PRAXIS Elementary Education Multiple Subjects: Reading and Language Arts (5002) Form 2

Students in a language arts class are organizing word cards according to the three tiers of vocabulary. Which of the following groups of cards can best be categorized as tier-three words? A. group A B. group B C. group C D. group D **groups pictured on back**

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSWER: D. group D

The graphic would be most appropriate to use with an article that A.explains how wind power works B.compares alternative energy sources C.outlines the causes of air pollution D.describes the parts of a windmill

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSWER: A.explains how wind power works

A teacher is working with a group of students to help them achieve greater phonological awareness. The teacher writes the following on a whiteboard to begin a discussion. (picture on back) Which of the following concepts is the teacher demonstrating for the students? A.Decoding words by using syllabication B.Working with rimes to create new words C.Building words with an understanding of onsets D.Deleting phonemes to change from one word to another

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSWER: B.Working with rimes to create new words

Place the sentence next to the name of each type of figurative language that best exemplifies it. 1. Allusion 2. Idiom 3. Hyperbole 4. Oxymoron A. This bag weighs a ton. B. You're about to open Pandora's box. C. I can resist anything, except temptation. D.Break a leg!

1. Allusion: B. You're about to open Pandora's box. 2. Idiom: D.Break a leg! 3. Hyperbole: A. This bag weighs a ton. 4. Oxymoron: C. I can resist anything, except temptation.

Indicate whether each of the following words is best identified as a high-frequency sight word or a decodable word. For each word listed, select one word type. 1. Forgot 2. Because 3. Was 4. Sleepy

1. Forgot: Decodable 2. Because: High-frequency word 3. Was: High-frequency word 4. Sleepy: Decodable

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word "sun." Place each example with the aspect of phonological awareness it best exemplifies. 1. Phoneme Segmentation 2. Onset 3. Rime 4. Syllable Segmentation A. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny B. /s/ C. s-u-n D. /un/

1. Phoneme Segmentation : C. s-u-n 2. Onset : B. /s/ 3. Rime : D. /un/ 4. Syllable Segmentation : A. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader? A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy B. Determines definitions of unfamiliar words with ease C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation E. Paraphrases new information presented in a text without difficulty

A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation

A beginning reader is learning to read and spell the following words. -five -dime -gave -cute -hope The reader is able to visualize and remember the letter patterns in the words and transfer this knowledge to reading and writing new words such as "hide," "take," and "robe." Which of the following best identifies the processing system the reader is using to extend learning? A. Orthographic B. Syntactic C. Phonological D. Semantic

A. Orthographic

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency? A. Rate B. Accuracy C. Prosody D. Automaticity

A. Rate

Which of the following concepts is best supported by research on emergent literacy? A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. B. Literacy learning has distinct beginning and ending points. C. Children begin their literacy learning when they enter school. D. Children begin their literacy learning after having mastered basic letter-sound skills.

A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways.

Word : Student's Spelling coat : coet bought : baught right : rite hitch : hich The sample analysis of a student's spelling test shown best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of spelling development? A. The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds B. The ability to represent words phonetically, with a single letter representing each sound C. The ability to recognize sound-letter correspondence for single letters only D. The ability to represent words with random letters that have no letter-sound correspondence

A. The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity? A. The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. B. The student reads sustained text with natural expression and appropriate phrasing. C. The student recognizes text structure, apprehends meaning, and understands author's purpose. D. The student adjusts reading rate based on comprehension demands and genre of the text.

A. The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text.

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. The passage is primarily concerned with A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place B. the tools that various insects use to secure their offspring C. how scientists secure the safety of insects and their eggs D. the special glue that the sawfly produces to secure its eggs in place

A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to A. understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables B. make personal connections to characters within a text C. understand unfamiliar words by using the surrounding text D. read with varied intonation based on story elements

A. understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables

Which of the following is best classified as persuasive writing? A.A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs" B.An instruction manual entitled "Operating Your Printer" C.A science report entitled "Understanding the Tundra" D.A character sketch entitled "My Best Friend"

A.A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs"

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush? A.A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858 B.A political cartoon depicting the Workingmen's Party C.A Venn diagram comparing the gold rushes in California and Oregon D.A time line illustrating the major events of the gold rush years

A.A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858

In most cases, different terms are used to identify male and female animals of the same species. In a zoo, male and female animals are grouped together in exhibits. Male elephants are called bulls, while female elephants are cows. Chickens are known as roosters if they are male and hens if they are female. Sheep are either rams or ewes, and pigs are boars or sows. Antelope and deer are bucks or does. There are also different names for specific breeds of animals. Which of the following statements best summarizes the central idea of the excerpt? A.Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names. B.Male and female animals of the same species live in the same zoo exhibits. C.Different breeds of the same species have specific names. D.All animals of the same species have different names if they are male.

A.Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names.

The dilapidated barn served as a reminder of times gone by. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted word in the sentence? A.Describes a noun B.Indicates an action C.Names a person D.Describes a verb

A.Describes a noun

The following is an excerpt from a student's draft of a book review. In a book, setting is incredibly important. It tells you where the characters are and it's usually an important detail. In my opinion setting is a very important part of a story. Throughout the book Out of My Mind by Sharon Draper, I felt like the setting was a huge part of the book. The main character is Melody, and her moods changed wherever she went. She could go from mad to happy, then happy to sad all in the change of the setting. It's all about the setting that changes the character's mood. In my opinion, when settings change people change too. When revising the excerpt of the draft, it is most important for the student to apply which TWO of the following revision strategies? A.Eliminating repetitious language B.Incorporating a topic sentence C.Rewriting to use only first-person perspective D.Maintaining a consistent focus on the topic E.Using textual evidence to support ideas

A.Eliminating repetitious language E.Using textual evidence to support ideas

As a teacher shares several poems with the class, the students complete a graphic organizer that asks them to identify words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the readers. The students are most likely looking for which of the following? A.Figurative language B.Voice C.Point of view D.Theme

A.Figurative language

Which of the following best defines the function of an adverb as a part of speech? A.It modifies an adjective or a verb. B.It forms a phrase with a noun or a pronoun. C.It describes a noun or a pronoun. D.It expresses an action or a state of being.

A.It modifies an adjective or a verb.

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story? A.It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. B.It combines reading a text with reading stage directions. C.It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D.It reinforces understanding of major plot points. E.It encourages readers to make predictions about the characters.

A.It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. C.It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D.It reinforces understanding of major plot points.

Which of the following collaborative reading strategies involves delegating specific roles to students during group discussion, such as director, researcher, and vocabulary enricher? A.Literature circles B.Team-based learning C.Think-pair-share D.Jigsaw workshop

A.Literature circles

Which of the following statements about writing development is most accurate? A.Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters. B.Children in the emergent stage use consistent spacing between words. C.Writing uppercase letters typically develops after writing lowercase letters. D.Children enter the transitional stage when they cease using invented spelling.

A.Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters.

Which of the following best describes automaticity? A.Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding B.Independent decoding of sentences using phonics and sight reading C.Rapid decoding of words by applying phonics knowledge D.Fluent reading of sentences with expression and phrasing

A.Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding

The revision stage of the writing process includes which of the following activities? A.Recognizing faulty logic B.Identifying errors in punctuation C.Developing a clear and coherent thesis D.Replacing overused words with more compelling descriptors

A.Recognizing faulty logic

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities? A.The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. B.The student recalls and properly identifies characters, setting, and plot. C.The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. D.The student uses sound and letter correspondences to decode unknown words. E.The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

A.The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. C.The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. E.The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

A teacher, Ms. Lee, is planning an assignment in which students will each research a different animal in depth and give an oral presentation to the class. The teacher is developing a rubric to give students so that they know how their presentations will be scored. Which THREE of the following characteristics should Ms. Lee include on the rubric as exemplary qualities for the oral presentation? A.The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. B.The student jumps frequently from one topic to another to hold classmates' interest. C.The student moves around and utilizes hand gestures to keep attention. D.The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E.The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates.

A.The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. D.The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E.The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates.

Which of the following statements about the writing process is most accurate? A. The writing process is often recursive rather than linear. B. Prewriting is most successfully conducted in a group setting. C. The step of revision can often be avoided in the writing process. D. It is best for writers to correct spelling and grammar errors while they write.

A.The writing process is often recursive rather than linear.

In the genre of drama, which of the following best describes a primary purpose of stage directions? A.They provide the characters with instructions about their actions. B.They provide the characters with their spoken dialogue with other characters. C.They develop the overall theme of the play. D.They give the audience insight into the characters' traits and personalities.

A.They provide the characters with instructions about their actions.

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable? A.bat B.be C.go D.she E.top

A.bat E.top

During a partner discussion of a text, a teacher asks students to paraphrase what their partners said before stating their own ideas. The primary benefit of the activity is that it enables students to practice A.engaging in active listening B.examining alternative viewpoints C.providing constructive peer feedback D.presenting information concisely

A.engaging in active listening

A teacher writes the following sentence on the board. Although sales can be a lucrative career, if you can't keep your customers, you can lose a lot of money. To best help students determine the meaning of the underlined word, the teacher should have the students analyze the A.sentence structure to highlight the contrast B.sentence structure to highlight the analogy C.word structure to identify the root word and prefix D.word structure to identify both parts of the compound word

A.sentence structure to highlight the contrast

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on which of the following? A. Decoding difficult words in the text B. Comprehending the main ideas in the text C. Engaging with the text at a fast reading rate D. Transferring knowledge of domain-specific vocabulary to other texts

B. Comprehending the main ideas in the text

Singing nursery songs primarily develops students' phonological awareness by helping them identify which of the following? A. Main ideas B. Rhyming words C. Descriptive details D. High-frequency words

B. Rhyming words

Which of the following is a true statement about phonological awareness in literacy development? A. The visual recognition of sight words depends on the ability to recognize sound blends. B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. C. The development of reading fluency depends on the ability to connect letter names to sounds. D. The development of reading comprehension depends on the ability to identify written letters by name.

B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters.

Which THREE of the following words contain an open syllable? A. Different B. Vehicle C. Jungle D. Fantastic E. Remembering F. Apron

B. Vehicle E. Remembering F. Apron

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Based on the passage, the reader can infer that the A. old mouse is angry at the young mouse for proposing the plan B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal C. old mouse has proposed many possible solutions to the cat problem D. young mouse will become the leader of the group as a result of his innovative plan

B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! Which of the following is a compound sentence? A."My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning." B."I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast." C."When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day." D."Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said 'get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce.'"

B."I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast."

Which of the following online sources is the most reliable tool for academic research? A.A public, collaborative encyclopedia B.A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography C.A well-known scientist's personal blog site D.An informational article that is hosted on the Web site of a reputable business

B.A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography

Which of the following digital tools will best help a small group of students engage in an online discussion of symbolism in a literary text? A.An online drop box B.A teacher-moderated forum C.A class wiki page D.An e-mail chain

B.A teacher-moderated forum

Which of the following groups lists words that are best categorized as kindergarten sight words? A.Bite, when, I, car B.Am, to, the, on C.Dog, jump, are, toes D.Jail, tram, see, from

B.Am, to, the, on

Students in a language arts class are working on essays about a special day in their lives. The following is one student's draft. (1) The afternoon with my grandfather could not have been more enjoyable. (2) We ate pizza. (3) After that we went out for ice cream. (4) After that we walked to the park to feed the ducks and ride the paddleboats. (5) I will remember that day for as long as I live. (6) We had a super time! Which of the following revisions will most improve the student's essay? A.Omitting sentence 4 B.Combining sentences 2 and 3 C.Making two sentences out of sentence 5 D.Connecting sentences 1 and 2 with a comma

B.Combining sentences 2 and 3

Which of the following parts of a citation is unique to online sources, rather than print-based sources? A.Author's name B.Date the site was accessed C.Number of hits the site has received D.Publisher and original publication date

B.Date the site was accessed

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! The student's draft contains errors in which of the following areas of writing mechanics? A.Pronoun usage B.Dialogue punctuation C.Verb tense D.Homophone usage

B.Dialogue punctuation

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for assessing a text's complexity based on quantitative measures? A.Determining readers' experiences and knowledge related to the text B.Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text C.Considering readers' engagement and motivation with the text D.Examining the organizational structure and features of the text

B.Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more information about a particular word or example within the text? A.Bold font B.Hyperlink C.Site map D.Navigation bar

B.Hyperlink

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. A first-grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the students say it. Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity? A.Supporting sight word recognition B.Modeling automaticity and prosody C.Introducing segments and blends D.Demonstrating comprehension strategies

B.Modeling automaticity and prosody

The ocean is full of organisms—both plant and animal life—some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, and reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime. Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage? A.Description B.Problem/solution C.Spatial D.Compare/contrast

B.Problem/solution

Which of the following activities will best help students develop articulation skills within oral presentations? A.Reading aloud passages that include persuasive rhetoric B.Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words C.Reading aloud a script created from an excerpt of a narrative's dialogue D.Reading aloud incomplete sentences, filling in the missing words in an impromptu manner

B.Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from a narrative book? A.Rich vocabulary B.Realistic illustrations C.Boldface chapter titles D.Few words to a page

B.Realistic illustrations

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage? A.First person B.Second person C.Third-person limited D.Third-person multiple E.Third-person omniscient

B.Second person C.Third-person limited

The following excerpt is from a student draft. (1) Maggie chased her dog Barney down the street. (2) She is getting tired. (3) Barney had escaped his leash a few minutes ago. (4) Now he was headed toward the park. (5) Maggie wanted to catch him before he jumped into the pond. The error in verb usage can be corrected with which of the following revisions? A.Sentence 1: Change "chased" to "will chase" B.Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting" C.Sentence 3: Change "had escaped" to "is escaping" D.Sentence 5: Change "wanted" to "wants"

B.Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting"

During a small-group discussion of a class novel, the teacher asks students about a particular interaction between the two main characters. Which THREE of the following students are exhibiting active listening skills? A.Student A reads ahead in the book during the discussion. B.Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C.Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. D.Student D conducts a side conversation with a student seated nearby. E.Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion.

B.Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C.Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. E.Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion.

Which of the following writing genres contains a setting based in fairly modern times, features characters who are modeled after people who may have existed, and uses exaggeration of characters and trickery to resolve conflict? A.Fairy tale B.Tall tale C.Myth D.Fable

B.Tall tale

Which of the following prereading activities best helps students create a mental map of the text's content and establish a purpose for reading? A.Shared reading B.Text-feature walk C.Think-pair-share D.Semantic feature analysis

B.Text-feature walk

A student is delivering an informational presentation. Which of the following actions best reinforces the audience's understanding of the information communicated? A.Maintaining eye contact with audience members during the presentation B.Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points C.Pausing at times during the presentation for effect D.Using hand gestures where appropriate throughout the presentation

B.Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset? A.b-lueberry B.bl-ueberry C.blue-berry D.blue-ber-ry

B.bl-ueberry

After students read one version of "The Three Little Pigs" told by a third-person narrator and another version told from the wolf's perspective, a teacher asks them to respond to the writing prompt, "Which character do you sympathize with in each version of the story? Why?" The activity primarily targets students' ability to A.examine the role of prior knowledge in shaping readers' reactions to characters B.consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events C.determine the reliability of information presented to readers D.compare the effects of different organizational structures on readers' comprehension of texts

B.consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. The two passages are most similar in... A.the presentation of supporting details about identical subject matter B.the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas C.the use of vignette as a means to hook an audience's attention D.the inclusion of details explaining the origins of technology used in space

B.the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas

In the word "Internet," the segment "inter-" is best defined as which of the following? A. Root word B. Syllable C. Affix D. Phoneme

C. Affix

Which of the following word parts occurs in the word "agonize"? A. Prefix B. Base word C. Greek root D. Inflectional suffix

C. Greek root

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research? A. Instruction is most beneficial to students learning English as a second language when it is delivered consistently and repeatedly according to a single instructional strategy. B. Teaching students explicitly how to use learning strategies shows little correlation with the students' success in learning English as a second language. C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. D. Students of English as a second language learn the language most effectively in an environment with little social interaction to distract them.

C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language.

In the passage below, main character Charlie Gordon records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why but he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my birthday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today. —Daniel Keyes, from "Flowers for Algernon" Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence? A."Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think." B."I dont know why but he says its importint." C."Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart." D."I want to be smart."

C."Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart."

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by any single letter? A."cradle" and "ceiling" B."crying" and "kindle" C."garage" and "vision" D."thumb" and "chick

C."garage" and "vision"

Students in a language arts class have completed short informational essays and are now working on turning them into oral presentations. The following excerpt is from one student's essay. A volcano is a mountain with an opening that leads down below Earth's surface to the molten rock below. The mountain is usually made of layers of ash and cooled lava. When magma builds up in the chamber at the bottom, the pressure pushes it up the main vent, and then gas, rocks, and lava shoot out through the crater. This is known as an eruption. Which of the following visual aids will best support the excerpt? A.A photograph showing an erupting volcano B.A time line showing volcanic eruptions that occurred in recent history C.A diagram showing the parts of a volcano D.A pie chart showing the percentages of different types of volcanoes

C.A diagram showing the parts of a volcano

Which of the following is best described as a primary source? A.An article in a magazine B.A nonfiction how-to book C.A diary entry by a historical figure D.An encyclopedia entry

C.A diary entry by a historical figure

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Which of the following text headings would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B? A.Life on Earth versus Life in Space B.Surviving the Harshness of Space C.Eating in Space D.Camping in Space

C.Eating in Space

A teacher created the following model text for a language arts class. I stepped onto the train and knew my adventure had finally begun. The buildings and bustling streets of the city turned into endless green fields dotted with wildflowers and steep mountains. The further into the country we got, the more I felt like I was entering a new world. The text can best be used to demonstrate which of the following aspects of narrative writing? A.Using transitions to convey a sequence of events B.Providing a conclusion that results from experience C.Establishing a setting with descriptive details D.Introducing a character's central conflict

C.Establishing a setting with descriptive details

In which of the following cooperative learning strategies are students assigned to be either observers or facilitators in a discussion on a particular topic? A.Turn-and-talk B.Round-robin C.Fishbowl D.Jigsaw

C.Fishbowl

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! The student writer would most benefit from a minilesson focusing on which of the following? A.Varying sentence types B.Using adverbs properly C.Following the rules of capitalization D.Choosing appropriate conjunctions

C.Following the rules of capitalization

Which of the following words contains a Latin root meaning "beneath"? A.Intercept B.Introvert C.Infrastructure D.Irredeemable

C.Infrastructure

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten? A.Students cannot write to reinforce their learning. B.The /s/ sound is difficult to pronounce until age 7. C.It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s." D.Students with varied dialects pronounce "s" differently.

C.It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s."

An elementary teacher groups students with differing reading abilities into core groups of three. Each member also belongs to another group that is assigned to read specific content to become experts on a chosen topic. After the specific-content groups take time to read and discuss their information, members return to their core groups where they share and exchange the knowledge gained in their specific-content groups. Which of the following collaborative strategies is the teacher implementing in the scenario? A.Round-table B.Directed reading thinking activity C.Jigsaw D.Reciprocal teaching

C.Jigsaw

Deserts encompass almost one fifth of the Earth's land surface. Vast stretches of empty sand stretch over a barren landscape. The endless sea of sand shifts constantly with the wind over the solitary scene. Scarce foliage inhabits the stark environment. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? A.Frightened B.Hopeful C.Lonely D.Concerned

C.Lonely

The following is an excerpt from a student's original short story. Mark thinks that it's really unfair that they cannot use a calculator on the final exam, especially since they use them in class all the time. The student will benefit from further instruction in which of the following elements of grammar? A.Using the proper contraction for "it is" B.Applying comma rules appropriately C.Making sure nouns and pronouns agree D.Making sure subjects and verbs agree

C.Making sure nouns and pronouns agree

The following is a student writing sample. The day started like any other sunny Friday morning. I got out of bed and made my way to the bathroom to brush my teeth. But as the day continued, it got worse. Oh boy, what a mess I got myself into! The passage is best described as which of the following types of writing? A.Descriptive B.Expository C.Narrative D.Persuasive

C.Narrative

"I was led past the sphinx of white marble, which had seemed to watch me all the while with a smile at my astonishment, toward a vast grey edifice of fretted stone." —H. G. Wells, from The Time Machine Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the excerpt? A.Idiom B.Onomatopoeia C.Personification D.Metaphor

C.Personification

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read? A.KWL chart B.Fishbone diagram C.SWBST chart D.Venn diagram

C.SWBST chart

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following? A.The number of words that will be unfamiliar to the students B.The background knowledge of the students C.The various levels of meaning in the passage D.The students' interest level in the passage subject E.The language conventionality of the excerpt

C.The various levels of meaning in the passage E.The language conventionality of the excerpt

Waiting in her closet of a room, Turtle stared at the white-weighted branches of the maple tree on the hill. A twig snapped in silence, a flurry speckled across the crusted snow. Sometimes when her mother was too busy to do her hair she sent Angela in, but today no one came. They had forgotten about her. Brush and comb clutched in her fists like weapons, she stormed into apartment 2C. "Do you know how to braid hair?" —Ellen Raskin, from The Westing Game Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A.Turtle is angry with the resident of apartment 2C. B.Turtle dislikes the snow outside. C.Turtle is upset about being neglected. D.Turtle is going to assault her neighbor.

C.Turtle is upset about being neglected.

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to A.self-monitor for meaning B.decode unknown words C.avoid reading through punctuation D.avoid substituting an incorrect word

C.avoid reading through punctuation

Replacing the word "hunting" with the word "predation" is an example of switching from A.conversational to academic vocabulary B.academic to domain-specific vocabulary C.conversational to domain-specific vocabulary D.domain-specific to academic vocabulary

C.conversational to domain-specific vocabulary

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. The highlighted words could be best used in a phonics lesson on A.open syllables B.r-controlled vowels C.irregular vowel families D.VCCe words

C.irregular vowel families

An advantage of cloud-based word-processing tools over traditional word-processing software is that they A.provide a spelling and grammar check to help with editing B.allow for a more polished-looking hard copy C.provide a platform for collaboration among users D.allow for the integration of images and graphics

C.provide a platform for collaboration among users

A student has created a document with many specialty fonts and images in the school's computer lab. In which of the following formats should the student save the file to best ensure the integrity of the document when opened on a personal laptop? A. .jpeg B. .doc C. .xls D. .pdf

D. .pdf

Which of the following words contains a root that means "different"? A. Ambivalent B. Dysfunction C. Morphological D. Heterogeneous

D. Heterogeneous

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Which of the following best paraphrases the moral of the fable? A. Older usually means wiser. B. Outsmarting an enemy is a task best left to older generations. C. It is best to go with group consensus. D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem.

D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem

The ability to identify four distinct sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates competence in which of the following phonemic awareness skills? A. Phoneme identity B. Phoneme categorization C. Phoneme blending D. Phoneme segmentation

D. Phoneme segmentation

The Hare was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. "I've never been beaten in a race," said he. "I challenge anyone here to race with me." The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." "That is a good joke," said the Hare. "I could dance round you all the way." "Keep your boasting till you've beaten me," answered the Tortoise. "Shall we race?" So a course was fixed and a start was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped. "I should stop for a rest," he said to himself. "That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing." And so he lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the Tortoise: "Plodding wins the race." —Aesop, adapted from The Hare and the Tortoise After reading the story, a student remarks in the discussion that the Hare is spiteful. Which of the following lines of Hare's dialogue best supports the student's statement? A."I've never been beaten in a race . . ." B."I challenge anyone here to race with me." C."I should stop for a rest . . ." D."That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing."

D."That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing."

The following passage is from the World Health Organization's Web site. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. Which of the following examples best incorporates the source language while avoiding plagiarism? A.It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. B.Preventing disease and creating healthy environments is a target of environmental health. C."It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health." D.According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person . . ."

D.According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person . . ."

Which of the following multisyllabic words is correctly segmented into its phonemes? A.Dif-fer-ent B.St-op-s-ign C.R-e-s-t-a-u-r-a-n-t D.C-are-f-u-ll-y

D.C-are-f-u-ll-y

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules? A.Star B.See C.May D.Have

D.Have

The following is an excerpt from a student's essay. Many believe that letting kids have cell phones in school will ultimately cause conflict. Without cell phones kids are better able to focus on their schoolwork. I believe that there are many distractions in today's world. Kids should be trusted to focus on their schoolwork with or without a cell phone. Which of the following best describes the writer's purpose in the paragraph? A.Convincing students of the benefits of cell phones B.Encouraging school officials to change the cell phone policy C.Explaining the reasons why schools have cell phone policies D.Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use

D.Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use when communicating with an English-language learner? A.Using gestures or body language to convey a message B.Providing hints or helping to answer questions C.Using humor or idioms to illustrate a point D.Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

D.Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

A student is presenting a speech about the need for nature conservation. Which of the following guidelines is most appropriate for the student to follow? A.Use conversational language and slang to connect the audience to the topic and hold its attention B.Speak loudly when making a persuasive comment to make sure the audience understands the concept C.Read important research information directly from note cards to demonstrate knowledge of the content D.Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content

D.Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant? A.Under B.Flower C.Switches D.Whistle

D.Whistle

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to A.imitate and produce basic sentence structures B.use context clues to confirm understanding C.read with appropriate rate and expression D.decode multisyllable words in a text

D.decode multisyllable words in a text

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in A.evaluating the personality traits of the protagonist B.discovering the possible central conflict within the narrative C.understanding the time and place of the main action D.discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction

D.discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction