have been applied at the state level.

Which of the following is a function of standing committees? A. They resolve discrepancies between bills that have been passed by both houses of Congress. B. They are formed on a temporary basis to investigate a pressing issue. C. They allow members of Congress to gain expertise in specific policy areas. D. They provide an opportunity for the minority party to gain leadership positions.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Standing committees are permanent committees that focus on a specific policy area, thus allowing members to gain expertise.

Question: Which of the following resulted from the Bantu migrations in sub-Saharan Africa from circa 500 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E.? A. The northward spread of Indo-European languages and culture B. The northward spread of gold mining to Nubia and North Africa C. The southward spread of agricultural cultivation and the domestication of animals D. The southward spread of nomadic settlement patterns and hunting and gathering

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The Bantu migrations spread new techniques of farming, and probably iron smelting, and contributed to the development of denser settlements in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as to a distinctive regional culture.

Question: Which of the following powers does the Constitution grant to the president? A. Declaring war B. Levying taxes C. Making appointments D. Submitting a budget to Congress

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The Constitution grants the president the power to make appointments.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The enactment of the New Deal programs in the 1930s could best be characterized as reflecting a popular belief that A. free-market policies were sufficient to restore economic prosperity in the United States B. the Interstate Commerce Act was ineffective and should be repealed C. the federal government should provide assistance to people in times of economic distress D. Keynesian economic principles were immediately effective in times of economic depression

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The New Deal provided federal assistance to those in need and was popular largely because of the very high rates of unemployment during the Depression.

Question: Which of the following is a difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives? A. The Senate has many more committees than the House does. B. The Senate uses a system of seniority, but the House does not. C. The Senate is governed by fewer formal rules than the House is. D. The Senate is more receptive to legislative proposals from the president than the House is.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The Senate is governed by fewer formal rules than the House is.

Which of the following is an example of pork-barrel politics? A. Accepting federal funds for political campaigns B. Passing state legislation that helps only one political party C. Directing federal funds to a representative's district through legislation D. Approving state subsidies to farmers for agricultural use

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The definition of pork barrel is directing federal funds to a representative's district through legislation.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following most likely led to the shift in human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture beginning circa 8,000 B.C.E. ? A. Development of metallurgy B. Larger-capacity braincases C. Climate change D. Spread of language

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The end of the last ice age occurred around 10,000 B.C.E., and the increasing warmth spurred a shift from hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture over time

Which of the following statements best describes the environmental consequences of the Columbian Exchange? A. A wave of epidemic diseases from the Americas sharply diminished European and Asian populations. B. Domesticated animals from the Americas became key to Europe's meat supply. C. Native American populations were decimated by diseases spread through contact with Europeans. D. Tobacco was transplanted to large central African plantations.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The exchange of animals, plants, humans, culture, pathogens, and ideas between American and Afro-Eurasian civilizations is often referred to as the Columbian Exchange. The transfer of pathogens specifically affected Native American populations, as diseases such as smallpox reduced their numbers by what historians argue to have been 80 to 95%.

Question: Which of the following best describes a major effect of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the period 1500 to 1700? A. Asian indentured servants immigrated to the Caribbean. B. European convict laborers were sent to work in North America. C. Africans involuntarily migrated to South America. D. Indigenous peoples in North America were often enslaved.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The growth of sugar plantations in Brazil from 1500 to 1700 created a large demand for labor that was met by mass migration of enslaved Africans.

Question: Clothing manufacturers discover that the availability of a mineral necessary to produce red dyes is going to be very limited due to flooding in the area where it is normally mined. Which of the following will most likely occur? A. Consumers will demand more red clothing because it is scarce. B. Producers will increase the supply of red clothing due to higher prices. C. Higher production costs will cause a decrease in the supply of red clothing produced. D. The amount of red clothing demanded will not change because it depends on preferences.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The supply of a good is affected by the cost of production. The supply of red dyes decreases and the price of red dyes increases. The increase in the price of red dyes increases the cost of producing red clothing, causing the supply of red clothing to decrease.

Question: According to psychologists, the most important developmental task during adolescence is A. motor-skill formation B. suppressing emotions C. identity formation D. maintaining secure attachments

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. This question asks you to recognize and understand a significant aspect of an important stage of human psychological development. One of the most serious challenges for an individual passing through adolescence is the development of a coherent, realistic sense of self. This sense of self must be integrated with accepted societal standards in order for the individual to function productively in society. The correct answer, therefore, is (C).

Question: Which of the following is a reward to entrepreneurs for assuming risk? A. Wages B. Dividends C. Profits D. Stock appreciation

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. While an entrepreneur could earn any of these, profit is the correct answer because it is the reward to entrepreneurs for assuming the risk.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Between circa 1820 and 1840, the growing economy of the United States relied primarily on which of the following for transportation of goods between regions? A. The extensive system of roads that had been installed by the British before the American Revolution B. A new system of roads and railroads built by the federal government of the United States C. Privately built roads and railroads as well as water transport, including canals D. The postal service that had been established under the Articles of Confederation

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. With the exception of the National Road, begun in 1811, most roads in the United States were privately built, as were all railroads. Canals, particularly the Erie Canal, became increasingly important during the period, although water transport had been the primary method for moving goods since the beginning of British settlement.

Question: Two neighboring towns of Skyville and Grandview hire basic manufacturing workers in a perfectly competitive labor market. If the demand for basic manufacturing labor in the town of Grandview increased, the wages in Grandview would A. fall, and the demand for labor in Skyville would decrease B. fall, and the supply of labor in Skyville would increase C. rise, and the demand for labor in Skyville would increase D. rise, and the supply of labor in Skyville would decrease

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. (D) states that the increase in demand causes an increase in wages in Grandview, as well as a decrease in the supply of workers in Skyville as workers in Skyville will respond to the higher wages in Grandview.

Which of the following significantly contributed to the decline of both the Western Roman Empire and the Han dynasty? A. Climate change B. The spread of epidemic disease C. The collapse of major trade networks D. Nomadic invasions and internal unrest

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Continual wars along the northern border with the Xiongnu, a group of nomadic peoples inhabiting the northwest frontier of ancient China, from the third century B.C.E. forward, eventually weakened the Han dynasty and contributed to its collapse in the third century C.E. In the case of the Roman Empire, invasions by various Germanic peoples (Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals) and the Huns from the fourth century C.E. onward led to the collapse of the western half of the empire in the late fifth century C.E. In both cases, internal divisions and/or revolts exacerbated the external threat.

Which of the following was an effect of the Mongol conquests under Genghis Khan and his successors during the thirteenth century? A. The Pope's renunciation of crusades against Muslims B. The rapid growth of literacy throughout Eurasia C. The suppression of Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent D. The revival of trade along the Silk Road

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. During the thirteenth century, the Mongol Empire provided protection over much of the Silk Road. This allowed for increased trade and cultural exchange

Question: Which of the following is crucial to children becoming socialized? A. Participation in sports and extracurricular activities B. Proper medical treatment early in life C. Well-educated parents D. Regular social interaction with adults

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. For children to become socialized, contact with adults who teach them the norms, values, and cultural expectations of their respective communities is critical.

The knowledge, skills, and experience necessary for a person to perform a specific task is known as A. a renewable resource B. an appreciating resource C. professionalism D. human capital

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Human capital, by definition, refers to the knowledge, skills, and experience acquired by workers. Human capital is produced through education and training.

If a state's population increases, its representation in Congress is most likely to change in which of the following ways? A. The size of Congress will be increased to account for the population increase. B. The state will gain representation in both the House and the Senate. C. The state will gain representation in the Senate only. D. The state will gain representation in the House only.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. In the House, representation is based on population, meaning that if a state has an increase in population, it will most likely gain representation in the House.

Which of the following contributed to the spread of Islam into East Africa before 1450 C.E.? A. East African scholars studying in Saudi Arabia B. Military invasions by Islamic caliphates C. Missionaries sent into sub-Saharan Africa from Egypt D. Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Islam was introduced to East Africa primarily by contacts facilitated by commerce between African and Middle Eastern trading cities.

During Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, those who protested against the leadership of the colony were chiefly A. grandees (elite planters) who wanted to shift the tax burden to poorer farmers B. slaveholders who sought harsh penalties for fugitive slaves C. Native Americans who revolted against being displaced from their lands D. small farmers who wanted to settle on Native American lands

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Small farmers, as the population of the colony grew, sought cheaper land westward, away from the Atlantic Coast, that Native Americans still occupied. The leaders of the colony, chiefly elite planters, were less interested in cheaper land than in preventing war with the Native Americans, and so the two groups fought. The rebellion by the poorer colonists was crushed, but the leadership of the colony in the end decided that it was safer to unify all British settlers against the Native Americans than to split the settlers in an attempt to purchase peace with Indians, which was likely to fail anyway.

Question: The Federalist papers were written in support of A. popular protests against the Stamp Act B. the signing of the Declaration of Independence C. the drafting of the Articles of Confederation D. the ratification of the Constitution

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The Federalist papers were written in support of efforts to get the new Constitution ratified by the states.

Question: Which of the following describes an application of the Global Positioning System (GPS) ? A. Gathering atmospheric information from a satellite to forecast the weather B. Employing a tool to automatically maintain a minimum distance from the vehicle ahead C. Measuring angular distances of stars with a hand-held device for sea navigation D. Using a voice-activated device and a visual display to access driving directions

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that allows users to employ a device to access driving directions. None of the other options describes an application of the GPS.

Question: Which of the following forms of agriculture would traditionally be practiced in a tropical climate? A. Pastoral farming B. Aquaponic agriculture C. Mixed livestock and crop farming D. Slash-and-burn agriculture

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The slash-and-burn farming technique is prevalent in tropical climates and is practiced in patches of forest that are cleared for agriculture by cutting and burning the undergrowth. The plots are used for a relatively short time before being abandoned in favor of freshly cleared areas.

Normally, there is nothing of which we are more certain than the feeling of our self, of our own ego. This ego appears to us as something autonomous and unitary, marked off distinctly from everything else. That such an appearance is deceptive, and that on the contrary the ego is continued inwards, without any sharp delimitation, into an unconscious mental entity which we designate as the id and for which it serves as a kind of façade—this was a discovery first made by psychoanalytic research, which should still have much more to tell us about the relation of the ego to the id." The ideas expressed in the excerpt are most closely associated with which of the following thinkers? A. Abraham Maslow B. Jean Piaget C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. This question asks you to recognize the terminology and references in a quotation and assign them to a famous psychological theorist. Sigmund Freud believed that the human mind was composed of functional elements known as the ego, the id, and the superego. The id is composed of primitive desires for pleasure; the superego is composed of the internalization of social moral commands; and the ego is the conscious mediator between an individual and reality.

The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is best characterized by which of the following? A. Stereotype and generalization B. Faith and values C. Morality and law D. Attitude and action

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. This question asks you to recognize two important concepts concerning social justice and the relationship between them. Prejudice is a bias or hostility toward members of a certain group; discrimination is the carrying out of that belief through deeds. Thus, prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action. The correct answer, therefore, is (D).

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following describes an effect of the First World War on civil liberties in the United States before 1920? A. Women were granted the right to vote and the opportunity to serve in military combat roles. B. Prohibition was abolished as returning troops demanded the right to buy alcohol. C. Immigration laws were changed to allow admission of large numbers of refugees from war-torn Europe. D. Laws on espionage and sedition were expanded to target anti-American language and behavior.

Correct Answer: D The correct option is (D). The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 both affected civil liberties in the United States during the First World War. The Sedition Act of 1918 criminalized language viewed as disloyal or overly critical of the United States government. As a result, many citizens were arrested for their behavior, including members of communist and socialist groups.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following accusations did colonists make against King George III and the British Parliament in the Declaration of Independence? A. Violating the law of eminent domain by seizing private property for use by the government B. Embezzling tax money for the personal use of the Crown C. Frustrating the working of representative government and the law in the colonies D. Waging an illegal war against the French in Canada and mistreating Native Americans

Option (C) is correct. Among the injustices named in the Declaration of Independence, the colonists accused King George III and the British Parliament of dissolving houses of representatives in the colonies and of failing to apply existing British law to the colonies.

Question: Which of the following caused Spanish, British, and French forces to fight wars in North America prior to the American Revolution? Select all that apply. A. Disputes about controlling territory in the colonies B. Religious and cultural differences among colonists of different nationalities C. Competition for mineral resources, particularly gold and silver D. International tensions caused by competing alliances among the three nations Correct Answer: A, B, D

Options (A), (B), and (D) are correct. Disputes about territory were a common source of minor skirmishes as well as wars, such as the French and Indian War of 1754-1763. Underlying such disputes