Praxis Agriculture (5701)

FSIS stands for

Food Safety Inspection Service of the USDA

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Egg/Oocyte

The female gamete. Larger than the male gamete. Only 1 female gamete is used after gametogenesis.

NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service)

What US agency created in 1994 provides technical, planning, and financial assistance to farmers, ranchers, communities, state & local governments, and other land users to develop conservation systems suited to the land?

Off-line

__________ FSIS inspection program personnel also observe the sanitary conditions of those parts of the slaughter area not directly related to carcass inspection, such as where the hides are removed.

Specific Risk Materials (SRMs)

__________ are high-risk tissues that pose the greatest risk of containing the agent associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Heifer

a young female bovine which has not yet had a calf

Polled

naturally hornless

Endangered Species Act

(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Humane Methods of Slaughter Act

(1978) Set forth Humane handling and stunning practices and procedures

Clean Water Act

(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable

Succession

(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

Hen

Female bird over one year of age

TCS food

Food that is most vulnerable for pathogen growth is also referred to as food that needs time and temperature control for safety.

Environmental Impacts of energy production

Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions

menstrual cycle

The cycle of hormones which controls the build-up of the uterine lining. If an egg is not implanted, the endometrium is too sad to continue. It is then excreted from the body

aseptic

without microorganisms

Pig/Piglet

young swine (usually weighing less than 120 lbs)

Ovoviviparous

producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

Lamb Yield Grade

-% BCTRC (boneless closely trimmed retail cuts) from LEG, LOIN, RACK, and SHOULDER -Yield Grade = 0.4 (10 X Fat thickness) -rated 1 through 5 with 1 being highest yield

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

-Muscle weakness or trembling -Hyperactive or improperly triggered reflexes -Difficulty walking -Muscle pain -Heart arrhythmia -Lethargy or abnormal behavior

What hazards are associated with a biotechnology lab?

-Mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals -chemical burns -injury from burners or centrifuge -injury from broken glass -exposure to radioactive substance

Iodine deficiency symptoms

-Palpable enlargement of the thyroid gland that occur with varying degrees in different animals -Partial or complete alopecia -High incidence of still birth & weak newborn -Thyroid thrill may palpated in jugular furrow due to increase arterial supply to the gland -Loss of appetite ,decrease milk production and loss of condition

Life cycle of internal parasites in ruminants

-Parasite-infested animal harbors adult worms. -Eggs produced by the female are deposited in pastures with fecal matter. -They develop into various larvae stages. -Animal is contaminated by absorbing L3 larvae or infesting larvae with the grass. The larvae make their way to the alimentary canal where they develop and produce a new generation of adult male or female parasites.

farrow-to-finish

-Producers maintains a breeding herd; pigs are produced and fed to market weight on the same farm -pigs raised to market weight of approx 280 lbs

Why is proper nutrition essential for animal production?

-Proper nutrition is needed to maintain body temperature, produce milk, reproduce, and develop proper bone structures -Animals need the proper nutrition for growth and maintenance, and to provide energy for work and vital functions. -Without proper nutrition, animals can develop health problems, which could result in treatment costs or even fatality. -Animals that do not receive the proper nutrition are more likely to develop health and reproductive problems, and be less productive and marketable. -Nutrition is important to have healthy animals, and, in turn, healthy animals help ensure profitability in agricultural operations.

benefits of biotechnology

-Rapid development, introduction of a single gene, enhancements of traits. -control costs -control production -control environmental impacts -You can get specific crops, faster growth, longer shelf life, etc

Vitamin D deficiency symptoms

-Rickets (Bones stop hardening properly) -Bone pain, sometimes also felt as joint pain -Fatigue -Muscle pain -Hair loss -Being affected by frequent bacterial and viral infections -Mood changes such as a depressed mood -Wounds and injuries taking longer to heal -Weaker and/or easily breaking bones

Forestry PPE

-Safety Helmet -Hearing and eye protection -High-VIS -Gloves -Safety trousers with protective lining on front side -Safety shoes with steel cap

water cycle

-The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

What is the role of the estrus cycle?

-The hormone cycle that controls a female's gamete production. Some mammals have a menstrual cycle instead. -Estrous or menstrual cycles occur in mammals and refer to the phenomenon of cyclic ovarian function. This cyclic function is required to produce mature ova through a process called ovulation, which is necessary for fertilization to occur.

preservation

-The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible

phosphorus cycle

-The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks. -the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment

Reticulum

-The second stomach of a ruminant, having a honeycomb-like structure, receiving food from the rumen and passing it to the omasum.\ -When cleaned and used for food, it is called "tripe". -Heavy or dense feed and foreign objects will settle here. It is the site of hardware disease in cattle and because of the proximity to the heart this disease can be life-threatening. -Often referred to as the "honeycomb."

hybrid vigor

-The superior fitness of heterozygous offspring as compared with that of their dissimilar homozygous parents. -the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring

Littoral Rights

-Unrestricted rights granted to owners whose land borders oceans and large, navigable lakes that have a tide.

What are some environmental issues related to agricultural biotechnology?

-Weeds are hybridizing with herbicide resistant crops to become resistant themselves. -Weeds are hybridizing with pesticide resistant crops to impact insect species not harmful to the intended crop.

What are some legal and ethical questions surrounding biotechnology?

-Who owns genetically modified organisms such as bacteria? Can such organisms be patented like inventions? -Are genetically modified foods safe to eat? Might they have unknown harmful effects on the people who consume them? -Are genetically engineered crops safe for the environment? Might they harm other organisms or even entire ecosystems? -Who controls a person's genetic information? What safeguards ensure that the information is kept private? -How far should we go to ensure that children are free of mutations? Should a pregnancy be ended if the fetus has a mutation for a serious genetic disorder?

Cloning

-a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell) -Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism. -A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.

Strategies to create value in agricultural commodities:

-a real or perceived quality attribute such as organic certification, a brand image, identification with a specific geographic region and/or producer, identity preservation, environmental stewardship -usually requires learning new production and marketing skills, dealing with food safety, labeling, and other regulations, and coping with liability issues and insurance. -created through advertising, promotion, and consumer education

7 major classifications of nutrients

-carbohydrates -fats -fiber -minerals -proteins -vitamins -water

herringbone milking parlor

-cows enter and leave in groups -cows stand at a 45 degree angle to milkers

parallel milking parlor

-cows enter in groups and leave in groups or individually -cows stand perpendicular to milkers -cows stand parallel to each other in this design -only leaves one access point for the milker to reach the udder: the rear end -In parallel parlors, milking doesn't begin until all cows are in their stalls, and they are all released from the parlor at one time -Milking only takes about 10 minutes.

open ended credit (revolving)

-credit extended in advance -borrow up to your limit -i.e. credit cards, store cards

Worker passes are not needed if the employee can jump over fences and gates. [t/f]

False

Producer in Agribusiness

Farmer, Rancher: an owner-operator, landlord, tenant, or sharecropper that shares in the risk of producing a crop/livestock and is entitled to a share of the crop/livestock produced on the farm.

free-range farming

Farming that allows the animals to roam free and behave naturally

Dam

Female parent of an animal

Fishery PPE

Flotation devices, hard hats, steel-toed boots, hearing protection, proper gloves, eye protection

FSIS

Food Safety & Inspection Service; health agency of the federal government responsible for ensuring that the nations' commercial supply of meat, poultry and egg products are safe

HACCP

Food safety management system based on the idea that if significant biological, chemical, or physical hazards are identified at specific points within a product's flow through the operation, they can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to safe levels.

What are some safety equipment that is needed to properly conduct a laboratory experiment?

Goggles and Face Shield. Plastic Vinyl Booties. Disposable Coveralls and Apron. Disposable Vinyl Gloves and Heavy Neoprene Gloves.

Mixed/Alternate grazing

Grazing multiple species of livestock together (like cattle and goats) so that they consume each other's parasites and reduce the number available to infect the preferred host species.

family

Group of genera that share many characteristics. above Genus

order

Group of similar families below class and above family: There are between 19-26 orders of Mammalia

Nitrogen Cycle steps

It is one of the most important cycles as it represent the majority of elements in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is used by living organisms to produce organic molecules like amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. plants receive nitrogen from soil as an inorganic nitrate. animals receive the required amount of nitrogen they need for metabolism, growth and reproduction consuming living or dead organisms containing the composed nitrogen molecules. Nitrogen is being then implemented into soil from where it is being carried out by different bacteria and other organisms and reintroduced into the atmosphere.

Income and Expense Statement

Lists and summarizes income and expense transactions that have taken place over a specific period of time, usually a month or year

describe the general principles involved in balancing a ration

Livestock rations must meet the nutritional needs of the animal. The nutrient allowance in the balanced ration should be no more that 3% of the animals requirement.

Describe the estrus cycle.

The estrous cycle can be divided into four stages: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. During proestrus the CL regresses (progesterone declines) and a preovulatory follicle undergoes its final growth phase (estradiol increases). Ovulation usually occurs during estrus (cows ovulate during metestrus). Proestrus and estrus comprise the follicular phase. Corpora lutea develop during metestrus and function at optimum during diestrus. Metestrus and diestrus make up the luteal phase.

Biomagnification

The increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain

What is the difference between ruminant and non ruminant animals?

The main difference between ruminant and non-ruminant animals is that ruminant animals are herbivores whereas non-ruminant animals are omnivores or carnivores. Thus, ruminant animals have a complex rumen to digest plant material while non-ruminant animals have a simple stomach since their food is easy to digest.

abiotic factors

The non-living parts of an organism's habitat.

phosphorus cycle steps

The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Initially, phosphate weathers from rocks. The small losses caused by leaching through the action of rain are balanced in the gains from weathering rocks. In soil, phosphate is absorbed on clay surfaces and organic matter particles and becomes incorporated (immobilized). Plants dissolve ionized forms of phosphate. Herbivores obtain phosphorus by eating plants, and carnivores by eating herbivores. Herbivores and carnivores excrete phosphorus as a waste product in urine and feces. Phosphorus is released back to the soil when plants or animal matter decomposes and the cycle repeats.

selective breeding

The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation

cleaning

The removal of soil particles from surfaces by mechanical, manual or chemical methods.

Reforestation

The restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

primary succession

The stages of ______________________ include pioneer microorganisms, plants (lichens and mosses), grassy stage, smaller shrubs, and trees.

thinning

The timber-harvesting practice of selectively removing only smaller or poorly formed trees

Sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.

Processing in Agribusiness

The use of land to produce goods

How do vaccines work?

The vaccine inserts dead or weakened pathogen to produce a primary immune response. This stimulated immune system with 'remember' the response should a real disease threat occur in the future.

water cycle steps

The water cycle is the only way that Earth can be continually supplied with fresh water. The heat from the sun is the most important part of renewing our water supply. This heat soaks up water from the oceans, lakes, rivers, trees and plants in process called evaporation. As the water mixes with the air it forms water vapor. As the air cools, the water vapor forms clouds. This is called condensation. Most of the water is immediately returned to the seas by rain (precipitation). The rest of the water vapor is carried inside clouds by wind over land where it rains or snows. Rain and melted snow is brought back to the oceans by rivers, streams, and run-off from glaciers and water underground.

class

There are 108 different classes in the kingdom Animalia, below phylum and above order.

Phylum

There are 35 phyla in the kingdom Animalia, including Chordata (all organisms with a dorsal nerve cord), Porifera (sponges), and Arthropoda (arthropods). Below Kingdom level.

Proper use of vaccinations

These vaccines are licensed and produced under strict regulatory conditions ensuring their safety, efficacy and quality. Vaccines must be stored at the correct temperature and used according to directions provided to ensure they perform optimally.

FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)

This act provides the legal requirements for EPA's registration process for all pesticides

single entry method

This system requires only one entry for each transaction and is the oldest system ( not a self balancing method therefore user finds it hard to recognize errors ).

How do you determine the proper route of administration of medications and vaccines on various animal species?

Through guidance of the vet or reading the label on the medication bottle.

Key components of a contract

To be valid, a contract must generally contain all of the following elements: Offer Acceptance Consideration Legality

What is the best way to prevent external parasites?

To practice proper sanitation in your animals' pens and barns. Properly dispose of decayed wood shavings, vegetation, manure, garbage and dead animals. Routinely drag pastures to scatter manure and ensure proper drainage in area.

Dehorning

To remove or prevent the growth of horns to protect humans and other animals from being injured.

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body

Sanitizing

Treatment of a cleaned surface with a chemical or physical agent to destroy disease/spoilage causing organisms. Reduces total vegetative cell population to a safe level.

All pens, chutes, gates, fences and loading ramps should be strong and work properly. [t/f]

True

Drainage is an important part of corral design. [t/f]

True

Knowing Livestock psychology is important for safely working in corrals and barns. [t/f]

True

Walks and work surfaces should be properly lighted and clear of any debris to prevent accidents. [t/f]

True

These animals are labeled as "___________" and are segregated until the animal has received additional inspection by an FSIS veterinarian.

U.S. Suspect

beef yield grades

USDA 1 - Most desirable, trim USDA 2 USDA 3 - Industry average USDA 4 USDA 5 - Least desirable, excessively fat

Rotational grazing allows grazing livestock to

Use a small area for a short time

Fecal Counts

Used to identify parasites that maybe in animals and to count the parasites found in stool by the grain

Why are vaccinations used in farm animals?

Vaccinations protect the welfare of farm animals by preventing or reducing disease, which in turn reduces the pain and suffering often associated with illness. Healthy animals are also the cornerstone of healthy food so vaccination can safeguard our food product produced from animals.

What are the three questions a mission statement should answer?

What are the opportunities or needs that we exist to address? (The purpose of the organization) What are we doing to address these needs? (The business of the organization) What principles or beliefs guide our work? (The values of the organization).

Business History

When and how was the operation started, the location of the operation, source of financing, the source of the land, equipment and other resources, and was it inherited or purchased or is it rented

Sulphur Cycle Steps

When sulphur is released from the rock and comes in contact with air, it is converted into sulfate (SO4), which is taken up by plants and microorganisms and converted into organic forms. Animals acquire these organic forms of sulfur from their foods. When organisms die and decompose, some of the sulfur enters the tissues of microorganisms and some is released again as sulfate. Additional sulphur enters the ocean through fallout from the atmosphere. Once in the ocean, some of the sulphur cycles through marine communities as it moves through food chains, some reenters the atmosphere, and some is lost to the ocean depths as it combines with iron to form ferrous sulfide (FeS). Sulphur reenters the atmosphere naturally in three major ways: sea spray releases large amounts of the element from the ocean into the atmosphere; anaerobic respiration by sulfate-reducing bacteria causes the release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas especially from marshes, tidal flats, and similar environments in which anaerobic microorganisms thrive; and volcanic activity releases additional but much smaller amounts of sulfur gas into the atmosphere.

DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services)

Who is the main federal agency that funds each organization, such as the CDC?

Estrus

a recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals; heat.

Depreciation

a reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time, due in particular to wear and tear.

stereotyped motor patterns

a repetitive, invariant behavior pattern with no obvious goal or function

Artificial Insemination (AI)

a reproductive technology in which semen is collected from males, then used in fresh or frozen form to breed females

calf

a sexually immature young bovine

bull

a sexually mature male bovine

boar

a sexually mature male swine

lamb

a sheep less than one year in age

Mission Statement

a short, specific written statement of the reason a business exists and what it wants to achieve

Balance Sheet

a statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time, detailing the balance of income and expenditure over the preceding period.

breed

a stock of animals within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically having been developed by deliberate selection

Squeeze Chute

a strongly built stall or cage for holding cattle, horses, or other livestock safely while they are examined, marked, or given veterinary treatment.

break-even analysis

a technique that analyzes the relationship between total revenue and total cost to determine profitability at various levels of output

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

aquatic ecosystem

a water-based ecosystem

Agribusiness Plan

a written plan to help the producer identify and quantify costs, set price goals, determine potential price outlook, examine production and price risk, and develop a strategy for marketing your crop.

shoat

a young just weaned pig

Cria

a young llama

kit

a young rabbit

Barrow

a young, castrated male swine

Service in Agribusiness

activities of value to the user or buyer. The activities are an intangible product

duck hen

adult female duck

Goose

adult female geese

Turkey hen

adult female turkey

Drake

adult male duck

gander

adult male geese

Two Factor Punnett Square

dihybrid cross tracks two traits. Both parents are heterozygous, and one allele for each trait exhibits complete dominance. This means that both parents have recessive alleles, but exhibit the dominant phenotype

noninfectious disease

diseases that are not caused by virulent pathogens and are not communicable from one animal to another. They may be caused by hereditary factors or by the environment in which an animal lives.

Livestock

domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes (meat, milk, wool, work)

Popular products from chickens

eggs and chicken meat

grooming stand

elevated platform used in dogs, cats, goats, sheep etc to restrain the dog for grooming. also keeps animal at a comfortable working height for groomer

Water in the animals body performs what functions?

eliminate waste products of digestion and metabolism, regulate blood osmotic pressure, produce milk and saliva, transport nutrients, hormone and other chemical messages within the body, and aid in temperature regulation affected by evaporation of water from the skin and respiratory tract.

food irradiation

exposing foods to low doses of radiation to kill microorganisms or keep them from reproducing

Sensory system organs and functions

eyes, ears, nose skin Sense and detect things outside the body

What kind of diets promote weight loss without sound nutritional practices?

fad diets

Pullet

female bird under one year of age

Queen

female cat

Doeling

female domestic goat of less than one year old

Jenny

female donkey

Noncurrent Liabilities

financial obligations in a company's balance sheet that are not expected to be paid within one year

hiring

finding, acquiring, and training new employees

converting as-fed to dry matter

first calculate the pounds of dry matter corn. Then multiply the result by the %CP (shown below): 1. Convert as-fed to dry (to match nutrient units): a. 10 lb corn * (85 ÷ 100) = 8.5 lb DM corn 2. Multiply lbs DM corn by the CP concentration: a. 8.5 lb DM * (8 ÷ 100) = 0.68 lb CP (DM basis)

What are the six factors that affect the growth of bacteria on food?

food, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and moisture.

popular products from rabbits

fur and meat

What is the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth?

gestation

What are some of the important environmental issues that impact livestock production?

global warming, tropical deforestation, water-use issues, rangelands and desertification, and livestock-wildlife interactions.

SMART goals

goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely

Genus

group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature. above species

Circulatory organ and functions

heart, blood vessels The blood carries substances around the body

How do Market prices and cycles affect agricultural commodities?

higher price volatility, significant price co‐movement, and a higher real price level for all three commodity groups. Supply and Demand.

Low supply and high demand

higher prices

Identify the major species of livestock.

horses, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, turkeys and chickens

Dehorning methods

hot iron, cutter, chemical, dehorning spoon

Sulphur Cycle

how sulfur circulates through the biosphere. It involves SO4 2- salts in deep ocean sediments, rock, H2S from bogs, swamps, etc., SO2 from volcanoes, and H2SO4 from the atmosphere to land.

feed lots/factory farms

huge warehouses/pens designed to deliver energy rich foods to animals living at extremely high densities

Biomagnification/Bioaccumulation

if pollutant (mercury, DDT, etc.) is taken up by producers (plants, algae), then the relative amount of that pollutant will increase moving up the food chain. Top-level consumers are most affected by these pollutants.

population growth

increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state

What are the purposes of genetically modifying organisms in agriculture.

increased crop yields, reduced costs for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition and food quality, resistance to pests and disease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the world's growing population

subcutaneous injection

injection into the subcutaneous tissue that lies between the epidermis and the muscle. Most vaccines and antibiotics are administered this way.

intravenous injection

injection of a substance directly into a vein. Typically used for medication that can cause severe muscle damage.

Ante-mortem inspection

inspection of live animals prior to slaughter

Production Plan

is an outline of the activities undertaken to combine resources (inputs) to create goods or services (outputs).

normal behavior in horses

kicking, biting, flattening ears, whinnying

Urinary systems organs and functions

kidneys, bladder Get rid of poisons and waste (urine)

popular products from sheep

lamb, mutton, hogget and wool

Kingdom

large taxonomic group below the domain level, consisting of Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

animal welfare

line of thinking that proposed that animals should be treated well and that their comfort and well-being should be considered in their production

High supply and low demand

lower prices

Lympho-reticular organs and functions

lymph nodes, spleen Protect against infectious diseases, produce blood

Buckling

male domestic goat of less than one year old

Jack

male donkey

colt

male horse under the age of four

buck rabbit

male rabbit

BLM (Bureau of Land Management)

manages outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production on public lands

cow

mature female bovine

mare

mature female horse

sow

mature female swine

stallion

mature male horse

During _____________________, the site of where the follicle ruptured becomes a corpus luteum (CL) that secretes progesterone (the calming hormone) to inhibit estrus and, if the cow is pregnant, maintains pregnancy. Some cows may have a bloody vaginal discharge during ____________________ indicating they were in heat a day or two earlier.

metestrus, metestrus

aseptic technique

method used to make the environment, the worker, and the patient as germ-free as possible

Popular products of goats

milk, cabrito (goat meat), mohair, cashmere

pasture rotation

movement of animals from pasture to pasture to decrease the incidence of parasites

litter

multiple offspring produced at one birth by a multi-parous mammal. Also called brood.

Musculoskeletal organs and functions

muscle (meat) bones Support and move the body

Respiratory system organs and functions

muzzle, windpipe, lungs Breathing

equine

name of the family that includes horses, donkeys and zebras

Water Rights

the legal rights of property owners to access and use bodies of water adjacent to lands they hold. Different types of waters rights exist based on various forms of water that border or exist on a property

Withdrawal time

the length of time an antibiotic or vaccination must not be administered or fed to an animal before the animal can be legally slaughtered

Country of Origin (COO)

the location where an article was wholly obtained; when more than one country is involved, the location where the last substantial transformation was carried out; the location where there is a change in the product designation number, according to the Harmonized Commodity Code and Designation System (HS)

Carrying capacity refers to

the maximum size of population the environment will support

Omasum

the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum.

maintenance

the nutrition required for an animal to maintain its current weight

break-even point

the point at which the costs of producing a product equal the revenue made from selling the product. Fixed Costs/(Average Price — Variable Costs)

embryo transfer

the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female's uterus

Sublimation

the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas

Meat Fabrication

the process of cutting, boning, and portioning large cuts of meat to menu specifications

Canning

the process of preserving food by heating and sealing it in airtight containers for storage

pickeling

the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar.

moisture condensation

the process of reducing water gas or vapor to a liquid or solid form

food inspection

the regulation of food production and processing. ensures that food is safe and free of disease-causing organisms

Inputs

the resources—such as labor, money, materials, and energy—that are converted into outputs

follicle

the sac in the ovary in which the egg develops

bovine

the scientific name for cattle

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Risk Management

All efforts designed to preserve assets and earning power associated with a business.

Key Factors in Marketing

Knowing your product, knowing your customer and service knowledge.

clear-cutting

The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once

Debt to Equity Ratio

Total Debt/Total Equity

What products do the EPA regulate?

pesticides, including genetically engineered pesticides

Animal Domestication classes

three major pathways that most animal domesticates followed into domestication: (1) commensals, adapted to a human niche (e.g., dogs, cats, fowl, possibly pigs); (2) prey animals sought for food (e.g., sheep, goats, cattle, water buffalo, yak, pig, reindeer, llama, alpaca, and turkey); and (3) targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse, donkey, camel)

net worth

total assets minus total liabilities (debts)

gluten free diet

treatment for celiac disease. This diet includes: Rice, corn, soy flour, fruit, veggies, meat, egg, milk. Eliminates wheat, oats, rye, barley and their derivatives.

Low fat diet

-reduces calories from fat and minimizes cholesterol intake

Traits

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

terrestrial ecosystem

a land-based ecosystem

Postemergence Herbicide

A chemical applied to control weeds after they have emerged from the soil.

swine

a refers to animals in the pig family

Tom (cat)

male cat

buck/billy goat

sexually mature male goat

Preemergence Herbicide

A chemical applied to control weeds before their emergence from the soil.

chromosome theory of inheritance

-A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. -generalization that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns. -According to this theory, genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

Inbreeding

-A selective breeding method in which two individuals with identical or similar sets of alleles are crossed. -the mating of animals that are more closely related than the average of the breed.

farrow-to-feeder

-A swine facility that includes breeding stock and pigs ranging from newborn to feeder pig size. -piglets sold to finish facility at approx 50-60 lbs

genetic engineering

-A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally. -Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms. -The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

Iron deficiency symptoms

-Anemia (Reduction in red blood cell or hemoglobin level) -weakness -weight loss -loss of appetite

Animal handling techniques

-Animals should be approached in a calm and confident manner, avoiding exaggerated or sudden movements, such as waving of the hands and arms -Using soft tones and a quiet voice when talking to animals may help alert them to a non-threatening approach and reinforce a caring attitude in the handler -Choose an appropriate handling method using sufficient force to immobilize the animal but not hinder breathing or cause bruising. -Observe the animals response after handling. If animal shies away or hides, it could have been too much force. An animal with a positive handling experience often will voluntarily return to the handler. Remain still for a moment and observe the animal for signs of fear or injury. -Skill should be sufficient to capture animals quickly, confidently and securely on first approach without any chasing. Failed attempts to catch an animal can increase its anxiety and lead to further evasive response, resulting in frustration and sometimes impatience in the handler -Attempt to gain voluntary cooperation of animals using positive reinforcement (i.e. treats) for procedures that would normally need restraint

Safety Tips for Working With Animals

-Approach all animals with caution -stay alert at all times -study the behavior of the species -Take Precautions Against Zoonotic Diseases -Minimize Allergic Reactions -Inspect Handling Facilities for Safety -Wear Personal Protective Equipment -Restrain Animals Properly -Dispose of Medical Waste in Appropriate Containers -Have an Exit Strategy

Estrus hormone

-As the follicle develops, estrogen is secreted by the ovary. The egg grows larger as more estrogen is secreted by the ovary. Estrogen causes estrus ("heat") and contractions of the uterus to aid in transport of sperm.

Describe safe handling of laboratory materials, chemicals, and equipment.

-Avoid skin and eye contact with chemicals. -Immediately report and clean up broken glass or spilled chemicals per policy. -Avoid inhaling chemicals -wear proper PPE -use fume hood as indicated

Common EPD's

-Birth Weight -Calving/birth ease -Weaning weight -yearling weight -maternal milk -Maternal weaning weight

Linebreeding

-Breeding that maintains relatedness to a particular ancestor of outstanding quality -milder form in inbreeding -arranging matings so that one or more relatives occur more than once in a pedigree, while avoiding close inbreeding

Monogastric digestive system

-Chewed food mixes with saliva, goes down the esophagus into the stomach. -motility of the stomach mixes the digesta with the gastric juices and to move the digesta into the small intestine. -The small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and the ileum) is the site where the majority of digestion takes place and most, if not all, nutrient absorption occurs. -The duodenum is the site for the mixing of digesta with intestinal, liver and pancreatic secretions to buffer the contents as they leave the stomach, and to lubricate the bolus for ease of movement through the intestines. -The caecum and colon (hind gut) retrieve any nutrients, primarily water and electrolytes, remaining in the digesta as it leaves the small intestine. The caecum is a blind sac arising at the junction of the ileum and colon. -Anaerobic fermentation of fiber in the caecum and colon produces some utilizable energy in the form of volatile fatty acids. -The amount of energy produced is small in relation to the pig's total requirement but hind gut fermentation liberates substantial nutrients in horses and rabbits.

Heat Detection

-In most natural mating situations, the male is the best possible detector. In artificial breeding or hand mating, the need to pick cows that are in heat is of paramount importance. Techniques include use of infertile teasers combined with heat mount detectors, tail paint, or chin ball or sire-sine marking harnesses. In dairy herds it is usual practice to dispense with the teasers and depend on other cows to pick out and mount the cows that are in heat. -looking for the changes in animal behavior that are associated with a female standing to be mounted by a male or another female.

Criteria for Culling animals

-Low fertility:In females this may be based on pregnancy testing or wet/dry status at mustering.In males this is usually based on combined examination of the teeth, feet and testicles a few months prior to joining. Bulls may also undergo a Veterinary Bull Breeding Soundness Evaluation. -Ability to deliver a calf or lamb or kid unassisted. -Ability to rear a calf or lamb or kid to weaning. -Age - often the best way to do this is based on the animal's teeth (animals with worn teeth or broken mouth usually do poorly). -Temperament. -Physical problems, including udder, foot and other structural problems such as excessive breech wrinkle/cover in Merinos. -Production targets, including performance of offspring (there is no point in keeping animals that fail to produce themselves or that produce low value offspring). -Disease susceptibility.

inorganic compounds

A compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen.

Abnormal livestock behavior

-defined as an untypical reaction to a particular combination of motivational factors and stimuli -can often be regarded as stress-coping responses. -Three categories of abnormalities: stereotyped motor patterns, abnormal aggression and cannibalism.

Strategies to capture value in agricultural commodities:

-engaging in activities such as direct marketing to consumers, turning farm products into food products, and joining producer alliances and cooperatives that invest in facilities to process their farm products on a larger scale. -sales directly to restaurants and local institutions, as well as mail order and Internet sales.

What does hunting, trapping, fishing, and outdoor recreation do for economy?

-generates revenue -encourages tourism -population control of game -stimulates economy

Nonruminant Herbivore Digestion

-horse, rabbit and guinea pig -combines features of both the ruminant and monogastric systems. -digestion of non-structural carbohydrates such as starch, proteins, minerals and vitamins takes place in the stomach and small intestine. -The more fibrous part of the feed, which in some situations is the majority of the diet, is passed through the small intestine to the hindgut (caecum and colon) where it undergoes bacterial fermentation. -since hind-gut fermentation is distal to the small intestine the non-ruminant herbivore may not be as efficient in using fibrous foodstuffs as is the ruminant. -There is absorption from the hind-gut of by-products of bacterial fermentation such as volatile fatty acids, free amino acids, B-vitamins and minerals released from plant sources, but losses of these nutrients in the feces is greater in the horse than in the cow.

Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

-lack of energy. -weakness. -reduced interest in play. -loss of appetite. -diarrhea. -weight loss. -lack of muscle mass. -confusion.

Crossbreeding

-mating animals of different breeds -the process of breeding with the intention to create offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages or to produce an animal with hybrid vigor

Calcium deficiency symptoms

-muscle twitching -restlessness -stiffness -lethargy -panting -convulsions

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

-night blindness -birth defects -poor growth -excessive thickening of the skull

Diestrus

-period of the estrous cycle after metestrus -Once the CL matures, the cow is in diestrus. If the uterine wall does not get a signal by days 16 to 18 of the estrous cycle indicating that a fertilized egg has been implanted in the uterine wall, the hormone prostaglandin is secreted from the uterus, and the CL regresses between days 18 and 20 to complete the reproductive cycle

nonpoint source pollution

-pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area -pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site -water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin

Veal/calf grade

-prime, choice, good, standard, and utility -Prime and choice grades are juicier and more flavorful than the lower grades. Because of the young age of the animals, the meat will be a light grayish-pink to light pink, fairly firm, and velvety. The bones are small, soft, and quite red. Cuts such as chops can be cooked by the dry-heat methods of roasting, grilling or broiling

Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)

-provide estimates of the genetic value of an animal as a parent -differences in EPDs between two individuals of the same breed predict differences in performance between their future offspring when each is mated to animals of the same average genetic merit -calculated for birth, growth, maternal, and carcass traits and are reported in the same units of measurement as the trait (normally pounds) -values may be directly compared only between animals of the same breed

Basic handling procedures for animal vaccines

-purchase from a reputable source who will deliver a high quality vaccine -store in a refrigerator: Heat can make the vaccines ineffective, so they should not be allowed to warm up to room temperature at any time. Do not allow to freeze -use only the rehydrating solution packaged with the vaccine if it needs to be reconstituted. -Determine how many animals you need to vaccinate and only mix enough to vaccinate that number. Any leftover vaccine should be thrown away as it loses its effectiveness during storage (as little as 2 hours) -only mix what you will use in a very short period of time -Follow label directions for how to give the injection

Pearson's Square

-simple way to calculate a ration for a specific animal. -a tool that can be used to calculate the portion of two feeds needed to meet protein or energy requirements of an animal. For this tool to work, one of the feeds used must be higher in ME or CP than the desired level and the other feed must be below the desired level.

How are stem cells used in agriculture?

-stem cells from meristem can produce large numbers of identical plants very quickly -Plant signals activate stem cells to regenerate tissue after being damaged

basic handling procedures for animal supplements

-store out of reach of animals -store out of direct sunlight -store and use in a well ventilated area -read packaging and inserts for recommended PPE

feeder-to-finish

-swine operation that raises weanling pigs to market weight -minimum overhead, low labor requirements, and no long-term commitment -pigs bought at 50-60 lbs, sold at approx 280 lbs

Abnormal Behavior examples

-tail biting -cribbing -becoming anti-social -biting, kicking and aggression in cattle -bucking, rearing, charging and aggression in horses

Tandem Milking Parlor

-the cows stand nose-to-tail inside individual stalls -gives the milker a side-on vantage point of the udder -Cows can be released one at a time

Metestrus

-the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle in mammalian females, occurring after ovulation and characterized by development of the corpus luteum, increased progesterone secretion, and decreased estrogen secretion.

Proestrus

-the period immediately before estrus, characterized by development of the endometrium and ovarian follicles -in cattle, lasts for one to three days immediately before the cow comes into estrus or heat

grading up

-the process of improving animals for some productive function by consecutive matings with animals considered to be genetically superior. -the sequential use of purebred animals over a series of generations to provide a "nearly purebred" result. The usual sequence is that a purebred sire is used on females that are either crossbred or of another breed. The resulting offspring are 1/2 the pure breed of the sire.

carbon cycle

-the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.

nitrogen cycle

-the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition. -The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

Abomasum

-the true glandular stomach in the ruminant -the "true" stomach because it is the only part of the ruminant's stomach that has glands, secretes acids and enzymes for digestion -the fourth stomach of a ruminant, which receives food from the omasum and passes it to the small intestine.

Methods for controlling moisture condensation in food facilities:

-ventilation and air flow control -install a dehumidifier -keep surfaces dry -remove or cover moist items -keep surface temperatures above the dew point -insulate surfaces

fad diets

-weight-loss plans that tend to be popular for only a short time.

1 pound to kilograms

.45 kilograms

Using a Pearson's square with supplement mixes

1) Grain mix A is 40% corn and 60% soybean hulls (SBH), whereas grain mix B is 50% dried distillers grains (DDG) and 50% cottonseed hulls (CSH). The energy requirement being balanced for is 1.44 Mcal/d. (Energy Concentrations as follows: Corn 2.01 Soybean hulls 1.37 Dried distillers grains 1.97 Cottonseed hulls 0.48) 2)First, treat grain mixes A and B as the two feeds to use in the Pearson's Square. This means you must calculate the amount of energy (Mcal/kg) available in each mix. These are the steps: --1. Grain mix A a. 40% corn at 2.01 Mcal/kg, so 2.01 * (40 ÷ 100) = 0.80 Mcal/kg b. 60% SBH at 1.37 Mcal/kg, so 1.37 * (60 ÷ 100) = 0.82 Mcal/kg c. 0.80 + 0.82 = 1.62 Mcal/kg --2. Grain mix B a. 50% DDG at 1.97 Mcal/kg, so 1.97 * (50 ÷ 100) = 0.98 b. 50% CSH at 0.48 Mcal/kg, so 0.48 * (50 ÷ 100) = 0.24 c. 0.98 + 0.24 = 1.22 Mcal/kg 3) make sure the energy requirement (1.44 Mcal/d) falls within the range of the energy content of each grain mix (1.22 to 1.62 Mcal/kg); otherwise, the Pearson's Square method will not work. 4) Pearson's Square calculations: ----1. Subtract across the diagonal: a. 1.44 - 1.22 = 0.22 parts grain mix A b. 1.44 - 1.62 = 0.18 parts grain mix B ----2. Sum the parts: a. 0.22 parts grain mix A + 0.18 parts grain mix B = 0.40 total parts ----3. Divide each part by the total to calculate the percent of each feed to include. This step varies from the first example, because more than two ingredients are being used. Before dividing, multiply the parts of each grain mix by the proportions of each ingredient in the mix (this should sum to the total parts). The total ration will be 55% grain mix A (40% corn and 60% SBH) and 45% grain mix B (50% DDG and 50% CSH).: -----a. 0.22 * (40 ÷ 100) = 0.09 parts corn -----b. 0.22 * (60 ÷ 100) = 0.13 parts SBH -----c. 0.18 * (50 ÷ 100) = 0.09 parts DDG -----d. 0.18 * (50 ÷ 100) = 0.09 parts CSH For grain mix A: 0.09 parts corn ÷ 0.4 total parts = 0.225 0.13 parts SBH ÷ 0.4 total parts = 0.325 For grain mix B: 0.09 parts DDG ÷ 0.4 total parts = 0.225 0.09 parts CSH ÷ 0.4 total parts = 0.225 5) Finally, go back and check the math as follows: 0.225% corn * 2.01 Mcal/kg = 0.45 Mcal/d 0.325% SBH * 1.37 Mcal/kg = 0.44 Mcal/d 0.225% DDG * 1.97 Mcal/kg = 0.44 Mcal/d 0.225% CSH * 0.48 Mcal/kg = 0.11 Mcal/d 0.45 + 0.44 + 0.44 + 0.11 = 1.44 Mcal/d = Orig. req. 6) Now, calculate how much of each feed ingredient to use in a 1,000-pound batch. Because the energy concentration is in Mcal/kg, first convert 1,000 pounds to kilograms (see conversion section below for directions). So, 1,000 lb = 454 kg 454 kg * 0.225% corn = 102.2 kg corn 454 kg * 0.325% SBH = 147.6 kg SBH 454 kg * 0.225% DDG = 102.2 kg DDG 454kg * 0.225% CSH = 102.2 kg CSH 102.2 + 147.6 + 102.2 + 102.2 = 454.2 kg (1,000 lb of mix)

Income & Expense Statement: 3 Main Components

1. Income 2. Expenses 3. Net gain/Net loss

Using a Pearson's Square

1)The value in the middle of the square must be intermediate between the two values that are used on the left side of the square. For example, the 14 percent crude protein requirement has to be intermediate between the soybean meal that has 45 percent crude protein or the corn that has 10 percent crude protein. If barley is used that has 12 percent crude protein and corn that has 10 percent crude protein, the square calculation method will not work because the 14 percent is outside the range of the values on the left side of the square. 2)Disregard any negative numbers that are generated on the right side of the square. Be concerned only with the numerical differences between the nutrient requirement and the ingredient nutrient values. 3)Subtract the nutrient value from the nutritional requirement on the diagonal and arrive at a numerical value entitled parts. By summing those parts and dividing by the total, you can determine the percent of the ration that each ingredient should represent in order to provide a specific nutrient level. Always subtract on the diagonal within the square in order to determine parts. Always double check calculations to make sure that you did not have a mathematical error. It also is very important to work on a uniform basis. Use a 100-percent dry-matter basis for nutrient composition of ingredients and requirements and then convert to an as-fed basis after the formulation is calculated.

What are the 7 principles of HACCP?

1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Determine the critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish verification procedures 7. Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures

What are the 8 routes of drug administration?

1. Oral 2. Rectal 3. Sublingual 4. Transdermal 5. Intravenous 6. Subcutaneous 7. Intramuscular 8. Pulmonary

Livestock producers use visual observations to

1. Select breeding cattle or swine based on conformation, breed character, structural soundness of feet and legs, and body capacity. 2. Select market animals based on muscle, frame size, body capacity, finish and structural soundness.

To use a Pearson's square

1. Subtract the nutrient requirement (middle of square) from the nutrient concentration (on left of square) in the feed across the diagonal (top left - middle = bottom right; bottom left - middle = top right). Repeat this for both feeds. Make any negative numbers on the right side of the square positive. The answers on the right side of the square are the parts of each feed to include in the ration. 2. After subtracting across the diagonal, sum the parts of the two feeds to get the total. 3. Then, divide each part by the sum of the parts to calculate the percent of each feed in the ration.

Considerations for livestock rations

1.) It should be palatable (taste good)... without mold, insect damage, and/or weather damage. 2.) it should be economically feasible because about 75% of production costs are related to feed. 3.) ingredients cannot be harmful to the animal or lower the quality of the product. 4.) balance intake of roughage's and concentrates for a specific animal.

Bull A has a weaning EPD of +30 lb. and bull B has a weaning EPD of +20 lb. If you randomly mate these bulls in your herd, you could expect bull A's calves to weigh, on average, _______ lb. more at weaning than bull B's progeny.

10 (30 - 20 = 10)

Hot food should be held at ______ °F or warmer

140

Domestication timeline

15,000 years ago. Dogs. Canis familiaris. 10,000 years ago. Sheep. Ovis aries. 8,000 years ago. Pigs. Sus scrofa. 8,000 years ago. Cattle. Bos taurus. 6,000 years ago. Zebu Cattle. Bos indicus. 6,000 years ago. Horses. Equus caballus. 4,500 years ago. Llamas. Lama glama.

Clean Air Act

1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry

1 kg to pounds

2.2 pounds

Sterilizing

The complete destruction of all organisms, including spores.

In rabbits, white fur (W) is dominant to black (w), and long ears (E) are dominant to short ears (e). A breeder mates two rabbits that are heterozygous (WwEe) for both traits. What is the chance that the offspring will be black with long ears?

3/16 The cross results in the following offspring: one WWEE, two WWEe, two WwEE, four WwEe, one WWee, two Wwee, one wwEE, two wwEe, and one wwee. We are looking for only black, long-eared offspring so \frac{1}{16}161​start fraction, 1, divided by, 16, end fraction wwEE + \frac{2}{16}162​start fraction, 2, divided by, 16, end fraction wwEe = \frac{3}{16}163​start fraction, 3, divided by, 16, end fraction black, long-eared offspring

Using the Pearson Square method, how many parts of 8.9 percent protein corn would be mixed with 6.1 parts of 45.8 percent protein soybean oil meal to make 15 percent protein ration?

30.8

Using the Pearson Square method, how many parts of 45.8 percent protein soybean oil meal would be mixed with 32.8 parts of 8.9 percent protein corn to make a 13 percent protein ration?

4.1

Cold food should be held at ____ °F or colder

40

In pea plants, spherical seeds (S) are dominant to dented seeds (s). In a genetic cross of two plants that are heterozygous for the seed shape trait, what fraction of the offspring should have spherical seeds?

75% spherical

ration

A ______ is the total amount of feed that an animal consumes in a 24 hr. period. May also be referred to feed given without reference. - animal proteins contain animal by-products - Protein supplements contain at least 20% protein.

Executive Summary

A brief recounting of the key points contained in a business plan

individual proprietorship

A form of business organization that is owned by a single individual who makes all the business decisions, receives all the profits, and is responsible for any losses of the firm.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

financial plan

A formalized report that summarizes your current financial situation, analyzes your financial needs, and recommends future financial activities.

selective herbicides

A herbicide that kills one type of plant but does not seriously affect other types of plants.

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

cockerel

A male bird under 12 months of age.

acrosome

A region at the head of a sperm cell that contains digestive enzyems which, when released during the acrosome reaction, can facilitate penetration of the corona radiata of the egg, and subsequently, fertilization

Hedging

A risk management strategy used in limiting or offsetting probability of loss from fluctuations in the prices of commodities; reduces the risk of adverse price movements in an asset

investment plan

A statement—preferably written—that specifies how investment capital will be invested to achieve a specified goal.

nonselective herbicide

A substance that kills all plants it contacts.

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Double-entry method

A system that recognizes the different sides of business transactions as debits and credits. requires that for all transactions, the amounts entered as debits must be equal to the amounts entered as credits. Balanced

Domain

A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Marketing Plan

A written document composed of an analysis of the current marketing situation, opportunities and threats for the firm, marketing objectives and strategy specified in terms of the four Ps, action programs, and projected or pro forma income (and other financial) statements.

Tom

Adult male turkey

on-line inspectors

Agency inspection personnel that are stationed at fixed positions along the slaughter line performing carcass-by-carcass inspections.

biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

Resource Inventory

An accurate inventory of resources such as land, labor, machinery, breeding stock, management and financial capital to produce commodities for sale.

contract

An agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable in court

Dry matter, 3%

An animal must have a certain amount of _____ in its ration, or it will be hungry. The digestive system cannot function properly without dry matter. The total dry matter in a ration of a full fed animal should be no more than ___ above what is needed.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

animal rights vs. animal welfare

Animal rights means that animals are not ours to use for food, clothing, entertainment, or experimentation. Animal welfare allows these uses as long as "humane" guidelines are followed.

water quality

The degree of purity of water, determined by measuring the substances in water besides water molecules.

Bovidae

Antelope, Bison, Cattle, Goats, Sheep

Restraining animals for veterinary care:

Apply the minimum effective amount of restraint that will keep the animal and personnel safe

food dehydration

Artificial drying of foods for preservation under controlled conditions (often down to 1 to 5% moisture).

How do fad diets affect the food industry?

As consumer demands change, agricultural producers have to alter the products they produce to meet the market. Marketing would need to change to try to sway consumers to either remain on the fad diets or to abandon fad diets to buy previously sought products (depending on which product the agriculturalist produces).

What is the difference between sterile and aseptic?

Aseptic means something has been made contamination-free, that it will not reproduce or create any kind of harmful living microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and others). Sterile describes a product that is entirely free of all germs.

Nanny/Doe

a female goat

What are the 4 causes/types of infectious diseases?

Bacterial Viral Fungal Prion

sources of credit

Bank Credit Union Finance Companies Retail Stores Savings & Loan Associations Internet Stores

Causes of abnormal behavior

Biological factors & Cognitive-emotional-behavioral & environmental factors -boredom -malnutrition -inadequate exercise -overcrowding

How does biotechnology help farmers?

Biotechnology helps plants become more disease and insect resistant, increasing farmer's profits.

Options Trading

Buying or selling the right to buy stock in the future by a fixed time, at a certain price.

Filly

a female horse under the age of four

Meiosis diagram

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Lamb choice grade

Choice grade has slightly less marbling than prime, but still is of very high quality. Most cuts of prime and choice grade lamb (chops, roasts, shoulder cuts, and leg) are tender and can be cooked by the dry-heat methods (broiling, roasting, or grilling). The less tender cuts — breast, riblets, neck, and shank — can be braised to make them more tender.

Cleaning vs Sanitizing

Cleaning removes food from surfaces and Sanitizing reduces the number of microorganisms.

4 food safety principles

Clean—Wash hands and surfaces often. Separate—Don't cross-contaminate. Cook—Cook to proper temperatures, checking with a food thermometer. Chill—Refrigerate promptly.

fossil fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

Conservation vs. Preservation

Conservation is generally associated with the protection of natural resources, while preservation is associated with the protection of buildings, objects, and landscapes.

__________________________ seeks the proper use of nature, while ________________________ seeks protection of nature from use.

Conservation, Preservation

dam (llama)

a female llama

copper oxide wire particles

Copper bolus given to cattle due to its anthelmintic activity agains abomasal worms.

Describe the purpose of grading to select food products for a specific use.

Cost effective: you won't "overbuy" and buy a higher quality product than necessary for production. Identifies minimums set for appearance and nutritional value.

opportunity cost

Cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another

fixed costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

rotary milking parlor

Cows ride "merry-go-round" -milking stalls are arranged in a large circle on a platform that rotates slowly -Cows can walk in, and depending on the size of the platform, finish milking by the time they've completed a lap or two -milker stays in one place and the cows come to them

Who engages in surveillance and investigation of illnesses associated with food consumption?

DHHS

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Trends in Animal Agriculture

Demand for hormone-free product, better management of waste products, increased bio-security, integrated approaches to rearing animals (i.e poultry growers owning feed mills), animal welfare/activism changing care standards

Disinfecting

Destruction of all vegetative state organisms.

What is the importance of air in agriculture?

Developing emission data and improving measurement, control, and transport of odor, gases, and particulate matter. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon sequestration in agricultural production systems.

Alleles

Different variants of a gene, like the King of Hearts and the King of Diamonds

PPE for handling wildlife

Disposable gowns. Hearing protection. Coveralls. Gloves. Shoe covers. Head covers. Face masks.

Canidae

Dog family

Taxonomy categories

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species "King Phillip Came Over From Germany Swimming"

EPA stands for

Environmental Protection Agency

Reforestation Relief Act

Established the civilian conservation corps, which would provide work for 250,000 young men that year

ELSI

Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications

T/F : If an animal goes down or shows signs of illness AFTER receiving and passing ante mortem inspection before slaughter, the establishment does not need to immediately notify the FSIS veterinarian to make a case-by-case disposition of the animal's condition or humanely euthanize the animal.

F

T/F : Meat and poultry defrosted in the refrigerator must not be refrozen before cooking.

F

T/F : The establishment is not required to maintain the identity of every carcass.

F

T/F Not all energy sources impact our environment.

F

Biosecurity Planning

Have a written plan SOP's Written SOP for visitors Staff Training

What does HACCP stand for?

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

_____________ involves forcing the milk through small openings under high pressure, thus breaking up the fat globules and producing a stabilized emulsion.

Homogenization

Equidae

Horse, donkey, zebra

Key components of a lease

Identify Landlord and Tenants Identify Property Rental Term Rent Amount and Due Date Security Deposit Terms Tenant Responsibilities Landlord and Tenant Signatures

What is the difference between infectious and noninfectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are contagious because they are caused by pathogens that can be transmitted to other hosts. Noninfectious are not transmittable and are not caused by pathogens.

7 common nutrient deficiencies

Iron deficiency Iodine deficiency Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Calcium deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Magnesium deficiency

Rabbit doe

a female rabbit

Examples of TCS foods

Milk and dairy products, Eggs Meat, Poultry, Fish Shellfish and crustaceans Baked potatoes Heat-treated plant food, such as cooked rice, beans, and vegetables Tofu or other soy protein Synthetic ingredients (textured soy protein in meat alternatives) Sprouts and sprout seeds Sliced melons, cut tomatoes Leafy greens that have been cut, shredded, sliced, chopped, or torn.

Popular products from cattle

Milk, beef, leather

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

soil erosion

Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.

Animal Body Systems

Musculo-skeletal system Digestive system Circulatory system Respiratory system Urinary system Nervous system Sensory system Reproductive system Lympho-reticular system

Poultry Grading

NOT MANDATORY. Graded A, B, or C. Criteria for grading is based on shape, flesh, fat and blemishes

How does environmental and natural resource management contribute to the national economy?

Natural resources are essential inputs for production in many sectors, while production and consumption also lead to pollution and other pressures on the environment. Poor environmental quality in turn affects economic growth and wellbeing by lowering the quantity and quality of resources or due to health impacts, etc.

point source pollution

Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types).

ewe

a female sheep

Building and maintaining your credit rating

Pay Your Bills on Time. Get Credit for Making Utility and Cell Phone Payments on Time. Pay off Debt and Keep Balances Low on Credit Cards and Other Revolving Credit. Apply for and Open New Credit Accounts Only as Needed. Don't Close Unused Credit Cards

Negatives of Biotechnology

People are uneducated about GMOs and assume they are bad. Biotechnology is known to give birth to genetically modified plants which can transfer the genetic element to unmodified crops. Impact on ecosystem and nature. It can be destructive. It has a field with many unknowns.

GMO (genetically modified organism)

Plant or animal whose genetic makeup has been changed.

Carbon Cycle Steps

Plants absorb the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is used by them to live. Together with water they get from the soil they make substances that are needed for growth. The process of photosyntesis transform carbon dioxide into sugars, which later are eaten by animals or instects that use it for their own needs. Those animals reinject carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by breathing or when thay die it is being returned to the soil by the decomposition process.

Biosecurity

Practices that protect herd health by preventing the introduction and spread of pathogens

Lamb Prime Grade

Prime grade is very high in tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Its marbling enhances both flavor and juiciness.

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Four P's

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Components of a completed inventory

Raw materials. This is the source material for a company's manufacturing process. ... Work in process. This is raw materials that are in the process of being transformed into finished products through a manufacturing process. ... Finished goods. Merchandise.

Identify the structure and function of the bovine digestive tract

Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. Rumen microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the cow's main energy source. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids.

Cattle facilities should have what functions?

Safety Ease to people Control of cattle

An example of _____________________________ by stages:1. An area of growth.2. A disturbance, such as a fire, starts.3. The fire destroys the vegetation.4. The fire leaves behind empty, but not destroyed soil.5. Grasses and other herbaceous plants grow back first.6. Small bushes and trees begin to colonize the public area.7. Fast-growing evergreen trees and bamboo trees develop to their fullest, while shade-tolerant trees develop in the understory.8. The short-lived and shade-intolerant evergreen trees die as the larger deciduous trees overtop them. The ecosystem is now back to a similar state to where it began.

Secondary Succession

Restraining animals properly

Securing animals safely can help you to avoid sprains, strains, slip and fall accidents, and other physical injuries. Large animals, such as cattle and horses, should be placed in stocks or stalls. Halters, hobbles or other restraints can also be utilized. Dogs can be muzzled and cats can be wrapped gently in towels. In extreme cases, a tranquilizer should be administered by a veterinarian.

What do USDA slaughter inspectors look for?

Signs of disease or pathological conditions that would render a carcass or part unwholesome or otherwise unfit for human consumption.

Ruminant stomach

Specialized four-compartment stomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

Management Decision Making steps

Step 1: Identify the decision. You realize that you need to make a decision. ... Step 2: Gather relevant information. ... Step 3: Identify the alternatives. ... Step 4: Weigh the evidence. ... Step 5: Choose among alternatives. ... Step 6: Take action. ... Step 7: Review your decision & its consequences.

Pearson's Square example

Subtract across the diagonal: a. 15% - 10% = 5 parts soybean meal b. 15% - 45% = 30 parts corn 2. Sum the parts: a. 5 parts soybean meal + 30 parts corn = 35 total parts 3. Divide each part by the total to calculate the percent of each feed to include: a. 5 parts soybean meal ÷ 35 total parts = 0.143 * 100 = 14.3% soybean meal b. 30 parts corn ÷ 35 total parts = 0.857 * 100 = 85.7% corn So, in a half-ton (1,000-pound) batch of this corn and soybean meal mix, 143 pounds of soybean meal and 857 pounds of corn are needed to achieve 15% CP in the mix (calculations shown below). Soybean meal: 1,000 lb * (14.3 ÷ 100) = 143 lb SBM Corn: 1,000 lb * (85.7 ÷ 100) = 857 lb corn

T/F : Any carcass in need of further diagnosis or disposition is segregated and the veterinarian summoned.

T

T/F : Standards and grades can lower costs in the supply chain, by creating uniform products that flow through the system, regardless of the channel.

T

T/F : The establishment must ensure that the retained carcasses do not enter the food supply until it is released by FSIS inspection program personnel.

T

T/F : Without grades and standards, costly inspections are needed because the biological nature and perishability of these commodities make product consistency difficult to specify on an ad hoc basis.

T

Domestication vs. Taming

Taming is the conditioned behavioral modification of a wild-born animal when its natural avoidance of humans is reduced and it accepts the presence of humans, but domestication is the permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans.

Management Skills

The ability to plan, organize, direct, and control individuals or groups of people to achieve specific goals.

The three proteins

The amount of protein in a ration is measured by the Total Protein (TP) need of an animal. Digestible Protein (DP) is also measured in rations. -fibrous, globular, and membrane

Post mortem inspection

_______________________ occurs in the slaughter area after the animal has been humanely stunned and bled

abnormal behavior

_______________________often results when an animal is housed in an environment where it is exposed to chronic aversive stimuli, where it cannot perform behaviors normally essential to reproduction or survival in the wild, or where it cannot perform behaviors that would correct the homeostatic imbalance it is experiencing

cooperative

a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit

Partnership

a business organization owned by two or more persons who agree on a specific division of responsibilities and profits

Cash Flow Statement

a financial statement that summarizes the amount of cash and cash equivalents entering and leaving a company. measures how well a company manages its cash position, meaning how well the company generates cash to pay its debt obligations and fund its operating expenses.

Diversification in agribusiness

a change in cropping pattern or the farmers opting for other non-farming options like poultry farming, animal husbandry, etc

Broilers

a chicken that is six to thirteen weeks of age used for meat production

Corporation

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

noncurrent assets

a company's long-term investments for which the full value will not be realized within the accounting year. Examples include investments in other companies, intellectual property (e.g. patents), and property, plant and equipment.

Country of origin labeling (COOL)

a consumer labeling law that requires retailers (most grocery stores and supermarkets) to identify the country of origin on certain foods referred to as "covered commodities".

lease

a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment

commodity futures

a contract to buy or sell a commodity in the future at a given price

One Factor Punnett Square

a cross in which the inheritance of only one trait is followed

twitch

a device that is used to restrain horses for various stressful situations, such as veterinary treatment. ... It is usually made up of a stick-like handle loop of chain or rope on the end, or a metal ring with a rope loop which is wrapped around the upper lip of the horse and tightened

donkey

a domesticated animal of the equine family primarily used as a working animal

herd

a group of a single species of animal (cattle, horses, swine, goats)

Species

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. Second part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature. Below Genus.

flock

a grouping of a species of livestock (sheep, poultry)

draft horse

a large horse bred for hard, heavy tasks such as plowing and farm labor

Biomes

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.

nutritional labeling

a listing of selected key nutrients and calories on the label of commercially prepared food products

closed-end credit

a loan for a specific amount that must be repaid, in full, including all finance charges, by a stated due date. i.e. car payments

rooster

a male bird over 12 months of age

Stud (llama)

a male llama

Sire

a male parent

ram

a male sheep

pony

a mature horse that measures less than 14.2 hands

hog

a mature swine (usually weighing more than 120 pounds)

freeze drying

a method of removing water from food, using sublimation

mineral

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. materials found in foods that are essential for growth and health and do not contain the element carbon.

chick

a newly hatched or a very young chicken

hand

a non-SI unit of measurement that equals four inches

promotional campaign

a plan for combining and using the four promotional methods—advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity—in a particular promotion mix to achieve one or more marketing goals

Risk Management Plan

a plan that identifies the key risks to a project's success and prescribes ways to circumvent them

SWOT analysis

a planning tool used to analyze an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

Homogenization

a process by which the fat droplets from milk are emulsified and the cream does not separate

Punnett Square

diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross

Service Knowledge

allows customers to get the right information how and when they want it through online q&A sections, short articles, or a frequently asked questions forum.

foal

an animal in the equine family of either sex that is one year old or younger

domestic animal

an animal, as the horse or cat, that has been tamed and kept by humans as a work animal, food source, or pet, especially a member of those species that have, through selective breeding, become notably different from their wild ancestors

Enterprise Budget

an estimate of the costs and returns to produce a product and helps allocate land, labor, and capital to the appropriate use. Enterprise budgets can be used to help make decisions such as pricing products, comparing production practices, or developing a product mix that matches business goals.

EPA

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

intramuscular injection

an injection that goes directly into the muscle.

congenital defects

anomalies present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic

Emulsion

any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other

Protein

any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.

Carbohydrates

any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body.

Beef Quality Grades

based upon the maturity of the animal and the amount of marbling found within the meat

Nervous system organs and functions

brain, nerves spinal cord Pass messages around the body, control the body

Purebred breeding

breeding system which breeds a registered male to a registered female of the same breed

Solvency Ratios

calculated by dividing a company's after-tax net operating income by its total debt obligations. The net after-tax income is derived by adding non-cash expenses, such as depreciation and amortization, back to net income.

Food preservation

can make food last longer without spoiling

insect resistance

capability to impede damage by insects by treating materials with chemicals

organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

current assets

cash and other assets expected to be exchanged for cash or consumed within a year

steer

castrated male bovine

Gelding

castrated male equine

Wether

castrated male goat or sheep

Gelding (llama)

castrated male llama

Felidae

cat family

Primary food animals

cattle, swine, turkeys, chickens

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

rotational grazing

confining animals to a small area for a short time before shifting them to a new location

infectious disease in livestock

contagious diseases that are transmittable to other animals. They are caused by pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa or parasites).

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

variable costs

costs that vary directly with the level of production

business proposal

describes the concept for a good or service, the estimated costs, a business name and projected profit.

dirty

not clean

mule

offspring of a male donkey and a female horse

Rotational grazing prevents

overgrazing of a pasture

Legal and Liability issues

part of a completed business plan that will address specific action plans for dealing with identified risks, as well as outline contingencies for the unforeseen risks

Mitosis diagram

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

What is the action of giving birth to young?

parturition

gestation

period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

Lamb Grading

prime, choice, good, utility, cull

Beef Grading

prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter, canner

parturition

process of giving birth

lactation

production of milk

enterprise records

provides content, processes and connectivity to help you maintain and provide a record of compliance for electronic and physical records.

Marketing in Agribusiness

providing the products and services (food, clothing, and shelter) that people want when and where they want them

speculation

purchase of an asset with the hope that it will become more valuable in the near future.

normal behavior in cattle

pushing, tail switching, ground pawing and charging

Projected increases in temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may all result in _______________ agricultural productivity

reduced

law of diminishing returns

refers to a point at which the level of profits or benefits gained is less than the amount of money or energy invested.

Caprine

refers to animals in the goat family

Ovine

refers to sheep

marginal returns

refers to the additional output resulting from a one unit increase in the use of variable inputs, while other inputs are held constant

The ___________ allows slow, safe thawing

refrigerator

a sugar-free diet

regular consumption of foods that do not contain sugar and usually contain an artificial sweetener instead

FFDCA (Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act)

requires EPA to set tolerances, or exemptions from tolerances, for the allowable residues of pesticides that are applied to food and animal feed.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices; and by ensuring the safety of our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation

specialization in agribusiness

selecting one specialty in agribusiness and acquiring need/knowledge in that discipline in order to articulate it well

secondary succession

series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat

Current Liabilities

short-term financial obligations due usually within a year or a normal operating cycle

Nonruminant

simple-stomached or monogastric animal

Rumen

stomach chamber in cows and related animals in which newly swallowed plant food is stored and processed. Plant material is initially taken into the Rumen, where it is processed mechanically and exposed to bacteria than can break down cellulose (foregut fermentation).

Digestive system organs and functions

stomach, liver, intestine, pancreas Digest and absorb feed

business organization

summary of the pertinent information regarding the operation, including contact information for counsel and parties involved in decision making

Buying Local: Advantages

supports local economy, know source of food, fresher food, less transportation costs (environmental)

castration

surgical excision of testicles or ovaries

Docking

surgical removal of a portion of a tail

Reproductive function and organs

testes, penis ovaries, uterus, vagina, vulva, udder To produce and feed young

Energy

the ability of the body to perform functions

purchasing power

the ability to purchase goods and services

savings

the amount left over after spending is subtracted from the amount of disposable income earned in a given period of time.

supply and demand

the amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.

animal agriculture

the application of human creativity to the stewardship of livestock to produce food, fiber, numerous by-products and draft power

Scheduling

the assignment of required tasks to departments or even specific machines, workers, or teams

animal rights

the belief that animals have rights similar to humans and should not be used in research

Examples of SRMs

the brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column, and dorsal root ganglia of cattle 30 months of age and older; the tonsils of all cattle; and the distal ileum of all cattle.

marginal cost

the cost added by producing one additional unit of a product or service

Ruminant digestion

the digestive system of many ungulates which involves multiple alkaline stomachs that facilitate the growth of microbes that digest cellulose as well as a single acid stomach that digests protein

Outputs

the goods, services, and ideas that result from the conversion of inputs

characteristic

typical of a particular person, place, or thing

Horse Digestive Tract

unique in that it digests portions of its feeds enzymatically first in the foregut and ferments in the hindgut

open-range system

vast area of grassland on which livestock roamed and grazed

Riparian Water Rights

water rights that give landowners access and usage of flowing bodies of waters like rivers and stream

Covered Commodities

wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, oats, seed cotton, long- and medium-grain rice, certain pulses, soybeans/other oilseeds, and peanuts.

popular products from llamas

wool

Poults

young domestic turkey

gilt

young female pig

kid

young goat