Praxis 5412

19. A high school principal desires to support teachers in consistently holding all students to high standards regardless of their personal ability. What teacher behavior will most successfully accomplish this goal?

Teaching students to differentiate between high and low standards by showing examples of meeting one's personal best (Best answer because it makes students accountable i.e. high standards

What is Standards Based Learning?

SBL communicates how students are performing on clearly defined objectives called power standards.

Important components of progress monitoring are:

Selecting evidence-based tools Implementing the assessment well Considering students' language barriers and special needs Recognizing students' strengths

Self Assessment includes what two elements

Self reflection and ASSESSMENT

What are the characteristics of an effective PLC?

Shared mission, vision, values, goals. ... Collaborative teams focused on learning. ... Collective inquiry. ... Action orientation and experimentation. ... Commitment to Continuous improvement. ... Results orientation.

Education inputs are the means used in an education system to achieve

education objectives, such as: the number of teachers, school facilities, teaching materials supplies and the cost and level of financial resources used

33. The 1997 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) introduced important changes in the provision of special education services for students with disabilities. It requires that students with disabilities have access to, involvement in, and progress in the _______________.

general curriculum

A staff member has received three oral and three written warnings about being late to work. The staff member works in the cafeteria, so it is essential that the staff arrives on time to make sure lunch times are not affected. The principal's best response should be to

give the staff member the option to move to a different position or to be suspended

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires SPED students have access to

have access to, involvement in, and progress in the general education classroom

FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. They transfer when

he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level.

Some of the mandates that charter schools are not exempt from include

health and safety, special education, civil rights, student accountability, employee criminal history checks, open meetings, freedom of information requirements, generally accepted accounting principles, and certain provisions of the Pennsylvania School Code.

_________alignment occurs when the content being taught in the classroom directly correlates with content standards and assessments.

horizontal

Part A General Provisions (IDEA)

includes the development and use of assistive technology devices and services with the aim of maximizing educational access for individuals with disabilities.

In districts engaged in systemic standards-based reform, the ultimate goal of professional development is to contribute to

increased student learning, as typically measured by state assessments that are aligned with district or state academic standards. including standards, curriculum, assessments, and accountability

FERPA parent have the right to INSPECT Give side note on copies

inspect and review the student's education records maintained by the school. SIDE NOTE: Schools are not required to provide copies of records unless, for reasons such as great distance, it is impossible for parents or eligible students to review the records. Schools may charge a fee for copies.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

is a Federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the U.S. Department of Education.

A growth model

is a way of measuring the growth of students' assessment scores year to year based on their statewide assessment scores in English language arts (ELA) and mathematics. Growth is different from achievement.

When Leaders speak in public they should avoid

large scale open forums

When you see poor scores what should be a first step

to identify the curriculum, resources, and instructional strategies currently in use (this will guide decision making on what to keep, adjust, or eliminate)

When Leaders speak in public they should

use the political environment speak in easy to understand language communicate on sensitive topics

The purpose of SBL is to identify

what a student knows or is able to do in connection to a standard

When engaging stakeholders choose what main 2 factors

which ever one includes the MOST STAKEHOLDERS that are DIVERSE If there are both answers which one is also two way

What is progress monitoring?

"Progress monitoring is a formal protocol necessary to collect valid and reliable data to chart students' performance against expected outcomes." Progress monitoring requires a trustworthy system for teachers to answer critical questions such as, "Is this student in need of intervention?" Teachers depend on valid, reliable data to make confident decisions to guide instruction.

In FERPA Students to whom the rights have transferred are called

"eligible students."

Progress monitoring can serve a variety of purposes. However, the three main reasons teachers conduct student progress monitoring include

(a) evaluating student learning outcomes-Do you know what I expect you to know (b) considering instructional change (what to I need to adjust to as a result of your needs and evaluation) and (c) determining eligibility for other educational services.- do you need SPED services

What are the benefits of SBL?

**Students will be able to explain what they learned or did not learn rather than focusing on an arbitrary letter grade **SBL benefits all learners with opportunities for remediation and enrichment **SBL shifts focus from earning points to learning **Students are inclined to take more risks when the pressure of letters grades is taken away **Parent and student feedback is specific in all content areas **Grades are not averaged; therefore, students are not penalized for low scores that may occur at the beginning of units. Rather teachers look at a body of evidence, with emphasis on the most recent data, to report on each standard ***SBL creates a higher level of consistency and continuity in assessment among teachers

FERPA allows schools to disclose those records, without consent, to the following parties or under the following conditions

*School officials with legitimate educational interest; Other schools to which a student is transferring; Specified officials for audit or evaluation purposes; *Appropriate parties in connection with financial aid to a student; *Organizations conducting certain studies for or on behalf of the school; *Accrediting organizations; To comply with a judicial order or lawfully issued subpoena; *Appropriate officials in cases of health and safety emergencies; and *State and local authorities, within a juvenile justice system, pursuant to specific State law.

PD Should be

1. Collaborative 2. Over a period of time 3. Provide choice 4. Align with school vision and goals

7 steps of progress monitoring

1. Establish Goals and Objectives for the Year.(write precise and measurable goals). What progress can be expected in a set period of time based on where the student is performing. 2. Make Data Collection Decisions . (Collect data often enough to provide for timely intervention). What type of data will be collected, where will the data be collected, how often , and who will collect it. 3. Develop Tools and a Schedule for Gathering Data (surveys, observations, teacher made test, curriculum based assessment, etc. and when to review the data) 4. Represent Data Visually (shows a picture of progress 5. Evaluate and Analyze the Data. ... 6. Make Instructional Adjustments. ... 7. Communicate Progress to the student and parent

PD should NOT BE

1. Self Paced 2. One time 3. Time Bound 4. Individualized

Part C (Early Intervention Services)

1. governs competitive grants aimed at enhancing the education of children with disabilities on a national level. 2.

Part B (Special Education Services)-IDEA

1. states must provide FAPE ( Free Appropriate Public ducation) to children with disabilities, starting at age 3 and until they turn 22 (up until 21). 2. All school districts must locate, identify, and evaluate all children with disabilities, and determine those eligible for special education and related services. 3. eligible student must receive an Individualized Education Program (IEP), developed by an IEP team, so that specific special education is provided to meet the needs of each student. 4. It also provides grants to states for preschool programs for children with disabilities aged 3 to 5.

Which of the following is the best argument for a joint decision making method when resolving a dispute between two students?

Both students will come to a compromise, so the resolution will be equally beneficial

Vision and Goal Steps

1st develop the vison and goal Develop how to implement it Communicate it to stakeholders (tell the why)

progression model

A model indicating that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated; engaging in one type of withdrawal makes one more likely to engage in other types

Which of the following is an example of reflection-on-practice?

A principal evaluates her interaction with an irate parent whom she met with that morning Reflective practice was something which developed in disciplines such as teaching, medicine and social work as a way to learn from real life experiences. People in these areas would think about encounters with their students, patients or clients, how these worked and what lessons they could take away.

ICS (Incident Command System)

A system implemented to manage disasters and mass-casualty incidents in which section chiefs, including finance, logistics, operations, and planning, report to the incident commander.

24. Which of the following teachers would probably have the highest tolerance for taking risks?

A teacher who frequently collaborates with colleagues. (Shows that they are willing to try new things. Don't always think so literal)

17. A _________ school is one that joins forces with local government, social service agencies, and other community partners to meet students' needs.

A. Community (community schools partner with the community and aligns to meet students needs). They.are public schools. Focus on needs like academics, meals, healthcare, tutoring, counseling (other tailored services). Partnership focuses on relationship between school and community its integrated with school, community, and student needs. Personalized curriculum, real world learning, and community problem solving.

Which of the following is NOT a standard of Standards-Based Professional Development?

A. Learning Communities committed to continuous improvement and collective responsibility B. Leaders who develop capacity and advocate for professional learning C. Data that's used to evaluate and assess professional learning D. Implementation of professional learning for long term change E. Access to rigorous and challenging curriculum**

Legislators receive hundreds, if not thousands of e-mails a day. All of the following are components of an e-mail to a legislator that has a high probability of being read EXCEPT:

A. Links to your union or association's website

All of the following are requirements of the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) EXCEPT:

A. Parents have a right to free copies of the records the school maintains regarding their child.. B. Parents must be notified of their rights as outlined in FERPA C. Parents have a right to inspect their child's records that are maintained by the school D. Parents have a right to request that schools correct a record that they feel is inaccurate or misleading E. Noncustodial parents have the right to access their child's records

108. What is one of the best ways an administrator can help overcome the disparity in the diversity in the student population in comparison to the lack of diversity of teachers?

Choose less controversial answers and go with more males, more people of color etc,

Which of the following is the most effective way for school officials to determine which students may benefit from getting consistent time in a remedial resource room during reading instruction?

Administering a specific aptitude test to students who may qualify

A middle school principal has been working with his stakeholders to expose their underlying assumptions about the school. Now that they have uncovered these assumptions, they are attempting to ascertain which beliefs are limiting and which ones are empowering. Which of the following axioms will best assist them in making this determination?

An assumption is limiting when it is not in alignment with one's vision.

Authentic Assessment

Assessment of students' knowledge and skills in a "real-life" context. and asks them to use their knowledge to resolve them. As students put their knowledge to work, they gain a clearer understanding of the course content and subject matter. Side Note: Advantages of Authentic Assessment It converts students into active participants in the educational evaluation process. While helping students to become better learners, it also empowers the instructors to be better teachers. Disadvantages of Authentic Assessment It is highly subjective and this makes it difficult to grade students using authentic assessment methods. Authentic assessments typically require detailed, personalized, and specific feedback which can take a lot of time; especially when you have a large class.

Tinker v. Des Moines

At a public school in Des Moines, Iowa, students planned to wear black armbands at school as a silent protest against the Vietnam War. When the principal became aware of the plan, he warned the students that they would be suspended if they wore the armbands to school because the protest might cause a disruption in the learning environment. Despite the warning, some students wore the armbands and were suspended. During their suspension, the students' parents sued the school for violating their children's right to free speech

When will SBL be measured?

At the quarterly reporting period, students will be identified as beginning, developing, secure, and exceeding in relation to academic performance, and this identification will be based on multiple pieces of evidence.

A(n) ________ is something that a person believes about himself, others or an organization that impedes progress toward a goal.

B. limiting belief

42. An elementary school engages in data-driven instruction. This is the systematic use of student results to inform instructional practices. Which of the following behaviors by instructional staff at this school should be of greatest concern to the principal?

During data conferences, a teacher consistently expresses and demonstrates a belief that the bulk of responsibility for student learning is the students' and their families (no accountability is worse than someone distracted. Harder to overcome their beliefs)

Which of the following is the most critical connection associated with community involvement?

Establishing connections with parents and caregivers and building relationships with students (

Administrators that want to influence policymakers should begin by:

Finding out where the policymaker stands on key issues

Curriculum based monitoring includes

From the year Observation and interaction Frequent evaluations Let students see their growth Pinpoint areas of weaknesses Formative assessments For example, if an 8th-grade student's instructional level is at the 5th-grade level, the teacher may conduct the progress monitoring assessments using passages at the 6th-grade level. I.e. checking for growth and understanding For example, if a student has a goal in handwriting or writing their name, a work sample can be obtained from their classroom work to see if the student is able to transfer handwriting skills learned, to the general education classroom

Progress Monitoring

Progress monitoring begins with universal screeners (typically in fall spring, winter). If not good intervention is needed (research based ), vary based upon learning style Instructional Alignment starts with objectives

Principals role in adhering to local, state, and federal laws

It is not there job to interpret the law it is there job to know it. If local laws is in conflict with state and federal you must go with the latter.

One way to provide more student access to challenging curricula is implementing a "flipped classroom" model that reverses the traditional model of a classroom, focusing class time on student understanding and processing rather than on lecture. Which of the following explanations gives the best reason for a teacher to utilize this method of instruction?

Learning is more student-centered and collaborative.

Indiv. Teacher PD should involve

Let them choose, give them time, attach expectations

How is Standards Based Learning Different Than Traditional Letter Grades?

Letter grades do not communicate what skills students have mastered. For example, when a student receives a B in math, the letter grade does not specify which math skills have been mastered and which skills continue to need reteaching and relearning. Standards based learning documents will break each content area into specific power standards that students are expected to know by the end of the year. If students are not secure with a learning target after a unit, they will be given more opportunities to continue to practice the skill, and they will be provided opportunities to demonstrate mastery; therefore, you may see the level of mastery relating to a specific learning target change throughout the school year.

A team of teachers attend training to learn about IMPRESSION ANALYSIS Which of the following rationales would best help the team understand the importance of using such training when dealing with students?

Limiting initial reactions so that students' emotions can be logically evaluated to provide a more accurate development of perceptions of those students in varying situations

A teacher has been assigned a student teacher for the first time. The teacher worries about her ability to be a mentor and how to help the student teacher prior to the student teacher teaching their first lesson. How can the teacher best proceed?

Meet with the student teacher in a pre-observation meeting to have the student teacher walk through the lesson and provide advice, as needed

37. A school instructional coach uses the results for the state-mandated writing test to evaluate the effectiveness of a new method for teaching writing. To best ensure that the new method is aligned with state standards, a more in-depth analysis of which of the following should occur?

Multiple years of classroom-level assessment results and district benchmark results. (it provides years of data, classroom, and district) it's the best overall

Objective, Assessment, and Activities example

Objective: Ex. Analyze, Characterize, differentiate, etc........ Assessment: Essay How will they Anaylze (Activity via my instruction)

Authentic assessment can include many of the following:

Observation Essays Interviews Performance tasks Exhibitions and demonstrations Portfolios Journals Teacher-created tests Rubrics Self- and peer-evaluation

GUIDELINES FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONAL LEARNING SYSTEM

Occur within a collaborative culture in which all share collective responsibility for continuous improvement. Be advanced by leaders who prioritize professional learning and develop the capacity and structures to support it. Be supported by resources. Be data-based, and use data for planning, assessment and evaluation. Represent best-practice models and theories of adult learning and active engagement. Be research-based, using what is known about change to sustain implementation. Focus on specific goals and align outcomes with existing educator and student standards.

ICS

The logistics function of the ICS identifies services and resources for supporting incident response needs. The planning function collects and evaluates information, identifies incident response issues, develops action plans, and recommends future actions. The command function manages incidents overall and is directly responsible for public safety, information, and community response agency liaisons. The operations function develops objectives, organizes resources, and directs actions and resources for incident responses.

Legislators receive hundreds, if not thousands of e-mails a day. All of the following are components of an e-mail to a legislator that has a high probability of being read

The name of your local school or school district Your opinion and your specific request within the first or second sentence Your mailing address

23. In order for professional learning communities (PLCs) to be successful, educational leaders must provide staff members with tangible support that demonstrates that collaborative work is actually an important part of school culture. Which of the following is an example of tangible support?

The principal attends trainings with staff members. (not technically tangible but is is supportive. Think larger scale on impact of students)

complex resources

The resources take a wide range of formats including offline programs, downloadable/printable resources, links to websites or apps, YouTube films, or practical resources/packages/games produced by schools on a range of topic areas. The resources are grouped into the following categories:

Which of the following is the most important reason for putting systems in place for monitoring and revising school programs, plans and opportunities?

The school community can quickly identify discrepancies between current and desired outcomes (this is better than D because it also is true but applies to more scenarios. Think less specific if overall helps more). D. Monitoring and revising systems help schools decide whether to continue a program, plan or activity

systemic reform requires that necessary changes be implemented on a large scale.

Thus, districts must eventually deliver high-quality professional development related to standards to most, if not all, of its classroom teachers

What would be the most objective way for a principal to allocate funds for individual teacher professional development?

Use criteria formulated by a committee of teachers. (Creates buy-in and they know what they need)

Popularized by Rick DuFour, the four critical questions of a PLC include:

What do we want all students to know and be able to do? How will we know if they learn it? How will we respond when some students do not learn? How will we extend the learning for students who are already proficient?

The first step in progress monitoring is to identify

a measure to assess the skills targeted by the intervention. How will I know or measure you are achieving learning outcomes The type of progress monitoring measure a teacher uses will depend on the student's instructional level rather than his or her grade level.

36. Mr. Singh, the new school principal at an inner city high school would like to examine the effectiveness of individual math instructors by examining their students' math achievement. Which type of accountability model would best support Mr. Singh in achieving this goal?

a value-added model

Reflective practice involves___________________your experiences and actions, in order to help yourself improve and develop.

actively analyzing identify/reflect come of with a solution to improve

Value-added models (VAMs)

attempt to measure a teacher's effect on his or her students' achievement. This involves using a variety of measures to predict each student's test score and then comparing these predicted scores to how the teacher's students actually scored on the test.

* Students are active participants in their learning * Students are challenged to reach their fullest potential * Students are expected to engage in critical thinking * Students are encouraged to become politically and socially conscious * Students are educated about the world around them The above are characteristics of culturally _________ instruction.

aware B. competent C. sensitive D. reactive (SEE KEY WORDS THAT ALIGN THE MOST)b

IIn the flipped classroom, students are first introduced to a new topic individually at home via online videos and supporting content, which is then followed by

class time in which the students will apply their knowledge and delve deeper into the topic in the form of discussion, problem solving, and group work under the guidance of the teacher. What is notable about this new approach is its reliance on blended learning as well as the benefits experienced by those choosing to flip.

55. You are an elementary school principal. An event of tragic school violence has just occurred that is in the national news. You have noticed that many students, parents and staff members seem especially worried and tense. To support your school community, what action should you perform first in order to address this?

communicating about the school violence prevention measures that you already have in place (START WITH THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND PRACTICAL MEANS)

D. abstract resources

concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal article or dissertation). It

A district's implementation of a GROW professional development model is intended to help teachers

create a plan to accomplish general and specific goals

Title iX First of all, schools must create, publish, and widely distribute an anti-discrimination policy Side Note: What must the policy include

n anti-discrimination policy Side Note:This policy must affirm the school's commitment to non-discrimination on the basis of sex and include clear definitions of consent, sexual harassment, sexual discrimination, and sexual violence. The policy must also provide instructions on how students and members of the community can make complaints and contact their Title IX coordinator.

Charter schools were created to provide

opportunities for teachers, parents, students and community members to establish and maintain schools that operate independently from the existing school district structure as a method to accomplish the following: improve student learning; increase learning opportunities for all students; encourage the use of different and innovative teaching methods; create new professional opportunities for teachers; provide parents and students with expanded choices in the types of educational opportunities that are available within the public school system; and be accountable for meeting measurable academic standards.

No longer is professional development seen as simply having teachers complete a specific number of hours of training. Instead, districts now are concerned about

outcomes—typically, changes in teachers' knowledge, skills, attitudes, and/or behaviors, and, ultimately, improved student learning, as measured on tests aligned with state or district standards.

90. A(n)_______ is a means of providing special access so parents can log in and view their child's data, review class-specific content, receive automatic progress updates, read teacher comments, track attendance, and contact teachers with questions or concerns.

parent portal

One way to implement risk-taking in the classroom is to create a

peer-based learning environment. This model begins with students brainstorming ideas individually. They then share their ideas with one other peer before finally presenting them to the whole class.

Generally, schools must have written (FERPA)

permission from the parent or eligible student in order to release any information from a student's education record.

The greatest benefit to having community stakeholders participate in a school perception survey is that surveys _________________.

provide insights on the community's priorities and values. This is better for impacting students) If stuck which is better with the former

IDEA requires public schools to

provide notice to parents of students with disabilities, containing a complete description of procedural safeguards (including transition plans)

A school district communicates an urgent message about changes in the school day that will impact all students. The intended audience for this message is

publics

________ resources are those that are the actual inputs into the educational process such as people and materials.

real

Parents or eligible students have the right to request that a school correct (FERPA)

records. (inaccurate) Side Note: If the school decides not to amend the record, the parent or eligible student then has the right to a formal hearing. After the hearing, if the school still decides not to amend the record, the parent or eligible student has the right to place a statement with the record setting forth his or her view about the contested information.

The Title IX portion of the Education Amendments of 1972 addresses

sex discrimination

Title IX, sex discrimination includes

sexual harassment and gender-based harassment.

Teachers question why they have been tasked with gathering insights from parents and students about how they feel about the new improvement plan. Administration should explain that such data, when gathered,

should be specific to stakeholder needs, and teachers know parents and students more than the administration does

66. Per pupil expenditures, teacher salaries and student-teacher ratios are examples of which type of community resource?

simple resources

Tinker v. Des Moines is a U.S. Supreme Court case that decided in favor of students to have what right?

the Supreme Court's majority ruled that neither students nor teachers "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." The Court took the position that school officials could not prohibit only on the suspicion that the speech might disrupt the learning . They have the right to prohibit if it disrupts learning environment.

Horizontal alignment is the degree to which an assessment matches

the corresponding content standards for a subject area at a particular grade level (Do you know what you should know with a grade level or subject) Does the what I taught, match the assessment. Curriculum across subjects or same grade are coordinated. For example, if the tenth graders are learning about American history in their social studies class, then they're also reading novels by American authors in their English class that year. Same grade horizontally planned with common goals.

vertical alignment

the how and when we teach- Linking lessons holistically (building skills in a math curriculum multiply then divide. Or grade to grade critical skills. Skills up and down a grade level

If the professional development program is not well linked to the goals of the overall system, then

then teachers may well become confused about the district's expectations for them, and this confusion can result in less productivity and/or no change (or even negative change) in student learning.