Praxis Music Content- Composers

Hildegard von Bingen

1098-1179. Medieval Music. She was consecrated to the church by her parents at age 8. Founded her own convent around 1150. Her many prose works include Scivias, an account of twenty six visions and books on science and healing. Her songs are preserved in two manuscripts in a liturgical cycle. Her Ordo Virtutum is the earliest surviving music drama not attached to liturgy.

Libby Larsen

born 1950. One of America's most performed living composers with a catalog of more than 400 works spanning virtually every genre from intimate vocal and chamber music to orchestral works and then operas. She cofounded the Minnesota Composers Forum in 1973 which changed to the American Composers forum. greatly influenced by rhythms and pitches of spoken American English. Works include Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus, opera called Picnic, and Eric Hermannson's Soul.

Krzysztof Penderecki

born in 1933 in Poland. Composer and conductor. He writes for orchestras and also writes choral works. His best works are Threnody of the Victims of Hiroshima, St. Luke Passion, Polish Requiem, Anakalasis

Perotin

1200 Medieval music. Was a European composer believed to be French. Most famous among the Notre Dame school of Polyphony and the Ars Antiqua style. His works are preserved in the Magnus Liber, the "Great Book", of early Polyphonic church music.

Guillaume Du Fay

1397-1474. Renaissance. Born in modern day Belgium. Worked as a singer and composer at various Italian courts and chapels including papal chapel. Ordained as a priest. Most famous composer of his time. His assimilation of national traits can be traced in his chansons. He wrote Resvellies Vous (Awake and be Merry) in 1423 to celebrate his patron's wedding. He wrote chansons such as Se la face ay Pale. He also wrote sacred music such as the cantus Christe, redemptor Omnium. and used fauxbourdon. Also wrote motets. wrote at least 6 masses with 35 independent mass movements, 4 magnificats, 60 hymns, 24 motets, 34 plainchant melodies, 60 rondeaux, and 8 ballades

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

1525-1594. Renaissance. saved polyphony from being condemned by the Council of Trent by composing a 16 voice mass. The work in question was Missa Papae Marcelli, published in his Second book of masses. He used the old fashioned cantus firmus for a few of his masses. His melodies share qualities with plainchant. He studiously avoided chromaticism. Each prase of the text has its own musical motive, and the contrapuntal development of each motive through imitation overlaps at a cadence with the next phrase. To achieve variety, he divided the six voice choir into various smaller groups. He composed more masses than any other composer. He liked long gracefully shaped phrases moving mostly by step and any intervals of a leap no larger than a fourth, Flow of music is dynamic, dissonances are to be confined to passing tones and weak beats.

Claudio Monteverdi

1567-1643. Early Baroque. Was the most innovative and imaginative composer of his day. Born in Cremona, in Northern Italy. Trained there by the cathedral's music director. took position as a string player in the court of Vincenzo Gonzaga, duke of Mantua. Gonzagas commissioned his first opera, L'Orfeo and L'Arianna. In 1612, he became maestro di cappella at Saint Mark's in Venice. He wrote three surviving operas, 9 books of madrigals, 3 other volumes of secular songs, Vespro della Beata Vergine, 3 masses, 4 collections of sacred music.

Jean-Baptiste Lully

1632-1687. Baroque music. His new synthesis, Tragedie en musique, later renamed tragedie lyrique, persisted for a century. He remained Louis XIV's favorite musician for more than three decades. He established the Academie Royale de Musique. His librettist was Jean-Philippe Quinault, provided the composer five act dramas combining serious plots. Each opera began with an overture, marking the entry of the king and welcoming him and the audience to the performance. His overtures were grand and there were two sections that were each played twice. The first is homophonic and majestic, marked with dotted rhythms and anacrusis (upbeat). figures rushing toward the downbeats. the second section is faster and begins with a flurry of fugal imitation. He adapted the Italian recitative to French language and poetry. Also the bass is often more rhythmic and the melody more songful than in Italian Recitatives. This would later be called recitatif simple (simple recitative.

Antonio Vivaldi

1678-1741. Baroque music. The best known Italian composer of the early 18th century. He was a conductor, composer, teacher, and superintendent of musical instruments at the Pio Ospedale della Pieta. His job required him to maintain the string instruments, teach his students how to play, and meet the public's demand for new music. Nickname was Il Prete Rosse (the red priest). He expanded Torelli's basic ritornello form. It alternates with solo episodes. His concertos were L'estro armonico (Harmonica Inspiration), La stravaganza (Extravagance), Il cimento dell'armonia e dell inventione (The contrast between Harmony and Invention, and La cetra.

Jean-Philippe Rameau

1683-1764. Baroque period. spent two decades as an organist in the provinces, winning recognition as a music theorist around the age of 40. He wrote the Traite de l'harmonie (Treatise on Harmony) published that year and quickly won him renown as a theorist. La Poupliniere was his opera that helped him make a name for himself as an opera composer. He was older when he started to become recognized as a composer. He also wrote the opera ballet Castor et Pollux and then his comedy Platee and then his tragedy Zoroastre. His theater works resembled Lully's in some ways. They both appplied realistic declamation and precise rhythmic notation in the recitatives; both mix recitative with more tuneful, formally organized arias.

J.S. Bach

1685-1750 Baroque period. Now considered one of the greatest composers in the Western musical tradition. Born in Eisenach and his works were known as Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV). worked at Arnstadt, Muhlhausen, and Weimar. While he was in Weimar, he was influenced by Vivaldi. Made Orgelbuchlein (Little Organ Book).

George Frideric Handel

1685-1759. Baroque period. Compared to Vivaldi, Rameau , and Bach. Born in Halle, Germany. became the music director at the Royal Academy of Music. Rinaldo was his first Italian opera composed for London. He sometimes combined one or both types of recitatives with arias, arisosos, and orchestral passages. First oratorio in English was Esther. Known for Messiah.

Cristoph Gluck

1714- 1787. Classical Period. Achieved synthesis of French and Italian opera. Born in now Bavaria to Bohemian parents. Studied with Sammartini in Italy. Wrote his own Orfeo. The music was beautifully simplistic. intermingled recitatives, arias, dance, and choruses in large, unified scences. His other operas were Alceste, tragedie lyrique, Armide, Iphigenie en Aulide

Franz Joseph Haydn

1732-1809. Classical Period. Johann Peter Salomon persuaded him to come to London. Mastered Counterpoint using Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum. Spent nearly 30 years at the court of Prince Paul Anton Eszterhazy and his brother Nikolaus. He was a composer, conductor, trained and supervised music personnel, and repaired instruments. Wrote 104 Symphonies. In the 1790s, he went to London to write his last symphonies. Wrote 12 all together in London. Wrote 4 movement symphonies. Followed conventions for phrasing, form, and harmony. Ex. Op 33 String Quartet #2, which was light hearted and witty, Symphony number 104, Symphony # 45. Handel inspired oratorios.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756-1791. Classical period. From Salzburg, which is an independent Austrian city. Child prodigy on keyboard and violin. Meets J.C. Bach in London, which is Bach's son. Trained by Leopold and took him all throughout Europe. Composed thirty four symphonies, sixteen quartets, five operas, and one hundred other works before his 18th birthday. His first opera was Idomeneo, which had a man soprano and also included ballet. His numbering system was in KOCHEL after Ludwig von Kochel. most of his masterworks were composed in Vienna. His string quartets are for piano, violin, viola, cello, and string bass. Commissioned to go to Vieena by archbishop because the prince wanted him to compose music.

Ludwig Van Beethoven

1792-1827. Classical period. From Bonn, Germany. Had 9 symphonies. He wrote Heiligenstadt Testament when he found out he was going deaf and talked about suicide but didn't do it because of his love for music. Symphony number 1 in C major.

Franz Schubert

1797-1828. Early Romantics. Each song is catalogued with a D for Deutsch. Played piano and violin. He was a prolific writer. he composed over 600 lieders. Possessed a strong sense of harmonic color. his complex modulations, sometimes embodied in long passages in which the tonality is kept in suspense, powerfully underline the dramatic qualities of his song texts. his modulations typically move from the tonic toward flat keys, and chromatic mediants are favorite destinations. He took lessons from Antonio Salieri. His works are: Two song cycles, Die Schone Mullerin and Winterreise. Also Heidenroslein and Das Wandern. He composed 9 symphonies notably no. 8 in B minor and No. 9 in C major. About 35 chamber works, string quartet in D minor. He also composed Erlkonig (the Erlking) which was a ballad on a text by Goethe. Had pounding triplets in the accompaniment depict at once the galloping of the horse and the frantic anxiety of the father as he rides. there were four characters. the erlking, the narrator, the father, and the son.

Hector Berlioz

1803-1869. Early Romantic. Important in Development in programmatic music and orchestration. His first symphony was symphonie fantastique with a Dies Irae in the bells. About a man on Opium and the hallucinations he sees. He unifies all 5 movements with the recurrence of idee fixe. Wins Pri de Rome after the fifth time he entered. Changes to instrumental music after hearing Beethoven's symphonies 3 and 5.

Frederic Chopin

1810-1849. The Early Romantics. Born near Warsaw. Wrote 200 solo pieces for piano. Wrote polonaises and mazurkas that were infused with the spirit of Poland. Was one of the first to use the name ballade. He was a child prodigy. Went to Warsaw conservatory in Poland. Schumann helped his career in New Journal of Music. Only performed 30 times in public but had a huge reputation in Paris. His Nocturne is the most famous. Loved Italian Opera.

Robert Schumann

1810-1856. Romantic period. descriptive works that depict a mood, personality, or scene, usually indicated in the title. Entered university at Leipzig. Mr. Weick was his first teacher but he cut him as a student because he was too interested in his daughter. Critiqued composers and their careers with Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik (Nzfm) Or New Journal of Music. Music he composed was: Fantasiestucke (soaring) Op. 12 (no. 2), Warum (Why), In the Marvelous Month of May from Dichterliebe Op. 48/1(A Poet's Love), Papillions, Carnaval, Kriesleriana.

Richard Wagner

1813-1883. Romantic; 19th Century. born in Leipzig. composed antisemitic songs (anti-jew). He was the outstanding composer of German opera and one of the crucial figures in nineteenth century culture. Every person had their own theme in opera called a leitmotive or leitmotif. major characters have many different themes. music dramas were what he called opera because music is just as important as voice. Gesamtkunstwerk (complete artwork) poetry scenic design, staging and action, all work together for unified piece of work. Very advanced by Arthur Schopenhaur. His songs include Der Ring des Niblungen, which was a 4 opera cycle and he was the librettist for every piece he did. Das Rhinegold is in this work. Also, Tristan und Isolde. Had the tristan chord F-B-D#-G#. This piece was influenced by the philosopher Arthur Schopenhaur.

Giuseppe Verdi

1813-1901. Romantic. ruling presence in Italian music. Composed 26 operas between 1839-1893. Became a patriotic rallying cry. His operas had strong emotions, fast action impact on audience, and striking contrasts. Built on conventions of Bellini, Donizetti, and Rossini. He wrote Rigoletto, Il trovatore, and La Traviata. He was commissioned for Aida by the Cairo opera house in 1871. His librettist was Boito who wrote two giant operas. He also wrote Otello and Falstaff, which was based on Shakespeare The Merry Wives of Windsor.

Bedrich Smetana

1824-1884. Went south to create a national music in his String Quartet No. 1 From My Life. In his cycle of six symphonic poems collectively entitled Ma'vlast (My Country) of the latter, the best known is The Moldau, a picture of the river that winds through the Czech countryside on its way to Prague.

Anton Bruckner

1824-1896. Later Romantics. Was schooled in counterpoint and served as organist of the cathedral of Linz. Wanted to absorb Wagner's style and ethos into the traditional symphony and of writing church music. Wrote nine numbered symphonies and two early unnumbered ones. Used Beethoven's ninth symphony as a model.

Johannes Brahms

1833-1897. Later Romantics. From Hamburg, Germany.By the time he was twenty, three-fifths of music played in orchestral concerts was by dead composers. He wrote classical with romantic sensibility. Did not write programmatic music. Wrote chorale preludes, preludes and fugues, pasacaglia, and ground bass. Wrote in variation form. Wrote only 4 symphonies. Did not write any operas. Wrote Ein Deutsche Requiem.

Pytor Ilich Tchaikovsky

1840-1893. Romantic. First western Russian Composer. He was a government clerk. Studied with Anton Rubenstein on piano. Taught theory but studied night before. Performed in France but goes back to Russia. Was commissioned by Nadeshada von Meck. He was the opening conductor for Carnegie Hall when it opened in 1891. Famous for his ballets Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker.

Edward Elgar

1857-1934. Late Nineteenth Century (Romantic) From England. First English composer in more than two hundred years to enjoy wide international recognition. His music is untouched by folk songs, it does link him to national tradition of English Cathedral choir festivals, for which he wrote several oratorios. Derived harmonic style from Brahms and Wagner. Wrote Enigma Variations: Nimrod which is played at funerals and memorial services. Also wrote the cello concerto and two symphonies

Gustav Mahler

1860-1911. Romantic. One of the greatest composers for voice and Lied. Austro-German composer of symphonies after Brahms and Bruckner. Born in Bohemia. He was appointed director of the Vienna opera in 1897. Completed 9 symphonies. He used song cycles as well. Music includes Symphony #1, In Diesem Wetter-Kindertotenlider (Songs of the death of Children). Das Lied von der Erde (The song of the Earth), and Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Boy's magic Horn).

Maurice Ravel

1862-1918. Modernism. Grouped with Debussy as impressionism but was not very impressionistic. might be better called an assimilationist because his music encompasses a variety of influences while carrying his distinctive stamp marked by consummate craftsmanship, traditional forms, diationic melodies, and complex harmonies within an essentially tonal language. Le Tombeau de Couperin is one of his works. it was six movements in eighteenth-century genres,and was an early example of neoclassicism. He takes jazz concepts and puts them into a classical setting.

Richard Strauss

1864-1949. Romantic. Most dominant figure in German musical life and great conductor. He attached himself to the more radical Romantic Genre-the symphonic poem, which he preferred to call a tone poem. Was the obvious heir to Berlioz, Liszt, and Wagner. Also Did litemotives. Don Juan was his first completely mature work. Most of the pieces evoke general moods of activity, boldness, and romance. Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (Till Eulenspiegles Merry Pranks) is vividly representational, telling the comic tale of a trickster's exploits. Also Sprach Zarathustra is a music commentary on Nietzsche's long prose poem, which proclaimed the christian ethic should be replaced by the ideal of an Ubermensch (superman). He also wrote Don Quixote. This is a bout a knight's quest with his squire Sancho Panza. He also wrote Salome, which is a bible story that he turned into an opera. Its about Salome and the dance of the seven veils. He also wrote Elektra, which was a playwright of Hugo von Hofmannsthal. it dwells on the emotions of insane hatred and revenge.

Serge Rachmaninoff

1873-1943. Modernism. Immigrates to the United States in 1917. Made a living as a pianist Wrote some symphonies but most famous for his piano pieces. 24 preludes, etudes, and 4 piano concerti. His works include a symphonic poem, The Isle of the Dead, a choral symphony, The Bells, and two sets of Etudes-Tableaux for piano solo, four piano concertos, and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini for piano and orchestra.

Gustav Holst

1874-1934. English composer, arranger, and teacher. Best known for his orchestral suite "The Planets" Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss were his influences. Redefined his style with the rise of Maurice Ravel and English Folksong revival. Brought up strong tradition of performance at Morley College. He pioneered music education for women at St Pauls Girls school.

Arnold Schoenberg

1874-1951. Modernism. Born in Vienna. He was known more for influence than last compositions. He was a self taught composer. He moved to Berlin where he worked at a Cabaret. He taught Alban Berg and Anton Webern. Nazis came into power in 1933 so he came to the United STates and became a professor at UCLA in Los Angeles, California. He cultivated a kind of pantonality, conceiving of each pitch and dissonance as autonomous. He used Klanfarbenmelodie. Melody can be pushed forward as tone color. He composed Pierrot Lunaire, which was a cycle of 21 songs drawn from larger poetic cycle by Belgian symbolist poet Albert Giraud. It used Sprechsimme (speaking voice) or Sprechgesang (speech song). He also made the twelve tone melody. He composed four operas: Erwartung, Die gluckliche hand, von heute auf morgen, and moses und aron. and other works.

Charles Ives

1874-1954. Radical Modernism. The first modernist American Composer. Was fluent in four distinct spheres: American vernacular music, Protestant church music, European classical music, and experimental music. wrote lots of songs, marches, symphonies, and piano music. Went to Yale and his composition professor was Horatio Parker. Sold insurance for a living. Founder of experimental tradition music in America. Wrote several pieces in his teens that were polytonal. Music is The Cage, Three Places in New England (orchestral pictures were first African American regiment in the Civil War, A band playing at a July Picnic, and The composers walk by a river with his wife during their honeymoon), The unanswered Question.

Bela Bartok

1881-1945. Twentieth Century. He was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in a small Hungarian city now in Romania. He attended Hungarian Royal Academy of Music. Emigrates to America when the Nazis start taking over. One work: Mikrokosmos # 38 & 39 Staccato and Legato. Influenced by Strauss. Also String Quartet # 4. Has X,Y, Z Cells. His harmony was Ethnomusicology.

Igor Stravinsky

1882-1971. Modernism. Rimsky-Korsakov was his teacher. His most popular works were wrote early in his career: The ballets The Firebird, Petrushka, and Le Sacred du Printemps (The Rite of Spring). In petrushka, he wrote blocks of static harmony with repetitive melodic rhythmic patterns as well as abrupt shifts from one block to another. He wrote Primitivism. Huge in 12 tone, primative, and neoslassics. Sergei Diaghilev of Ballet Russe commissioned him to write for his ballet so he wrote Firebird. second was Petrushka, and third was Rite of Spring. Fired Bird was based on Russian folktales, exoticism of Rimsky-Korsakov, and stems from Russian nationalist tradition. The Rite of Spring was about the sacrifice of virgin adolescent girls and the one that is chosen must dance herself to death. It has borrowed folk melodies, while the scenario, choreography and music are marked by primitivism. an evocation of the elemental, simple, and natural state believed to have been enjoyed by prehistoric peoples. his neoclassical piece was Pulcinella.

Anton Webern

1883-1945. Modernism. Received his PhD in 1906 in Musicology. He was a student of Schoenberg. believed that music involves the presentation of ideas that can be expressed in no other way; that it operates according to rules of order based on natural law rather than taste. His music was extremely concentrated. His first movement of the Symphony, Op. 21 illustrates the use of twelve tone procedures, canons, instrumentation, and form. The entire movement is a double canon in inversion. The succession of timbres is as much part of the melody as are the pitches and rhythms, a concept known as Klangfarbenmelodie (tone color melody). in which changes of tone color are perceived as parallel to changing pitches in a melody.

Alban Berg

1885-1935. Twentieth Century. Student of Schoenberg. Second Viannese School with Webern. Puts tonal music in his music and changes his style of music. Fuses atonal and tonal music. His Opera was Wozzeck and it was an expressionist opera. It was Atonal and had Sprechstimme. it was a fragmentary play by Georg Buchner.

Howard Hanson

1896-1981. composer, Conductor, and teacher who promoted contemporary american music. Studied in New York. On his way back from winning the Prix de Rome, he became director of the newly designed Eastman School of Music. He refers to his Swedish Ancestry in his Symphony #1. Symphony #2 was commissioned by Boston's Symphony Orchestra. His Opera was called Merry Mount. His harmonies, although complex, are sonorous, and his rhythms are strong and varied.

Aaron Copland

1900-1990. 20th Century. Studied with Nadia Boulanger. He learned to write music that was clear, logical and elegant. Jazz elements and strong dissonances figure prominently in his early works. writes in a lot of open fourths and fifths. Wrote a series of ballets before, during, and after WWII. Wrote Billy the Kid and Fanfare for the Common Man. Also wrote Appalachian Spring.

Dmitri Shostakovich

1906-1975. Modernist. Greatest writer of symphonies in the 20th century. Studied at Conservatory in Petrograd and he also wrote operas. The premiere of his first symphony was in 1926. His opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsenk District was premiered in 1934 in both Leningrad and Moscow. His Fifth symphony was written and premiered to great acclaim in 1937. The symphony embodies a new approach he had been developing, inspired by close study of Mahler's symphonies. His seventh symphony was in Leningrad and it was about the heroic defense of the city against Hitler's Army.

Olivier Messiaen

1908-1992. Most important French composer born in the twentieth Century. Native of Avignon. studied organ and composition at the Paris Conservatoire and became professor of harmony in 1941. Composed many pieces on religious subjects such as Quatuor pour la fin du temps (Quartet for the End of Time) for violin and Vingt Regards sur l'enfant Jesus (Twenty looks at the infant Jesus) Other compositions include Turangalila-symphonie. He also wrote his book The Technique of My Musical Language. He preferred beautiful timbres and colorful harmonies. He treats rhythm as a matter of duration, not meter.

Elliot Carter

1908-2012. Twentieth Century. Born in New York City. Charles Ives was his mentor. Traveled to Paris and studied with Nadia Boulanger. Wrote his first symphony and Holiday Overture in Neoclassical style influenced by Copland, Hindemith, and Stravinsky. He, then, started his own signature harmonic and rhythmic languages in his Cello sonata and String Quartet No. 1.

Milton Babbit

1916-2011. Was an american composer, music theorist, and teacher. In his Three Compositions for Piano, the first piece to apply serial principles to duration, he used a four-number duration row in addition to a pitch row, manipulating both by usual operations of inversion and retrograde. He wrote an essay in 1958 called "Who Cares if You Listen?"

Bach

Also made Durch Adam's Fall, which has text painting in every voice but the soprano. Vivalidi's influence is in Prelude E-flat minor, Fugue D# minor BWV 853. He also made Das Wohltemperirte Clavier (The Well Tempered Clavier), St. Matthew's Passion, along with chorale cantatas, and Musikalisches Opfer (A Musical Offering). He became famous after Carl Friederich Zelter revived the Saint Matthew Passion with Felix Mendelssohn's direction in 1829.

George Gershwin

Both a composer of classical music and a writer of popular songs and musicals. Recognized the potential of jazz and blues to add dimensions to art music. Best known songs featured lyrics by his brother, Ira. Was a part of Tin Pan Alley. In Girl Crazy his song I got Rhythm became very popular. Also composed Rhapsody in Blue and Someone to Watch Over me. Shows include Strike up the Band and Of Thee I Sing.

Giacomo Puccini

Italian opera composer. Romanticism. He studied at the conservatory in Milan. His highly personal style blends Verdi's focus on vocal melody with elements of Wagner's approach. Notable the use of recurring melodies or leitmotives. He often juxtaposed different styles and harmonic worlds to suggest his diverse characters. Four of his most famous operas are: La Boheme- The Bohemian, Tosca, Madame Butterfly, and Turandot. Rent was based off of La Boheme but it was about impoverished artists and other residents of the Parisian Latin Quarter. Tosca was about the Idealistic singer Tosca and the evil Scarpia; Madame Butterfly is about a japanese woman and her American lover (officer in armed forces), and Turandot is about the various levels of ancient Chinese society.

W.A. Mozart

MUSIC: Sonata in A Major, K331; Eine Kleine Nachtmusik. Operas: Idomeneo, Abduction from the Serageio, which was a singspiel, Lorenzo de Ponte was Librettist. Comic operas were Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and the Magic Flute (De Zauber Flote). Marriage of Figaro was adaptation of Beaumarchias work and it was controversial because of the French Revolution; Don Giovanni was a comedy and a tragedy. He was the ultimate ladies man and a rebel against authority. At the end he was damned to Hell. and The Magic Flute is a singspiel which could also be considered as the birth of German opera. It had lots of symbolism and it drew from teachings of free masonery, which is trust and secret society. extol virtues of love, tolerance, forgiveness, and brotherhood of man.

Claude Debussy

Modernism. Born in middle class family. Worked for Madeshna von Meck. In 1884, won top composition prize in Pri de Rome, which let him spend two years in Italy. Abandoned Wagner's sense of Urgency. Wrote Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, which was based on a symbolist poem by Mallarme and they play the pipes of pan and Voiles: Prelude No. 2. His music was often called Impressionist.

Phillip Glass

Twentieth Century.Published twenty works by the time he completed degrees at the University of Chicago and the Julliard School and finished studies with Nadia Boulanger, but withdrew all of them after working with the Indian sitarist Ravi Shanker in Paris. Deeply influenced by rhythmic organizations of Indian Music. They emphasized melodiousness, consonance, and the simple harmonic progressions and abundant amplification of rock music. Works include Einstein on the Beach, Satyagraha, The Voyage, and Akhnaten

Beethoven

Went to Vienna on Haydn's recommendation and settled there permanently in 1792. Wrote Sonata no. 8 Op. 13 (Pathetique) Songs were numbered with Opus numbers. Symphony #9 in D minor Op. 125, which has Schiller's Ode to Joy. His only opera was Fidelio.

Thea Musgrave

born 1928. scottish composer of classical music and opera. educated at Moreton Hall School. She has written the Concerto for Orchestra of 1967, the Concerto for Horn of 1971, also an oboe concerto called Helios of 1994,

Franz Liszt

born in 1811. Romantic period. born in Hungary. Full of contradictory lifestyles and he was a free spirit. was influenced by Niccolo Paganini. succeeded early in his career in becoming the greatest pianist of his time. His music is monothematic with long tritones, diminished, augmented tones, and whole tones which he expanded in his music. He did Hungarian rhythms with a lot of mixed meter. Studied with Salereri. imitated his violin master in his six Etudes d'execution transcendante d'apres Paganini. Does piano transcriptions of Beethoven's. Very big in symphonic poems or tone poems. Works for Orchestra that are one movement and programmatic. Some of his pieces are Un Sospiro, Les Preludes, THE Faust symphony, and Dante symphony.

Orlande de Lassus

wrote some in new homophonic style while others show the influence of the Italian madrigal or grow from the Franco-Flemis tradition, using a tight polyphonic texture with close imitation and sudden changes of pace. Accutely attuned to text and made sure that the music fit its rhythm.