PRAXIS Music Content and Instruction

Which of the following tasks should be completed by the music teacher rather than being delegated to a parent volunteer? A.Distributing folders and parts B.Selecting new repertoire C.Photocopying needed music D.Updating the library inventory

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The repertoire selected directly impacts how instructional objectives are met. Thus the selection must be made by the music instructor and cannot be delegated to others.

Click the box of each triad that is diatonic in that key. A-flat major triadB-flat major triadD-flat major triadKey of E-flat major1.2.3.Key of F minor 4.5.6.Key of G minor7.8.9.

Correct Answer: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 The key signature of E-flat major has three flats; therefore, in this key, the chords A-flat major and B-flat major are diatonic. The key signature of F minor has four flats; therefore, in this key, the chords A-flat major and D-flat major are diatonic.The key signature of G minor has two flats; therefore, in this key, the B-flat major chord is diatonic.

Which of the following musicians wrote Gradus ad Parnassum, an early-eighteenth-century treatise on counterpoint that has been influential in the teaching of counterpoint and composition for more than 250 years? A.Johann Joseph Fux B.Johann Joachim Quantz C.Philip Farkas D.Carl Czerny

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Gradus ad Parnassum ("Steps to Mount Parnassus") is a treatise written by Fux in dialogue form, first published in 1725 and still influential today, that teaches counterpoint in the sixteenth-century style by the species method.

Which of the following individuals petitioned the Boston school board to include vocal music in its public schools and was hired as the nation's first public school music teacher in 1838 ? A. Lowell Mason B. Johann Pestalozzi C. Joseph Neef D. William Billings

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Lowell Mason taught music at the private Boston Academy of Music before petitioning the Boston school board to include music in its public school curriculum. Mason taught as an unpaid volunteer at the Boston public school's Hawes School in 1837 and was hired as Boston's first public school music teacher in 1838.

Which of the following statements best describes musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) ? A. The computer language that enables computers and electronic musical instruments to communicate with each other B. A hardware device connected to a computer that stores large amounts of audio information C. An electronic library of virtual instruments D. A system for recording analog sound

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. MIDI is a standardized digital communication protocol.

During a concert conducted by the music teacher, the audience starts to clap during the break between two movements of a multimovement work. From the standpoint of performance etiquette, which of the following is the most appropriate first action for the music teacher to take? A.Wait a moment for the audience to stop the applause B.Raise the arms as if to begin conducting the next movement C.Have a student stand and raise both hands to quiet the audience D.Turn around and briefly explain concert etiquette to the audience

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Many modern audiences are not aware of the general prohibition against applause between movements of multimovement works. Waiting briefly until the audience is quiet is the most appropriate action so that the audience is not insulted.

Which of the following Web sites provides the most comprehensive repository of public domain music scores available for free download? A. www.imslp.org B. www.ti-me.org C. www.smartmusic.com D. www.nafme.org

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The International Music Score Library Project is the most comprehensive site at which to locate public domain music scores for download.

Which of the following statements concerning the National Core Arts Standards is correct? A.They describe artistic processes that are common across different arts forms. B.They are designed to provide measurable data for evaluating teachers of the arts. C.They contain resources and a detailed curriculum for teachers of arts subjects to use in their classrooms. D.They contain repertoire lists for solo instruments and voice that are appropriate for study at each grade level.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The National Core Arts Standards describe the artistic processes of creating, performing/presenting/producing, responding, and connecting.

Measures written in 5/8 meter may be conducted in five beats per measure or in two beats per measure, depending on the A. tempo of the music B. dynamics in the music C. date of composition D. form of the music

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The dynamics, date of composition, and the form of the music are unlikely to have any bearing on the appropriate conducting pattern of measures written in five-eight meter. The appropriate conducting pattern depends mostly on the tempo of the piece.

Which of the following techniques, when used by the instructor, are likely to improve the effectiveness of choral rehearsals? Select all that apply. A.Rehearsing with the accompanist alone before rehearsing with the choir B.Ensuring that each singer has music and a pencil for each rehearsal C.Singing to model musical ideas D.Having singers change body positions frequently by stretching, moving, sitting, and standing E.Using the same warm-up exercises in each rehearsal throughout the year

Correct Answer: A, B, C, D Options (A), (B), (C), and (D) are correct. All are essential in assuring effective choral rehearsals.

With respect to contemporary usage, put the tempo markings below in order, from slowest to fastest. Largo Allegretto Andante Adagio Moderato Larghetto

Correct Answer: A, F, D, C, E, B The correct order of tempo markings is Largo, Larghetto, Adagio, Andante, Moderato, and Allegretto, based on contemporary usage.

Which of the following is a professionally appropriate guideline for teacher-parent communication? A.Limit communication with parents to times when there is a serious concern regarding their child's behavior or progress. B.Communicate with parents on a consistent, scheduled and organized basis using a variety of media. C.Communicate with parents primarily via social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr rather than by phone. D.Apart from the school's scheduled parent-teacher conferences, use written communications instead of face-to-face meetings.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. According to common professional guidelines, regular communication with parents using a variety of communication methods is preferred.

The excerpt is scored for which of the following performing ensembles? A. Brass quartet B. String quartet C. Woodwind quartet D. Two violins and basso continuo (cello and harpsichord)

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Clues such as the alto clef in the third staff and the double notes not marked divisi suggest a four-part string ensemble with one instrument playing each part. The score format is typical of a string quartet.

Which of the following teaching strategies best helps English-language learners in a general music class? A. Using songs that have little repetition B. Providing students with additional wait time before expecting an answer to a question C. Writing all questions on the board before calling on students to answer D. Translating lyrics into students' native language(s) until they have shown mastery of English

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. English-language learners may benefit from having additional time to process a question and to formulate an answer.

In score study and rehearsal preparation, which of the following is the LEAST effective use of recordings? A. Listening to several recordings of the same piece to hear different interpretations B. Listening to one recording several times to learn a piece C. Listening to recordings of an ensemble's rehearsals to determine overlooked errors D. Listening to recordings to select repertoire

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Listening to one recording to learn a piece is not a substitute for score study. Relying only on a recording limits the conductor's interpretive ability and creativity.

A music instructor is teaching a course on basic composition techniques to students with extensive performance experience. One of the course's learning objectives states, in part, that "students will learn how to create convincing melodic motifs." The teacher wants to find exemplars of short, clear melodic motifs for students to study. The music of which of the following composers is the best source? A.Palestrina B.Beethoven C.Mahler D.Ives

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Virtually every work by Beethoven starts with a short, clear, strong motif that acts as the germinal basis of the material that follows; as such, Beethoven's motifs are exemplars: ideal models for study and learning.

Which THREE of the following texts are parts of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass? A.Laude B.Agnus Dei C.Sanctus D.Dies irae E.Gloria

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. The sections of the Ordinary of the Mass are the Kyrie eleison, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei.

A music teacher is employed in a district that has a policy that states classroom teachers may not accept gifts from students or parents in excess of $20. A student brings the teacher a thank-you card that includes a personal check from the parent, written to the teacher, for $100. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate step for the teacher to take? A.Politely accept both the card and the check B.Quietly accept the card and the check but donate the $100 to charity C.Accept the card but politely decline the check D.Show disapproval while declining both the card and the check

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Accepting the thank-you card while declining the check acknowledges the student's and family's kindness without violating the district's policy.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which of the following typically involved improvisation as part of the performance? A. Ritornello B. Divertimento C. Cadenza D. Fugue

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Although it is common today for performers to use composed cadenzas, performers were expected to improvise their own cadenzas during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The authentic performance practice movement has led to some revival of improvised cadenzas.

Which of the following describes the standard practice for unifying vowel enunciation when singing most diphthongs in the English language? A. The initial vowel is emphasized but sung through quickly. B. The second vowel is emphasized but sung through quickly. C. The initial vowel is sustained for as long as possible. D. The second vowel is sustained for as long as possible.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. For 5 of the 6 diphthongs in the English language, the standard practice is to sustain the initial vowel.

Which of the following terms describes a practice in fifteenth century polyphony that typically employs three voices moving in parallel motion as a series of first inversion triads? A.Musica ficta B.Basso continuo C.Fauxbourdon D.Basso ostinato

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The French word "fauxbourdon," in English "false bass," describes a type of chord progression heard in some works of the early Renaissance and typically produced by three voices in parallel intervals corresponding to the first inversion triad. Originally two voices were notated and one improvised; later all of the voices in the sonority were notated.

Students in a third-grade general music class watch a video of themselves moving to music. Afterward, they fine-tune their individual movements to be more expressive. Question: The activity described above develops which of the following musical skills? A. Composing and arranging B. Reading and notating C. Analyzing and evaluating D. Understanding the relationship between music and disciplines outside the fine arts

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The activity described encourages students to analyze and evaluate music in relation to individual movement (dance).

Children are directed to hop or jump to choppy, staccato music and glide, slide, or sway to legato music. The movement activity described best develops which of the following musical concepts? A. Tempo B. Timbre C. Articulation D. Dynamics

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The concept being taught in the scenario is articulation. None of the other options can be determined by the actions in the movement activity of hopping, jumping, gliding, sliding, or swaying.

he texture of the excerpt above is best described as A. heterophonic B. homophonic C. polyphonic D. monophonic

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The excerpt includes three voices, each presenting melodic material

The Kodály hand sign shown is used to indicate which solfège syllable? (Thumb Down) A. Do B. Re C. Fa D. Sol

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The illustration shown is the hand signal for fa.

Which of the following statements is true of the preparatory beat in conducting? A. It should be rhythmically exaggerated. B. It should be subdivided. C. It indicates the opening tempo and dynamic. D. It is always the gesture for beat 1 of the conducting pattern used

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The preparatory beat in conducting must establish the tempo and dynamic of the attack.

Place the composers listed below in the musical style period that reflects their work. Renaissance C. Josquin des Pres Baroque B. Arcangelo Corelli Classical D. Muzio Clementi Romantic A. Charles-François Gounod

Correct Answer: C, B, D, A The correct answers are des Pres/Renaissance, Corelli/Baroque, Clementi/Classical, and Gounod/Romantic, based on the characteristic compositional style of each composer.

Which TWO of the following types of warm-ups are specifically useful to energize the voice? A. Head rolling B. Inner-hearing exercises C. Humming D. Ascending and descending scales E. Tongue twisters

Correct Answer: C, D Options (C) and (D) are correct because they help develop vocal tone. The other warmups listed are primarily useful for other purposes.

Which of the following rolls is written for the snare drum part in measures 7 and 8 ? A. 7-stroke roll B. 9-stroke roll C. 11-stroke roll D. 17-stroke roll

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A half note with roll slashes tied to an eighth note indicates a 17-strokeroll.

Which of the following instruments requires the regular application of cork grease for proper maintenance? A. Trombone B. French horn C. Flute D. Clarinet

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Clarinets must be assembled for each use. They have cork on the mouthpiece and the first joint to assure a secure and air-tight fit. Cork grease must be applied to the cork to prevent the cork from drying out, which would make the instrument difficult to assemble.

A band director observes that when he is on the podium during his seventh-grade band class, there is excessive talking in the trumpet section when the woodwinds are playing a soli passage. Which of the following is the best initial course of action for the director to take to curb the behavior of the trumpet students? A. Remain on the podium, continue to rehearse the woodwinds, and ignore the students who are talking. B. Take the time to determine which students are talking and discipline those students immediately. C. Tell the class that the rehearsal will not continue until the trumpet section remains quiet. D. Step off the podium and move closer to the trumpet section during instruction.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Closer proximity to the source of the problem is the best course of action. Moving away from the podium creates a less teacher-centered approach to teaching. In addition, the increased proximity to the students allows the director to pinpoint where the issue is coming from and is likely to cause the infractions to stop altogether, since the students perceive the risk of getting caught to have increased.

In general, choral works characterized by which of the following features are likely to require the most conductor preparation and ensemble rehearsal time to master? A. Unison passages B. Homophony C. Call-and-response phrases D. Fugal sections

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Fugal sections, which contain imitative lines within a larger vocal texture, are generally more difficult than unisons, homophony, and call-and-response textures.

After a discussion about using melodic contour as a guide to expressive performance, a band director asks students in a high school trumpet class to add interpretive dynamic markings to the solo étude passage shown above. Which of the following students' work best demonstrates how the passage is typically interpreted in the pianissimo context?

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. In general, the dynamic nuances applied by a performer would follow the phrase contour of the melody. Ascending contours usually become gradually louder and descending gradually softer.

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of music students in an eighth-grade general music class exhibiting intrinsic motivation? A. Students do not understand the musical purpose of the task but perform the task because it is required. B. Students do not understand the musical purpose of the task; they do not enjoy the task, but they perform the task for a reward. C. Students understand the relevance of the task to achieving musical goals; they do not enjoy the task but perform it to reach the goals. D. Students understand the relevance of the task to achieving musical goals, enjoy the task, and perform the task to reach the goals.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Learners who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage willingly in an activity or task because it gives them an internal sense of enjoyment and are more likely to learn effectively.

Which of the following describes the most typical acoustical shortcoming of practice rooms that are self-contained, pre-engineered, and otherwise well made? A.The bass frequencies sound boomy and cause discomfort during extended listening. B.The clarity of the treble frequencies is poor because of excessive flutter echo. C.The rooms provide too little isolation from noises in adjoining learning spaces. D.The rooms have too little reverberation, making them unsatisfactory for music making.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Many schools have practice rooms; if they are well made, the rooms provide a flat acoustic environment and good isolation from external noises. Most students, however, dislike practicing in them because the rooms do not provide a musically satisfying degree of reverberation, reflection, or diffusion, mostly due to their small internal dimensions. Manufacturers have introduced active acoustic technology as an optional room feature to address this problem.

Which of the following terms best describes the microphone polar pattern shown above? A. Bidirectional B. Omnidirectional C. Cardioid D. Supercardioid

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Microphones can be described by the patterns in which they pick up sound. These patterns can be represented by diagrams, such as the one appearing with this question, that illustrate the sensitivity of a microphone from various directions. Cardioid microphones are designed to pick up sounds from the front and sides of the microphone's perspective and pick up little to no sound from the rear. Supercardioid and hypercardioid microphones may pick up less sound from the sides than a typical cardioid microphone, but typically pick up some sound from the rear.

During rehearsals, which of the following performers should take additional safety precautions to protect their hearing because of the potential for their instruments to produce short-duration, high-impact sounds? A. Flutists B. Violinists C. Pianists D. Percussionists

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Music educators should monitor the volume and exposure to high-volume sounds of all students, but they should especially be concerned with the high-impact, short-duration sounds characteristic of the percussion instruments.

Which of the following strategies is most appropriate to effectively recruit and retain male singers for a middle school choir? A. Establishing participation in the choir as a prerequisite for participation in any extracurricular vocal activity, such as the musical B. Scheduling lengthy individual auditions to carefully evaluate voice range and musical skill for proper voice-part identification C. Establishing vocal skills tests in elementary general music classes to encourage only the most talented male students to continue in music study D. Providing opportunities for boys and girls to rehearse separately to develop vocal technique and encourage a sense of shared purpose

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Providing males with some opportunities to rehearse separately will assist in socialization and would be effective in helping male students become more confident and competent in singing.

Grades in a general music class are most appropriately based on the students' A. improvement in attitude toward music B. development of aesthetic preferences C. increased musical aptitude D. mastery of instructional objectives

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The primary goal of musical instruction in a general music class is to present a sequential music curriculum for which students should demonstrate mastery. The development of improved attitudes toward music and the development of musical preferences are laudable outcomes as a result of classroom instruction, but they do not constitute the core skills and knowledge upon which students should be graded. Musical aptitude is, by definition, the measured potential for students to learn in music and is not part of music curriculum.

A transposed band score shows the alto saxophone part written in the key of D major. In what key are the parts for horns in F written? A. C B. Bb C. F D. E

Option (A) is correct. Alto saxophones are pitched in E-flat — one whole step lower than horns in F. To accommodate the difference, the horn part would need to be transposed down one whole step and the key signature would have to be adjusted by taking away two sharps.

In a tutti passage with cellos, a bassoonist is having technical difficulties playing the passage shown above. The director decides to edit the bassoon part to address the performance problem. Question: Which of the following versions of the edited bassoon part would alleviate the technical difficulties faced by the bassoonist and fit appropriately with the tutti part being played by the cellos?

Option (A) is correct. Playing eighth notes instead of sixteenth notes would be much easier. The eighth notes used highlight the notes played by the cellos and would not clash at the given tempo.

What information is most important to include in program notes for a general audience attending a school ensemble concert? A.Descriptions of the musical selections B.A discography of the musical selections C.Diagrams showing a harmonic analysis of the works D.Lists of the compositions written by each of the composers

Option (A) is correct. Program notes serve to inform and educate the audience on the music they will hear in the concert.

Question: A high school music director wants to purchase software that will let string students who are practicing challenging orchestra parts receive immediate feedback on their playing by seeing on a computer screen which pitches and rhythms they have played correctly and incorrectly. Which program is most useful for the task? A. SmartMusic B. Noteflight C. Pro Tools D. Adobe Audition

Option (A) is correct. SmartMusic is an interactive tool, allowing teachers to create practice assignments for individual students. SmartMusic gives students immediate feedback on their performance by showing correct pitches and rhythms in green and incorrect in red.

Which of the following representations illustrates the da capo aria form?

Option (A) is correct. The da capo aria form was most popular from 1650-1750 and constitutes an A B A three-part structure.

Option (A) is correct. This is an excerpt from "Favus distillans," by Hildegard of Bingen. Characteristics such as the modal melodic lines, lack of a definite meter, and the drone are typical of music from around the year 1150.

Option (A) is correct. This is an excerpt from "Favus distillans," by Hildegard of Bingen. Characteristics such as the modal melodic lines, lack of a definite meter, and the drone are typical of music from around the year 1150.

A middle school band director points out that that when some clarinet players play the written notes shown above, the notes are sharp in pitch. All other pitches, however, are consistently in tune. Which of the following strategies should the band director use to best help the students play in the notes in tune? A. Have them lower the pitch by firming their embouchures. B. Have them lower the pitch by putting down the right-hand keys. C. Have them switch to playing on a harder reed. D. Have them slightly pull out the barrels of their instruments

Option (B) is correct. The issue is that the two notes in particular are sharp, which is a natural tendency of the clarinet. Putting down the right-hand keys (covering the bottom four) is an effective way to fix this tendency while maintaining the relative intonation already achieved.

Which of the following composers wrote the operas Le nozze di Figaro, Così fan tutte, and Don Giovanni ? A.Giuseppe Verdi B.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart C.Giacomo Puccini D.Richard Wagner

Option (B) is correct. These are the titles of three of Mozart's well-known operas.

Option (B) is correct. This excerpt features the up-tempo, virtuosic performance found in bebop.

Option (B) is correct. This excerpt features the up-tempo, virtuosic performance found in bebop.

Which of the following terms describes the nonchord tones appearing in the right-hand part of the excerpt? A.Anticipations B.Suspensions C.Escape tones D.Accented passing tones

Option (C) is correct. In each measure, from a chord tone on the strong beat (beat 1), the right-hand part steps upward to a nonchord tone on a weak beat (beat 2) then leaps downward to a chord tone on the next strong beat (beat 3).

Which of the following statements related to hearing safety and audio devices is correct? A. Young people can increase hearing protection when wearing headsets by gradually increasing the volume of music they play and the amount of time they play it. B. Using earbuds to listen to music is inherently safer than using over-the-ear headsets. C. The amount of hearing damage incurred by overusing earbuds is dependent on both the volume at which they are used and the length of time they are used. D. When using earbuds, it is safer to listen to classical music at a loud decibel level than it is to listen to rock music at the same decibel level.

Option (C) is correct. Listening to music at loud volumes coupled with frequent duration can cause permanent hearing loss over time.

A MIDI instrument can be used to enter notes in music notation software. The quantization function in the software allows the user to designate A. the meter signature that will appear in the score B. how many pitches can be played using the same timbre C. the smallest note value that can be imported D.

Option (C) is correct. Quantization allows the user to select the smallest note value that will be imported into the score as the MIDI instrument is played.

The balalaika is a stringed instrument commonly heard in the folk music of A. Greece B. Japan C. Russia D. Brazil

Option (C) is correct. The balalaika is commonly used in Russian (and central Asian) folk music. Balalaikas of various sizes are sometimes grouped together to form balalaika orchestras.

Which of the following indicates the scale degrees in a blues scale? A. B. C. D. 1 b3 4 #4 5 b7 1

Option (D) is correct. The blues scale, often used in jazz improvisations, employs the scale degrees shown. The raised-4th scale degree can also be indicated as a flatted-5th scale degree.

The style of the excerpt indicates that it was composed during which of the following time periods? A.1685-1750 B.1750-1820 C.1820-1880 D.1880-1940

Option (C) is correct. The instrument (the piano), rubato tempo, thick and lush harmony, and strong emotional content suggest the Romantic period.

Which of the following uses of notation software by a music educator is a violation of copyright law? A. Transposing a four-measure flute solo from a copyrighted ensemble piece so that it can be played by a B-flat clarinet player B. Creating an ensemble drill of rhythms taken from a copyrighted piece C. Reproducing a copy of a part from a copyrighted ensemble piece that a student has lost without ordering a replacement part D. Removing a difficult rudiment from a copyrighted drum ensemble part to make it accessible to students

Option (C) is correct. Using notation software to reproduce lost copies of music violates United States copyright law, as it qualifies as "copying to avoid purchase."

Which of the following statements about the guitarrón, played in traditional Mexican mariachi ensembles, is correct? A. Its music is notated in the treble clef. B. Its strings are tuned in perfect fifths. C. Its function is to double the vocal melody. D. Its part is primarily played in octaves.

Option (D) is correct. Guitarrón music is notated in bass clef. The lower note of each octave is normally provided, but it is general practice to play both octaves.

Which of the following is an appropriate teaching strategy for assisting students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ? A. Avoiding adherence to classroom rules to allow for individuality and creativity B. Approaching learning tasks through only one modality to maintain consistency C. Eliminating reward systems in order to help develop intrinsic motivation D. Interspersing low-interest tasks with high-interest tasks to maintain focus

Option (D) is correct. Providing a change of pace every few minutes is helpful for maintaining focus for students experiencing ADHD

Which of the following best characterizes the genre and period of composition of the excerpt for piano above? A. Mid-twentieth-century boogie-woogie B. Early twentieth-century swing C. Mid-twentieth-century rockabilly D. Early twentieth-century ragtime

Option (D) is correct. The syncopation, bass line, and melodic material of the excerpt are characteristic of the style of American early twentieth-century rags.

Which of the following represents the most appropriate sequence of discrimination tasks for developing a child's sense of pitch? A. High and low pitches, direction of melodic movement, movement by step and by skip B. Movement by step and by skip, high and low pitches, direction of melodic movement C. Direction of melodic movement, high and low pitches, movement by step and by skip D. Direction of melodic movement, movement by step and by skip, high and low pitches

orrect Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The sequence in which children develop a sense of pitch begins with the ability to distinguish between high and low sounds. This is followed by the ability to distinguish between basic melodic contours — up and down. The ability to specifically identify step or skip movement follows.