Praxis II 5354 SPED

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of student characteristics and learning needs. Students with multiple and severe disabilities require a curriculum that is technology based and provides extensive support in the classroom.

A curriculum that focuses on teaching functional and independent living skills, utilizes augmentative communication and assistive technology, and provides extensive support in the classroom is most likely used with students with learning disabilities emotional or behavioral disorders multiple and severe disabilities attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A formative assessment is best used to assess students' current understanding of content and skills and helps a teacher plan instruction accordingly.

A fifth-grade special education teacher plans to diagnose and correct students' misunderstandings related to the topics in a social studies unit. The teacher can best achieve the goal by using which of the following types of assessments? Formative Summative School readiness Universal screening

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Since the student has limited mobility and struggles with fine motor skills, it's appropriate to allow the student to use voice recognition software to dictate written assignments.

A fifth-grade student with cerebral palsy has average intelligence and intelligible speech but limited mobility and, as a result, struggles greatly with both fine motor and gross motor skills. To best help the student successfully complete written assignments, the teacher should provide a voice recognition software program pencil grip and raised-line paper portable word processor personal amplifier and FM system

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Highlighting directions enhances and presents information visually and thereby uses the student's strength.

A fourth-grade student with autism spectrum disorder struggles with retaining verbal instructions but does well with visual learning tasks. Which of the following strategies most effectively uses the student's learning strength? Teaching vocabulary through songs Highlighting directions in color Supplying a talking calculator Providing textured paper

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Transitioning from hand-over-hand to elbow touching is an example of the hierarchy of prompts that guides students using most-to-least prompting.

A fourth-grade student with moderate-to-severe intellectual disabilities has difficulty writing whole numbers when requested. The teacher initially uses hand-over-hand guidance and later transitions to touching the student's elbow to confirm correct number formation. The teacher's approach to skill reinforcement is known as cooperative learning repeated modeling hierarchy of prompts concept generalization

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Emotional disturbance is defined as a condition demonstrating various characteristics over a long period of time, two of which are a general, pervasive mood of unhappiness and difficulty learning, despite not having any other explainable reason.

A fourth-grade student, John, has been displaying signs of depression for several months. He is sad and anxious, neglects his schoolwork, and often feels ill and refuses to eat. Which of the following disability categories is suggested by John's behavior? Emotional disturbance Specific learning disability Other health impairment Autism spectrum disorder

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Tactile models enable students with visual impairments to learn and identify the parts of a cell through touch.

A high school student who is blind is enrolled in a biology class that has a lab requirement. One of the curricular objectives is to make a labeled drawing of a cell when viewed through a microscope. Which of the following is the most appropriate way to assess the student's achievement of the objective? Having the student identify the major parts of a cell as described by a peer partner Letting the student use specialized software to view an enlarged image of a cell Providing the student with a tactile model of a cell on which to locate and name its parts Asking the student to name from memory the major parts of a cell and their functions

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question addresses understanding of teaching strategies using Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Building models out of gelatin blocks stimulates spatial intelligence.

A history class in the resource room is studying ancient Egypt. The students are building pyramids and rectangles out of gelatin blocks to investigate which shape is stronger. Which of the following intelligences does the lesson address? Auditory-musical Visual-spatial Intrapersonal Naturalist

Correct Answer: C, A, B, D The correct sequence is Listening and rhyming, Syllable awareness, Onset and rime, and Phoneme blending. This is correct because generally children develop the ability to notice, hear, identify, and manipulate words and word parts, including phonemes, syllables, and onset and rime, in that specific order.

A kindergarten teacher planning phonological awareness activities for the year must ensure that the activities match the phonological awareness continuum. Place the following levels of phonological awareness in the correct order of development. 1. Syllable awareness 2.Onset and rime 3.Listening and rhyming 4.Phoneme blending

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Students with specific learning disabilities frequently experience difficulty with oral expression, a problem that can affect both academic and social interactions.

A student may qualify for a specific learning disability in which of the following areas if the student does not achieve adequately for his or her age when provided with learning experiences and instruction appropriately matched to state-approved grade-level standards? Intellectual functioning Oral expression Limited English proficiency Motor skills

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Picture schedules are one way to increase the independence of special education students, and they are very much like widely used personal planners. Picture schedules help the student stay calm and reduce unnecessary anxiety during transitions.

A middle school student with a mild intellectual disability has difficulty transitioning between tasks and relies on teacher redirection. Which of the following strategies is most likely to help the student act independently during transitions? Giving the student a silent signal when it is time to prepare for a transition Pairing the student with a supportive peer to provide ongoing encouragement Creating a picture schedule to guide the student through the day's activities Setting a class timer to help manage the student's movements

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. According to experts in the mental health community, many students with ADHD also have anxiety disorders. Common symptoms of anxiety among middle school students can include mood swings, excessive irritability, and a sense of learned helplessness leading to low self-esteem.

A middle school student with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has unpredictable mood swings, panic attacks, and low self-esteem. To best support the student, teachers need to implement interventions that address which of the following conditions? Autism spectrum disorder Anxiety disorder Oppositional defiant disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. Cooperative learning is the use of small groups in which students are allowed to work together and share knowledge.

A ninth-grade science class that includes students with a specific learning disability (SLD) is working in pairs to complete a lab experiment on how friction is created. Which of the following activities involves student participation? Teacher-directed activity Cooperative learning activity Study skills activity Self-management activity

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of different theoretical explanations of behavior disorders. A psychoanalytic approach addresses internal motivations and feelings, which are shaped by early childhood experiences.

A psychoanalytic approach to evaluating behavior disorders is most likely to explain such disorders as resulting from an individual's self-concept learned inappropriate behaviors neurological abnormalities early traumatic experiences

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of school-based occupational therapy, which promotes health and well-being through occupation and enables people to participate in everyday activities.

A resource room teacher is most likely to ask an occupational therapist for help with counseling a high school student with learning disabilities about applying to college teaching a student with muscular dystrophy how to paint with a brush talking to parents about their genetic risk of having a seriously ill infant arranging a play-therapy group for young students with disabilities

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Parents have the right to request an independent educational evaluation if they do not agree with the evaluation results of the school district's FBA.

A school district conducts a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to evaluate a student who is exhibiting problem behaviors. A parent who disagrees with the results of the FBA has the right to request which of the following? Another FBA conducted by the school district A change of placement for the student A mediation session to modify the results of the FBA An independent educational evaluation

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The text in audio form gives the student access to the same curriculum that all students in the class need to receive during the science lesson.

A second grader is an emergent reader who cannot read text independently. Which of the following instructional strategies is likely to be most appropriate when introducing a new science topic from an approved text written on a second-grade level? Locating a kindergarten version of the text on the subject Providing the grade-level text in audio form Determining the text structure used by the text's author Removing grade-level vocabulary from the text

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Providing rest breaks is an appropriate classroom accommodation for a student with a recent brain injury who tires easily during writing tasks.

A second-grade student with a recent traumatic brain injury has reduced stamina during classroom writing tasks. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate to address the student's needs? Allowing rest breaks during writing time Using a voice-to-text computer application Allowing writing assignments to be finished at home Using teacher-prepared notes, outlines, and summaries

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. When a student is not making the progress expected, it is essential to determine why and take corrective action.

A second-grade student's IEP goal is to use nonverbal communication in the classroom to express the need for a five-minute break when becoming frustrated. Data from the first three weeks of the term show that the student used nonverbal communication no more than once a day when frustrated and was sent to the office several times for outbursts. Which of the following is the best next step for the teacher to take? Meeting with the IEP team to discuss alternative interventions for the student Meeting with parents to ask their opinion on the student's progress Collaborating with a case manager to develop a reward system for the student Revising the student's IEP to describe appropriate nonverbal ways of communicating

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Changing the science curriculum for the student is an example of a modification.

A seventh-grade student with a specific learning disability is functioning below grade level and is in an inclusion science class. The student is provided with a customized science curriculum. The changes made to the science curriculum are known as accommodations modifications functional adaptations life-skills training

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of human development and behavior. A visual impairment affects the way an individual perceives and responds to the world, often causing a delay in motor skills.

A severe visual impairment is most likely to affect a child's development in which of the following ways? Heightened sensitivity to smells Delayed gross motor skills Improper phonetic pronunciation Poor sleeping habits

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Having students produce a short writing sample allows the teacher to examine an authentic piece of writing and determine whether the students are ready to write connected sentences.

A special education coteacher has been working with third-grade students on writing and reviewing complete sentences. Which of the following tasks is most appropriate to use to assess whether students are ready to begin lessons on paragraph writing? Identifying the parts of speech in a set of sentences Composing a short writing sample for a narrative prompt Completing a writing sample consisting of cloze sentences Marking up the grammar errors in a short writing sample

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Coteaching is most effective and successful when the students cannot differentiate between students with IEPs and those without.

A special education teacher and a general education teacher are coteaching a first-grade class composed of students with and without IEPs. All special education services are provided within the classroom. Which of the following best describes the most successful collaborative relationship between the teachers? The special education teacher instructs only small groups of students with IEPs, and the general education teacher groups the rest of the students by ability. The special education and the general education teachers plan together and use dynamic grouping to ensure that students receive instruction from both teachers. The general education teacher takes on the leadership role in the classroom and shares daily lesson plans with the special education teacher. The general education teacher provides all direct instruction, and the special education teacher pulls small groups of students to reteach lessons as necessary.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Good tests are closely aligned with and assess the instructional objectives for a lesson.

A special education teacher tests students after a lesson on an important concept, and the students' test scores are very low. Which of the following reflective questions will best help the teacher determine whether the lesson plan was effective? Did the anticipatory set adequately draw on the students' knowledge? Were new vocabulary terms introduced and explained prior to the lesson? Did the test accurately assess whether the instructional objective was achieved? Were appropriate accommodations in place for each student during the test?

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The teacher is using the flash cards as stimuli and praise as reinforcement for correct answers. By using praise and high-fives to reward and increase the frequency of correct responses, the teacher is taking a behavioral approach to student learning.

A special education teacher uses flash cards to reinforce students' knowledge of sight words. The teacher acknowledges correct responses with verbal praise and high-fives and withholds praise for incorrect responses. Which of the following best describes the teacher's instructional approach during the activity? Behavioral Cognitive Constructivist Ecological

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Frequent progress monitoring allows special education teachers to track students' individual growth and modify instruction and interventions as needed.

A special education teacher who gives frequent progress monitoring assessments is most likely doing so to write detailed weekly progress reports modify instructional interventions provide parents with bimonthly feedback eliminate the need for benchmark assessments

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A running record based on a required text is an informal assessment that indicates how accurately and fluently a student can read an excerpt from a specific book.

A special education teacher who uses running records to gather information about how well students are reading required texts is evaluating students by means of a summative assessment an interview-based assessment an informal assessment a rubric-driven assessment

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Repetitions and interruptions in the flow of speech are characteristic of stuttering and indicative of a fluency disorder.

A student has a speech disorder characterized by repetitions and disruptions in the production of speed sounds. The disorder seriously interferes with the student's ability to communicate effectively across a number of activities at home and school. The student is likely to qualify for speech therapy for which of the following? Receptive language disorder Voice disorder Fluency disorder Articulation disorder

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The characteristics of the student (fidgeting, talking excessively, struggling to remain on task) indicate a possible attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, which falls under the category of other health impairment.

A student moves about constantly, talks excessively, lacks persistence, and struggles to remain on task, but does not exhibit any specific delays or deficits. For which of the following disability categories is the student most likely to be assessed? Emotional disturbance Intellectual disability Other health impairment Traumatic brain injury

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A student with Tourette syndrome qualifies for special education services under the disability category of other health impairment.

A student with Tourette syndrome experiences complex motor tics and vocalizations that adversely affect the student's educational performance. Which of the following disability categories best qualifies the student for special education services? Specific learning disability Other health impairment Orthopedic impairment Autism spectrum disorder

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question addresses understanding of assistive devices. This answer is correct because a cochlear implant is a device that transmits sounds as electric impulses, thus providing a sense of sound to a person who has a hearing impairment.

A student with a cochlear implant most likely has a primary classification of visual impairment hearing impairment traumatic brain injury (TBI) intellectual disability

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Students can use the 5 W's chart during reading to record key information that will help them converge details into a main idea and connect reading and writing to improve comprehension.

A student with a learning disability in reading comprehension and written expression struggles when asked to find the main idea of a nonfiction text. Which of the following types of graphic organizers is most likely to support the student's needs? A Venn diagram A K-W-L chart A 5 W's chart Fact or opinion chart

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of grouping formats. Think-pair-share is a cooperative discussion strategy in which students think about their answers and discuss them with a partner prior to sharing with the whole group.

A student with an articulation disorder lacks confidence speaking in a large-group setting. Which of the following instructional techniques will be the most effective to provide an opportunity for the student to participate meaningfully in a class discussion? Modeling the skill to be learned Connecting the objective to the student's prior knowledge Providing a note-taking template Using a think-pair-share activity

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The use of a daily self-monitoring chart will help the student learn how to rate personal progress in developing appropriate classroom behaviors, and its use will provide needed support while the student transitions to a desired level of independence

A student with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has difficulty staying on task during independent work. Which of the following tools is likely to be most effective in helping the student recognize and replace off-task behaviors? A daily self-monitoring chart A token-economy reward system A hierarchy of consequences A classroom-wide behavior contract

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A student who is receiving specially designed interventions needs multiple opportunities to practice replacement behaviors and skills in unstructured, naturalistic environments as well as in structured environments.

A student with autism spectrum disorder displays inappropriate behaviors. To best ensure that the interventions designed for the student are most effective, the student's special education teacher is responsible for doing which of the following? Conducting a comprehensive functional behavioral assessment Generating a similar intervention plan for the family to use at home Including opportunities for skill practice in unstructured surroundings Transitioning from behavior modeling to partial physical assistance

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Generalization is the ability to apply skills learned in one setting to other settings. Students with autism spectrum disorder often have difficulty demonstrating a skill if the situation is not identical to the one in which they learned the skill.

A student with autism spectrum disorder is successful with addition and subtraction number-fact problems but struggles to use the facts when purchasing lunch in the cafeteria. Which of the following best accounts for the student's struggle? Difficulty generalizing from one setting to another Inability to use short-term memory skills Difficulty reasoning about abstract concepts Inability to process information rapidly

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The teacher should use the assessment data to adjust the instructional activities to better meet the student's needs.

A student with significant cognitive disabilities has the following IEP short-term objective. By December, the student will correctly decode a list of ten age- and grade-appropriate multisyllabic words with at least 90 percent accuracy three times a week. The student's teacher uses formative assessments to track progress toward the goal. In November, the teacher notices that the student is decoding lists of ten multisyllabic words with a 30 to 40 percent accuracy rate. Which of the following teacher actions is most appropriate? Revising the IEP goals to accommodate the student's present level of performance Adjusting ongoing instructional activities to promote the student's success Modifying the student's short-term objectives to reduce the level of rigor Increasing the frequency of the student's progress monitoring

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Following a classroom morning routine is a skill that can be broken down into smaller, more manageable components that can be directly taught.

A task analysis for which of the following is likely to be most effective for a student with autism spectrum disorder who is having difficulty transitioning from preschool to kindergarten? Following the classroom morning routine Sitting at an assigned table in the classroom Remembering routines learned in preschool Greeting the teacher upon arriving in the morning

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A reinforcement schedule is a protocol in which a student is given reinforcers or small rewards when a certain task is completed successfully and on time.

A teacher gives a sticker to a student with an intellectual disability for every three correct answers provided during independent work time. By giving a sticker for a desired behavior, the teacher is using which of the following? A structured work system A token-reward system A reinforcement schedule A behavioral intervention plan

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The state standards must be the starting point for any unit of instruction. They dictate the student learning objectives to be met and the content to be taught through units, lessons, and activities.

A teacher is developing a unit about dinosaurs when a colleague points out that the state learning standards for the grade level do not include learning about dinosaurs. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the teacher to take? Making plans to teach a standards-based unit after the dinosaur unit is completed Adding state standards for reading and writing to the end of the dinosaur unit Examining the state standards to determine the expected learning outcomes Asking another colleague to determine whether the lessons address any state standards

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Kindergarten students in an inclusion classroom need explicit, multisensory instruction to help them connect new vocabulary with the concepts they are learning.

A teacher is preparing a science unit about sea life for an inclusion kindergarten class. Which of the following is the most appropriate way to help the students acquire background knowledge for the unit? Teaching students vocabulary at a sensory table with sand, shells, plastic fish, and water Asking all students to share their unique experiences at the beach during show-and-tell Making a set of banners, signs, and labels for the classroom featuring an octopus theme Showing the students a documentary on marine animals and their survival techniques

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Culturally responsive instruction considers the background and cultural situations of the students, how this information affects learning and behavior, and how to integrate cultural information into lesson plans and assignments.

A teacher who plans a lesson with consideration of the various family structures and backgrounds of students is primarily demonstrating an understanding of social learning theory scaffolding theory culturally responsive instruction teaching for understanding

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional methods. Direct instruction is the explicit teaching of a skill set using lectures and demonstrations of the material.

A teacher who sets explicit goals for each lesson, presents a logical sequence of tasks, gives clear directions on how to do each task, models the task, engages the student in guided practice, asks frequent questions, gives feedback, and does not move on to the next task until the student masters the one at hand is using a metacognitive approach a diagnostic-prescriptive method direct instruction cooperative learning

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. After a student has been evaluated and is determined to be eligible for special education services and classified, the next step is to develop the IEP. The first IEP is typically developed at a meeting including the parents. As soon as the IEP is ready and approved, the student begins receiving services.

A third-grade student is referred for evaluation to determine eligibility for special education services. The student's full evaluation is reviewed by a team of professionals who determine that the student is eligible for special education services. The parents also agree with the decision. Which of the following best identifies the next required step? Placing the student in the least restrictive environment Conducting an Independent Educational Evaluation Developing an Individualized Education Program Confirming the student's primary classification category

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The reading specialist supports, supplements, and extends classroom teaching and works collaboratively to help the classroom teacher implement a quality reading program that is research based and meets the needs of the students.

A third-grade teacher is having difficulty determining why a student is struggling with reading and writing. The most appropriate professional for the teacher to consult is the ESL teacher special education supervisor guidance counselor reading specialist

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of accommodations. Using an adapted spoon and universal cuff is appropriate for the fine-motor deficits identified in the scenario and would be most beneficial when teaching Abby to feed herself independently.

Abby is a second-grade student with autism spectrum disorder and fine-motor difficulties. She has been learning self-help skills, including dressing, toileting, and feeding herself, with help from an occupational therapist. Which of the following accommodations would be most beneficial to Abby when she is attempting to self-feed? A visual schedule depicting each step of the process An adapted spoon and universal cuff attached to her wrist A walker to allow Abby to walk through the lunch line independently Headphones to block out noise from the cafeteria to allow concentration

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of speech disorders. A difficulty with articulation is one characteristic of a speech disorder

About 80% of all speech disorders are characterized by difficulties with fluency delayed speech onset articulation voice

Correct Answer: E, B, C, A, D The identification process under IDEA states that the LEA must follow a process in the identification of a child with a disability. The first step in the process is the referral or request for an evaluation. The second step is the evaluation process. The third step is the identification of the disability as defined by IDEA. The fourth step is determining whether special education is warranted. The fifth step is creating the IEP and determining placement. Any other order is incorrect because under IDEA, federal laws and regulations require schools to address the education of students with disabilities by implementing specific special education procedures.

According to IDEA regulations, school districts must address the needs of students with disabilities by implementing an identification process. Place the following steps in the identification process in order from first to last. Determining the special education and related services the student requires Conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the student in all areas of suspected disability Determining which of the disabilities defined by IDEA the student has Writing an IEP and determining an appropriate placement for the student Identifying the student and referring or requesting an evaluation for a disability

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of who is included in the IEP team and why. This answer is correct because a child with a disability must attend the IEP team meeting if a purpose of the meeting is to plan postsecondary goals for the child and transition services required for supporting the child in achieving those goals.

According to IDEA, a student must be included as a member of the IEP team to give consent for initial evaluation recommend a change of placement develop a functional behavior assessment consider postsecondary goals and transition services

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A significant discrepancy between intelligence and achievement may indicate that a student has a specific learning disability and is eligible for special education services.

According to IDEA, which of the following best indicates that a student may be eligible for special education services because of a specific learning disability? Reading at least two grade levels below current grade placement Showing a lack of progress in multiple academic subject areas Exhibiting behaviors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Demonstrating a significant discrepancy between intelligence and achievement

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act ensures that no child with a disability is excluded from an educational program or activity that receives federal financial assistance.

According to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which of the following is a protection provided for students with a disability? Ensuring that a student with a physical disability is included in physical education classes Ensuring that data collected on a student's behavior is kept confidential at all times Ensuring that private coaching in individual sports is provided for a student with a physical disability Ensuring that teachers know how to properly use assistive technology in their classrooms

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics and defining factors of the major disability categories under IDEA. IDEA lists thirteen different categories, including hearing impairment.

According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which of the following is one of the major disability categories? Hearing impairment Neurological impairment Down syndrome Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of different methods and materials necessary for communication. Augmentative communication is an approach that encompasses many different methods to build or augment communication.

Adapting existing vocal or gestural abilities and static symbols or icons and using technological devices for speech and language are all examples of assistive technology blissymbols synthesized speech augmentative communication

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Planned ignoring is one of the most effective ways to reduce an attention-seeking behavior, particularly if its alternative, sitting at his desk, is consistently reinforced.

Adrian, a student with an emotional disorder, refuses to sit at his desk and insists on sitting on the floor. The behavioral intervention team determines that the behavior has an attention-seeking function. Which of the following will best help decrease the floor-sitting behavior? Reminding Adrian to sit at his desk by singing a jingle about obeying Refusing to pay attention to Adrian until he sits at his desk Revoking Adrian's daily recess unless he sits at his desk Removing tokens from Adrian each time he sits on the floor

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Transitional readers like to read books at a good pace. At this stage the student generally has the strategies to figure out most words but continues to need help with understanding increasingly more difficult text.

After an informal reading assessment it is determined that a third-grade student with a specific learning disability is reading on a second-grade level. Though able to decode words independently and make personal connections to the stories, the student still needs help with reading and understanding difficult texts. The student can best be described as which of the following? An emergent reader An early reader A transitional reader A fluent reader

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of writing appropriate goals. This is the correct answer because using punctuation is appropriate for a student functioning at a third-grade reading level.

Alan is an eighth-grade student classified with an intellectual disability. Testing shows that Alan is functioning at a third-grade level in all academic areas. He receives instruction in the resource room. Which of the following is an appropriate goal for Alan? Writing a five-paragraph essay with no more than six grammatical errors Using correct end-point punctuation when writing sentences Correctly multiplying two fractions with different denominators four out of five times Identifying major economic factors affecting the United States economy

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Children with disabilities such as Down syndrome often learn social skills and communicative skills by observing and imitating classmates.

An inclusion classroom reduces isolation for students with Down syndrome and provides them best with opportunities to observe which of the following? Students engaging in competitive and cooperative play Peers modeling social and communicative skills Paraprofessionals supporting all students Teachers implementing an adapted curriculum

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of managing student behavior. Satiation is decreasing or eliminating an unacceptable behavior as a result of continued and increased reinforcement of the behavior.

Alyse, an eighth grader with a severe cognitive impairment, has been continually commenting that she is hungry. In an effort to stop her commenting, her teacher begins to place snacks on Alyse's desk throughout the school day. After several days, Alyse stops stating that she is hungry. The elimination of Alyse's behavior is the result of punishment satiation desensitization extinction

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The parents may request a due process hearing if they do not agree with the school's decision to place Amber in a private school.

Amber was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at the age of seven. The local school district decided to place Amber in a private school for children with ASD even though the family did not agree with the decision. Question: Which of the following actions is the most appropriate for the family to take? Moving to a different school district where Amber will be placed in an inclusion classroom Deciding to homeschool Amber to avoid conflict of interest with the school district Accepting the school district's authority and agreeing to its decision Requesting a due process hearing against the school district for inappropriate placement

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. For the guardian to be considered an active, full-fledged member of the IEP team, the guardian must be able to understand and participate in the conversations and decisions made at the meeting.

An IEP team is planning a meeting for a student whose guardian does not speak English. The case manager can ensure that the guardian is a full participant at the meeting by doing which of the following? Inviting a disability-rights advocate to speak for the guardian Recommending that meeting notes be translated for the guardian Providing an English-as-a-second-language teacher to represent the guardian Ensuring that an appropriate translator is in attendance for the guardian

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the components of an IEP. A standards-based IEP includes goals that are aligned with the state's academic content standards for a student's assigned grade level.

An IEP that ensures a student is working on goals and objectives that are aligned with state benchmarks and that promotes participation in the general curriculum is considered to be transition based standards based an initial IEP based on reevaluation

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. An ELL student with a learning disability will not acquire the reading and writing skills needed to achieve grade-level expectations despite receiving help.

An eighth-grade English-language learner (ELL) understands and speaks conversational English with decreasing hesitancy but is significantly below grade level in reading comprehension skills. Which of the following best indicates that the source of the student's difficulty is most likely a learning disability and not a language barrier? Going through a noncommunicative silent period for several months Exhibiting plateaued growth in literacy skills over time despite receiving help Demonstrating stronger math computation skills than word problem skills Being more comfortable communicating with peers than with teachers

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. By including visual representations, the test becomes more accessible for a student with a language processing disorder.

An elementary student with a language processing disorder scores poorly on a pretest for a science unit. Before retesting the student, the teacher edits the test and includes visual representations for many of the questions. By including visuals, the teacher is primarily doing which of the following? Modifying the objectives tested Making the test questions accessible Ensuring that the student's grade improves Changing the student's learning goal

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of accommodations for a student with dysgraphia, a learning disability that affects the motor skills involved in writing. Typing the story will help Eli to reread it as often as necessary and also help him monitor his spelling and grammar.

An inclusive high school English class is writing short stories. Eli, who has dysgraphia, is working with the special education teacher on his second draft. Which of the following accommodations will be most beneficial to Eli? Writing the story on yellow paper so there is less glare on the paper Using a dictionary to check the spelling of new words Typing the story on a computer so that it is easier to proofread Being given a starting prompt to help begin the writing process

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The occupational therapist is the IEP team member who must provide input about appropriate environmental accommodations for a student with a traumatic brain injury. If the OT cannot be present to make the proposals in person at the IEP meeting, he or she must do so in writing before the meeting.

An occupational therapist (OT) is unable to attend the initial IEP team meeting for a student with a traumatic brain injury. To meet federal requirements, the OT should provide the IEP team with which of the following before the meeting? Charts documenting the student's percent of progress toward goals Written consent from the principal to be absent from the meeting Detailed recommendations for environmental modifications A written proposal for an alternative or additional staffing meeting

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Since Andrew struggles with reading but is proficient in math computations, it is appropriate to orally administer math problem-solving assessments.

Andrew is a ninth grader with a specific learning disability in reading who currently reads on a fourth-grade level. Andrew's listening and mathematics computation skills are on-level, but he struggles with story-based application problems. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for Andrew during an assessment of story-based application problems? Allowing Andrew access to manipulatives Lowering learning expectations for Andrew Administering the test orally to Andrew Providing Andrew with a selection of blank graphic organizers

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Raised-line paper provides a tactile accommodation for a student struggling with handwriting.

Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for a first-grade student with dysgraphia who struggles with handwriting and benefits from tactile cues? Providing partially completed outlines for writing assignments Providing thick black markers during cursive lessons Providing a computer tutorial that teaches script lettering Providing various types of raised-line paper

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of classroom strategies and techniques. The new student, who is blind, will benefit from verbal descriptions of the activities taking place in the classroom.

Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which classroom strategy is most likely to benefit the new student? Allowing students to form flexible groups that can change as needed Giving verbal descriptions of classroom activities Slowing the pace of the lessons Writing all directions on the board

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. Seating the student away from distractions will help him stay on-task. ETS The Praxis Series

Anthony has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is in a fourth-grade resource room. Which of the following classroom strategies will best help Anthony focus during class? Reminding Anthony to stay on-task Allowing Anthony to answer questions aloud instead of writing his answers Providing Anthony with large-print materials Seating Anthony in an area with fewer distractions

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Reliability refers to how well a test produces stable and consistent results.

Assessing the reliability of a test helps determine whether the test produces consistent results remains free from bias aligns well with the curriculum is legally defensible

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A student with a specific learning disability in reading would have difficulty with reading comprehension, reading aloud, and completing a writing assignment.

Average intelligence, poor listening and reading comprehension skills, and difficulty with productive writing tasks are most characteristic of which of the following? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Intellectual disability (ID) Specific learning disability (SLD)

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Graph paper enables the student to organize work, align steps, and line up numbers in an equation.

Based on the screening results indicated, which of the following assistive-technology tools would best support the needs of the student? A digital equation editor A talking calculator Graph paper Enlarged worksheets

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Parental consent is necessary for all initial evaluations to determine whether a child should be classified with a disability.

Before proceeding with an evaluation to determine a student's qualification for special education services, the school must first inform the parents of the date of the evaluation receive the parents' informed consent for the evaluation guarantee that the student will receive services after an evaluation provide the parents with a list of qualified educational diagnosticians

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. An effective, measurable, and appropriate IEP goal must match the student's skill level as determined through informal and formal assessments.

Before writing a measurable IEP goal for a student, it is most important to consider the student's age gaps grade level skill level

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. This question tests understanding of how to manage student behavior. Natural consequences are situations that provide a penalty for inappropriate behavior without conscious action being taken. A student who continually interrupts a group may irritate the other students enough that they ask for him to be removed.

Ben is a fifth-grade student who has difficulty controlling his impulses. He often calls out in class, interrupts other students, and walks around the classroom without permission. Which of the following is an example of a natural consequence? Ben calls out in class, and the teacher reprimands him. Ben gets out of his seat, and the teacher tells him to write 50 times, "I will stay in my seat." Ben calls out comments during a discussion and is sent to the principal's office. Ben continually interrupts his peers during group assignments, and they ask that he be removed from the group.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of assistive technology devices. Voice-recognition software allows a student to use a computer by speaking into a microphone, which decreases the student's need to use fine-motor skills.

Brett's resource room language arts class is studying the Inca and Aztec peoples. The students were assigned to make a compare-and-contrast matrix of the Inca and Aztec peoples. Because Brett is unable to write, he is using the computer to complete the assignment. Which of the following computer software programs is most likely to benefit Brett? Brett? Concept-development software Voice-recognition software Communication software Text-reading software

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of behavioral approaches. Manipulating the antecedent stimulus means taking away the cause of the problem to change the behavior.

Bruce and Lou, who sit next to each other, distract each other in the classroom. The teacher has tried rewarding them for appropriate behavior, but their behavior has not changed. The teacher then changes their seating so that they are on opposite ends of the classroom. They now rarely distract each other. This is an example of manipulating the consequent stimulus using the Premack principle ignoring inappropriate behavior manipulating the antecedent stimulus

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Since the tests administered twice a week demonstrate mastery of one of the math goals, the teacher should focus math instruction on the remaining goals in Joseph's IEP.

By midyear a student, Joseph, reaches 95 percent accuracy on all benchmarks related to one of the math goals in his IEP, as measured by a twice-weekly teacher test. Based on the information, the IEP team is most likely to recommend which of the following? Continuing to test Joseph twice a week on the same IEP goal Adding enrichment mathematics goals to Joseph's IEP Focusing on the remaining mathematics goals in Joseph's IEP Removing goals in mathematics from Joseph's IEP

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the classification procedure from its outset. Prereferral screening and in-class observations are necessary before testing.

Cedric is a fourth grader who is having difficulty keeping up with reading tasks. His parents want to know more about possible special education services. They have made an appointment with Cedric's teacher and the special education teacher who works with fourth-grade students. The likely first step the school will take is pre-referral screening and in-class observation formal testing and evaluation for learning disabilities having the parents meet with the principal to discourage them from seeking special education services ordering audio books for all of Cedric's fourth-grade texts

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question identifies issues that many students with mild hearing loss may face. Turning away from a student with a mild hearing loss may break down communication significantly, so the teacher should face the class while giving a lecture or providing directions for a task.

Chelsea, a student with mild hearing loss, often has difficulty following the teacher's directions in class, particularly when the teacher is doing work at the blackboard. Which of the following suggestions is the most appropriate first step for the teacher to try to help Chelsea understand directions? Repeating all directions directly into Chelsea's ear Providing directions to Chelsea while facing the entire class Providing an interpreter for Chelsea Having another student write down all assignments for Chelsea

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Classwide peer tutoring can be integrated with most existing curricula. It is a flexible approach to tutoring that can be adjusted to meet individual student or class learning needs.

Classwide peer tutoring is a research-based tutoring model that is most likely to be recommended by special education coteachers for which of the following reasons? It teaches students with learning disabilities to accept criticism from classmates. It can be applied within multiple environments with consistent results. It reduces the likelihood that students will drop out of school. It provides individual and group awards to motivate and maximize learning.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the major legislation that affects special education. Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, if a student has a disability but requires neither special education nor related services, the student may qualify for protection under Section 504.

Danny is a twelfth-grade student who has been diagnosed with Tourette syndrome and epilepsy. Both conditions are controlled with medication. Danny is functioning at grade level with his peers. Which of the following statements best describes the most appropriate services for Danny? Danny's diagnosis requires an Individualized Education Program (IEP). Danny requires a paraprofessional to assist him in his course work. Danny is covered under Section 504 because he does not require special education services. Danny should be placed in inclusive classes for all academic courses.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of learning objectives. Reading at a rate of 120 words per minute specifically addresses reading fluency.

David is a fourth-grade student with a specific learning disability in reading. David has just completed a set of reading assessments, and his scores indicate that he is reading at an end-of-first-grade level. He demonstrates strengths in comprehension skills and uses context clues to help him decode text. His reading fluency is determined to be his primary reading weakness. Based on these assessment results, which of the following objectives will best meet David's current learning needs in reading? When presented with a list of 50 second-grade-level sight words, David will read 45 of the words accurately. When presented with a second-grade-level nonfiction text, David will identify three of the typical features of nonfiction texts. When presented with a second-grade-level fiction text, David will summarize the events of the story in sequential order. When presented with a second-grade-level fiction text, David will read at a rate of 120 words per minute.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of precedents that have influenced special education legislation. The rulings in Diana v. State Board of Education, Larry P. v. Riles, and Lau v. Nichols helped establish the principle of nondiscriminatory assessment of students from diverse cultural backgrounds

Diana v. State Board of Education (1970), Larry P. v. Riles (1972), and Lau v. Nichols (1974), influenced the drafting of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and addressed the issue of zero reject expulsions nondiscriminatory assessment out-of-state schooling

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of behavioral intervention plans. This answer is appropriate because students with EBD often have trouble transitioning between activities, and giving Dimitri extra time will help him get to his classes on time and reduce his frustration and anxiety.

Dimitri, a ninth-grade student with an emotional behavioral disorder (EBD), has difficulty transitioning between classes. He often arrives late for his classes, which interferes with the instruction given in the class. Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for Dimitri? Arranging a conference to inform Dimitri's parents that he is habitually late to his classes Planning social skills lessons to emphasize the importance of being punctual in school Establishing a behavioral plan that will allow extra time for Dimitri to go from one class to the next Asking Dimitri to leave the classroom each time the behavior occurs in front of his peers

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. In the scenario, one of the students takes the initiative of dumping the marbles before the tunnels are ready. The student soon learns that this initiative was not an acceptable decision and is scolded for this action. The scolding causes the student to cry and experience guilt.

During center time, several kindergarten students are using blocks and cardboard tubes to build a series of tunnels for marbles. One student decides to dump the box of marbles onto the blocks before the tunnels are finished. The students report the incident, and the teacher scolds the student who dumped the marbles. The student reacts by crying and refusing to return to the center. Which of the following stages of Erikson's psychosocial development is best illustrated by the events in the scenario? Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Checklists are best suited for monitoring one's behaviors, such as the plan-write-edit-revise stages of the writing process.

Eleanor is a student with a learning disability who struggles with expository writing. She is learning to focus on the stages of the writing process during assignments. Which of the following ways of recording self-monitoring data is most appropriate to teach Eleanor? Marking a rating scale Collecting a frequency count Using a checklist Writing in a journal

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of appropriate testing accommodations. The student is unable to write independently and would need a scribe to write his answers.

Eric is a 14-year-old student who uses a motorized wheelchair. Eric tested on grade level for reading and writing but tested two grades below level for mathematics. His writing was assessed orally because of difficulty with fine-motor control. His speech therapy goal is to improve pronunciation, and his occupational therapy goal is to improve fine-motor control, so that he can grasp a pencil to write. Question: What accommodations are most appropriate for the student for taking tests? Reading test questions aloud to help the student overcome reading difficulties Offering testing in a separate room to eliminate the distractions caused by other students Providing a large-print test that the student can read more easily Having a scribe write the answers that the student gives orally

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of options for assistive technology.A joystick mouse is an alternative to a standard mouse that will accommodate the student's fine-motor difficulties.

Eric is a 14-year-old student who uses a motorized wheelchair. Eric tested on grade level for reading and writing but tested two grades below level for mathematics. His writing was assessed orally because of difficulty with fine-motor control. His speech therapy goal is to improve pronunciation, and his occupational therapy goal is to improve fine-motor control, so that he can grasp a pencil to write. Question: Which of the following assistive devices is Eric most likely to require for working on a small-group activity that involves a computer? Computer screen magnifier Communication board Personal amplifier Joystick mouse

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of information found in an IEP. Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination.

Eric is a 14-year-old student who uses a motorized wheelchair. Eric tested on grade level for reading and writing but tested two grades below level for mathematics. His writing was assessed orally because of difficulty with fine-motor control. His speech therapy goal is to improve pronunciation, and his occupational therapy goal is to improve fine-motor control, so that he can grasp a pencil to write. Question: Which of the following classifications is most likely to be documented on Eric's Individualized Education Program (IEP) ? Cerebral palsy (CP) Specific learning disability (SLD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Cognitive impairments

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Formative assessments are designed to provide feedback on student progress while students are learning new concepts. Such feedback allows teachers to adjust lesson plans based on student needs.

Evidence-based research indicates that formative assessment is best utilized for which of the following purposes? Determining student learning at the end of a unit of study Providing tiered evaluations to meet the needs of all students Supporting the progress of students while they are acquiring new concepts Comparing student achievement on a range of performance tasks

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of a critical conceptual component of learning disabilities. This answer is correct because a discrepancy between a student's standard ability or intelligence and standardized achievement test results is one of the primary characteristics of a student with a specific learning disability.

Examiners attempting to identify a student with learning disabilities tend to focus on the discrepancy between ability and achievement test scores, with ability being greater than what is indicated by achievement test scores ability and achievement test scores, with achievement test scores being greater than demonstrated ability curriculum-based assessment (CBA) and achievement test scores, with CBA results being greater than achievement test scores curriculum-based assessment (CBA) and achievement test scores, with achievement test scores being greater than CBA results

Correct Answer: A, B, C Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. The question tests knowledge of the steps in the IEP process. According to federal safeguards in IDEA, (A), (B), and (C) all require parental consent.

Federal safeguards in IDEA require parental consent before beginning which steps in the IEP process? Select all that apply. Initial evaluation Reevaluation Initial provision of services Monitoring student progress

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Error analysis enables the teacher to determine whether the error was one related to meaning, syntax, or graphophonics. After each running record, a teacher can choose a teaching point, using the student's errors as an immediate opportunity for learning. Mistakes lead students to new learning and teachers to new understanding of students.

Following the completion of a running record on a student diagnosed with a specific learning disability in reading, which of the following pieces of information is a teacher most likely to analyze first? Number of clues used during reading Errors made in reading Intonation while reading Number of self-corrections

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The teacher is using information about the students' concept-level strengths and weaknesses to customize or differentiate instruction for them.

For a whole-group shared reading activity, a teacher develops on-level, below-level, and above-level sets of comprehension questions. By considering the students' various comprehension levels, the teacher best demonstrates an understanding of the importance of which of the following? Flexible grouping Differentiated instruction Compacted curriculum Summative planning

Correct Answer: 2, 4, 5 The correct responses are, in order, emotional disturbance, emotional disturbance, and autism spectrum disorder. A pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression, fighting, acting out, and self-injurious behavior are characteristics of emotional disturbance. Engaging in repetitive behaviors is a characteristic of autism spectrum disorder.

For each characteristic listed in the table, indicate whether it is most likely to be associated with autism spectrum disorder or emotional disturbance. Characteristic Autism Spectrum Disorder or Emotional Disturbance Pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression Fighting, acting out, or self-injurious behavior Engaging in repetitive or stereotyped responses

Correct Answer: 2, 3, 5 The correct responses are, in order, modification, accommodation, and accommodation. A partially completed graphic organizer is a modification because it changes the construct being tested by providing information not all test takers have. Chunking is a change in presentation that does not affect the construct and is therefore considered an accommodation. Headphones are an accommodation because their use does not change the construct that is tested.

For each row, select whether the support identifies an assessment accommodation or modification. Support Accommodation Modification Providing a partially completed graphic organizer Chunking a reading passage into smaller sections Allowing the use of noise-filtering headphones

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Peer modeling helps students learn academic processes and classroom routines. Peer modeling is an excellent way to provide appropriate behavioral models to students who need to improve their social skills by giving social reminders.

Franz is a middle school student with autism spectrum disorder who is educated in a general education inclusion setting. Franz's IEP indicates he is to develop skills for independently participating in the daily class meeting. Which of the following supports will best help Franz achieve the goal? Observing peers modeling appropriate classroom behavior Receiving prompts from a paraprofessional during classroom meetings Practicing classroom meeting protocols with a speech therapist Attending after-school workshops on interpreting social stories

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of approaches to classroom management. Contingency-based self-management makes students responsible for managing their own behavior and rewards them for appropriate behavior.

Having students keep track of their own behavior and then giving them rewards for appropriate behavior is known as contingency-based self-management functional assessment reality therapy ecological assessment

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Once a referral is provided, the school must obtain consent from the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) to begin the evaluation phase of the referral process.

Immediately after a student is referred by a teacher for an evaluation for special education services, the school must provide appropriate Tier 3 interventions to the student obtain consent from a legal guardian to test the student schedule professional testing of the student draft an agenda with a list of participants for the initial IEP team meeting

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of different classroom models. In a full-inclusion model, the special education teacher works with the general education teacher in the general education classroom.

In a full-inclusion model, services to students with disabilities are available in general education classrooms resource rooms self-contained classrooms charter schools

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A student reciprocates greetings only when the teacher provides verbal reminders, indicating that the student has become prompt dependent.

In which of the following scenarios is it most appropriate for a teacher to begin to use prompt-fading techniques to support a student's skill development? A student reads only assigned fiction texts and refuses to read nonfiction texts. A student often becomes argumentative after receiving a grade below 80 percent on an assignment. A student reciprocates greetings only when the teacher provides verbal reminders. A student ignores the gesture whenever the teacher points to a clock to remind the student to stay on task.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of characteristics and defining factors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by problems with communication and repetitive patterns of thought and behavior.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are most likely to have an obsessive interest in a single object or topic have delayed fine motor skills and difficulty with written assignments be unable to sit still for long periods of time be unable to walk unassisted

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Teaching self-advocacy to students with disabilities provides them with social-emotional skills that can help them successfully interact with adults and classmates.

Jade is a 13-year-old student with disabilities who considers a classmate, Mac, her friend. Mac, however, makes fun of Jade when she is not around. Jade feels betrayed when she realizes that Mac makes fun of her. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for their teacher to address the bullying? Telling Jade that it is best to avoid Mac and encouraging her to find new friends Talking to Mac about Jade, her special needs, and how to be a good friend to her Sending Jade to recess at a different time so she has a different group of friends to interact with Teaching Jade how to assertively advocate for her own needs in social situations

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The student should be allowed to indicate preferences when given an array of possible reinforcers.

Jaylen is a ten-year-old child with a severe intellectual disability. She is unable to communicate verbally but indicates choices by touching tangible items of interest or by using a communication board. Jaylen's teacher wants to create a set of reinforcers to encourage her to participate in class activities. Question: Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to choose reinforcers for Jaylen? Conducting research to determine the most effective reinforcers Meeting with the Individualized Education Program (IEP) team to recommend reinforcers Observing Jaylen interact with a variety of reinforcers Providing Jaylen with a standard set of classroom reinforcers

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. Graphic organizers represent ideas and relationships visually, and since Jazmine is a visual learner, they will accommodate her primary learning style.

Jazmine is a third-grade student in a self-contained classroom. She has a specific learning disability (SLD) and is a visual learner. Which of the following strategies is aligned with Jazmine's primary learning style? Seating her near the teacher Having her use graphic organizers for writing Having her use manipulatives for mathematics Assigning a peer tutor to help her with note taking

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of transition planning. Jeff's planned activities will most likely lead to skilled or semiskilled employment and independence.

Jeff's Individualized Transitional Plan (ITP) includes activities such as filling out applications, working at an after-school job working with an electrician, and receiving tutoring in functional reading skills. Jeff's long-term goal is most likely to attend a four-year college obtain skilled or semiskilled employment live in a group home work in a sheltered workshop

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of an Individualized Transition Plan (ITP). Joan is a junior in high school and will need to plan for her education after high school.

Joan, a high school junior, has a specific learning disability (SLD) in reading. Which of the following goals would be appropriate for her Individualized Transition Plan (ITP)? Researching postsecondary schools Learning to do her own laundry Looking for an apartment Making a four-course dinner independently

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the role of a special education teacher. A seizure must be documented, and the necessary school personnel and the student's family must be informed.

John is a new second-grade student in a special education class. He has a Section 504 accommodation plan because he frequently has seizures. John just had a tonic-clonic seizure in the classroom. Which of the following steps should the special education teacher take first? Teach the class what a seizure is and describe expectations for student behavior if John has another seizure Have the classroom assistant walk John to the school nurse to be checked Document the seizure and inform the necessary school personnel and the student's family Encourage the student to go to physical education now that the seizure is over

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of classroom accommodations for a student with a physical disabilities. Students with cerebral palsy often have difficulty writing, so using a computer with word-prediction software will allow John to be independent and take notes using minimal key strokes, which will support his fine-motor delay.

John is a ninth-grade student who has been identified as having an orthopedic impairment from cerebral palsy. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for John during his inclusive science class? Seating him near the teacher so he can hear the lectures more clearly Allowing him to take frequent breaks during the science class Providing him with large-print versions of all materials Allowing him to use a computer with word-prediction software to take notes

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of responses to inappropriate classroom behaviors. Speaking to Juan after class is an important first step for the teacher to understand why Juan is behaving inappropriately.

Juan is a tenth-grade student in an inclusive biology class. While working with a partner during a lab activity, Juan uses inappropriate language and pushes the lab materials to the floor. This behavior has not been witnessed by the biology teacher in the past. Which of the following responses is the most appropriate way to respond initially to Juan's behavior? Sending Juan to the office Calling Juan's parents after school Giving Juan an in-school suspension Speaking to Juan after class about his behavior

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of transition planning for a high school student with a specific learning disability (SLD). Juliet should have goals that move her toward her plans to enroll in a graphic arts program, and computer classes will help her develop the prerequisite skills necessary for the program.

Juliet, a high school student with a specific learning disability (SLD), plans to enroll in a graphic arts program after she graduates from high school. Which of the following goals is most appropriate as part of her Individualized Transition Plan (ITP)? Finding a part-time job as a salesperson Learning to tell time Researching community-living programs Taking computer classes

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of the referral and identification process. This answer is correct because the school psychologist conducts cognitive assessments that measure a student's intellectual abilities.

Kayla is a third-grade student who has been struggling academically and has started acting defiantly and refusing to complete assignments. Her parents suspect that she has a learning disability. Which of the following professionals is most likely to administer the assessments to evaluate Kayla? Her teacher A private medical doctor The school psychologist The school guidance counselor

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of providing access to the curriculum through technology. Programming visual cues on the computer for Kemberly will allow her to work as independently as possible while providing her with the assistance that she requires.

Kemberly is a twelfth-grade student who is deaf. She uses an FM monitor in the classroom in addition to the services of an interpreter. Which of the following is most appropriate for her computer class? Having the interpreter sign all auditory cues from the computer for Kemberly Programming visual cues on the computer for Kemberly Providing Kemberly a touch screen Allowing Kemberly to skip computer classes

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instruction in social skills, which often serves as the basis for educational success in the inclusive classroom.

Many students with disabilities receive instruction in social skills because social skills are crucial for success in an inclusive classroom they are unable to benefit from educational training teachers in general education focus primarily on instruction in social skills social skills are easier to teach than academic skills

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of different learning disabilities. This answer is correct because dyscalculia involves the inability to understand the meaning of numbers and quantities. Students with dyscalculia cannot understand basic operations of addition and subtraction. They may not understand complex problems such as multiplication, division, and more abstract problems. Because they do not understand math concepts, they do not remember and cannot build on them to master more complex problems.

Marcus, an 8-year-old boy with a specific learning disability (SLD), has difficulty with learning addition and subtraction facts, simple word problems, and games that require logical reasoning. Which of the following disorders is described above? Dysgraphia Dyslexia Dyspraxia Dyscalculia

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of the process of transitioning to employment. This answer is correct because Maria needs to learn the bus route to become independent.

Maria is a 17-year-old with a physical disability. She also has speech and vision problems. She has applied for a part-time job that would require her to take the public bus to and from work. Which of the following is the first step for the teacher to take in helping Maria prepare for this job? Teaching Maria to sign her name so she can cash her paychecks Discussing the limitations of her disability Teaching Maria to read a transportation schedule Getting Maria a cell phone

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. Manipulatives provide a tactile representation of mathematical concepts.

Mark is a tenth-grade student with a severe visual impairment. He is in an inclusive geometry class with the support of a special education teacher. Which of the following strategies would be most beneficial in helping Mark understand the concept of three-dimensional figures? Providing manipulatives of the objects Providing large-print materials Using raised-line drawings of the figures Color coordinating the sides of the shapes

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of accommodations. This answer is correct because the student has limited fine motor skills and will have difficulty taking notes.

Martha is an eleventh-grade student with spina bifida. She uses a motorized wheelchair and has limited fine motor skills. Her testing indicates her cognitive and language skills are on grade level. Which of the following accommodations is most likely to benefit the student in her inclusive history class? Allowing Martha to use a laptop computer to take notes Requiring Martha to learn less material for mastery Providing Martha raised-line paper to improve her handwriting Providing Martha copies of notes to limit her need for writing

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of the impact of disabilities at home. Parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) need simple guidelines to follow.

Martin is a third-grade student who has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Martin's parents have asked the special education teacher for suggestions to improve behaviors at home. Which of the following is most appropriate for the special education teacher to recommend to his parents to use at home? Allowing Martin to stay up until he indicates that he is tired Playing math games with Martin to strengthen his multiplication skills Allowing Martin to play computer games to increase eye-hand coordination Setting clear rules, expectations, and consequences for Martin's behaviors

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. More than half the students in the class can name three main respiratory organs and are ready to move on. Those students do not need reteaching or reinforcement. The best option is for the teacher to provide additional instruction in a small group for the students who did not answer the question correctly.

Midway through a science unit, a fifth-grade inclusion teacher asks students to name three main organs associated with the respiratory system. The following table summarizes the students' responses. Number of Student Responses Response Content 8 Off topic or incorrect (for example: sense of smell, warms air, helps you breathe, out of breath, oxygen, heartbeat, heart, stomach) 15 Three correct responses (for example: nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, bronchi, larynx, windpipe, voice box) 1 No response Based on the information in the table, which of the following teacher actions is most appropriate? Adjusting lesson plans to reteach the unit to all students Planning critical-thinking enrichment activities for all students Having the struggling students redo the assignment at home Providing small-group instruction to reteach the struggling students

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of materials necessary for students with special needs. Assistive technology, such as a tape recorder or a calculator, allows the student to access grade-level materials.

Mitch is a college-bound high school senior with learning disabilities. His Individualized Education Program (IEP) indicates that he uses a tape recorder in his English class and a calculator for taking tests in Algebra 2. These accommodations are examples of assistive technology personal computing support remediation self-management

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of collaborative teaching approaches. In alternative teaching, one teacher teaches the class while the other teacher pulls out a smaller group for remedial, supplemental, or enrichment activities.

Mr. Jackson and Ms. Stern cooperatively teach an inclusive high school geometry class. While Mr. Jackson is reviewing homework with the class using an interactive whiteboard, Ms. Stern provides small-group instruction for several students who expressed difficulty with completing the homework assignment. This style of collaborative teaching is an example of shared teaching cooperative learning station teaching alternative teaching

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. This question tests knowledge of federal laws. A phone conference with the parents is an acceptable alternative to a face-to-face meeting.

Mr. and Mrs. Chin are unable to attend their daughter's Individualized Education Program (IEP) meeting at school. Which of the following is an acceptable alternative for a face-to-face meeting? Having the meeting take place without them Making sure all the professionals are present Holding a phone conference with the parents for the meeting to take place Postponing the meeting until the parents can attend

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of using data to modify instruction. This answer is correct because a strategy of effective teaching is to modify instruction when the students show a lack of understanding.

Ms. Brown taught a lesson on multiplying two-digit numbers to her students in a self-contained classroom. Then the students completed a math worksheet. Ms. Brown notes that most of the students had more than half the problems incorrect. Which of the following should Ms. Brown do next? Pair the students with regular education students who will act as peer tutors. Give the students another math worksheet the next day to see if they improve after doing their homework. Reteach the lesson another way to see if the students can improve their understanding of the topic. Go on to the next lesson in the book because time is limited.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of instructional strategies. Differentiated instruction allows teachers to vary instruction by using different activities that address several learning modalities and ability levels.

Ms. Dackrey, a fourth-grade inclusion teacher, just finished reading Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone with her students. She groups students by learning styles and assigns each group different tasks. This strategy is best described as direct instruction small-group instruction reflective activities differentiated instruction

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of modifications to the curriculum. Requiring students to know fewer vocabulary words for the test will reduce the amount of material that the students have to master.

Ms. Hart is a special education teacher in a resource room. After giving the students with learning disabilities a vocabulary list, she changed an end-of-unit test to have fewer options and to include a word bank. This is an example of an accommodation a modification a related service an instructional strategy

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Option (B) is correct because as a case manager, a special education teacher oversees the development of the IEP in collaboration with the other members of the IEP team. Option (C) is correct because the special education teacher ensures that the IEP is implemented faithfully. Option (E) is correct because coteachers plan and evaluate lessons together.

Ms. Jackson is a special education teacher who is coteaching with a team of second-grade teachers in full-inclusion classrooms. Which THREE of the following are most likely to be Ms. Jackson's primary responsibilities? Being the teacher of record for the students in the second-grade classrooms Serving as the case manager and drafting IEPs for the students on her caseload Adapting classroom materials as stated in the adaptations and modifications section of an IEP Monitoring the educational progress of students with RTI plans Collaborating with the classroom teachers on the team to develop lesson plans

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of professionals who deliver related services. This answer is correct because an occupational therapist helps individuals become more independent by improving work, play, and self-care skills.

Ms. Jones teaches students with severe and multiple disabilities. She is teaching some of her students to feed themselves and is teaching others self-help skills. Which of the following professionals should she contact for assistance? A physical therapist An adapted physical education teacher An occupational therapist A case manager

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of managing student behavior. Rewards promote recurrence of positive behaviors.

Ms. Mahoney is a third-grade resource room teacher. Many of her students have behavioral disorders. She has the rules posted on the wall and uses a system of rewards and consequences. Which of the following is an important part of any behavior modification plan that uses rewards and consequences? Allowing students to choose which rules to follow Delivering rewards frequently and immediately Allowing students to pick their own consequences Enforcing consequences at the end of the day

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question addresses the ability to encourage communication with parents. Having the correct phone numbers and email addresses will foster communication between the teacher and the parents.

Ms. Reardon teaches a fourth-grade resource room and is attending back-to-school night, where she meets her students' parents to inform them about what she will be doing in her class throughout the year. Which of the following is information that she would want to gather from the parents at this meeting? The parents' marital status The number of children living at home The parents' cell phone numbers and email addresses The parents' work addresses

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of teaching strategies. Touching and feeling rocks and discussing observations with a partner addresses multiple learning styles, so that visual, kinesthetic, and auditory learners all have access to the same information.

Multiple-modality activities are recommended for inclusive classrooms. Which of the following is a multiple-modality activity for a unit on rocks? Asking students to bring in three rocks from the neighborhood and tell the class where they found them Having students read a story about a mountain climber's experience climbing Mount Everest Allowing students to touch and feel rocks and discuss their observations with a partner Assigning students to read a chapter of the textbook and answer comprehension ques tions

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests understanding of testing accommodations. This answer is correct because attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by difficulty focusing, and frequent breaks are an accommodation for students who cannot concentrate for long periods of time.

Paul is a ninth-grade student who is educated in an inclusion classroom for biology. He has a hearing impairment co-occurring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for Paul when he takes the state standardized test? Allowing frequent breaks Having the test read aloud to him Providing large-print materials Allowing Paul to respond in the test booklet

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the major legislation that affects the field of special education. This answer is correct because a student who does not require special education is not entitled to the rights and protections of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and, therefore, receives services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.

Of the following, which student would receive services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act? A student who requires related services A student who requires special education A student who is not successful in the resource room A student placed in an out-of-district school

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of planning and the learning environment. This answer is correct because students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) need a highly structured environment with predictable routines to minimize disruptive and distractive behaviors.

One of the most critical educational components of providing an appropriate learning environment for a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is to allow the student to self-select activities because of an inability to communicate create a carefully structured environment with established routines and procedures allow the student to be isolated from the rest of the class expect the student to follow classroom rules because of a need of socialization skills

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of the major disability categories. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is damage to the brain caused by a violent impact.

Pamela is a tenth-grade student who was injured in a car accident over the summer. She is now experiencing severe headaches, memory loss, and slurred speech. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), her disability falls into which disability category? Specific learning disability (SLD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Other health impairment (OHI)

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The due process complaints must address the identification, evaluation, and free appropriate public education (FAPE) provisions that have been made for the child.

Parents or public agencies filing due process complaints must do which of the following in compliance with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? Document the alleged violations of IDEA that have occurred within the past five years Request signatures from the IDEA hearing officer and a representative of the local education agency Solicit attorney services to file the required IDEA paperwork and contact state officers Address the identification, evaluation, and free appropriate public education provisions of IDEA

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of related services. A speech therapist would help Paula improve in the areas of expressive and receptive speech and language development.

Paula is a sixth-grade student with Down syndrome. She is an attentive student who enjoys learning new things in school. Although her expressive speech and language development are more like those of an 8 year old, her receptive language skills are more like those of a 10 year old. Paula reads at the third-grade level. Which of the following support services is likely to be most beneficial for Paula? Speech therapy Physical therapy Occupational therapy Massage therapy

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Adolescents who have siblings with disabilities are often asked questions about the disability. If they are not prepared to respond, they can experience embarrassment or even resentment. By learning the basic facts about cerebral palsy and rehearsing responses to straightforward questions, Ginny can prepare herself to answer questions about Peggy's disability.

Peggy is a seventh grader with cerebral palsy whose twin sister, Ginny, is a typically developing teenager. Ginny's friends often ask questions about Peggy, and Ginny is sometimes embarrassed by the questions. Which of the following is the best way for Ginny's parents and teachers to help Ginny respond when asked such questions? Teaching Ginny to avoid answering questions about Peggy's medical condition Reminding Ginny that Peggy needs her support and loyalty at school Discouraging Ginny from expressing negative feelings about Peggy Rehearsing with Ginny different ways of explaining Peggy's disability

Correct Answer: B, A, E, C, D The correct order is intellectual disability, emotional disturbance, traumatic brain injury, multiple disabilities, and specific learning disabilities. These are the disability categories based on IDEA. A student with intellectual disability needs assistance remembering how to do simple tasks; a student who becomes angry and aggressive when challenged is classified as having an emotional disturbance; a student who suffered traumatic brain injury may develop expressive language disorder; a student who has spina bifida and Down syndrome and uses a wheelchair has multiple disabilities; and a student who needs accommodations for reading and math has a specific learning disability.

Place each of the following disability categories next to the description that best characterizes a student who would be placed in that category. 1.Emotional disturbance 2.Intellectual disability 3.Multiple disabilities 4. Specific learning disability 5.Traumatic brain injury Needs assistance remembering how to do simple tasks Becomes angry and aggressive when challenged Since an accident, has difficulty with expressive language Has spina bifida and Down syndrome and uses a wheelchair Receives accommodations to learn to read and do math

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of how to provide a supportive classroom environment. Trying to locate an object blindfolded simulates the difficulties experienced by an individual who is blind, therefore cultivating empathy with the new student, who has a severe visual impairment.

Questions 8-9 refer to the following passage. A student who has a severe visual impairment will soon join a fourth-grade class. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following activities is most likely help students empathize with their new classmate? Listening to a story with their eyes closed Picking a number out of a hat without looking Finding the pencil sharpener while wearing a blindfold Writing a list of everything they like to eat

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies and techniques. Assigning a peer to assist with note taking will best support the student, since he is unable to write independently.

Questions 96 - 99 are based on the following information. Eric is a 14-year-old student who uses a motorized wheelchair. Eric tested on grade level for reading and writing but tested two grades below level for mathematics. His writing was assessed orally because of difficulty with fine-motor control. His speech therapy goal is to improve pronunciation, and his occupational therapy goal is to improve fine-motor control, so that he can grasp a pencil to write. Question: Which of the following activities will best support this student? Giving the student nonverbal prompts to improve on-task behavior Allowing the student to write directly on the test, rather than on an answer sheet Assigning a peer buddy to assist him with taking notes Permitting the student to use noise-canceling headphones to eliminate background distractions

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of testing accommodations. A separate testing environment will help students who have difficulty focusing, such as students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Rafael has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One of his testing accommodations is to test in a separate room with the special education teacher. Which of the following is a reason for this accommodation? The other students will not hear the test being read aloud to Rafael. Rafael can read the test aloud to himself without distracting other students. The special education teacher can give Rafael cues about the answers. Rafael will be able to concentrate better without distractions.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the characteristics of and the process of identifying disability categories. A discrepancy between ability and achievement is one of the primary characteristics of a student with a specific learning disability.

Randi is a 12 year old who scores within the average range for her age on a standardized test but is significantly below grade level in reading and writing and is at grade level in math. The profile is most consistent with a classification of intellectual disability specific learning disability attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder autism spectrum disorder

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Being able to pay monthly bills on time in an appropriate manner will demonstrate that Roy has a necessary independent-living skill.

Roy is an eleventh-grade student with an intellectual disability. During his annual IEP meeting, Roy indicates that he wants to get a job and share an apartment within four years of graduating from high school. Which of the following IEP transition goals best supports Roy's goal? Roy will be able to read traffic signs independently while traveling. Roy will be able to clean the kitchen floors with staff assistance on a weekly basis. Roy will be able to write a check to pay monthly rent and utility bills. Roy will be able to socialize with new friends and seek help when needed.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Social skills should be taught directly using prescripted scenarios that the students can act out.

Several students in a high school inclusion class are impolite, impulsive, and emotionally immature. Which of the following is the most appropriate way to provide behavioral support to the students? Holding regular class discussions about respect and responsibility Having students role-play scenarios demonstrating behaviors Initiating punishment for the disrespectful behaviors Allowing students more time to mature socially

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. By illustrating the steps involved in each job in pictures and simple words, the teacher is removing a barrier to learning and providing equal access for all students.

Several students in a second-grade class are English-language learners (ELLs) who are reading significantly below grade level. Which of the following will best ensure that the ELLs understand the responsibilities of an assigned classroom job? Having students remain with the same job throughout the year Designating a peer to inform the students of their assigned job Listing the classroom jobs in two languages on a large poster Representing each job on a chart using pictures and simple words

Correct Answer: A, B, C Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. The question tests understanding of the meaning of highly qualified status. These options are correct because teaching these subject areas requires a teacher to be highly qualified.

Special education teachers are expected to hold highly qualified status when teaching which of the following? Select all that apply. Core academic subjects Alternate achievement standards Multiple subjects Primary grades

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of planning and organizing the learning environment. This answer is correct because students need to participate in the decision-making process from an early stage to build their self-esteem. Creating opportunities for students to make decisions gives them more control and a sense that the classroom belongs to them.

Students in Mr. Steeger's first-grade class are often asked to participate in classroom decisions. They recently voted on where in the classroom to place a new plant and which book to read during a read-aloud. Which of the following is the most likely benefit to students of this type of classroom? Increased self-esteem Increased on-task behavior Improved peer relationships Greater sense of responsibility

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Providing opportunities for practice best helps students learn new procedures.

Students in an inclusion classroom are learning a new procedure for entering the room after recess that helps them transition to the daily math lesson. Which of the following will best help the students learn the procedure? Providing opportunities for students to practice the new procedure correctly Rewarding students who follow the new procedure and creating consequences for those who do not Reviewing and reteaching the procedure to students until it becomes a natural part of the class's flow Giving examples to students of what the new procedure should and should not look like

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Educational research has identified a correlation between learning disabilities and low self-esteem and the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Students with learning disabilities and low levels of self-esteem are at greatest risk of developing which of the following conditions? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Dyslexia Depression Speech disorder

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Following a simple recipe involves using tools such as graduated cups, a mixer, spoons, a spatula, and a muffin tin, as well as measuring ingredients, temperature, and time.

The IEP for a student with an intellectual disability contains the following science objective. The student will use tools appropriately to measure time, temperature, and volume in 3 out of 4 trials. Which of the following student activities most effectively addresses the student objective? Following a recipe to bake a dozen muffins for the class in the school's kitchen Determining whether proper sanitation procedures are followed in the school kitchen Learning how to select the correct kitchen knife for a task and using the knife properly Using a food scale to weigh the ingredients needed to prepare a one-dish meal for six people

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the requirements of IDEA. This answer is correct because education in the least restrictive environment is a requirement of the law.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that school districts always provide which of the following to all children with disabilities? Extended-school-year services Modifications to the curriculum Free accommodations for children with physical disabilities Education in the least restrictive environment

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of assessment tools. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) was designed to assess personal, social, and adaptive functioning of handicapped and non-handicapped persons from birth to adulthood.

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is most likely to be used in the identification of gifted and talented students learning disabilities intellectual disabilities fragile X syndrome

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Students with dyslexia are often slow, frustrated readers who tire easily and cannot process text efficiently. Audiobooks give such students access to curriculum material as well as to books that go beyond the curriculum to provide entertainment and enjoyment.

The availability of audiobooks is of greatest benefit for students with which of the following? Dysgraphia Auditory processing disorders Expressive language delays Dyslexia

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The best example of extrinsic motivation is the desire to earn a token or privilege. Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in a task because of external factors such as working for money and food or taking actions to avoid harm.

The best example of extrinsic motivation is the desire to learn something new connect with others earn a token or privilege solve a personal problem

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics of intellectual disability, which is determined by an IQ score.

The classification of severe intellectual disability is determined primarily on the basis of an IQ of 40-55 perinatal complications an IQ of 20-35 postnatal complications

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A student with short-term memory deficits has difficulty storing and recalling information, so reducing the amount of information on assessments would be recommended for Juno.

The following is an excerpt from the Present Level of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) statement of Juno's Individualized Education Program (IEP). Juno is a ninth-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics. She has short-term memory and auditory processing deficits and receives instruction in a general education setting with the support of a special education teacher. She is organized, conscientious, and hardworking and works well with peers. Juno benefits from having copies of class notes and graphic organizers. To best meet Juno's needs, which of the following is most likely to be included in her IEP's assessment modifications and accommodations? Providing a private room in which Juno can complete assessments Allowing Juno to give oral answers to open-ended assessment questions Reading assessment items aloud to Juno in a small-group setting Reducing the amount of information Juno needs to process on assessments

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests understanding of a functional curriculum, which emphasizes skills related to daily living in order to prepare students to function in society.

The major purpose of functional curricular approaches for students with more severe intellectual disabilities is to teach the students the most critical skills for participating in society teach the students the health education curriculum teach the students to apply for college or postsecondary education teach the students how to develop a transition plan

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of various physical disabilities. Spina bifida is a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open.

The most frequently occurring permanently disabling birth defect, characterized by an abnormal opening in the spinal column, is called spina bifida cerebral palsy muscular dystrophy multiple sclerosis

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, as well as an understanding of typical testing in the identification of learning disabilities. This answer is correct because the test can provide a discrepancy score between ability and achievement, which is typically a major component of the diagnosis of learning disabilities.

The most likely reason for administering the entire Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, to a student is to evaluate for intellectual disability learning disabilities serious emotional disturbance attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Fluency assessments are a snapshot in time. They provide information on discrete skills, such as decoding and intonation, but do not provide information about a student's comprehension of the text.

The most significant limitation of certain evidence-based fluency assessments is that they do not indicate a student's ability to comprehend the text measure a student's phonemic awareness predict a student's long-term success as a reader present a visual representation of a student's growth in reading

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Establishing and following a predictable, daily routine at home creates a secure environment for the child to practice and master skills that mimic the school environment.

The mother of a child with Down syndrome expresses concerns about the child not being socially or emotionally ready to enter preschool. Which of the following teacher suggestions will best help the mother support her child's social and emotional development at home? Teaching the child to identify the letters of the alphabet and to count to ten Selecting the child's clothing to eliminate the need to make decisions Singing interactive songs daily that involve body movements Establishing and following a predictable daily routine

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question relates to managing student behavior. The definition of frequency in relation to behavior is the number of times a particular behavior occurs.

The number of times a student engages in a particular behavior is referred to as latency frequency topography duration

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of assessments. This answer is correct because the purpose of a self-monitoring strategy is to allow students the chance to assess the steps necessary for improving behavior.

The purpose of self-monitoring is to allow students to record their own negative behaviors on a daily basis assess the behavior of other students imitate the appropriate behavior of other students assess their own behaviors in need of improvement

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of elements of a lesson plan. Performance objectives list observable behavior, a standard for a given behavior, and the condition under which the behavior will be performed.

The statement "Given a verbal description, students will correctly identify types of mountains four out of five times" is most appropriate in which of the following sections of a lesson plan? Guided practice Materials Objectives Summary

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A student with mild ID is most accurately described by the convergence of data in the scenario, including the cognitive score ranges, adaptive skills scores, and reports of academic and social skills.

The summary information below contains details about Kyle and his present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kyle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who receives services in a functional life-skills program taught most of the day in a self-contained classroom. Kyle's most recent evaluation resulted in a full-scale intelligence score of 59, a general-language score of 62, and an adaptive-behavior composite score of 59. Kyle can decode most words at a third-grade level and is occasionally able to use his knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to decode multisyllabic words. Kyle struggles with literal comprehension and has difficulty answering the teacher's questions when he reads independently. This year, Kyle has had very little progress in the area of reading comprehension. Kyle can count and identify numbers up to the hundreds place. He can add and subtract two whole numbers with and without regrouping. He knows most of the basic multiplication facts but has difficulty multiplying two whole numbers with regrouping and solving multiplication word problems. He can successfully identify many shape and color patterns. Kyle participates in classroom group activities with verbal prompts from the teacher. During personal interactions, he struggles with conversational turn-taking and interpreting facial expressions. He often shares inappropriate information and makes rude comments about other students. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Kyle's level of functioning is most characteristic of a student with a mild intellectual disability moderate intellectual disability severe intellectual disability profound intellectual disability

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of legislation. This answer is correct because it correctly identifies the ages of students protected under Part B of IDEA.

To be eligible to receive special education services under Part B of IDEA, students must be in which of the following ranges? Infant through grade 5 Ages 3 to 21 Pre-K through grade 5 Grade 6 through grade 12

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The goal for Kyle is necessarily limited to what he can understand.

The summary information below contains details about Kyle and his present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kyle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who receives services in a functional life-skills program taught most of the day in a self-contained classroom. Kyle's most recent evaluation resulted in a full-scale intelligence score of 59, a general-language score of 62, and an adaptive-behavior composite score of 59. Kyle can decode most words at a third-grade level and is occasionally able to use his knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to decode multisyllabic words. Kyle struggles with literal comprehension and has difficulty answering the teacher's questions when he reads independently. This year, Kyle has had very little progress in the area of reading comprehension. Kyle can count and identify numbers up to the hundreds place. He can add and subtract two whole numbers with and without regrouping. He knows most of the basic multiplication facts but has difficulty multiplying two whole numbers with regrouping and solving multiplication word problems. He can successfully identify many shape and color patterns. Kyle participates in classroom group activities with verbal prompts from the teacher. During personal interactions, he struggles with conversational turn-taking and interpreting facial expressions. He often shares inappropriate information and makes rude comments about other students. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The primary purpose of teaching Kyle to recognize happiness, sadness, and anger in his own facial expressions and those of others is to help him develop a meaningful communication style rapport with his peers and teachers a generalized emotional intelligence empathy and compassion for others

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Using real coins to role-play buying snacks at the store is the most relevant example of active learning, as real objects are used and role-play simulates the natural environment.

The summary information below contains details about Kyle and his present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kyle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who receives services in a functional life-skills program taught most of the day in a self-contained classroom. Kyle's most recent evaluation resulted in a full-scale intelligence score of 59, a general-language score of 62, and an adaptive-behavior composite score of 59. Kyle can decode most words at a third-grade level and is occasionally able to use his knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to decode multisyllabic words. Kyle struggles with literal comprehension and has difficulty answering the teacher's questions when he reads independently. This year, Kyle has had very little progress in the area of reading comprehension. Kyle can count and identify numbers up to the hundreds place. He can add and subtract two whole numbers with and without regrouping. He knows most of the basic multiplication facts but has difficulty multiplying two whole numbers with regrouping and solving multiplication word problems. He can successfully identify many shape and color patterns. Kyle participates in classroom group activities with verbal prompts from the teacher. During personal interactions, he struggles with conversational turn-taking and interpreting facial expressions. He often shares inappropriate information and makes rude comments about other students. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following activities is most appropriate to include in a mathematics lesson on money to help Kyle generalize the skills? Working with a teacher's assistant to sort plastic money into trays Recognizing money on a work sheet with pictures of real coins and bills Using real money to role-play buying actual snacks at the store Playing a board game that exchanges play money for goods and services

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Information about how Kyle's disability will affect his involvement in the general education curriculum is a required component of the PLAAFP that is missing from the selection.

The summary information below contains details about Kyle and his present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kyle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who receives services in a functional life-skills program taught most of the day in a self-contained classroom. Kyle's most recent evaluation resulted in a full-scale intelligence score of 59, a general-language score of 62, and an adaptive-behavior composite score of 59. Kyle can decode most words at a third-grade level and is occasionally able to use his knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to decode multisyllabic words. Kyle struggles with literal comprehension and has difficulty answering the teacher's questions when he reads independently. This year, Kyle has had very little progress in the area of reading comprehension. Kyle can count and identify numbers up to the hundreds place. He can add and subtract two whole numbers with and without regrouping. He knows most of the basic multiplication facts but has difficulty multiplying two whole numbers with regrouping and solving multiplication word problems. He can successfully identify many shape and color patterns. Kyle participates in classroom group activities with verbal prompts from the teacher. During personal interactions, he struggles with conversational turn-taking and interpreting facial expressions. He often shares inappropriate information and makes rude comments about other students. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following must also be included in Kyle's PLAAFP to satisfy the legal requirements of IDEA? How progress toward meeting his annual IEP goals will be measured and recorded How the disability affects his involvement in the general-education curriculum How soon his transitional objectives for high school will be implemented How a graduation plan will be sequenced into his customized curriculum

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Increased time in the general education classroom is the best choice in the continuum of placement options given Kyle's need for direct skills training, as stated in the scenario.

The summary information below contains details about Kyle and his present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kyle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who receives services in a functional life-skills program taught most of the day in a self-contained classroom. Kyle's most recent evaluation resulted in a full-scale intelligence score of 59, a general-language score of 62, and an adaptive-behavior composite score of 59. Kyle can decode most words at a third-grade level and is occasionally able to use his knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to decode multisyllabic words. Kyle struggles with literal comprehension and has difficulty answering the teacher's questions when he reads independently. This year, Kyle has had very little progress in the area of reading comprehension. Kyle can count and identify numbers up to the hundreds place. He can add and subtract two whole numbers with and without regrouping. He knows most of the basic multiplication facts but has difficulty multiplying two whole numbers with regrouping and solving multiplication word problems. He can successfully identify many shape and color patterns. Kyle participates in classroom group activities with verbal prompts from the teacher. During personal interactions, he struggles with conversational turn-taking and interpreting facial expressions. He often shares inappropriate information and makes rude comments about other students. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following placement options is most appropriate to improve Kyle's social-skills development? Participating in an extended school day that is customized for students with disabilities Receiving instruction in a resource room setting Receiving homebound instruction with peers who can challenge one another Maximizing supported time spent with peers in the general education classroom

Correct Answer: B, C, A The correct responses are, in order, Counting, Monitoring, and Observing. Frequency: Counting how many times a behavior occurs during a specified amount of time. Duration: Monitoring the amount of time the behavior is exhibited during an observation period. Interval: Observing the student at predetermined times to assess whether or not the behavior is occurring.

The type of behavior recording system chosen depends on the behavior being observed and the information desired. Match the description of each of the behavioral recording systems to the information it yields. Observing the student at predetermined times to assess whether or not the behavior is occurring Counting how many times a behavior occurs during a specified amount of time Monitoring the amount of time the behavior is exhibited during an observation period Frequency Duration Interval

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Kyle has weak background knowledge of vocabulary, and using real-life objects is a proven method for strengthening comprehension.

The summary information below contains details about Kyle and his present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kyle is an eighth-grade student with an intellectual disability who receives services in a functional life-skills program taught most of the day in a self-contained classroom. Kyle's most recent evaluation resulted in a full-scale intelligence score of 59, a general-language score of 62, and an adaptive-behavior composite score of 59. Kyle can decode most words at a third-grade level and is occasionally able to use his knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to decode multisyllabic words. Kyle struggles with literal comprehension and has difficulty answering the teacher's questions when he reads independently. This year, Kyle has had very little progress in the area of reading comprehension. Kyle can count and identify numbers up to the hundreds place. He can add and subtract two whole numbers with and without regrouping. He knows most of the basic multiplication facts but has difficulty multiplying two whole numbers with regrouping and solving multiplication word problems. He can successfully identify many shape and color patterns. Kyle participates in classroom group activities with verbal prompts from the teacher. During personal interactions, he struggles with conversational turn-taking and interpreting facial expressions. He often shares inappropriate information and makes rude comments about other students. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following teacher actions is most likely to improve Kyle's reading-comprehension skills? Providing Kyle with a text-to-speech program that can read to him Using real-life objects to help Kyle make connections with texts Encouraging Kyle to use a chunking strategy when reading connected text Having Kyle participate in readers' theater presentations with classmates

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The first and second graders have similar IEP goals related to fractions, therefore grouping the two students together makes sense.

The teacher of a multigrade self-contained special education classroom considers the needs and abilities of the following students to group them for an upcoming mathematics lesson. Student 1 is a first grader with the following IEP goal. "Given paper circles and squares, the student will fold the papers and identify one-half and one-fourth of the whole with at least 80% accuracy." Student 2 is a second grader with the following IEP goal. "Given a variety of concrete fraction models of halves, fourths, and eighths, the student will correctly name the fractional parts with at least 80% accuracy." Student 3 is a third grader with the following IEP goal. "Given a set of ten one-step problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with like denominators, the student will solve them with at least 80% accuracy." Student 4 is a fourth grader with the following IEP goal. "When shown the first two steps of a pattern, the student will extend the pattern twice with 80% accuracy on three consecutive days." Based on the students' IEP goals, which of the following grouping formats is most appropriate? Allowing the third and fourth graders to tutor the first and second graders Working with each student individually on specific learning objectives Teaching the first and second graders together while the others work independently Keeping all four students in a whole-group differentiated lesson on fractions

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of special education classifications of an intellectual disability, which is characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors, with onset before the age of 18.

To be identified as having an intellectual disability, a child must demonstrate significantly below average intellectual functioning and a discrepancy between ability and achievement genetic abnormalities seizure syndrome and brain dysfunction related limitations in two or more areas of adaptive skills

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. One of the major responsibilities of a special education teacher is to determine which accommodations or modifications a student needs for access to the curriculum.

To ensure that a student with a disability has access to the curriculum, a special education teacher is responsible for which of the following? Aligning the student's IEP goals with state standards Monitoring colleagues' implementation of the IEP goals Seeking parental consent for needed adaptations Determining which adaptations are necessary and appropriate

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of federal safeguards relating to parents. The parents' right to prior notice requires school districts to give parents of a child with disabilities notification when a referral is made for assessment — an Individualized Education Program (IEP) team meeting is scheduled, an evaluation is planned, an IEP is to be written or revised, or the child's educational placement is to be changed.

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a school district is required to inform parents of any change to a child's educational placement according to the requirements of due process procedural safeguards the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) adequate yearly progress (AYP)

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Using a picture and symbol board allows the student to communicate with teachers, aides, and classmates to indicate a need, a want, or a choice.

Which of the following accommodations can best help a first-grade student with a serious speech and language disorder communicate effectively? Placing a visual schedule on the student's desk Using a brain-computer interface system Providing the student with a talking calculator Utilizing a picture and symbol board

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By kindergarten, a typically developing student should be demonstrating mastery of climbing and walking down steps by alternating feet.

Which of the following is considered atypical behavior for a kindergarten student? Being unable to walk down steps independently by alternating feet Struggling to tie shoelaces Having difficulty sharing with others and taking turns Speaking with a loud voice to attract attention

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of a functional behavioral assessment (FBA), which helps to identify the causes of a behavior.

What is the most important information gained from conducting a functional behavioral assessment? Causes of the behavior Student strengths Behavior consequences Skill deficits

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Behavioral intervention plans (BIP) consider the data gathered through an individual's functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and employs data to create a plan of action to improve that individual's behavior.

What is the primary purpose of a behavioral intervention plan (BIP) ? Formulating a program of action for teaching replacement behaviors Ensuring that a student is not placed in an alternative educational setting Mapping out the transition of a student from resource classes to self-contained classes Helping school personnel decide how to identify relevant student behavior triggers

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests understanding of the uses of formative assessments, which are used to provide feedback so that instruction can be adjusted based on the needs of the stu

What is the primary purpose of a formative assessment? Checking student progress so that instruction can be adjusted Determining whether students can pass the standardized test Gauging student learning based on the curriculum Recording mastery of a concept

Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of the uses of assessments. Cognitive assessments test how well an individual solves problems, interprets information, and recalls information, which are all part of intellectual ability.

What is the purpose of a cognitive assessment? To analyze emotional development To calculate adaptive behavior To test fine motor skills To measure intellectual ability

Correct Answer: A, B, D Options (A), (B), and (D) are correct. Calling 9-1-1, cleaning a cut before applying a sterile gauze pad, and knowing what to do in case of fire are skills that are not needed on a daily basis. They are skills that need to be rehearsed, however, to ensure that students know what to do in emergencies.

Which THREE of the following are specific but infrequently used skills that should be regularly practiced with students with disabilities using mock scenarios? Calling 9-1-1 for emergency help Cleaning a cut before using a sterile gauze pad Greeting classmates in the morning Knowing what to do in case of fire Using a picture activity schedule

Correct Answer: B, E Options (B) and (E) are correct. Option (B) is correct because a student's ability to make connections to the text is a sign that the student comprehends the text. Option (E) is correct because a student's ability to point to a part of the text that supports an answer is also a sign that the student comprehends the text.

Which TWO of the following assessments best help a teacher to determine whether a student with a specific learning disability in reading comprehension remembers and understands what he or she has read in a given text? Requiring the student to complete a literary-elements chart for the text Asking the student about connections made before and after reading the text Having the student read a passage aloud before answering questions Giving the student a matching vocabulary test containing words from the text Requesting that the student provide textual evidence to support answers to questions

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. It clearly identifies a goal that will help prepare the student for postsecondary education and specifies a criterion for communicating the college admission requirements and application deadlines.

Which of the following IEP goals is most appropriate for preparing a student to achieve postsecondary education goals? The student will review college information and will be able to discuss admission requirements and application deadlines with 90% accuracy by December of the current school year. The student will finish all enrolled high school career and technology courses with a minimum grade of 75% and will then research local and state training programs that satisfy educational interests and needs. When applying to colleges, the student will locate at least three potential opportunities for part-time employment that meet the following conditions: near campus, within walking distance, and up to 20 hours per week. After locating a residence within one mile of the college campus and suitable work sites, the student will learn how to effectively pay for and use various modes of transportation such as buses, trains, subways, and taxis.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Identifying examples of objects that possess the color red in different contexts (sweater, truck, apple) indicates a student's ability to generalize redness.

Which of the following actions most effectively demonstrates that a student with cognitive delays has developed a generalization of the concept "red"? Learning how to brush one's teeth with a red toothbrush, a red cup, and a red toothpaste Identifying a red sweater, a red truck in the play area, and the red apple in a basket of fruit Separating a pile of red blocks and blue blocks into two sets of blocks by color Naming the letters in the word "red" and finding the word in easy-to-read picture books

Correct Answer: A, C, D Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Children who sustain TBI may experience a complex array of problems, including the following: pronounced inconsistencies in performance, inappropriate responses in social situations, and deficits in problem solving and abstract thinking.

Which of the following are characteristics commonly exhibited by students who have acquired a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? Select all that apply. Pronounced inconsistencies in performance Responsiveness to incentive-based behavioral plans Inappropriate responses in social situations Deficits in problem solving and abstract thinking

Correct Answer: A, B, C Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. The question tests understanding of the process of evaluating a student for emotional and behavior disturbances (EBD). These options are all correct because they are considered in the evaluation process.

Which of the following are important considerations in the process of evaluating a student for evidence of an emotional behavior disturbance (EBD) ? Select all that apply. The referring teacher The age of the student at the onset of the problem behavior The setting in which the problem behavior is exhibited The treatment to be used

Correct Answer: A, B, C Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. The question tests the knowledge of passive-aggressive behaviors, of which (A), (B), and (C) are all examples.

Which of the following behaviors are most likely to be associated with a student who exhibits passive-aggressive behaviors? Select all that apply. Pretending to be in agreement with others Performing poorly on written tasks Damaging intimate relationships Failing to comply with teacher requests

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of assessments. Criterion-referenced tests are designed to measure how well a person has learned or mastered a well-defined and specific body of knowledge, such as whole-number computations.

Which of the following best defines the purpose of a criterion-referenced test? To measure a student's mastery of specific knowledge and skills after a unit of study To determine a student's reading level for instructional grouping purposes To rank a student's performance when compared with other students who took the same test To use a rubric to document a student's performance in conjunction with teachers' observations

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of accommodations. This answer is correct because a student who has difficulty remaining on task for a long period of time will benefit from taking a test in several timed sessions.

Which of the following best describes a testing accommodation for a student who has difficulty remaining on one task for a long period of time? Allowing the student to dictate answers to a scribe Permitting the student to record answers directly into the test booklet Administering a test in several timed sessions Providing a computer for the student to use to record test answers

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The four blocks of literacy instruction provide students with varied and multiple opportunities for exposure to reading and writing tasks.

Which of the following best indicates the primary purpose for incorporating the four blocks of literacy instruction—guided reading, self-directed reading, writing, and working with words—into daily instruction for students with cognitive disabilities? Providing a variety of opportunities for reading and writing Maintaining students' attention by using shortened assignments Creating opportunities for movement during reading tasks Giving the students a choice of language arts activities

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Social withdrawal is a characteristic most often associated with an emotional disturbance.

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with an emotional disturbance? Processing difficulties Social withdrawal Receptive language problems Intellectual disability

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Research shows that girls with ADHD tend to be withdrawn, inattentive, and daydreamers.

Which of the following classroom behaviors is likely to be more prevalent in girls with ADHD than in boys with ADHD? A tendency to daydream Physical aggression Talking excessively An inability to sit still and sit quietly

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics and defining factors of disabling conditions. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition caused when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, which passes through the placenta and harms the fetus developmentally.

Which of the following conditions can be prevented by proper prenatal care? Down syndrome Fetal alcohol syndrome Sickle-cell anemia Multiple sclerosis

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of setting appropriate goals for a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by poor social interactions, so individuals with this disorder may have difficulty understanding facial expressions and maintaining eye contact.

Which of the following goals will most likely be included in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for an eighth-grade student who has autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? Writing a paragraph using transitional phrases Remaining seated while completing independent work Using eye contact when speaking to the teacher Raising his or her hand before answering a question

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Today most curricula are standards based, and teachers are expected to develop activities that align with the approved curriculum.

Which of the following instructional approaches best demonstrates an inclusion teacher's understanding of lesson planning based on an approved curriculum? Engaging students in standards-based classroom activities Developing activities that keep students entertained and busy Using an approved textbook as the major organizing framework Planning from day to day according to students' accomplishments

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Research indicates that all students, regardless of ability, show an improvement in social skills and self-esteem as a result of being in an inclusion classroom.

Which of the following is a benefit to all students of an inclusion classroom? All students, regardless of ability, exhibit increased intelligence All students, regardless of ability, show an improvement in social skills and self-esteem General education students in an inclusion classroom have higher test scores Students with disabilities in an inclusion classroom demonstrate improved self-help skills

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. During oral reading, students who know a word by sight or are able to guess a word by using a picture or a context clue are not decoding.

Which of the following is a limitation of oral reading as a decoding assessment? A student may develop low self-esteem when asked to read orally in front of peers. A student's silent reading competence is hindered by oral reading. A student can guess words correctly using context clues or pictures. A student's word knowledge is acquired through reading grade-level material.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the federal safeguards of the rights of parents, which include the right to participate in all meetings, examine all educational records, and receive written notice regarding placement.

Which of the following is a procedural safeguard included in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? Students can be tested for classification only at the request of a parent. An IEP must be reviewed every year. Students must be present at all IEP meetings. Parents have the right to examine all educational records.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A major component of the IFSP process is identifying short-term outcomes and measuring the progress of the child and family.

Which of the following is a required component of an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) for a child with developmental delays? An explicit guarantee of a free and appropriate public education A list of relevant, specific, and measurable short-term outcomes A current assessment of the levels of functioning of all children in the family A schedule for developing an IEP when the child turns 3

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is supported by extensive research and is widely used with students with autism spectrum disorders. CBT focuses on replacing negative or ineffective patterns of thought and behavior with structured strategies that are effective in improving mood and adaptive functioning.

Which of the following is a research-based, self-management, intervention strategy that helps students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) learn to independently regulate their own actions and react appropriately in a variety of home, school, and community-based situations? Cognitive-behavioral therapy Developmental relationship-based treatment Sensory-integration therapy Auditory-integration training

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of appropriate accommodations for students diagnosed as having a traumatic brain injury. Students with this diagnosis may have memory problems, difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness, poor organizational skills, and difficulty reasoning abstractly.

Which of the following is an appropriate accommodation for a student who, following a traumatic brain injury, has difficulty with memorization? Providing the student with tests in large print Reducing the number of test questions Dividing work into smaller sections Providing the student with pencil grips

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests understanding of a functional curriculum. Learning to fill out job applications is an appropriate functional writing skill for a student with an intellectual disability.

Which of the following is an appropriate functional writing skill to teach a high school student with an intellectual disability? Writing in cursive Writing an essay for a college application Filling out job applications Spelling basic sight words

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A student struggling significantly with expressive-language demands is likely unable to speak and communicate effectively. Using a notebook with pictures that the student can point to can help the student communicate without having to verbalize.

Which of the following is an appropriate research-based compensatory intervention for a student with a traumatic brain injury that affects the student's expressive-language ability? Providing environmental cues to prompt the student to complete tasks Guiding the student to communicate relevant information needed for a task Labeling the names of classroom items to help the student request needed items Creating a picture notebook of important items to facilitate communication

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of an Individualized Education Program (IEP), which must include a statement of annual goals that meet the needs of the student with a disability.

Which of the following is an essential component of an Individualized Education Program (IEP)? Class schedule Grading policy Annual goals Instructional strategies

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests understanding of the uses of a functional behavior assessment (FBA). An FBA is used to identify problem behaviors and help a multidisciplinary team choose interventions to address the behaviors.

Which of the following is an example of a behavior that can best be addressed by a functional behavioral assessment? Susan uses profanity, teases her classmates, and raises her voice to a level that is disruptive to the entire math class. Susan has scored failing grades on the first three math assessments of the year. Susan is lazy and unmotivated in math class. She does not put in the effort that is expected of someone with her intelligence. Susan is having difficulty writing essays in English class.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A functional behavioral assessment is used to identify the ways a student communicates intent with the goal of identifying alternate and more appropriate forms of communication.

Which of the following is best for collecting data about a student's inappropriate ways of communicating in an effort to determine what the student is actually communicating? Individual intelligence test Curriculum-based measurement Alternate portfolio assessment Functional behavioral assessment

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the referral and identification process for students with disabilities. Response to intervention (RTI) is a system designed to identify students at risk for poor academic and behavioral outcomes, so the school can develop strategies to help the students succeed.

Which of the following is most appropriate for identifying students with learning disabilities? Response to intervention (RTI) Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) Individualized education program (IEP) Curriculum-based assessment (CBA)

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics and defining factors of the major disabilities categories. Epilepsy is characterized by seizures caused by imbalances in the brain.

Which of the following is most associated with seizures? Cystic fibrosis Epilepsy Autism spectrum disorder Sickle-cell anemia

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Constant reminders to stop doing something that is not within the control of the individual is likely to have a negative impact on the person's self-esteem.

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest negative impact on the self-esteem of a student with Tourette syndrome? Knowing that tic severity often decreases in early adulthood Reducing the prevalence of tics with cognitive-awareness training Realizing that medication can effectively control symptoms of the disorder Receiving reminders to stay calm, sit still, and refrain from making noises

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A visual schedule prepares students for the day's changes by showing the day's activities with objects, pictures, and photographs. It also encourages conversations about the expectations when moving from one activity to another.

Which of the following is most likely to help prekindergarten through first-grade students with autism spectrum disorder transition successfully during daily routines? Having a visual schedule of the day's events Watching a large timer count down during transitions Marking a favorite quiet spot in the classroom with a colored circle Putting task cards in a "finished" box after a successful transition

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A Tier 3 intervention provides the student with the help of a specialist who prepares materials, maintains a daily schedule, and monitors progress until criteria are met.

Which of the following is the best example of a Tier 3 intervention for a student who is struggling with learning math facts? Using flash cards with a partner twice a week to practice recall of math facts Working with a classmate to complete math-fact families printed on large, triangular cards Working with a specialist daily on visual and tactile representations of math facts Attending resource classes once a week for supplementary math-fact tutoring

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of summative assessments, which are cumulative, independent activities that test students' subject matter knowledge.

Which of the following is the best example of a summative assessment? Having students independently complete a set of ten word problems Working with students to complete a set of word problems Questioning students about the problems in order to revise instruction for the following day Providing word problems before beginning a new unit of study

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the components of an IEP. The PLAAFP identifies Marty's current strengths and weaknesses.

Which of the following is the best example of information that is included in the Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) section of a student's IEP? Marty will accurately complete eight out of ten multiplication word problems by first highlighting important information in each word problem. Marty can compute fifteen multiplication facts in random order in one minute but demonstrates difficulty solving applied math problems when given extraneous information. Marty is given extended time, graph paper, highlighters, and breaks during mathematics tests. Marty receives two hours per week of supportive instruction in the area of mathematics in a resource room setting.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. If parents disagree with the decisions made by the IEP team about services the district will provide to their child, the parents may request mediation. If mediation cannot resolve the parents' objections, the parents may file a due process complaint.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the rights of parents of children with disabilities? Parental consent for an initial evaluation ensures that their child will receive special education services. Parents may hire a school district professional to conduct an independent educational evaluation. Parents may file a due process complaint against the district if mediation is unsuccessful at resolving a dispute. Procedural safeguard documents must provide parents with summaries of their child's evaluation results.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Having students spend three to five minutes solving a problem is a quick and simple way for them to show how well they grasp a newly taught skill. A teacher can quickly check student work and determine whether more instruction is needed.

Which of the following is the most appropriate formative assessment to give at the end of a first lesson on solving two-step word problems? Giving students three to five minutes to respond to a question using the new skills Offering students an extra-credit take-home test based on the day's lesson Asking students to select and solve a problem using an alternate strategy Having students vote on how easy it was to learn the solution process

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests understanding of assistive technology. Enlarged materials will allow the student to participate in classroom activities.

Which of the following is the most appropriate use of assistive technology that a teacher can implement for a student with low vision? Tape recording a lesson for the student Providing earphones for the student to use to screen out extraneous noises Allowing the student to use pencil grips to record notes during instructional time Enlarging books on a large screen so the student is better able to see the m

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Gathering information about students' current understanding of concepts is the purpose of exit slips. They enable coteachers to determine whether reteaching is necessary for some or all of the students.

Which of the following is the most appropriate use of exit slips in a coteaching setting? Forming collaborative groups in which students can work on future activities Documenting students' academic progress for report cards Teaching students how to use feedback to assess their peers Gathering information about students' current understanding

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Various-sized pencils, pens, grips, and slant boards provide students who have fine motor deficits the same level of access to the tasks that typically developing peers have.

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a kindergarten teacher to ensure that a student with fine motor deficits will be able to work on the tasks at the literacy center? Assigning a paraprofessional to monitor participation at the center Modifying the checklist used for assessing the tasks at the center Providing various-sized pencils, pens, grips, and slant boards Eliminating all tasks that consist of individual writing rather than partner writing

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. When a parent sets realistic expectations for a child's academic achievements, the child is likely to experience success and confidence in his or her own abilities.

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a parent to motivate a child with a learning disability to achieve academic success? Encouraging independent reading Setting realistic expectations Requesting curricular modifications Avoiding frustrating situations

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A teacher who is well prepared will not waste time and will get students working as soon as class begins.

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a teacher to help middle school students with intellectual disabilities increase academic engagement and time on task? Being well prepared and rehearsing expected classroom procedures Providing content-rich lessons and the latest technology tools Using hands-on materials and collaborative groupings Identifying common causes of misbehavior that interfere with teaching

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Sending written communication home in both English and other languages will ensure that families are able to access the material.

Which of the following is the most effective way for a special education teacher to communicate with parents whose primary language at home is not English? By communicating in English to encourage families to learn the language By requesting that all non-English-speaking parents take an English class By providing written communication in English and preferred languages By suggesting that parents hire a bilingual interpreter from the school community

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. If the classroom is well organized, the student will learn where classroom objects are kept and how to access them. If the teacher uses repetitive routines, the student will quickly learn what is expected from day to day.

Which of the following is the most effective way to help a kindergarten student with a severe visual impairment make sense of daily activities in the classroom? Putting large signs on all classroom objects in print and braille Creating a predictable environment with repetitive routines Restricting the student to one area of the classroom Providing a paraprofessional to support the student's daily activities

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the referral and identification process. Before a student can be recommended for placement for special education services, there must be evidence showing that a response to intervention (RTI) has been implemented and documented.

Which of the following is the most important step to take before referring a student for special education services? Documenting recommendations for student placement for the following year Documenting interventions implemented by teachers Documenting student response after behavior occurs Documenting student test scores

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of instructional strategies and techniques. Students with autism tend to be visual learners who benefit from using visual supports and picture symbols.

Which of the following learning tools will be most beneficial to help Angie, a second-grade student with autism, learn how to use a schedule? An audiotape with step-by-step directions A visual schedule including picture symbols A written schedule with simplified wording An ink stamp to mark each completed activity on a chart

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Under IDEA, IEPs are required for students participating in special education programs that receive federal funding.

Which of the following legislative acts provides the legal support for the testing modifications included in an IEP for a public school student with an intellectual disability? Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates that any student with a disability must be provided with a free and appropriate public education.

Which of the following mandates that public schools must provide instruction and/or related services at the appropriate level and free of charge for a student with a learning disability? Brown v. Board of Education The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Plessy v. Ferguson The Every Student Succeeds Act

Correct Answer: 1, 4, 5 Creating flexible groupings and a differentiated classroom environment can be overwhelming because it requires multilevel planning for Whole-group instruction (to introduce new concepts and skills) Small-group instruction (to provide further targeted instruction) Centers (to allow for independent practice) Allow yourself and your students time to practice and manage these new routines. Start slowly by focusing on the elements of differentiated instruction that are already in place. For most preschool teachers, this includes learning centers where you can set the stage for independent exploration and practice. At the centers you will also be able to monitor children's learning and make necessary adjustments that will promote increased levels of success and/or interest.

Which of the following statements are true examples of differentiated instruction for preschool students? For each description, indicate whether it is or is not characteristic of differentiated instruction for preschool students Description Yes No Flexible grouping of students Teach the lesson to each student individually Use centers for independent practice

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of instructional strategies and techniques. Elaborated feedback is a strategy that involves dialogue with students about what they are doing well and where they need to improve.

Which of the following strategies involves dialogue with students about what they are doing well and where they need to improve? Active engagement Elaborated feedback Advanced organizing Progress monitoring

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Providing an assignment notebook to a student with memory deficits can compensate for memory problems by providing a place for the student to record and track assignments and reminders.

Which of the following supplementary supports best helps a student with memory deficits improve executive functioning skills? Extending project-based homework deadlines Providing a personal assignment notebook Supplying recordings of nonfiction books Reducing the number of questions on assignments

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Behaviorism refers to observing behaviors that are a direct response to stimuli.

Which of the following theoretical approaches includes stimulus-response associations made by the learner? Behaviorism Cognitivism Social learning theory Constructivism

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. There is a growing consensus that the core qualities of life include emotional, physical, and material well-being, social inclusion, and human rights.

Which of the following topics should be included when evaluating the quality of life of a 19-year-old student with severe disabilities? Social inclusion Adaptive behaviors Sensory functioning Educational needs

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Standardized assessments are formal tests that provide percentiles, stanine scores, and standard scores.

Which of the following types of assessments provides data such as percentile level, stanine scores, and standard scores? Curriculum-based Formative Standardized Rating scale

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of specific information needed to design individualized instruction. Curriculum-based assessment tells the teacher how the student is performing on the current curriculum under the current teaching conditions and is the most relevant.

Which of the following types of information is generally the most useful in making decisions about instruction for a student with a disability? Scores from standardized tests The category of the disability Curriculum-based assessment The amount of time the student spends in the resource room

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of speech and language disorders. This answer is correct because a student who is looking for visual cuing to do a task is having difficulty processing spoken (receptive) language.

Which of the following would be most indicative of a receptive language disorder? A student uses the same words and phrases over and over again in different situations. A student hesitates before talking and rarely initiates conversation. A student looks at other students to see what they are doing when directions are given. A student cannot hear the teacher unless the teacher raises his or her voice.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is the correct answer. The question tests knowledge of classroom management. A visual schedule of upcoming activities will help a student with autism spectrum disorder to transition smoothly from one activity to the next.

Which of the following would most benefit a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who has difficulty transitioning from one activity to another? Providing a peer buddy to stand in line with the student Allowing the student to be line leader Using a loud, clear voice when directing students to change activities Giving the student a visual schedule of classroom events

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It defines the act as a federal program that authorizes aid for special education and related services to children with disabilities.

he Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a civil rights law to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability federal program to provide funds for removing architectural and transportation barriers for individuals with disabilities federal law that sets deadlines for states to expand testing requirements and guarantee that every teacher is qualified in his or her subject area federal program that authorizes aid for special education and related services to children with disabilities