Praxis Practice
B. syntactic relationships
"Book read me." "Me TV see." The utterances above, spoken by a 3 year old monolingual English speaking child, indicate that the child most likely has a problem with which of the following? A. semantic redundancy B. syntactic relationships C. morphological relationships d. pragmatics e. phonological rules
With different types of dysarthria, a differential diagnoses may be challenging. The clinician needs to know the unique features of each type. Obviously, each type may be contrasted on more than one feature, but which of the following statements correctly contrasts two types to help make a differential diagnoses?
*Excessive* and *even* stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria, with its *equal* stress
Name changes that girls and boys experience in voice during puberty..
*Girls' voices may lower 3-4 semitones. Boys' voices may lower by as much as an octave, may show pitch breaks, huskiness, and hoarseness.
A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant
/w/
"Donald Duck is John's favorite Disney character when he watches TV." Just count how many morphemes there are in the quote above.
12 morphemes
Roughly ______% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria.
94
E. Assimilation
A 24 month old says /gogi/ instead of "doggie." This is an example of A. gliding B. neutraliziation C. Stopping D. Fronting E. Assimilation
Evidence that suggests potential laryngeal dysfunction in persons who stutter includes A. slightly delayed voice onset time. B. hemispheric language processing problems. C. cerebral blood flow deviations. D. abnormal electroencephalographic tracings.
A. slightly delayed voice onset time.
A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant is the A. /w/ B. /j/ C. /l/ D. /h/ E. /r/
A. /w/
A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (which can later be exchanged for a small gift) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of A. Differential reinforcement of other behavior. B. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior. C. negative reinforcement. D. punishment.
A. Differential reinforcement of other behavior.
B. Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow
A 70 year old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral containment of the bolus during the oral preparatory stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. Cognition and the pharyngeal stage of the swallow are intact. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment approach for the client? A. providing a puree diet with thickened liquids B. Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow C. Having the client turn (rotate) her head to the right when swallowing D. Having the client eat more slowly to prevent aspiration E. Providing a diet that consists of thin liquids
D
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? A. Imaginative, interactional, attribution, overextension B. Interactional, conversational, collaborative, attribution C. Collaborative, imaginative, attribution, conversational D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
An audiologist is conducting a hearing test on an 84-year-old-patient he suspects has a hearing loss. He would like to evaluate baseline hearing of the patient and provides her with a list of two-syllable, or disyllable, words that are pronounced with equal stress on the first and second syllables (e.g.,suitcase, pushcart). Which test is the audiologist administering? A. Spondee recognition test B. Whispered speech test C. Rinne test D. Weber test
A. Spondee recognition test
Select the true statement. A. T-units contain an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. B. T-units are types of linguistic units. C. C-units may never contain incomplete sentences produced in response to questions. D. C-units do not contain one or more independent clauses. E. T-units may never contain one or more independent clauses
A. T-units contain an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) is the A. nativist theory of Chomsky B. cognitive theory of Piaget C. information processing theory D. behavioral theory of Skinner E. social interactionist theory of Vygotsky
A. nativist theory of Chomsky
Which area of the brain connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area? A. Corpus callosum B. Choroid plexus C. Arcuate fasciculus D. Corona radiata E. Third ventricle
C. Arcuate fasciculus
Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for innervating the larynx? A. Cranial nerve V B. Cranial nerve II C. Cranial nerve X D. Cranial nerve VI
C. Cranial nerve X
An attending physician refers a patient for swallowing therapy. The patient has a tracheostomy tube in place. Which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. There is no need to suction after feeding, as there is no chance of aspiration. B. Feed the patient when the cuff is inflated. C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated. D. Recommend immediate NG-tube feedings.
C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated.
E. the hawthorne effect
An investigator is conducting an observational study that includes parents and their children. The investigator observes that parents alter their behaviors spontaneously with the knowledge that they are being observed. The phenomenon described is an example of A. statistical regression toward the mean B. subject selection bias C. Multiple treatment intereferece D. a placebo effect E. the hawthorne effect
Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called A. pure tones. B. complex tones. C. multiple tones. D. harmonic tones.
B. complex tones.
While conducting an evaluation of an infant in a neonatal ICU, a student intern informed her supervisor that she noticed that while stimulating the gums of the infant, it elicited a rhythmical opening and closing of the jaw. She also noticed that the infant gently nibbled on her finger. The supervisor informed the student that normally developing infants go through this stage, called A. tonic bite reflex. B. phasic bite reflex. C. jaw retraction. D. jaw clenching.
B. phasic bite reflex.
To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you should A. not get the family members involved because they may introduce bias. B. repeat the language sample. C. not sample language just before the treatment is started. D. only use computer software to analyze the results.
B. repeat the language sample.
66. You are administering a formal language test to a student who speaks AAE. Which one of the following tasks is not biased against him A. "Tell me if this sentence is correct or incorrect: 'Them kids is havin' fun.'" B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV." C. "Fill in the missing word: 'Today I walk to school; yesterday I ______ to school.'" D. "Repeat this sentence exactly as I say it: 'They had been careful with their books.'" E. "Point to the picture that shows what I say: 'The dogs are barking at the moon.'"
B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV."
During an evaluation of a 1-month-old infant, the speech-language pathologist informed the mother that on average most 1-month-old infants consume about A. 1 ounce of liquid per feeding. B. 2-6 ounces of liquid per feeding. C. 9-10 ounces per feeding. D. 11 or more ounces per feeding.
B. 2-6 ounces of liquid per feeding
20. Of the methods mentioned in the following choices, which one would you reject because of either lack of evidence or presence of negative evidence A. The mand-model and delay procedures B. The whole language approach and facilitated communication C. The picture exchange communication system (PECS) D. The discrete trial procedure and modeling-imitation sequence E. The script therapy
B. The whole language approach and facilitated communication
A speech-language pathologist is administering an indirect treatment procedure to the patient. Which is an example of indirect treatment for dysphagia? A. The Mendelssohn maneuver B. Thermal-tactile stimulation C. Supraglottic swallow D. Super-supraglottic swallow
B. Thermal-tactile stimulation
Select the statement that is *incorrect* about group designs. A. They are effective in establishing internal validity. B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments. C. They can help establish cause-effect relationships. D. Their requirement of randomization may be difficult to meet.
B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments.
Select the statement that is *incorrect* about group designs. A. They are effective in establishing internal validity. B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments. C. They can help establish cause-effect relationships. D. Their requirement of randomization may be difficult to meet.
B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments.
John has cerebral palsy that has resulted in a motor speech disorder caused by central nervous system damage. This damage has caused John to have weakness and incoordination of the muscles of speech. John's speech is classified as A. paraphasic B. dysarthric C. apraxic D. aphasic E. agrammatic
B. dysarthric
A researcher places surface electrodes on both sides of the thyroid cartilage and passes a high-frequency electric current between the electrodes. The patient is asked to phonate while the electric current is applied to the electrodes. This procedure is called A. videostroboscopy B. electroglottography C. electromyography D. laryngoscopy E. endoscopy
B. electroglottography
17. You are consulting with the nursing staff about a patient who is being tube fed. During the evaluation, you notice that the patient is experiencing aspiration. The nurse says that the most appropriate method to reduce aspiration would be to A. introduce a pureed diet. B. elevate the head of the bed at least 30 degrees before and during continuous feeding. C. monitor the patient to see if aspiration continues for another week. D. discontinue tube feeding.
B. elevate the head of the bed at least 30 degrees before and during continuous feeding.
A father is at home with his baby daughter Meghan. He is trying to stimulate her language skills, and has read some literature about how to do this. When he sees Meghan looking at the family cat, he looks at the cat along with her and comments about it. This father has just: A. used child-directed speech B. followed his baby daughter's line of regard C. engaged in a joint action routine D. engaged in a turntaking activity
B. followed his baby daughter's line of regard
Stuttering in preschool children is more likely on: A. content words B. function words C. final words in a sentence D. vowels E. consonant clusters
B. function words
When a person has vocal nodules, the vocal folds vibrate at a slower rate because of A. decreased mass. B. increased mass. C. the s/z ratio. D. increased volume.
B. increased mass.
8. A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process A. compression B. rarefaction C. elasticity D. acoustics E. displacement
B. rarefaction
A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process A. compression. B. rarefaction. C. elasticity. D. displacement.
B. rarefaction.
Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have a A. cochlear disorder B. retrocochlear disorder C. recruitment disorder D. middle ear disorder E. external auditory pathway disorder
B. retrocochlear disorder
22. To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you A. should not get the family members involved because they may introduce bias B. should repeat the language sample C. should not sample language just before the treatment is started D. should only use computer software to analyze the results E. should not sample language in naturalistic conditions to avoid interference
B. should repeat the language sample
Speech samples of persons who clutter may contain such productions as "many thinkle peep so." This phenomenon is a A. festinating articulation B. spoonerism C. dactylology D. disassimilation E. tachylalia 56. You are evaluati
B. spoonerism
A thrombus is a A. traveling blood clot that blocks the flow of blood. B. stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood. C. cause of aphasia in women only. D. bleeding vessel.
B. stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood
A study designed to evaluate a treatment procedure for hoarseness of voice recruited all subjects who had witnessed a football game the previous day. The treatment, conducted over the following 2 weeks and offered to all subjects, resulted in improved voice quality. A critic said that the study lacked internal validity because of A. median statistics. B. statistical regression to the mean. C. maturational variables. D. genetic influences.
B. statistical regression to the mean.
104. The consistency effect has shown that A. stuttering always occurs on the sample words on repeated readings B. stuttering recurs on certain words on repeated oral readings C. adaptation is not real D. adaptation and consistency cancel each other E. consistency suggests neurogenic stuttering
B. stuttering recurs on certain words on repeated oral readings
Melissa says "clink" instead of "blink"; she produces an incorrect sound in place of a correct sound. This articulation error is known as A. omission B. substitution C. accommodation D. adaptation E. reduplication
B. substitution
A correlation coefficient A. helps establish the effect of a variable. B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other. C. allows researchers to make predictions about their subjects' future behaviors. D. confirms a cause-effect relationship between two variables.
B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other.
A correlation coefficient A. helps establish the effect of a variable. B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other. C. allows researchers to make predictions about their subjects' future behaviors. D. confirms a cause-effect relationship between two variables.
B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other.
Nicole, a voice major, is having problems raising the pitch of her voice. Her SLP recommends that she lengthen and tense her vocal folds to increase her pitch. Which muscle is involved in achieving this goal? A) transverse arytenoid B) oblique arytenoid C) cricothyroid D) thyroarytenoid E) cricoarytenoid
C) cricothyroid
A first-grade teacher refers Rashina to you. Rashina speaks AAE. The teacher says, "I am concerned about Rashina's grammar and her pronunciation of some of her sounds." Which one of the following would not be a typical utterance for a child such as Rashina? A. "Today I be walkin' to the speech room." B. "I gonna get my pencil off my des'." (I'm going to get my pencil off my desk.) C. "I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.) D. "That man, he be a foo' for not comin'." (That man is a fool for not coming.)
C. "I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.)
You are providing services to Mr. W., a patient with Parkinson's disease and consequent dysarthria, to help him sound more intelligible. You can expect that you will need to address challenges related to A. even and consistent breakdowns in articulation. B. impaired syntactic structures. C. forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech. D. an increased rate of speech under pressure.
C. forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech.
When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the A. palatopharyngeus. B. sternocleidomastoid. C. genioglossus. D. styloglossus.
C. genioglossus.
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as A. sensorineural hearing loss. B. middle ear hearing loss. C. mixed hearing loss. D. conductive hearing loss.
C. mixed hearing loss.
Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is A. the occipital lobe B. the basal ganglia C. Wernicke's area D. Broca's area E. the primary auditory area
D. Broca's area
Which one of the following statements is false? A. Noniconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught. B. The picture exchange communication system (PECS) is effective. C. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house. D. The facilitated communication approach is supported by evidence. E. The whole-language approach has been discredited.
D. The facilitated communication approach is supported by evidence.
The term coarticulation refers to which of the following? A. Speech sounds being modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds to the point that there are perceptible changes in the speech sounds B. The extent to which vocal tract configuration changes shape during the production of consonants and vowels in running speech C. The influence of various syllables upon one another when a client recites a phonetically balanced list of words D. The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
D. The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
Contact ulcers may be caused by all of the following except A. chronic throat clearing. B. hard-glottal attack. C. psychogenic problems. D. intubation for surgery.
C. Psychogenic problems
The position that stuttering indicates a social role conflict was taken by: A. Van Riper B. Wischner C. Sheehan D. Bloodstein E. Brutten and Shoemaker
C. Sheehan
What would you call an experimental design involving one or a few subjects? A. Case study design B. Ex post facto design C. Single-subject experimental design D. Single correlational design
C. Single-subject experimental design
27. Linguavelars are produced by A. raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge B. the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum D. the tongue making contact with the upper teeth E. keeping the vocal folds open and letting the air pass through them
C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum
A professor is teaching a class anatomy and physiology and mentions that closure of the airway occurs at anatomically different locations and functionally separate levels in the larynx. A student in the class answers that the appropriate choice would be A. vallecula. B. pyriform sinus. C. the supraglottic portion of the laryngeal vestibule. D. cricopharyngeus muscle.
C. the supraglottic portion of the laryngeal vestibule.
Malocclusion that consists of a protruding maxilla and receded mandible
Class 2 malocclusion
Is a programme of themed activities, usually carried out over several weeks in small groups, led by a trained nurse, an occupational therapist or a carer.
Cognitive stimulation therapy
In administering indirect therapy to reduce stuttering, parents are encouraged to A. give a signal to stop and then ask the child to start talking again. B. give a signal to stop, ask the child to describe the problem, and then let the child continue to talk. C. ask the child to keep quiet for 20 seconds before resuming speech. D. reduce their own rate of speech.
D. reduce their own rate of speech.
When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as A. regressive assimilation. B. progressive assimilation. C. voicing assimilation. D. reduplication.
D. reduplication.
100. Which of the following statements is true A. The innermost intercostal (T2-T11) elevates ribs 1 through 11. B. The external intercostal (T2-T11) pulls the rib cage down. C. The pectoralis minor (C4-T1) decreases the transverse dimension of the rib cage. D. The serratus anterior elevates the ribs 1 through 9. E. The internal intercostal (T2-T11) elevates ribs 2 through 11.
D. The serratus anterior elevates the ribs 1 through 9.
When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and later closes a cleft of the hard palate, it is known as A. secondary surgery B. palatal surgery C. pharyngeal flap surgery D. delayed hard palate closure E. palatoplasty
D. delayed hard palate closure
The primary muscle of the lips is the A. buccinator B. risorius C. depressor labii inferioris D. orbicularis oris E. depressor anguli oris
D. orbicularis oris
The Blom-Singer prosthetic device is used by laryngectomees to A. clean the surgically created fistula. B. shunt air from the esophagus to the trachea so that the salpingopharyngeus muscle vibrates during inhalation. C. assist in the development of competent esophageal speech. D. shunt air from the trachea to the esophagus so that the patient can speak on pulmonary air that enters the esophagus.
D. shunt air from the trachea to the esophagus so that the patient can speak on pulmonary air that enters the esophagus.
23. A 5-year-old child with specific language impairment may say something like "dog bark" instead of "the dog is barking." This is known as A. functional speech B. topic maintenance C. lack of assertiveness D. telegraphic speech E. lack of responsiveness
D. telegraphic speech
16. You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations B. development of basic morphological features C. comprehension of compound sentences D. use of functional words in one-word utterances E. looking at family members when their names are spoken
D. use of functional words in one-word utterances
You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations. B. development of basic morphological features. C. comprehension of compound sentences. D. use of functional words in one-word utterances.
D. use of functional words in one-word utterances.
Key parts of the auditory nervous system include cranial nerve VIII, which has two branches: the branch and the branch, which carries electrical sound impulses from the cochlea to the brain. A. retrocochlear, auditory B. cochlear, auditory-acoustic C. auditory-acoustic, retrocochlear D. vestibular, auditory-acoustic
D. vestibular, auditory-acoustic
When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and later closes a cleft of the hard palate, it is known as
Delayed hard palate closure
disfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation, minimal or no effect of masking noise.
Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering include
B
Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering include A. high anxiety about speech. B. disfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation, minimal or no effect of masking noise. C. many associated motor behaviors. D. improved fluency under delayed auditory feedback.
E. no noticable abnormalities
During a transient ischemic attack, Mr. Mahmood has difficulty producing intelligible speech and retrieving words in conversation. One week later, Mr. Mahmood's speech and language would typically be characterized by A. mild dysarthria B. Expressive aphasia C. anomic aphasia D. both aphasic and dysarthric errors E. no noticeable abnormalities
103. The definition of stuttering that "it is speech that contains 5% or more dysfluencies" is based on A. an etiological theory of stuttering B. the notion that stuttering is a certain moment and an expert judges it as such C. the psychodynamic view of stuttering D. the theory that only certain types of dysfluencies are stutterings E. certain listener evaluation studies
E. certain listener evaluation studies
61. Case management for an elderly patient includes the following targets: establishing a simple routine, using various reminders, writing down a list of things to do every morning, and writing a checklist of things to do before leaving the house. Such a plan is most appropriate for a patient with A. Broca's aphasia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. right hemisphere syndrome D. hypokinetic dysarthria E. dementia
E. dementia
slightly delayed voice onset time.
Evidence that suggests potential laryngeal dysfunction in persons who stutter includes
T/F; Excessive or even stress on syllables is not a part of ataxic dysarthria.
False
True/False: Cochlear implants are only used with people who have minimal or no hearing and cannot benefit from hearing aids.
False
A. Presenting a progressive sequence of an anxiety - producing stimulus
In the treatment of stuttering, the term "densensitization" most properly refers to which of the following? A. presenting a progressive sequence of an anxiety-producing stimulus B. stimulating situations in which listeners are inattentive or impolite C. Decreasing the delayed auditory feedback time interval D. Repeating words or sounds with easy vocal attack E. Having the client describe in detail situations that are most problematic
Present a token for each fluent production and withdraw a token for each disfluency.
In treating a preschool child who stutters, you have several options. You select the response cost method, which includes which of the following steps?
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests?
Inadequate participant and response sampling
In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and explain-later approach?
Inductive Method
Spasmodic dysphonia
Injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into one or both folds (thyroarytenoid muscles) has been used for which of the following voice conditions?
A 55 year old man comes to you stating that he has been sounding hoarse for the last few months. He also states that he has difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and a lump in his neck. He shares with you that he has an outgoing sore throat. You suspect that his diagnoses will probably be:
Laryngeal cancer
13. A child is referred to you by his preschool teacher. This child, Damien, is 4 years 3 months old and has transferred from out of state. In his previous state, Damien was reportedly assessed by a speech-language pathologist who recommended that Damien receive intervention before kindergarten. According to the report from the previous clinician, Damien uses the phonological processes of gliding, consonant duster reduction, stopping, reduplication, and final-consonant deletion. Your assessment confirms the presence of these phonological processes. You would begin treatment by addressing:
Reduplication is the earliest of the listed phonological processes to be phased out. In typically developing children, reduplication is usually phased out by approximately 2 years 4 months of age.
A. transcortical motor aphasia.
Repetition skills are better preserved in: A. transcortical motor aphasia. B. Broca's aphasia. C. global aphasia. D. Wernicke's aphasia.
26-48
The regular past tense -ed morpheme is typically mastered by _____-______ mos.
lingual frenum.
The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the
Can be either devoicing or voicing
Voicing Assimulation
B
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS FALSE? A. An electromyographic assessment can be conducted by attaching electrodes to structures of interest (e.g., oral, laryngeal, or pharyngeal muscles). B. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. Also, the actual swallow can be seen during the study. C. A manometric assessment can assess the preparatory phase of the swallow using posterior and lateral plane examinations. D. An ultrasound examination can measure oral tongue movement and hyoid movement.
cuneiforms
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called?
Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied.
What have studies on the incidence and prevalence of stuttering shown?
D
What have studies on the incidence and prevalence of stuttering shown? A. Stuttering is nonexistent in some ethnocultural groups. B. Stuttering incidence is constant across cultures. C. Native Americans have no word for stuttering. D. Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied.
The ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it
What is the definition of fast mapping?
diphthongs
When two vowels are combined (e.g., /ei/ in shake and lace), it results in a continuous change in the shape of the vocal tract. These sounds are called
McDonald's sensory-motor approach
Which articulation therapy approach emphasizes both the syllable as the basic unit of speech and the concept of phonetic environment?
Standardized tests must be used as a sole measure for making clinical judgments regarding the client.
Which is not true of standardized tests used with children who have potential language impairments?
C. left-side neglect
Which of the following clinical symptoms is not likely to be present in an individual diagnosed with a cognitive-communicative disorder resulting from traumatic brain injury to the left hemisphere? A. problem-solving difficulties B. short-term memory impairment C. left-side neglect D. impairment of reasoning skills E. poor orientation to person, place, and time
C. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended
Which of the following federal statutes mandates that movie theaters provide assistive listening devices to individuals with hearing loss? A. section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, as amended B. The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, as amended C. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended D. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act E. Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
C. conductive loss
Which of the following hearing problems is most prevalent among children with cleft palate? A. sensorineural loss B. unilateral hearing loss C. conductive loss D. retrocochlear loss E. central auditory dysfunction
D
Which of the following muscles helps adduct the vocal folds? A. Hyoglossus B. Cricothyroid C. Posterior cricoarytenoids D. Transverse arytenoids
B
Which of these statements is FALSE? A. The thyroarytenoids are divided into two muscle masses. B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors. C. The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. D. The cricothyroid muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.
A study that is used to quantify the time and frequency of gastroesophageal reflux into the esophagus is called
a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study
James, a 4 ear old boy, attends your cleft palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. He is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has *difficulty producing non-nasal sounds*. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics?
Hypernasality
D. a delayed pharyngeal swallow
In dysphagia treatment sessions, Bruno's SLP has been providing thermal stimulation. This choice of treatment, assuming that it is appropriate, indicates that Bruno most likely has swallowing difficulties related to A. bolus preparation B. pooling in the pyriform sinuses C. pooling in the valleculae D. a delayed pharyngeal swallow E. esophageal reflux
IDEA mandated which of the following for a 5th grade student eligible for services a) that the parents be invited to participate in the development of an IEP b) parents be given at least three names as referral sources for treatment of the disorder c) that the parents be notified of the results of a multidisciplinary conference within ten days of the time the conference was convened d) that the child's name be placed on a waiting list for services and that the parents be notified when space is available e) that the child and parents be given an explanation of the types of support services that are available in the community and that they be informed about the possibility that an IEP will be approved for the child
a) that the parents be invited to participate in the development of an IEP
What are some postnatal factors that can cause ID?
a. use inappropriate register b. cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy c. white drawings on black background d. lead poisoning and rabies vaccine
A group of clinicians working with voice disorders wish to conduct research in a hospital setting. Many of their clients are hoarse because they work in noisy factories where they shout a great deal during the workweek. The clinicians devise a rating scale to evaluate the hoarseness of these clients. The scale looks like this: Almost no hoarseness Slight hoarseness Moderate hoarseness Great amount of hoarseness This type of scale is called A.a ratio scale. B.a nominal scale. C.an interval scale. D.an ordinal scale.
an ordinal scale
Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of _______
articulation
In this approach children go through intensive auditory training and speech reading instructions; it is expected that they will eventually learn to speak and will fit mainstream settings
aural/oral method
History of irregular substitutions and additions of consonants, repeated attempts to say words correctly, and more errors on longer and less familiar words. What is the most likely neurogenic disorder? a) ataxic dysarthria b) apraxia of speech c) hypokinetic dysarthria d) spastic dysarthria e) phonological disorder
b) Apraxia of speech
What is the ecological approach to language intervention with children? a) it incorporates activities that expose the child to nature b) It uses the context of daily teaching and caregiving environment c) it focuses on child-initiated behaviors d) it focuses on clinician-child interactions e) it consists of sustained, longitudinal intervention
b) It uses the context of daily teaching and caregiving environment
"Book read me." "Me TV see." spoken by a 3-year old child most likely has a problem with? a) semantic redundancy b) syntactic relationships c) morphological relationships d) pragmatics e) phonological rules
b) Syntactic relationships
The definition of stuttering as "speech that contains 5% or more disfluencies" is based on
certain listener evaluation studies.
A technique used by some speech-language pathologists during swallowing assessments, in which a stethoscope is placed over the thyroid cartilage to amplify sounds during swallowing, is called
cervical auscultation
A technique used by some speech-language pathologists during swallowing assessments, in which a stethoscope is placed over the thyroid cartilage to amplify sounds during swallowing, is called
cervical auscultation.
Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is
changed by its consequences
__________ validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.
construct
What is produced by backward retraction of the tongue; the tongue is carried too far posteriorly in the oral cavity
cul-de-sac
Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering include
disfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation, minimal or no effect of masking noise
Speech rate modification is a significant goal for patients with
dysarthria.
When can a researcher legitimately use an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to reach conclusions and draw inferences about data? a) data are ordinal b) data are nominal c) data are qualitative d) groups are correlated e) there are two or more groups of data
e) There are two or more groups of data
A 6th grade student who is having difficulty comprehending written text. What would be the most effective to target this difficulty? a) creating a log in which unknown sight words are written down for later practice b) developing the students ability to chunk multisyllabic words into smaller units c) performing a miscue analysis as the student reads a text aloud d) selecting words from a text that can be used as both spelling and sight words e) Using semantic networks in which ideas are displays in connected clusters
e) Using semantic networks in which ideas are displays in connected clusters
hypernasality is heard in each of the following condition except a) myasthenia gravis b) muscular dystrophy c) palatopharyngeal paralysis, d) spastic dysarthria e) enlarged adenoids
e) enlarged adenoids
An investigator is conducting an observational study that includes parents and their children. The investigator observes that parents alter their behaviors spontaneously with the knowledge that they are being observed. The phenomenon described is an example of a) statistical regression toward the mean b) subject selection bias c) multiple treatment interference d) placebo effect e) hawthorn effect
e) hawthorne effect
an 8yo is learning to use "Easy-onset" speech to facilitate fluency. the SLP produces a model sentence and the girl imitates. For each fluent imitation produced with easy-onset, the girl is allowed to choose a sticker for her book. What is being used? a) negative practice b) punishment c) intermittent reinforcement d) negative reinforcement e) positive reinforcement
e) positive reinforcement
A group of naive judges and a group of experienced SLPs were asked to rate the "femaleness" of ten transgender individuals using three different modes of presentation: auditory only, visual only and audiovisual. Which one is the dependent variable? a) mode of presentation b) experience level of the judges c) training in SLP d) video recording e) rated "femaleness"
e) rated "femaleness"
SLP: "sit in your seat" kid: [tI I ti} SLP: "Put the big block in the box" kid: [bI ba I ba] the child's primary problem is with? a) oral-motor weakness b) VP inadequacy c) poor auditory comp d) a fluency disorder e) receptive and/or expressive language impairment
e) receptive and/or expressive language impairment
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5 year old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him--we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, loveable boy who will go to anybody. He lies to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. The clinician explained to her student intern that people with this syndrome A. have a "cocktail party"-type personality B. have above average height and weight. C. can live independently. D. have normal language abilities as they age.
have a "cocktail party"-type personality
Measures of shimmer and jitter
have become more common b/c they can be useful in early detection of vocal pathology. Laryngologists may ask SLPS to obtain these measures because they can help detect vocal pathology even when laryngologist sees no obvious tissue or lesion change.
An 86 year old patient has been diagnosed with a delayed swallowing reflex post CVA. The modified barium swallow study indicates that there is pooling in the vallecula until the swallowing reflex has been triggered. The clinician decides to give the patient a mechanical soft bolus and ask her to swallow while putting her head down (chin tuck). This technique will result in A. increasing the change of aspiration B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space C. narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly D. pushing the tongue base forward
narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly
A patient in a nursing home is being treated for dysphagia post CVA. The patient has poor tongue control but good pharyngeal and laryngeal control. The clinician decides to try a technique in which she places a bolus in the mouth, tilts the patient's head back, and asks her to swallow. This treatment technique will result in A. increasing the vallecula space B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space C. laryngeal closure issues D. peristalsis issues
narrowing or closure of the vallecula space
The clinician decides to try a technique in which she places a bolus in the mouth, tilts the patient's head back, and asks her to swallow.
narrowing or closure of the vallecula space.
A premature infant was referred for a speech-language evaluation. During the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist noted that the infant had difficulty bringing her hands to her mouth to initiate sucking. While breast feeding, the clinician noted that the infant had bursts and pauses, with about two up and down cycles of the jaw per second. This is called
non nutritive sucking
Elevates and depresses velum
palatoglossus
Narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may help elevate larynx
palatopharyngeus
Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals are known as
periodic waves
Delayed or absent swallowing reflex suggests dysphagia in what phase of the swallow?
pharyngeal
Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with
posterior right hemisphere damage
Phonetic placement is used to teach or establish...
production of a phoneme in isolation
A tone of single frequency
pure tone
A clinician is evaluating a 12-year old boy, Justin, who was in a car accident and sustained a traumatic brain injury. He is now having difficulty communicating and has complex communication needs. The clinician is attempting to determine which type of alternative/augmentative communication (AAC) technology to use with him. In evaluating Justin's willingness to use this technology, she must consider response efficiency, which involves:
quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement as well as response effort
What would be the best course of action for a pt after having a severe CVA with severe-to-profound communication deficits and no improvement after 10 sessions? a) discharge the client and wait for another referral b) reassess the goals and determine if a different approach may be more effective. c) cease treatment and reassess in one week d) continue with the existing therapy plan e) reduce the frequency of treatment sessions until progress is measured
reassess the goals and determine if a different approach may be more effective.
What makes a person hypersensitive to intense sounds and must considered during hearing aid fitting
recruitment
Amplitude perturbation or shimmer
refers to the cycle-to-cycle variation of vocal intensity. It can be measured instrumentally as a patient sustains a vowel. A speaker with no laryngeal pathology should have a very small amount of variation of intensity with each vibratory cycle. Some experts believe that more than 1 dB of variation across cycles makes a patient sound dysponic. Patients who have difficulties with regularity of vocal fold vibration (e.g. roughness) might show large amounts of shimmer.
To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you should
repeat the language sample
The back-and-forth movement of particles when that movement is symmetrical and periodic is called A. an aperiodic wave. (do not repeat themselves at regular intervals; their vibratory patterns at random....) B. a sinusoidal wave. (horizontal and vertical symmetry because it contains one peak, or crest, and one valley, or trough) C. rarefaction. (The thinning of molecules when vibrating object returns to equilibrium; it's opposite of condensation. D. simple harmonic motion. (Refers to the back-and-forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic ; alson known as sine wave.
simple harmonic motion
You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. You decide to use an emotion-oriented therapy by playing audio recordings of relatives of the patient. You believe that this approach will decrease the agitation and improve the well-being of the patient. This type of approach is called
simulated presence therapy (SPT)
What is a wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry b/c it contains one peak and one valley
sinusoidal motion
The muscles of people with _________ cerebral palsy feel stiff and their movements may look stiff and jerky.
spastic
Class II malocclusion
the upper jaw or maxilla is protruded and the lower jaw or mandible is receded.
Functional aphonia
there is no voice
A ringing or buzzing sound in the ears
tinnitus
the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation
vital capacity
Bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal folds suggest...
vocal nodules
When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called...
vocalization
The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called
hearing level
The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called A. sound pressure level (dB SPL,how the intensity of a sound is measured) B. decibel C. hearing level D. pitch
hearing level
Patients with right hemisphere damage tend to demonstrate
impaired comprehension of implied meanings.
Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called
impedance
Refers to the consistency with which the same observe measures the same phenomenon on repeated occasions
intraobserver reliability
Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similar sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream", she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called
juncture
Also known as the middle ear
lamina proppria
cricothyroid
laryngeal muscle used to lengthen and tense the vocal folds to increase pitch
A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube
may restrict laryngeal elevation.
Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the ______________
middle cerebral artery
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing loss
hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing loss
During an evaluation of a 1 month old infant, the SLP informed the mother that on average most 1 month old infants consume about
2-6 ounces of liquid per feeding
Approximately when is the past tense regular -ed mastered by typically developing children? A. 19-28 months B. 24-33 months C. 18-32 months D. 26-48 months
26-48 months
Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers
A clinician assesses an adolescent whose discourse skills are limited. The clinician's treatment goals would most likely involve which of the following?
D
A clinician who concentrated on syntax during therapy with children with language delays and did not believe in external reinforcement would probably subscribe to the A. behaviorist theory. B. social interactionist theory. C. cognitive theory. D. nativist theory.
Picture Exchange Communication System
A mother comes to you to ask for advice about Gabe, her 7-year old son who has severe cerebral palsy. She has heard of a low-technology method of communication where the clinician initially teaches the child to exchange specific pictures to communicate with a partner. She thinks that this method of communication may eventually help Gabe to use spontaneous verbal expressions. This mother is referring to:
A father comes to you regarding his daughter, who is 8 months old. The daughter's hearing loss is bilateral, and she is profoundly deaf. The father states that he wishes for his daughter, as she grows older, to "fit in with children with normal hearing." He is interested in any possible amplification and says that he wants his daughter to lead a life that is "as normal as possible." Which training approach would best fit this father's wishes?
Aural/oral method
Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech
A speech-language pathologist's role in tongue thrust or orofacial myofunctional therapy currently may include which of the following?
B
A study designed to evaluate a treatment procedure for hoarseness of voice recruited all subjects who had witnessed a football game the previous day. The treatment, conducted over the following 2 weeks and offered to all subjects, resulted in improved voice quality. A critic said that the study lacked internal validity because of A. median statistics. B. statistical regression to the mean. C. maturational variables. D. genetic influences.
A. internal validity
A study tested subjects with a phonological disorder prior to treatment and again after treatment. Change in the subjects tests performance may have been due to the effects of the treatment, but also to the fact that the subjects were already practiced in taking the test. Such subject "practice effects" are a threat to which of the following aspects of the study? A. internal validity B. External validity C. Measurement precision D. measurement accuracy E. reliability
a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study.
A study that is used to quantify the time and frequency of gastroesophageal reflux into the esophagus is called
C
A study that is used to quantify the time and frequency of gastroesophageal reflux into the esophagus is called the: A. an esophageal reflux monitoring study. B. a GER monitoring study. C. a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study. D. a UGI series.
A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round, 21-25-mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as A. indirect laryngoscopy. B. direct laryngoscopy. C. endoscopy. D. videostroboscopy.
A. indirect laryngoscopy.
An outpatient was seen for therapy for acquired apraxia of speech. The clinician instructed the patient to produce speech at one syllable per beat. The beat was set at a slower rate than the patient's actual speaking rate. Hand-tapping was also used simultaneously with this treatment technique. This is an example of A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. rate control. D. integral practice.
A. metronomic pacing.
21. You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would you use in this situation A. Sig symbols B. Premack-type symbols C. Blissymbols D. Picsyms E. Rebuses
A. Sig symbols
You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would be helpful to use in this situation? A. Sig symbols B. Premack-type symbols C. Blissymbols D. Picsyms
A. Sig symbols
Brutten and Shoemaker hypothesized that stuttering, as they defined it A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion. B. is caused by operant conditioning. C. is caused by hereditary factors. D. is limited to word and phrase repetitions.
A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion.
The primary muscle of the lips are: A. orbicularis oris B. buccinator C. risorius D. levator labii superioris E. zygomatic major
A. orbicularis oris
A
As you analyze a child's language sample, you find that she uses many instances of recurrence. Which of the following is an example of recurrence? A. "More juice." B. "No milk." C. "Yummy juice." D. "Want cookie."
3-4
At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand agent-action relationships? __-__ years
What term describes a child's ability to ignore irrelevant acoustic stimuli and focus on important information
Auditory Attention
What term describes a child's ability to mentally sort speech stimuli or remember what he or she has heard?
Auditory memory
What term describes a child's ability to process acoustic stimuli that are presented at different rates speed
Auditory rate
What term describes a child's ability to identify the temporal order in which auditory stimuli occur
Auditory sequencing
Displacement
A speech-language pathologist is holding a conference with the family of a 16-year-old girl with severe language-learning disabilities. The girl reads at a third-grade level and has been in special education placements since first grade. The speech-language pathologist tells the family, in a kind way, that their goal of their daughter attending medical school is unattainable. The family lashes out in anger against the speech-language pathologist, saying that he is wrong, pessimistic, and negative about their daughter and her abilities. In this situation, the family is utilizing which defense mechanism?
Which term describes a child's ability to mentally sort speech stimuli or remember what he or she has heard? A) auditory sequencing B) auditory memory C) auditory attention D) auditory rate E) auditory discrimination
B) auditory memory
Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering include A) high anxiety about speech B) dysfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation, minimal or no effect of masking noise C) many associated motor behaviors D) improved fluency under delayed auditory feedback E) extreme avoidance of speaking situations
B) dysfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation, minimal or no effect of masking noise
Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound? A) external thyroartytenoids B) internal thyroarytenoids C) transverse arytenoids D) cricothyroid E) lateral cricoarytenoids
B) internal thyroarytenoids
You are administering a formal language test to a student who speaks AAE. Which one of the following tasks is not biased against him? A. "Tell me if this sentence is correct or incorrect: 'Them kids is havin' fun.'" B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV." C. "Fill in the missing word: 'Today I walk to school; yesterday I ______ to school.'" D. "Repeat this sentence exactly as I say it: 'They had been careful with their books.'"
B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV."
During an evaluation of a 1-month-old infant, the speech-language pathologist informed the mother that on average most 1-month-old infants consume about A. 1 ounce of liquid per feeding. B. 2-6 ounces of liquid per feeding. C. 9-10 ounces per feeding. D. 11 or more ounces per feeding.
B. 2-6 ounces of liquid per feeding.
Which term describes a child's ability to mentally sort speech stimuli or remember what he or she has heard? A. Auditory sequencing B. Auditory memory C. Auditory attention D. Auditory rate
B. Auditory memory
On completion of an oral mechanism examination, the attending orthodontist notices that her patient has a protruding maxilla and a receded mandible. The orthodontist asks the student speech-language pathologist for a diagnosis of the condition. The student should diagnose the condition as A. class I malocclusion. B. class II malocclusion. C. class III malocclusion. D. myofunctional disorder.
B. class II malocclusion.
You are taking a language sample from an 8-year-old child. One of his utterances is "I will go to school tomorrow if I am not sick." This is an example of a A. compound sentence with an independent and a dependent clause. B. complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause. C. complex sentence with two independent clauses. D. complex sentence with two dependent clauses.
B. complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause.
A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men "Daddy" is exhibiting the phenomenon of A. underextension B. overextension C. joint reference D. denial E. overabstraction
B. overextension
A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men "Daddy" is exhibiting the phenomenon of A. underextension. B. overextension. C. joint reference. D. denial.
B. overextension.
a semivowel that can be categorizeed as a voiced bilabial glide that is +anterior and +continuant is the a. /j/ b. /w/ c. /sh/ d. /r/ e. /h/
B. /w/
You plan to write a treatment program for an adult who stutters. You wish to use the fluency-shaping procedure. Among the following choices, what would you include in your program? A. Auditory masking with white noise B. Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features C. Cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets D. Fluent stuttering with desensitization to stuttering E. Pause after each stutter, and speak again fluently
B. Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features
65. Select the false statement about AAE A. It is influenced by languages of West Africa. B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English. C. It has a regular, predictable, rule-governed system. D. If children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Standard American English. E. If children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling.
B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English.
To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you should A. not get the family members involved because they may introduce bias. B. repeat the language sample. C. not sample language just before the treatment is started. D. only use computer software to analyze the results.
B. Repeat the language sample
Those professionals who conduct language treatment according to the principles of the behavioral theory do what? A. Focus treatment sessions around Vygotsky's principles. B. Assess cognitive precursors to language and facilitate the development of those precursors. C. Focus treatment on auditory processing skills. D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement.
Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement.
Who suggested that stuttering is a response to tension and speech fragmentation
Bloodstein
The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g., /f/)
Broad phonemic transcription involves which of the following?
Damage to the third convolution of the left hemisphere would result in damage to this area
Broca's
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests? A. Generally exhaustive time required to administer them B. Lack of statistical norms C. Inadequate participant and response sampling D. Unnecessarily extensive testing of each individual skill sampled in the test
C inadequate participant and response sampling
A researcher who was developing a new test of language acquisition in children correlated the scores of children studied with the scores on an established test of known validity. What kind of validity is this? A) predictive B) content C) concurrent D) construct E) criterion
C) concurrent
You are screening the speech of a third-grade Spanish-speaking student named Araceli. Which of the following would not be typical for Araceli based on the influence of her primary language of Spanish? A. "My sister Yulie [Julie] is coming." B. "I like berry much my teacher." C. "My mommy and me be goin' shoppin' later." D. "My friends always say 'ello [hello] to me."
C. "My mommy and me be goin' shoppin' later."
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests? A. Generally exhaustive time required to administer them B. Lack of statistical norms C. Inadequate participant and response sampling D. Unnecessarily extensive testing of each individual skill sampled in the test
C. Inadequate participant and response sampling
You have been asked to give an in-service to a group of students who wish to eventually specialize in service delivery to children with cleft palates and their families. The students want to know detailed information about in utero development of the hard and soft palates (among other things). You can accurately tell them that in utero the hard palate fuses between which developmental ages? A. 1-2 weeks B. 4-6 weeks C. 8-9 weeks D. 10-12 weeks
C. 8-9 weeks
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity? A. Content validity B. Concurrent validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity
C. Construct validity
dementia.
Case management for an elderly patient includes the following targets: establishing a simple routine, using various reminders, writing down a list of things to do every morning, and writing a checklist of things to do before leaving the house. Such a plan is most appropriate for a patient with
Repetition of sounds and syllables, unusual errors of articulation, deviations in prosody, most difficulty with consonant clusters are all symptoms of ...
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
production, perception, simultaneously, 2 different
Coarticulation refers to the influence of one phoneme upon another in ______________ and ______________, wherein two different articulators move ______________ to produce ________ ____________ speech sounds
Nick has a short lingual frenum (tongue-tie). Because the frenum is attached too close to the tip of the tongue, it causes a reduction in tongue mobility. Nick is, therefore, unable to produce lingua-alveolar sounds (e.g., /t/, /d/). Which is the most appropriate diagnosis for Nick? A. Class I malocclusion B. Class II malocclusion C. Tongue thrust D. Ankyloglossia
D. Ankyloglossia
You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with early-stage dementia. You decide to use theme-based activities in a small group setting. You explain to the family that there is some evidence that this type of theme-based approach may maintain cognitive function in some patients with dementia. This type of approach is called A. reality orientation (RO). B. fast mapping therapy (FMT). C. external stimulation therapy (EST). D. cognitive stimulation therapy (CST).
D. cognitive stimulation therapy (CST).
The different parts of the brain are connected by bundles of fibers. Therefore, the brain functions as an integrated whole. Of those connecting fibers, the projection fibers A. are interhemispheric connectors. B. consist of superior longitudinal fibers. C. do not contain motor fibers. D. connect the cortex and the subcortical structures.
D. connect the cortex and the subcortical structures.
Speech rate modification is a significant goal for patients with A. dementia. B. Wernicke's aphasia. C. right hemisphere syndrome. D. dysarthria.
D. dysarthria
The concrete operations stage as delineated by Piaget states that the child A. displays the ability to think and speak in the abstract. B. underextends words. C. is able to make if/then statements. D. employs logical causality.
D. employs logical causality.
The different parts of the brain are connected by bundles of fibers. Therefore, the brain functions as an integrated whole. Of those connecting fibers, the projection fibers A. are interhemispheric connectors. B. consist of superior longitudinal fibers. C. do not contain motor fibers. D. connect the cortex and the subcortical structures.
D. connect the cortex and the subcortical structures.
Approximately when is the past tense regular -ed mastered by typically developing children? A) 19 - 28 months B) 24 - 33 months C) 18 - 32 months D) 26 - 48 months E) 24 - 26 months
E) 24 - 26 months
The supra hyoid laryngeal muscles lie above the hyoid bone; they are sometimes called elevators. The supra hyoid muscles are the: a. digastrics, geniohyoids, thyrohyoids, stylohyoids, genioglossus, and sternohyoids B. thyrohyoids, digastrics, stylohyoids, and hyoglossus C. geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, and genioglossus D. mylohyoids, digastrics, hyoglossus, and sternothyroids E. digastics, geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, genioglossus, and hyoglossus
E. digastics, geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, genioglossus, and hyoglossus
C. Phonation
Fiberoptic instrumentation is appropriate for evaluation of which of the following types of disorders? A. cerebration B. perseveration C. Phonation D. proprioception E. respiration
Is a motor speech disorder resulting from damage to peripheral nervous system (cranial or spinal nerves) or lower motor neuron system; affects respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation
Flaccid Dysarthria
Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech and normal prosodic features are types of ______ stuttering procedure
Fluency-Shaping
is a research-based language therapy technique which helps children with early language delays learn to speak (or sign) their first words.
Focused stimulation
Speech sounds are classified in various ways. Select the statement that is *correct* according to the classification mentioned in each answer. A. Voicing makes a distinction between vowels and consonants. B. The cognate pairs distinction is based on the place of articulation. C. Among others, speech sounds bilabials and labiodentals are based on the manner of articulation. D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation.
D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation.
Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to the affected artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects? A. Internal carotid B. External carotid C. Middle cerebral D. Anterior cerebral
D. Anterior cerebral
What is false about AAE?
It is a substandard form of Standard American English.
Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals
Periodic waves
independent, subordinate
T-units contain an ______________ clause and one or more _____________ clauses.
What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing?
Tensor palatini
What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing? A. Tensor palatini B. Levator palatini C. Tensor tympani D. Levator veli palatini
Tensor palatini
B. the trigeminal and facial
The sensorimotor integration of the muscles of the lower face depends on which two of the cranial nerves? A. the accessory and hypoglossal B. the trigeminal and facial C. the auditory and trigeminal D. The vagus and glossopharyngeal E> the phrenic and facial
Evoke grammatical features by telling a story through relevant pictures, and then ask the child to use the pictures to retell the story.
What would be the best task a clinician could use to assess a school-age child's morphological skills?
refraction
When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), the motion causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This phenomenon is known as
Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient.
When we assess culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students, we need to remember that federal law specifically mandates which of the following treatment guidelines?
t/k substitution (e.g., tin/kin)
Which articulation difference is not commonly observed among Asian speakers of English as a second language?
B. posterior cricoarytenoid
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction? A. thyroarytenoid B. posterior cricoarytenoid C. cricothyroid D. interarytenoid E. lateral cricoarytenoid
A
Which of the following statements about normal distribution is true? A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores C. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. D. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode.
It requires states to report preschool children by disability category.
Which of the following statements is false regarding Public Law 99-457?
They are useful in establishing treatment efficacy.
Which of the following statements is not true about single-subject designs?
in this approach it involves teaching both verbal and nonverbal means of communication
Total communication
True/False: When adults begin wearing hearing aids, it often alleviates much of their psychosocial difficulty.
True
AOS is associated with: a. lesions in Broca's area b. lesions in Wernicke's area c. lesions in subcortical structures d. lesions in the occipital lobe e. lesions in the cerebellum
a. lesions in Broca's area
the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing is the: a. tensor palatini b. levator palatini c. tensor tympani d. stapedius muscle e. levator veli palatini
a. tensor palatini
Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was airlifted to the trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, she returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused
a granuloma
How is it possible for a child to exhibit an age-appropriate phonetic inventory yet still be a candidate for speech intervention because of poor intelligibility? a) the child could have failed to acquire all of the phonemes of adult speech b) The child's intelligibility could be related to an inadequate phonological system. c) the child could have poor motivation for communication d) the child could have unfamiliar with the vocab needed for communication e) the child could be speaking a regional or social dialect that the parents do not want their child to speak
b) The child's intelligibility could be related to an inadequate phonological system.
Among the following standardized tests of aphasia, the one that samples speech and language skills to only a limited extent is: a. the neurosensory center comprehensive exam for aphasia b. the Porch index of communicative ability c. the Boston diagnostic aphasia exam d. the Western aphasia battery e. the Functional living assessment
b. the Porch index of communicative ability
Which one of the following is predictable production of speakers of Asian languages as a result of language transfer? a. He be to bed going now b. i see cat the little c. yesterday she cook a pot of soup d. we no not be driven over there e. she aint be not helping us with our project
c. yesterday she cook a pot of soup
Specific components of an assessment
case history, orofacial examination, hearing screening, 1) conversational speech samples 2) evoked speech samples 3)stimulablity assessment 4) standardized tests
Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is
changed by its consequences.
In ________________ the efficiency with which the sound is conducted to the middle or inner ear is diminished
conductive hearing loss
Which of the following muscles opposes vp closure? a) musculus uvulae b) levator veli palatini c) palatoglossus d) glossopharyngeus e) stylopharyngeus
c) Palatoglossus
How did a person perform in comparison to others if they fell on the 75th percentile on a standardized test? a) responded correctly to 75 out of 100 items on the test b) scored considerably beyond normal limits c) performed as well as or better than 75% of the individuals on whom the norms were developed d) performed about 75% poorer than individuals on whom the norms were developed e) knew at least 115 of the items on the test
c) The persons performed as well as or better than 75% of the individuals on whom the norms were developed
An octave is: a. the amount of molecular displacement per unit of time b. the amount of time between cycles c. an indication of interval between two frequencies D. a measure of the magnitude (intensity, strength) of the sound signal E. the unit of measure for frequency; it is the same as the cycle per second
c. an indication of interval between two frequencies
Patients who might be treated with CO2 laser surgery, recurrent laryngeal resection, BOTOX, voice therapy, or a combo would probably have: a. contact ulcers b. paradoxical vocal fold motion c. hemangioma d. spasmodic dysphonia e. myasthenia gravis
d. spasmodic dysphonia
In a periodic complex sound, tones that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency are called: a. complex sinusoidal wave forms b. autocorrelational periodic wave forms c. multiple bandwidths d. tonal configuration forms e. harmonics
e. harmonics
Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are: a. determined by the patients response to a list of monosyllabic words presented at a low level of hearing b. determined by looking at the patients pure tone test results at the frequencies most important to speech c. the lowest level of hearing at which a person can understand 100% of words presented d. the lowest level of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of words presented e. the highest level of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of words presented
d. the lowest level of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of words presented
The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include
delayed or absent swallowing reflex
a SLPs role in tongue thrust or oral myofunctional therapy may include a. non b. working as a team member with a dentist, orthodontist, and physician c. evaluating and treating the effects of OMD on swallowing, rest postures, and speech d. A only e. B, C
e. B, C b. working as a team member with a dentist, orthodontist, and physician c. evaluating and treating the effects of OMD on swallowing, rest postures, and speech
The concrete operations stage as delineated by Piaget states that the child
employs logical causality.
A __________ picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house.
hieroglyphic
A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube
may restrict laryngeal elevation
__________ symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught.
non-iconic
Overjet
occurs when the child has a Class II malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth
Stuttering is more likely
on words that begin with consonants
A spongy growth that starts on the footplate of the stapes and causes it to become rigid is known as
otosclerosis.
This is a disease that causes the stapes to become too soft to vibrate
otospongiosis
In the cortex, the primary motor area is situated in the:
precentral gyrus
A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that GRE scores have _____________
predictive validity
What is a hearing impairment in older people, due to the effects of aging
presbycusis
Jaden, an 11-year-old boy, is receiving speech therapy for remediation of /r/. His clinician is using the therapy technique of phonetic placement, which is used to teach or establish A. minimal pair contrasts. B. maximal pair contrasts. C. auditory discrimination. D. production of a phoneme in isolation.
production of a phoneme in isolation.
This approach involves the teacher or caregiver modeling and/or manding (requesting) a response from the child.
mand model
In this approach it is a means of nonverbal communication that involves singing and fingerspelling?
manual approach
has internal and external branches; the internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle
the superior laryngeal nerve
Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because
they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner
Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because
they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner.
What is the goal of HIPAA? a) to ensure a pt's privacy and confidentiality of health care information b) to provide pts with aural rehab c) to maximize health insurance coverage for SLP services d) to ensure a free and appropriate education e) to ensure a pts knowledge of health insurance
to ensure a pt's privacy and confidentiality of health care information
is "reflexive, sustained jaw closure, accompanied by increased abnormal tone in the jaw muscles, in response to stimulation of the teeth or gums
tonic bite reflex
Repetition skills are better preserved in
transcortical motor aphasia
nasometer
treatment of hypernasality
When acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument, it is called
tympanometry
A 6-month-old infant was seen for an evaluation because he was not gaining weight. Which food consistency would be the most appropriate for the speech-language pathologist to administer during the assessment?
puree foods
the _________ system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the __________ system controls the postural support for fine motor movement.
pyramidal; extrapyramidal
What does response efficiency involve?
quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement as well as response effort
C. Assimilation
queen -> /pim/ soap -> /pop/ soak - /kok/ What phonolgical deviation is the child using consistently in all of the productions above? A. stopping B. fronting C. assimilation D. metathesis E. epenthesis
A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process
rarefaction
When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), the motion causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. (page 80 4th edition) This phenomenon is known as A. refraction. B. reflection. C. compression. D. rarefaction.
refraction
Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have a
retrocochlear disorder.
In __________, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
scanning selection
a technique in which a scintillation counter or similar detector is used with a radioactive tracer to obtain an image of a bodily organ or a record of its functioning.
scintigraphy.
The middle ear may conduct sound efficiently to the inner ear, but damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or to the acoustic nerve prevents the brain form receiving the neural imposes of the sound
sensorineural hearing loss
You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. You decide to use an emotion-oriented therapy by playing audio recordings of relatives of the patient. You believe that this approach will decrease the agitation and improve the well-being of the patient. This type of approach is called
simulated presence therapy (SPT).
Corniculate cartilage
small cone-shaped cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids (think Candy Corn); these assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing.
A person who deciphers speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying is using...
speech reading
A study designed to evaluate a treatment procedure for hoarseness of voice recruited all subjects who had witnessed a football game the previous day. The treatment, conducted over the following 2 weeks and offered to all subjects, resulted in improved voice quality. A critic said that the study lacked internal validity because of (chap 12 page 537 4th ed.) A. median statistics. B. statistical regression to the mean. C. maturational variables. D. genetic influences.
statistical regression to the mean.
myringotomy
surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the tympanic membranes to relieve pressure
A 5-year-old child with specific language impairment may say something like "Dog bark" instead of "The dog is barking." This is known as
telegraphic speech
The concept of adequate construct validity means that
test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations
The concept of adequate construct validity means A. several judges have agreed that a test has been constructed appropriately and measures what it purports to measure. (content) B. test items have been judged to be relevant for measuring what the test purports to measure. (content) C. the test accurately predicts future performance on a related task. (predictive) D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations.
test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations.
The concept of adequate construct validity means that
test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations.
Class III malocclusion
the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded
non-nutritive sucking
the name for when the infant has bursts and pauses, with about two up-and-down cycles of the jaw per second
A child is brought to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect
Ataxic CP
Abnormal speech characterized by slurring and discoordination of sounds because of neuromuscular dysfunction of the cerebellum
Ataxic Dysarthria
How do most professionals generally categorize cerebral palsy?
Ataxic, athetoid, spastic types
the same as an articulatory posture without voicing.
A silent prolongation is
The Visi-Pitch is one of the most popular instruments used to measure pitch. If a clinician uses the Visi-Pitch, which of the following results can be obtained?
Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch
Select the statement that is true of speech-language sampling.
Frequently repeat what the child says
True of speech-language sampling
Frequently repeat what the child says.
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is
Fundamental frequency
Speech intervention focusing on therapy at the syllable level and not focusing on auditory discrimination
McDonald's sensory motor approach
Construct
________________ validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.
Results from injury to the more superior/anterior portions of the left frontal lobe than Broca's area Similar presentation to Broca's aphasia but repetition skills and oral reading are significantly better than spontaneous output
a.Transcortical Motor Aphasia
intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction when the patient tries to phonate -patient is occasionally aphonic, with breathy or whispered speech -treatment includes Botox, speech therapy for relaxation
abductor spasmodic dysphonia
the simple reflex response of the muscles attached to the stapes bone which is measured by an impedance meter
acoustic reflex
the lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as: a. fundamental frequency or second harmonic b. fundamental frequency or first harmonic c. formant frequency or first harmonic d. first octave or fundamental frequency e. second octave or first harmonic
b. fundamental frequency or first harmonic
When experiences, language, religion, and a shared history bring people together over time, they develop shared traditions and customs with are referred to as a) ethnicity b) race c) creolization d) culture e) pidginization
d) culture
When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the
genioglossus
A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called
electromyography
A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called A. indirect laryngoscopy B. direct laryngoscopy C. electroglottography D. electromyography
electromyography
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is
fundamental frequency
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is A. natural frequency B. formant frequency C. fundamental frequency D. displacement frequency
fundamental frequency
what is a localized inflammatory vascular lesion that is usually composed of granular tissue in a firm, round sac; frequently happen on the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
granuloma
D
A researcher is interested in completing a single-subject design experiment to study the additive and subtractive effects of individual components of treatment rather than the comparison of two treatments. He decides to use an interaction design to study the interactive effects of two or more variables. The researcher is also interested in examining the effects of both variables alone and in combination. He is interested in isolating the components that are effective to any extent from those that are not at all effective and controls for phase lengths during the treatment. He also counterbalances the order of treatment in the experiment. The most appropriate design for this experiment would be A. ABAB. B. BAB. C. A-B-A-BC. D. A-B-BC-B-BC.
When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called A. gliding. B. vocalization. C. velar fronting. D. stopping.
B. vocalization.
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called?
Cuneiforms
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called? A. Cricoids B.Laminas C.Cuneiforms D.Corniculates (cone-shaped sit on the apex of the arytenoids)
Cuneiforms
A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who clutter. She finds that the faster the children speak, the less intelligible they are. The researcher obtains a Pearson r correlation relationship of −.89. This shows that there is ___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility. A.a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship B.a positive correlational relationship C. a moderate cause-and-effect relationship D.virtually no correlational relationship
a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship
It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.
normal distribution
A factor that may positively influence pediatric feeding for infants is A. nonnutritive sucking. B. nutritive sucking. C. choanal atresia. D. stenosis.
nutritive sucking
C. disordered phonological system
Which of the following areas needs to be evaluated first for a 5 year old who says /pun/ for "spoon" and /top/ for "soap?" A. auditory discrimination B. dialectal differences C. disordered phonological system D. dyslexia E. motor planning
E. The SLP works with teachers and families to facilitate a student's communication and learning.
Which of the following best describes the role of the SLP in a collaborative-consultation service-delivery model? A. The SLP is responsible for providing both academic/curricular instruction and speech language services B. The SLP provides services to students individually or in small groups within the speech-language resource-room setting C. The SLP provides services directly to the student within the classroom and other natural environments D. The SLP sees the student for a specific amount of time each marking period to monitor communication performance E. The SLP works with teachers and families to facilitate a student's communication and learning.
B. The child's intelligibility could be related to an inadequate phonological system.
Which of the following best explains how it is possible for a child to exhibit an age-appropriate phonetic inventory yet still be a candidate for speech intervention because of poor intelligibility? A. the child could have failed to acquire all of the phonemes of adult speech B. The child's intelligibility could be related to an inadequate phonological system C. the child could have poor motivation for communication D. the child could be unfamiliar with the vocabulary needed for communication E. the child could be speaking a regional or social dialect that the parents do not want their child to speak.
Sig symbols
You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would be helpful to use in this situation?
What practice is an assessment of generalized production of trained responses by alternating trained and untrained stimulus items; contrasts w/ pure probes
intermixed probes
Refers to how similarly a subject's performance is independently rated or measured by two or more observers
interobserver reliability
Is all about presenting information about time, place or person in order to help a person understand their surroundings and situation. This information is repeated at regular intervals
reality orientation
What is the goal of Van Riper's approach to stuttering treatment
Fluent stuttering
B. A teenager with a repaired cleft palate who continues to experience hypernasality
For which individual would an AAC intervention be least appropriate? A. a preschool child with a language learning disorder and highly unintelligible speech B. a teenager with a repaired cleft palate who continues to experience hypernasality C. A young adult with severe cerebral palsy precluding functional oral communication D. A 55 year old man who has had a laryngectomy E. A 76 year old woman with severe Broca's aphasia
between, generalize, within
In cross-sectional studies the investigator observes differences ___________ subjects of different ages to ________________ about developmental changes that would occur ___________ subjects as they mature.
Split-half reliability
In developing a test with 100 items, a test developer correlates responses to the first 50 items with responses to the last 50 items. What is this intended to evaluate?
Both the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and state governments regulate the practice of speech-language pathology. Clinicians often have to meet different requirements for different professional settings. Among the following choices, which statement is incorrect? A. In many states, it is not essential to get the ASHA certification to work as a clinician in public schools. B. In most states, both the state licensure and ASHA certification are required to work as an SLP in public schools. C. Although widely recognized by employers, the ASHA certifications do not have the legal authority of state licensures. D. A state education department's credential is not the same as the same state's licensure.
In most states, both the state licensure and ASHA certification are required to work as an SLP in public schools.
D
In preparing for feeding and swallowing with a patient with a tracheostomy tube, which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. Use cervical auscultation to determine if there is any aspiration. C. There is no need to occlude the tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as there is no chance of aspiration. D. Occlude the patient's tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as the exhalatory airflow after the swallow may contribute to clearance of residual food from the top of the airway, reducing the chance of aspiration after the swallow.
A
In selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it A. often leads to relapse of stuttering. B. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency. C. does not induce unnatural prosodic features. D. is the most effective treatment available for preschoolers.
E. Inferior frontal gyrus
Nonfluent speech, reduced phonemic repertoire, absence of function words, and overuse of content vocabulary are characteristic of the verbal ability of a person who has had damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A. superior temporal gyrus B. angular gyrus C. central sulcus D. primary motor cortex E. inferior frontal gyrus
Ankyloglossia
Nick has a short lingual frenum (tongue-tie). Because the frenum is attached too close to the tip of the tongue, it causes a reduction in tongue mobility. Nick is, therefore, unable to produce lingua-alveolar sounds (e.g., /t/, /d/). Which is the most appropriate diagnosis for Nick?
May be telegraphic May be slow or labored May have short, choppy phrases
Nonfluent output classification
After 3 years of age, which phonological processes should children not be using?
reduplication, weak/unstressed syllable deletion, consonant assimilation, prevocalic voicing, fronting of velars, final-consonant deletion, diminutization
Frequency perturbation or jitter
refers to variations in vocal frequency that are often heard in dysphonic patients. Jitter can be measured instrumentally as a patient sustains a vowel. People with no laryngeal pathology are able to sustain a vowel with less than 1% jitter
To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you should
repeat the language sample.
client-centered approach
respond with acceptance and empathic listening to both the content and the feeling of what the client is saying.
construct validity
test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations
A. subglottal pressure divided by the mean phonatory airflow
The resistance of the laryngeal airway during phonation is defined as the A. subglottal pressure divided by the mean phonatory airflow B. phonation volume divided by the maximum phonation time C. mean phonatory airflow divided by peak intraoral pressure D. mean phonation threshold pressure E. reciprocal of the open quotient
You are working with a 2 year old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9 month old; his vocal environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9 month old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations B. development of basic morphological features. C. comprehension of compound sentences D. use of functional words in one-word sentences
use of functional words in one-word sentences
A
You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would be helpful to use in this situation? A. Sig symbols B. Premack-type symbols C. Blissymbols D. Picsyms
Rinne
SRT testing in audiology is referred to as a _____________ test.
D
Allophones do which of the following? A. Change word meanings B. Are not variations of phonemes C. Are not perceived as the same D. May vary from production to production
You just completed an assessment of an 8-year-old boy who stutters. When you are offering post-assessment counseling to the boy's parents, they ask you, "What do you think caused stuttering in our son?" How would you answer their question? Select the best among the alternatives given.
"We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation."
The recurrent laryngeal nerve also supplies all sensory information to what part of the larynx?
**Intrinsic Muscles
You have been asked to give an in-service to a group of students who wish to eventually specialize in service delivery to children with cleft palates and their families. The students want to know detailed information about in utero development of the hard and soft palates (among other things). You can accurately tell them that in utero the hard palate fuses between which developmental ages? A. 1-2 weeks (forebrain, mouth, nose, cheeks) B. 4-6 weeks (lower jaw and lower lip & chin) C. 8-9 week D. 10-12 weeks (Muscle mass from the 2 sides to form the soft palate)
8-9 week
D. recognizing additional semantic features
A 4 year old child who refers to all four-legged creatures as "dog" needs help with A. understanding dimensional terms B. increasing the use of synonyms C. learning object permanence D. recognizing additional semantic features E. utilizing subordinating conjunctions
C
A 92-year-old patient with dementia is experiencing severe oral-and-pharyngeal-stage dysphagia including aspiration. The clinician would like to teach the patient a swallowing therapy technique, as the family is concerned that he is losing weight. The patient is currently being tube fed and is monitored closely by the hospital staff and dietitian. Ethically, which is the only appropriate technique that the clinician should consider? A. Introduce the supraglottic swallow procedure to the patient. B. Teach the family members the chin tuck procedure, so that they can feed the patient during visiting hours. C. Continue with the tube feeding. D. Explain to the family that it is okay for the patient to ingest small amounts of food every hour.
dependent
A _______________ variable is the variable being tested (measured) in a scientific experiment.
D
A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. This patient most likely has A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type. B. apraxia of speech due to damage to Broca's and supplementary motor areas. C. dysarthria due to a right hemisphere lesion that coexists with right hemisphere syndrome. D. Parkinson's disease.
the thermal stimulation method, in which the clinician touches the base of the patient's anterior faucial arches with a laryngeal mirror dipped in ice water for about 10 seconds.
A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility needs to develop a treatment plan to stimulate the swallowing reflex in a female patient with swallowing disorders. Among the given choices, the procedure that is appropriate for this patient is
followed his baby daughter's line of regard
A father is at home with his baby daughter Meghan. He is trying to stimulate her language skills, and has read some literature about how to do this. When he sees Meghan looking at the family cat, he looks at the cat along with her and comments about it. This father has just:
predictive
A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that GRE scores have good _____________ validity.
Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)
A high school teacher refers a Mandarin-speaking 16-year-old to you for an evaluation. The student and his family came to the United States 2 years ago from China. The teacher says that the student does well academically, but she shares that she has difficulty understanding him when he speaks. When you screen the student, you find some articulation and language differences. Which one of the following would not be predictable based on the student's first language of Mandarin?
B. does the student speak Spanish as a first language?
A kindergarten teacher asks an SLP to test a student (age 5.9) because the student consistently substitutes /s/ for /z/, /ts/ for /sh/, and /i/ for /I/ while reading aloud. In evaluating this student, which of the following questions should the SLP consider first? A. does the student have a problem regarding voicing? B. does the student speak Spanish as a first language? C. Does the student need to be referred to an audiologist? D. does the student have an oral - motor problem? E. does the student read at grade level?
A. "I do"
A kindergarten teacher asks the class, "Who wants chocolate milk today?" Which of the following responses to the teacher's question uses ellipsis A. I do B. I dont like chocolate milk C. Whats for lunch today D. I'm the line leader E. I want chocolate milk
A clinician is asked to give a workshop to graduate students about evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. She discusses evaluation in depth. Which one of the following facts in the clinician's workshop would be inaccurate?
A manometric assessment can assess the preparatory phase of the swallow using posterior and lateral plane examinations
says that there is no relationship between two variables being studied.
A null hypothesis
leukoplakia
A patient complains that her voice is soft, hoarse, low pitched, and breathy. After conducting an endoscopic evaluation, the laryngologist concludes that the patient has benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa. The laryngologist asks his resident to diagnose the problem. The resident identifies the problem as ____________________
a specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing.
A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch, which is
construct validity
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity?
Concurrent validity
A researcher who was developing a new test of language acquisition in children correlated the scores of children studied with the scores on an established test of known validity. What kind of validity is this?
E. a receptive and/or expressive language impairment
A three year old child presents for an evaluation of communication skills. When the SLP says "Sit in your seat," the child responds by saying [ti i ti]. When the SLP asks the child to "put the big block in the box," the child responds by saying [bi ba i ba]. Based on these responses, the child's primary problem with communication is most likely to be which of the following? A. oral motor weakness B. velopharyngeal inadequacy C. poor auditory discrimination D. a fluency disorder E. a receptive and/or expressive language impairment
B
A thrombosis is... A. traveling blood clot that blocks the flow of blood. B. stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood. C. cause of aphasia in women only. D. bleeding vessel.
A. Canonical babbling
A typically-developing 10 month old child will exhibit which of the following skills? A. canonical babbling B. imitation of sequences of four syllables C. naming of objects D. an expressive vocabulary of four words E. a mean length of utterance of 1.5
Variations in vocal frequency, or frequency perturbation, are known as A) jitter B) shimmer C) amplitude perturbation D) fundamental frequency variation E) frequency change
A) jitter
67. You are assessing a preschool child who comes from an AAE-speaking home. Which of the following utterances reflects typical patterns of AAE
A. "You was helping me."
A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant is the A. /w/. B. /j/. C. /l/. D. /h/.
A. /w/.
Repetition skills are better preserved in A. transcortical motor aphasia. B. Broca's aphasia. C. global aphasia. D. Wernicke's aphasia.
A. Transcortical motor
Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called A. impedance B. admittance C. immittance D. velocity E. reflection
A. impedance
Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because A. they do not allow for comparative evaluation of performance B.they draw nationally representative samples that may not represent local samples C. they are not always accepted as a basis to determine service eligibility in schools D. they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner
A. they do not allow for comparative evaluation of performance B.they draw nationally representative samples that may not represent local samples C. they are not always accepted as a basis to determine service eligibility in schools D. they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner
A 45-year-old woman was complaining of difficulty masticating. She had tonic spasms after irradiation. The physician explained to the speech-language pathologist that this condition is believed to exist secondary to fibrosis of the muscles involved in mastication. This condition is called A. trismus. B. osteoradionecrosis. C. necrosis. D. mucositis.
A. trismus.
A. left posterior superior temporal gyrus
After sustaining a CVA, Ms. Williams, age 75, was referred to an SLP for a speech and language evaluation. While Ms. Williams was describing the "Cookie Theft" picture, the SLP observed that her grammatical structure appeared to be intact, her prosody was normal, but many of her sentences were meaningless and did not fit the context, and she exhibited many nonsensical paraphasic errors. Additional testing also revealed that Ms. Williams exhibited poor repetition and naming skills, did not respond appropriately to many simple commands, and had difficulty reading. Ms. Williams appeared happy and talked excessively. She did not appear to be aware of her communication deficits. What is the most likely location of the lesion? A. left posterior superior temporal gyrus B. left inferior frontal gyrus C. left superior frontal gyrus D. arcuate fasciculus E. left inferior parietal gyrus
You are developing a treatment program for a 30 year old man with a long history of stuttering. Your brief trial therapy suggests that he could benefit from a fluency shaping procedure. You are now developing specific treatment targets that you would teach. What would those those targets be, and in what order would they be taught?
Airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and syllable prolongation, taught in that order.
Difficulty in passing the bolus through the cricopharyngeus muscle, formation of diverticulum, backflow of food to larynx
Although most swallowing disorders are assessed and managed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), some disorders are not treated by SLPs. Among the following choices, which set of symptoms suggests that SLPs should not treat them?
visual and spatial information.
Among other functions, the right hemisphere specializes in
D. Referring the child to a cleft palate team for consideration of surgical or prosthetic management
An 8 year old child with a repaired palatal cleft has received speech intervention for two years in order to reduce moderately severe hypernasality and nasal emission. Cognitive and linguistic skills are normal. All clinical data support a conclusion that abnormal speech characteristics are primarily the result of an inadequate velopharyngeal mechanism. There have been small improvements, but none in the past six to nine months. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action for the SLP to take with the child at this point? A. terminating speech intervention and reassessing at three month intervals the potential for benefiting from renewed speech intervention B. Instituting an additional three months of articulation intervention C. Instituting a program of blowing, sucking, and swallowing exercises for a six-month trial period D. Referring the child to a cleft palate team for consideration of surgical or prosthetic management E. Conferring with another SLP concerning a treatment decision
A. As a result of pharyngeal flap surgery
An 8 year old child with moderately severe hypernasality has persistent nasal regugitation following an adenoidectomy performed 6 months eariler. The child's speech is likely to show the greatest improvement A. as a result of pharyngeal flap surgery B. as a result of intensive speech intervention C. as a result of the natural regrowth of the adenoid tissue before puberty D. gradually and spontaneously, starting at age 9 E. gradually and spontaneously, starting after puberty
/s/
An 8-year-old girl, Tina, is referred to you because she reportedly has difficulty with the lingua-alveolar voiceless fricative. You can predict that in therapy you will address which sound?
diplophonia.
An 80-year old woman comes to see you because she believes her voice sounds "wobbly" and she is feeling self-conscious about it. She says that it sounds like she has two different voices, or "double voice." Double voice is often defined as two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation. This is also called
C
An 86-year-old patient has been diagnosed with a delayed swallowing reflex post CVA. The modified barium swallow study indicates that there is pooling in the vallecula until the swallowing reflex has been triggered. The clinician decides to give the patient a mechanical soft bolus and ask her to swallow while putting her head down (chin tuck). This technique will result in.. A. increasing the change of aspiration. B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space. C. narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly. D. pushing the tongue base forward.
B. Reassess the goals and determine if a different approach may be more effective
An SLP is treating an individual who has recently been discharged from the hospital after having a severe CVA with severe-to-profound communication deficits. After ten sessions, the SLP does not observe any improvement in the communication modalities that were addressed. Which of the following would be the best course of action? A. discharge the client and wait for another referral from the client's physician B. Reassess the goals and determine if a different approach may be more effective C. Cease treatment and reassess in one week D. continue with the existing therapy plan E. reduce the frequency of treatment sessions until progress is measured
E. using semantic networks in which ideas are displayed in connected clusters
An SLP is working with a sixth-grade student who is having difficulty comprehending written text. To target this difficulty, which of the following strategies would be most effective for the SLP to use? A. creating a log in which unknown sight words are written down for later practice B. Developing the student's ability to chunk multisyllabic words into smaller units C. performing a miscue analysis as the student reads a text aloud D. selecting words from a text that can be used as both spelling and sight words E. using semantic networks in which ideas are displayed in connected clusters
A. a developmental delay
An SLP receives a referral regarding a 4 year old boy who uses two words spontaneously and functionally, who began walking at 3 years of age, and who responds to his name inconsistently. On the basis of the information alone, the SLP can legitimately conclude that the child's communication profile reflects A. a developmental delay B. autism spectrum disorder C. a chromosomal anomaly D. typical development E. a metabolic disorder
independent
An ______________ variable is the variable that is being changed or manipulated in order to determine how that affects the variable that is being measured.
Williams syndrome is caused by?
An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin
Damage to this artery may result in impaired judgment, problems concentrating, difficulties with reasoning, paralysis of the feet and legs
Anterior cerebral
Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound? A. External thyroarytenoids B. Internal thyroarytenoids C. Transverse arytenoids D. Cricothyroid
B. Internal thyroarytenoids
Rosalia is a third-grade Mexican American Spanish-speaking 8-year-old girl who is in the process of learning English. Her parents emigrated from Mexico 2 years ago; thus, Rosalia was exposed first to Spanish at home and to English in first grade, when she was 6 years old. The classroom teacher shares with you that she thinks Rosalia may have an articulation disorder, but the teacher is not sure. The teacher provides you with some examples of things that Rosalia has said in the past 2 or 3 weeks. As you look at these examples, which one of the following would not be a typical predictable production based on Spanish influence? A. Omission of /h/ in word-initial position (e.g., -elp/help) B. w/r substitutions (e.g., wing/ring) C. t/th substitutions in word-initial positions (e.g., tin/thin) D. Devoicing of final consonants (e.g., beece/bees)
B. w/r substitutions (i.e., wing/ring)
Help establish the initial level of clients' behaviors for later comparison
Baselines do which of the following:
Select the correct statement. A. Ideally, concurrent validity should be very high. (Too high a correlation suggests that the new test may be as valid as the old one, but the two tests are similar, raising the question of the need for the new test. The right level of concurrent validity can be challenging to establish.) B. Validity is consistency of measures across repeated measurements. (reliability) C. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation. D. Construct validity is based on an expert examination of the test items. (content)
Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity?
Content validity
during the planning phase to remember that a relatively small number of words constitute the majority of what is said
Core Vocabulary
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and are located at the posterior of the aryepiglottic folds and are occasionally fused with the arytenoid cartilages?
Corniculates
Which of the following is the cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles? A.Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve B.Cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve C.Cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve D.Cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve
Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve
Nicole, a voice major, is having problems raising the pitch of her voice. Her SLP recommends that she lengthen and tense her vocal folds to increase her pitch. Which muscle is involved in achieving this goal? A. Transverse arytenoids B. Oblique arytenoids *C. Cricothyroid* D. Thyroarytenoid
Cricothyroid
The term coarticulation refers to: A. speech sounds being modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds to the point that there are perceptible changes in sounds. B. the extent to which vocal tract configurations change shape during the production of consonants and vowels in running speech C. vocal punctuation, or a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing D. the influence of various syllables upon one another when a client recites a phonetically balanced list of words. E. the influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
E. the influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
83. Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because A. they do not allow for comparative evaluation of performance B. they draw nationally representative samples that may not represent local samples C. they are not always accepted as a basis to determine service eligibility in schools D. they are not systematic E. they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner
E. they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner
Often times, clients with aphasia display discourse errors marked by all of the following, except
Errors in word order
C. There is essentially no relationship between severity of the disorder and the amount of this substance
For each of 25 subjects, an investigator measured the severity of a speech disorder and the amount of a particular substance in the blood. The Pearson r for the relationship between these two sets of measures was 0.10. Which of the following would be the most appropriate conclusion to draw from this correlation coefficient? A. the subjects with the most severe disorder tended to have the smallest amount of this substance B. the subjects with the most severe disorder tended to have the greatest amount of this substance C. there is essentially no relationship between severity of the disorder and the amount of this substance D. this substance causes the severity of the speech disorder to vary E. these two sets of variables are strongly related to each other because of their relationship to a third variable
C. high-frequency second formant (F2)
Front vowels are characterized by a relatively A. low-frequency second formant (F2) B. high-frequency first formant (F1) C. high-frequency second formant (F2) D. low-frequency first formant (F1) E. low-frequency third formant (F3)
behaviors that promote communication in natural settings.
Functional communicative behaviors are
C. Botulinum toxin
One treatment option for adductor spasmodic dysphonia involves the percutaneous injection of which of the following into the thyroarytenoid muslce? A. gelfoam B. teflon C. Botulinum toxin D. collagen E. steriods
Are soft, pliable and filled with blood
Hemangioma
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age?
Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age?
Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
sialorrea
The condition of excessive drooling is called
James, a 4-year-old boy, attends your cleft palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. He is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has difficulty producing non-nasal sounds. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics?
Hypernasality
E. Enlarged adenoids
Hypernasality is heard in each of the following conditions EXCEPT: A. myasthenia gravis B. muscular dystrophy C. palatopharyngeal paralysis D. spastic dysarthria E. enlarged adenoids
E. At least once a year or as often as defined in the IEP
IDEA requires that a student's progress on IEP goals be reported to parents A. once a month B. as often as they request C. before every IEP meeting D. only when parents make a formal request E. at least once a year or as often as defined in the IEP
D. the capacity of the adult with aphasia to make appropriate comments about recent events is generally better
In terms of communication impairment, an adult with Alzheimer's type dementia tends to differ from an adult with aphasia associated with a CVA in that A. repetition abilities are typically more seriously impaired in the adult with dementia B. The adult with dementia generally has greater difficulty with dysfluency C. The adult with dementia is generally more aware of any disruptions in communication D. the capacity of the adult with aphasia to make appropriate comments about recent events is generally better E. syntactic ability is better preserved in the adult with aphasia
Inductive method
In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach?
C
In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach? A. Deductive method B. Null hypothesis method C. Inductive method D. Alternative hypothesis method
What is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests?
Inadequate participant and response sampling
Select the correct statement. A. It is not possible to have Broca's aphasia without a specific injury to Broca's area. B. Injury to Broca's area is not essential to have Broca's aphasia. C. Auditory comprehension is typically worse than speech production in Broca's aphasia. D. Syntactic skills are severely impaired in anomic aphasia.
Injury to Broca's area is not essential to have Broca's aphasia.
Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound?
Internal thyroarytenoids
The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors.
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect.
Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis?
It states that two variables are causally related
Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis?
It states that two variables are causally related.
A. administer a list of words containing /f/, /z/, and /sh/ at two-week intervals and document whether the target sounds are replaced by stops.
Jackson has been receiving phonological treatment because he substitutes stops for fricatives. Which of the following ways of assessing Jackson's progress would best monitor whether the intervention methods are effective? A. administer a list of words containing /f/, /z/, and /sh/ at two-week intervals and document whether the target sounds are replaced by stops. B. Administer a standardized articulation test at two-week intervals and compare standard scores achieved each time C. Administer a list of words containing /r/ and /r/ clusters at two-week intervals and document whether the target sounds are replaced by stops D. administer a list of spelling words that contain the letters "s," "f," "z," and "v" at two week intervals and document whether the words are spelled correctly E. Have Jackson read a passage of words that contain the letters "r," "cr," "pr," and "tr" at two-week intervals and document whether the words are read correctly.
A congenital condition that involves soft, flappy laryngeal cartilages
Laryngomalacia
Are benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa
Leukoplakia
Primary elevator of velum
Levator veli palatini
What is a condition that causes fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss usually in adults /
Menderes disease
D. cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage
Ms. Brown, a 70 year old retired female, was admitted to the hospital following a CVA. The SLP conducted a comprehensive evaluation revealing the presence of left-side neglect, anosognosia (denial of impairment), and visuospatial problems, including prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar faces). Although her auditory comprehension and repetition skills were good, she experience difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking. Based on the clinical features described, Ms. Brown's diagnostic classification would most likely be A. Wernicke's aphasia B. conduction aphasia C. verbal apraxia D. cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage E. cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with left hemisphere damage
The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition is the....
Nativist theory of Chomsky
pyramidal, extrapyramidal
Neuroanatomy: The _____________ system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the _________________ system controls the postural support for fine motor movement.
A. a 4 year old child with whole-word and part-word repetitions, prolongations, audible inhalation, and facial grimacing that have been present for the past four months
Of the following clients, which one would be the most appropriate candidate for enrollment in a program of intervention directed at reducing speech disfluencies? A. a 4 year old child with whole-word and part-word repetitions, prolongations, audible inhalation, and facial grimacing that have been present for the past four months B. a 2 1/2 year old child with recent onset of single repetitions of pronouns and initial words of phrases C. a 3 year old child with single repetitions of whole words whose father and grandfather are also known to stutter D. A 6 year old child with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and subtle word-finding difficulties whose speech is characterized by whole word repetitions, revisions, rapid rate, and interjections E. A 7 year old child who has marked hesitations and word-finding difficulties following a traumatic brain injury
D. Phoneme manipulation
Of the following phonological awareness tasks, which is typically the most difficult for a child to master? A. rhyme detection B. onset and rime blending C. syllable segmentation D. phoneme manipulation E. initial consonant detection
A. there is a great deal of individual variation in development among children who are developing normally.
Of the following, which is the most accurate statement about current knowledge of phonological development during childhood? A. there is a great deal of individual variation in development among children who are developing normally. B. development of sound systems tends to be uniform in children who are developing normally C. There are no significant trends or tendencies regarding the categories of phonemes acquired earliest by children D. distinctive-feature acquisition is the most useful yardstick by which to assess early development of phonology E. developmental norms represent the latest and most significant research of clinical relevance in this field.
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Range
An investigator carries out a study to answer the question of whether an increased rate of sibling speech causes an increase in the frequency of stuttering in children. After pretesting rates of stuttering in selected children and the speech rate of their siblings, the investigator tells the siblings in the control group to speak as they normally would at home. She tells the siblings in the experimental group to speak much more rapidly than they would at home. In this study, what is the dependent variable?
Rates of stuttering in the children in both groups
A client who stutters mentions that his social life is limited. He states, "no one will talk to me because I stutter" . This is an example of what defense mechanism
Rationalization
aural atresia.
Sally just delivered her first baby boy. The pediatrician has noticed that the child was born with his external ear canal completely closed. The doctor explains that the child has
It is the most researched procedure, and it is useful in establishing the skills, but it may not promote generalization to natural settings.
Select the statement that best characterizes the discrete trial procedure.
E. positive reinforcement
Sheryl, an 8 year old girl, is learning to use "easy-onset" speech to facilitate fluency. To teach the technique, the SLP produces a model sentence and has Sheryl imitate it. For each fluent imitation produced with appropriate easy onset, Sheryl is allowed to choose a sticker to place in her "fluency journal." In this case, which of the following is being used to promote the use of the fluency-facilitation technique A. negative practice B. punishment C. intermittent reinforcement D. negative reinforcement E. positive reinforcement
You decide to use gestural assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would be helpful to ise in this situation?
Sig symbols
The back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic
Simple harmonic motion
both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter.
Some studies have shown that
What is caused by damage to the primary voluntary motor pathways, which originate in the frontal lobes of the brain and descend to the brainstem and spinal cord
Spastic Dysarthria
fricatives.
The /z/ in zoo is produced by severely constricting the oral cavity and then forcing the air through it, creating a hissing or friction-type of noise. When a person is using this manner of articulation, he or she is using
The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement.
The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.
Which federal statutes mandates that movie theaters provide assistive listening devices to individuals with hearing loss? a) section 504, rehabilitation act, as amended b) architectural barriers act of 1969, as amended c) americans with disabilities act of 1990, as ameded d) individuals with disabilities education improvement act e) section 255 of the telecommunications act of 1996
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
shunt air from the trachea to the esophagus so that the patient can speak on pulmonary air that enters the esophagus.
The Blom-Singer prosthetic device is used by laryngectomees to
A. That the parents be invited to participate in the development of an individualized education plan (IEP)
The Individuals with Disabilties Education Act mandates which of the following for a fifth grade student who has been identified as eligible for services? A. that the parents be invited to participate in the development of an individualized education plan (IEP) B. That the parents be given at least three names as referral sources for treatment of the disorder C. That the parents be notified of the results of a multidisciplinary conference within ten days of the time the conference was convened D. that the child's name be placed on a waiting list for services and that the parents be notified when space is available. E. that the child and parents be given an explanation of the types of support services that are available in the community and that they be informed about the possibility that an IEP will be approved for the child
frequency range, habitual pitch, optimal pitch
The Visi-pitch instrument measure the following 3 characteristics:
E. She has frequent difficulty hearing and understanding faint speech.
The audiogram above is that of a 7 year old girl who had developed a hearing problem about three years before the audiogram was reported. The girls intelligence quotient is in the normal range. On the basis of this information only, which of the following is most likely true of the girl? A. she misarticulates many consonant sounds B. She can hear and understand speech only with amplification C. She can be expected to be at age level for language D. She needs placement in a self-contained class for the hearing impaired E. She has frequent difficulty hearing and understanding faint speech.
Is Ms. Jones a possible candidate for a cochlear implant?
The correct answer is: Yes, due to the severity level of her hearing loss, she should be provided information about cochlear implants. Because of the severity and nature of her hearing loss, Ms. Jones should be provided with information on cochlear implants.
commissural fibers
The cortical fibers that are interhemispheric connectors.
projection fibers
The cortical fibers that connect the cortex and the subcortical structures.
D
The definition of stuttering as "speech that contains 5% or more disfluencies" is based on... A an etiological theory of stuttering. B. the notion that stuttering is a certain moment and an expert judges it as such. C. the psychodynamic view of stuttering. D. certain listener evaluation studies.
Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter
The demands and capacities model
in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process.
The description of the different phases of normal swallow suggest that
A
The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement. A. The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. B. The 11 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. C. The 10 paired internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. D. The 10 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.
C
The parents of a 10-year-old child consult a clinician. The child is short and has intellectual delay, cryptorchidism, and sleeps excessively. He also has a speech delay, hyperphagia, and is obese. The clinician notices that the child has a prominent nasal bridge, high, narrow forehead, thin upper lip, downturned mouth, almond-shaped eyes, and small hands and feet. The parents report that he frequently picks his skin. They report that the genetic counselor informed them that his condition is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases. The child has A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. B. Apert syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Dandy-Walker syndrome.
What is the level of impairment above 1000Hz in the right ear?
The patient has a 110 dB hearing loss above 1000Hz indicating a profound hearing loss.
allophones.
The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called
D. waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening
The potential problem of over-referral in school-screening programs incorporating impedance/immittance measurements can be most effectively controlled by doing which of the following? A. obtaining the measures in a professional sound-insulated room B. including 500 Hz in the audiometric screening procedure C. retesting immediately those who did not pass the first screening D. waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening E. screening in late winter or early spring
The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
The term coarticulation refers to which of the following?
Production of a phoneme in isolation
The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish which of the following?
non-nasal and has become nasalized.
The ~ mark, when placed above a phoneme, indicates that the phoneme is usually
You are working in a public school, and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son who was prenatally exposed to drugs has been denied special education services including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools?
Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.
Ethnographic Studies
They are mostly descriptive
D
This muscle is located under the jaw and extends from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It is part of the suprahyoid group of muscles. When this muscle contracts, it elevates the hyoid bone. This muscle is known as the A. palatoglossus. B. palatopharyngeus. C. musculus uvulae. D. digastric.
a null hypothesis
This states that there is no relationship between two variables being studied.
The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest
Tidal volume
A clinician is measuring communicative behaviors in a child with a cleft palate. The clinician measures the time intervals during which the speech behaviors selected for observation occurred. What are the methods of measurement called? A. Latency measures B. Self-report measures C. Time sampling measures D. Covert measures
Time sampling measures
conduction aphasia
Type of aphasia that is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation.
C. using authentic situations to address social communication skills
Which of the following treatment strategies would be most appropriate for an SLP to use when working with children with autism? A. providing all information and directions verbally, because children with autism learn best by way of the auditory channel B. working with such children only individually and in settings with minimal distractions C. using authentic situations to address social communication skills D. Primarily using oral motor stimulation and exercises to increase articulatory development E. communicating using only sign language, because the children have severely delayed speech production skills
D. Increasing the compliance of the vocal fold mucosa
Which of the following will most effectively decrease the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone? A. decreasing the mass of the vocal folds B. increasing the elasticity of the vocal fold mucosa C. Increasing the length of the vocal folds D. Increasing the compliance of the vocal fold mucosa E. Raising the position of the larynx within the neck
Mothers' reluctance to engage in reciprocal interactions with their infants
Which problems might you expect to be associated with children who come from homes containing neglect, abuse, or both?
Damage to cranial nerve VII causes a mask-like appearance.
Which statement about the cranial nerves is correct?
phasic bite reflex
While conducting an evaluation of an infant in a neonatal ICU, a student intern informed her supervisor that she noticed that while stimulating the gums of the infant, it elicited a rhythmical opening and closing of the jaw. She also noticed that the infant gently nibbled on her finger. The supervisor informed the student that normally developing infants go through this stage, called
B
While the clinician was conducting the examination in the radiology department to determine whether there was a delay in the pharyngeal swallow reflex, she most likely would have selected the following treatment technique with the patient: A. Head back B. Head down (chin tuck) C. Lying on one side D. Cervical auscultation
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5 year old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him--we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, loveable boy who will go to anybody. He lies to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. What does the clinician suspect that Cole has? A. Apert syndrome B. Moebius syndrome C. Cri du chat syndrome D. Williams syndrome
Williams syndrome
speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis.
You are working with Mike, a 65-year-old man who has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In therapy, you are addressing his speech difficulties, which are due to dysarthria. Dysarthria is a
4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun
You have been asked to evaluate the language skills of a 6-year-old child who is having difficulty in her first-grade classroom. When you are evaluating her, you notice that she says things like "Her no eat candies." This utterance is an example of
A test developer has simultaneously written two versions of a test of articulation skills (Form A and Form B) and administered both versions to selected children. The developer did this to establish
alternate-form reliability.
interference, transfer
an error in a student's second language that is directly produced by the influence of the first language is referred to as __________________ or __________________
Which is a homophenous pair? a. sheep-beep b. man-ban c. pan-fan d. honey-money e. list-gist
b. man-pan
Cranial nerve 8 has two branches: a. retrocochlear, vestibular b. vestibular, auditory-acoustic c. auditory-acoustic, retrocochlear d. cochlear, auditory-acoustic e. retrocochlear, auditory
b. vestibular, auditory-acoustic
_________ are pretreatment measures, and _________ measure generalized productions.
baselines; probes
These are tiny and cone shaped and are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds
cuneiforms
When should the tx program for an adult client with a cognitive-communciation disorder secondary to a TBI begin? a) two months after onset of symptoms b) six months after onset of symptoms c) twelve months after onset of symptoms d) as soon as the client indicates an interest in treatment e) as soon as the client is aware of activities in his or her environment
e) As soon as the client is aware of activities in his or her environment
Which is most likely to be associated with mixed spastic-flaccid dysarthria? a) parkinson's b) myasthenia gravis c) supranuclear palsy d) alzheimer disease e) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
e) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
which is NOT TRUE. a. Many state licensure laws are modeled after ASHA's requirements b. violation of ASHA's code of ethics can have major consequences, including revocation of CCC's and cancelation of ASHA membership c. A CCC and state licensure are not necassarily required in order to practice in public school settings d. some states require coursework in education or even a teaching credential for SLPs and AuDs who work in schools e. in order to receive CCC in SLP or AUD, they only need to have a state-granted credential to work in the public school
e. in order to receive CCC in SLP or AUD, they only need to have a state-granted credential to work in the public school
A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is "fed up with his bossiness," and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like "Take me to Chuck E. Cheese" or "Get me Mario Cart Wii." The father would like intervention to help his son say things like "I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store?" instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy's facility with
indirect request
the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle
injection method
You are conducting a language sample with an adolescent who speaks African American English (AAE). Which of the following utterances would be an example of the use of the perfective construction 'been' to indicate an action that took place in the distant past?
"I been had chicken pox when I was 5."
A first-grade teacher refers Rashina to you. Rashina speaks AAE. The teacher says, "I am concerned about Rashina's grammar and her pronunciation of some of her sounds." Which one of the following would not be a typical utterance for a child such as Rashina?
"I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.
An 81 year old bilingual man from Thailand has a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke? A."They going over there today" B. "I done got to get dressed now." C. "She not have no money in the bank." (Spanish) D. "We be havin' most fun." (AAE)
"They going over there today"
An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke?
"They going over there today"
An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke?
"They going over there today."
You just completed an assessment of an 8 year old boy who stutters. When you are offering post assessment counseling to the boy's parents, they ask you "What do you think caused the stuttering in our son?" How would you answer their question? Select the best among the alternatives given. A. "Although we have many theories, we don't know the cause of stuttering, b/c no theory has been substantiated." B.Stuttering is a genetically inherited disorder in almost all cases b/c more males than females stutter; there is a certain concordance rate for identical twins." C. "We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation. D."Research suggests that stuttering is caused by parental pressure on the child to be more fluent; it is usually associated with high demands for fluency."
"We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation.
Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function? A."More" (said by a child with an empty juice glass). B."I want cookie." C."Grandpa white car." D."Why doggy bark?"
"Why doggy bark?"
You are assessing a preschool child who comes from an AAE speaking home. Which of the following utterances reflects typical patterns of AAE? A. "You was helping me." B. "They be gonna there." C. "It not Spiderman cape be." D."Them kids, not they be having' fun."
"You was helping me."
You are assessing a preschool child who comes from an AAE-speaking home. Which of the following utterances reflects typical patterns of AAE?
"You was helping me."
Components of AAE ARE:
1) It is influenced by languages of West Africa. 2) If children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Standard American English. 3) If children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling.
During an evaluation of a 1-month-old infant, the speech-language pathologist informed the mother that on average most 1-month-old infants consume about
2-6 oz per feeding
The concrete operations stage of cognitive development, defined by Piaget, occurs at what age? A. 2-7 years B. 5-7 years C. 4-8 years D. 7-11 years
7-11 years
B. Aspiration during the swallow
A 61 year old woman has dysphagia, characterized by incomplete laryngeal closure during the swallow. Which of the following is the most significant risk to the patient? A. Aspiration before the swallow B. Aspiration during the swallow C. Residue in the valleculae D. Residue on top of the epiglottis E. Excessive weight loss
Signal-to-noise ratio
A 65-year-old man with presbycusis comes to you complaining that when he is in social situations such as parties, people don't speak loudly enough. He says that the noise creates a problem for him in hearing what people are saying. With what does this client have difficulty?
D
A 12-year-old boy has been referred to you with a note from the teacher that the boy speaks very fast and his speech is difficult to understand. The teacher believes the boy may have an articulation disorder. Your assessment suggests extremely rapid speech, compression of syllables, deletion of syllables in words, transposition of sounds in words, and a high rate of disfluencies but normal articulation of sounds at a slower speech rate. Your diagnosis of this boy should be which of the following? A. A complex cognitive communication disorder B. Neurogenic fluency disorder C. A severe phonological disorder D. Cluttering
D
A 19-year-old student was airlifted to a hospital following a car accident. He had difficulty breathing, as the steering wheel had compressed his chest. He had been immediately intubated by the paramedics at the scene of the accident to establish an airway. Three days after the accident, he was still intubated, as he continued to have difficulty breathing on his own. What would be the most appropriate and ethical course for feeding the patient? A. To introduce the Mendelssohn maneuver B. To introduce the supraglottic swallowing procedure C. To provide the patient with one glass of water for nourishment D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed
D. recommend to the primary-care provider that the child be referred for a developmental evaluation
A 3 year old child presents with a limited speech-sound repertoire, inappropriate language comprehension for that age, and play skills firmly in the sensorimotor stage. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take with this child? A. enroll the child in a speech group with other 3 year olds B. provide the child's parents with speech activities to try at home C. refer the child for additional preschool experiences D. recommend to the primary-care provider that the child be referred for a developmental evaluation E. begin to teach the child some sign language
the lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Abby correctly identifies 50% of words presented.
A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. He wants, among other things, to determine Abby's speech reception threshold, which is a term that indicates
conductive
A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. The evaluation shows that Abby's cochleas are normal; however, there are problems with her middle ears. She has a __________ hearing loss.
Rinne test.
A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. To determine Abby's hearing loss, the pediatrician recommended a
D
A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A naso-endoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed A. polyps. B. traumatic laryngitis. C. contact ulcers. D. vocal nodules.
A
A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube.... A. may restrict laryngeal elevation. B. will not restrict laryngeal elevation. C. will not inhibit a patient relearning to swallow. D. will not place pressure on the esophagus via the common posterior wall between the esophagus and the trachea.
D. Instituting therapy focused on the development of correct articulatory placement of misarticulated phonemes
A 5 year old girl with a repaired cleft palate and moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency, as documented by nasoendoscopy, exhibits the following speech characteristics: mild breathiness; moderate to severe hypernasality; moderate nasal emission; inconsistent substitution of nasalized alveolar stops for velar stops; and omission of many fricatives and affricates or substitution of /h/ for them. Dentition and occlusion are normal. Cognitive and language skills are age-appropriate, and the client has had no previous speech therapy. Pharyngeal flap surgery is scheduled, but because of pending cardiac surgery will not take place for 12 to 15 months. Which of the following management strategies and rationales is most appropriate and desirable for the child at this time? A. deferring speech therapy until after the pharyngeal flap surgery, because the surgery could improve the speech problem B. Instituting therapy focused on reduction of hard glottal attacks in order to prevent the development of vocal nodules C. Instituting a program of blowing, sucking, and swallowing exercises to improve palatal function D. Instituting therapy focused on the development of correct articulatory placement of misarticulated phonemes E. Instituting a language stimulation program to promote continuation of appropriate development
D. Referral to a physician
A 50 year old kindergarten teacher independently contacts an SLP for a voice examination. She reports to the clinician that for the past four months, her voice has been starting strong but grows weaker with extended vocalization throughout the day. The clinician also notes that the teacher's voice is hypernasal and breathy with decreased volume The most appropriate recommendation for the client is A. complete vocal rest for two weeks B. Voice treatment focusing on strengthening vocal musculature C. Voice treatment focusing on improving respiratory support D. referral to a physician E. to monitor voice usage for six months and return for a vocal examination
C. Phonology
A 6 year old child produces /t/ for /s/, /d/ for /z/, /p/ for /f/, and /b/ for /v/. Intervention for this problem would target language at the level of A. morphology B. syntax C. phonology D. pragmatics E. Semantics
A. good auditory comprehension
A 60 year old client who has a tumor confined to the left frontal lobe will most likely have A. good auditory comprehension B. normal writing ability C. fluent conversational speech D. normal repetition skills E. conversation containing frequent confabulations
C. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
A 67 year old male patient with no history of swallowing problems has undergone a cardiothoracic surgical procedure. Postoperatively, he is found to be aspirating while swallowing and is diagnosed with a left vocal fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology? A. an intraoperative stroke (CVA) in the right pons B. damage to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve C. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve D. damage to the phrenic nerve E. a left hemisphere stroke
Refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation.
A 67-year-old man comes to you for an evaluation. He states that his voice has been getting "weaker" for the last 5 or 6 months. During oral peripheral examination, you find that he has fasciculations (tremors) of the tongue and some general facial weakness. What is the first thing you do?
Suspecting apraxia of speech, I would assess in detail imitated, evoked, and repetitive productions of phonemes, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. I would also evaluate automatic and spontaneous productions and so forth.
A 70-year-old man who recently had a single left hemisphere stroke has been referred to you. The referring neurologist suggested possible damage to Broca's area and the surrounding tissue. Your initial conversation revealed an impaired oral sensation and a general awareness of his problems. The patient spoke at a deliberately slow rate; he made many speech errors that were highly variable; his automatic speech was relatively unaffected; and he often substituted voiceless speech sounds for voiced ones. What would be your suspected diagnosis and assessment strategy for this patient?
B
A 70-year-old man who recently had a single left hemisphere stroke has been referred to you. The referring neurologist suggested possible damage to Broca's area and the surrounding tissue. Your initial conversation revealed an impaired oral sensation and a general awareness of his problems. The patient spoke at a deliberately slow rate; he made many speech errors that were highly variable; his automatic speech was relatively unaffected; and he often substituted voiceless speech sounds for voiced ones. What would be your suspected diagnosis and assessment strategy for this patient? A. Suspecting Broca's aphasia, I would assess language production, including fluency, word output, grammaticality, naming, comprehension of syntactic structures, and so forth. B. Suspecting apraxia of speech, I would assess in detail imitated, evoked, and repetitive productions of phonemes, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. I would also evaluate automatic and spontaneous productions and so forth. C. Suspecting transcortical motor aphasia, I would assess repetition skills, sentence completion, word fluency, grammaticality, echolalia, preservation, and so forth. D. Suspecting mixed transcortical aphasia, I would assess spontaneous speech, automatic and unintentional nature of communication, impaired fluency, and so forth.
"She coming over here now."
A 73-year-old Cantonese-speaking gentleman, Mr. Fung, has had a stroke. You are seeing him for therapy in an outpatient rehabilitation setting. He is recovering both his Cantonese and his English skills, but you are conducting therapy in English only. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on Mr. Fung's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Cantonese and not necessarily his current neurological status?
D
A child comes to your clinic with her mother for articulation and language therapy. The mother tells you that her daughter has Hurler's syndrome. What causes Hurler's syndrome? A. An expanded number of CGG nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the Y chromosome B. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation of FGR2 at 10q25-26 C. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) D. Autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase
B
A child from Culber City transfers to Central City, and his file indicates that he has been receiving speech-language services in Culber City. Some pages of the report from the speech-language pathologist in Culber City are missing. However, the first page indicates that this child has Moebius syndrome. He also has a history of frequent hospitalizations. What can the Central City clinician probably expect to find? A. This child has syndactyly, cranial synostosis, resulting in smaller anterior-posterior skull diameter, high forehead, an arched and grooved hard palate, class III malocclusion, and possible cleft of the hard palate. B. This child has delayed language and an articulation disorder, as well as bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression, and protrusion, a mask-like face, a history of feeding problems in infancy, and unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the eye. C. This child has a small maxillary structure, sphenoethmoidal synchondroses, ocular hypertelorism, facial asymmetry including a tall forehead, and brachycephaly. D. This child has low muscle tone, a history of early feeding difficulties, initial failure to thrive, obesity after the first year, and underdeveloped genitals.
ataxic
A child is brought to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect ________________ cerebral palsy.
C
A child is referred to a hospital-based clinician for assessment and treatment. In the child's chart, it is stated that the child has a syndrome caused by spontaneous autosomal dominant mutations. The gene and the locus of this syndrome is FGR2 at 10q25-26. The child has midfacial hypoplasia, an arched and grooved hard palate, and mild mental retardation. What does the child have? A. Trisomy 13 B. Angelman syndrome C. Apert syndrome D. Turner syndrome
D. Based on the gradualness principle, since the SLP reinforces a response that involves stopping on the initial consonant, a successive approximation of the target
A child with a phonological disorder typically produces "sack" as /kak/. During an intervention session, the child produces /tak/ and is rewarded for it by the SLP. The situation described illustrates a therapeutic strategy that is A. based on behavior modification principles and distributed practice B. based on sound behavioral principles, since it involves application of a random reinforcement schedule C. Based on the theory of negative practice, which permits occasional reinforcement of incorrect responses to prevent discouragement D. Based on the gradualness principle, since the SLP reinforces a response that involves stopping on the initial consonant, a successive approximation of the target E. A misapplication of variable reinforcement, since the SLP erroneously reinforces a production lacking the essential feature of stridency.
A. a face mask coupled to a pneumotachograph
A child with cerebral palsy seems to produce a diminised oral airflow during the production of certain consonants. The most accurate method of verifying this impression would be to use A. a face mask coupled to a penumotachograph B. a warm wire anemometer C. a u-tube water manometer D. an accelerometer E. a wet spirometer
stopped
A child's speech analysis suggests the phonological process of consonant-cluster reduction. Which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment?
You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your private practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have?
A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet
A. brain stem
A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of a single tumor of the nervous system. The tumor is most likely located in which part of the nervous system? A, brain stem B. cerebellum C. left cerebral cortex D. right cerebral cortex E. lumbar spinal cord
A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. Also, the actual swallow can be seen during the study.
A clinician is asked to give a workshop to graduate students about evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. She discusses evaluation in depth. Which one of the following facts in the clinician's workshop would be inaccurate?
C
A clinician is teaching a patient a technique for dysphagia that includes having the patient take a deep breath, hold the breath, swallow, cough on exhalation, swallow again before breathing, and then breathe again. This technique is called A. the Mendelssohn maneuver. B. an effortful swallow. C. a supraglottic swallow. D. a super-supraglottic swallow.
myringotomy.
A father tells you that he is concerned about his son Adam, who has had many episodes of otitis media with effusion. Adam has taken antibiotics for the last 7 months, but testing reveals that he continues to have middle ear fluid, although he is not sick. You refer Adam and his father to a pediatrician, who asks an ear, nose, and throat doctor to perform a surgical procedure in which a small incision will be made in Adam's tympanic membranes to relieve pressure. This procedure is known as
José's teacher will use scientifically based instruction in the regular education setting to provide him with additional reading support. If this is insufficient to improve his performance, the special education team will evaluate him for special education services.
A fourth-grade teacher refers José to you. José speaks Tagalog. He and his family have been living in the United States for 3 years, and José has been enrolled in U.S. schools for that whole time. However, he has been sick a great deal and has missed many days of school. The family is helpful, and José's parents do their best to do assignments with him at home. However, their conversational English is limited, and they do not read or write in English at all. When you talk to the teacher, she states that José has friends and gets along well in the classroom. However, he especially struggles in the area of reading. The school team meets and decides to utilize an RtI (response to intervention) approach to discern whether José has a language and experiential difference or a language learning disability. What is likely to happen in the RtI model?
Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)
A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Korean, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you not expect to find in a student who speaks Korean?
paradoxical vocal fold motion.
A medical chart indicates that a patient's true vocal folds adduct instead of abduct during inhalation. The medical information also indicates that at times the patient's vocal folds remain closed throughout the respiratory cycle. According to the speech-language pathologist, the patient has
A
A mother brings her preschool daughter, Aubrey, to you for an evaluation. She says that the children tease Aubrey because she "sounds funny," and the teachers state that they do not understand her. Your assessment reveals that Aubrey is highly unintelligible. As part of your treatment plan, you have Aubrey's mother select 70 vocabulary words that are functional in Aubrey's environment and these words are used for training. You are using which approach? A. core vocabulary approach B. distinctive feature approach C. developmental approach D. maximal semantic contrast approach
C. mendelsohn maneuver
A patient has been determined to have poor upper esophageal sphincter opening secondary to decreased hyolaryngeal excursion, following a lateral medullary stroke. Cognitive functions are within normal limits. Which of the following interventions would be the most appropriate recommendation for this client as an initial course of treatment for the underlying disorder? A. thermotactile stimulation B. cricopharyngeal myotomy C. mendelsohn maneuver D. thickened liquids E. chin-down posture (head/neck flexion)
B
A patient in a nursing home is being treated for dysphagia post CVA. The patient is oriented and can follow directions. The patient has poor tongue control but good pharyngeal and laryngeal control. The clinician decides to try a technique in which she places a bolus in the mouth, tilts the patient's head back, and asks her to swallow. This treatment technique will result in.... A. increasing the vallecula space. B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space. C. laryngeal closure issues. D. peristalsis issues.
phonetic derivation.
A patient was referred for therapy to an outpatient rehabilitation facility because of a diagnosis of apraxia of speech post CVA. The clinician decided to use a shaping technique that focused on orofacial and articulatory postures with specific instructions about how to change current speech and non-speech movements to achieve the target sounds. This is an example of
Neuro-assisted AAC
A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease) has profound motoric impairments and limited hand mobility. He is not able to use a manual switching device. The medical team decides that he can use a type of augmentative/alternative communication (AAC) that uses bio-electrical signals such as muscle-action potentials to activate and display messages on a computer monitor. This type of AAC is called:
C. performed as well as or better than 75% of the individuals on whom the norms were developed
A person suspected of a communicative disorder received a standardized score of 115, which fell at the 75th percentile on a standardized test of speech-language ability. This means that the person A. responded correctly to 75 out of 100 items on the test B. scored considerably beyond normal limits C. performed as well as or better than 75% of the individuals on whom the norms were developed D. performed about 75% poorer than individuals on whom the norms were developed E. knew at least 115 of the items on the test
Patients with vocal fold nodules may present with lower pitch and breathy voice. Which of the following disorders also result in a breathy vocal quality?
A person who suffers Hysterical Aphonia. Someone who suffers Hyperkeratosis. A patient who has Multiple Sclerosis. Laryngectomees.
D
A physician refers a 50-year-old male patient with dementia to you for assessment and treatment. The referring physician suggests the strong possibility of dense intracellular formation in the neuronal cytoplasm and ballooned and inflated neurons. Your assessment reveals that the patient has had a progressive loss of vocabulary, paraphasia, circumlocution, and dominant language problems, with somewhat better preserved memory and orientation. The most likely diagnosis you would make on this patient is A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type. B. dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. C. dementia associated with Huntington's disease. D. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease.
non-nutritive sucking.
A premature infant was referred for a speech-language evaluation. During the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist noted that the infant had difficulty bringing her hands to her mouth to initiate sucking. While breast feeding, the clinician noted that the infant had bursts and pauses, with about two up-and-down cycles of the jaw per second. This is called
stops.
A professor of phonetics explains to her undergraduate students that the /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/ phonemes are
C
A researcher wishes to assess the efficacy of the new Riverton method of training children to say /r/ accurately. He decides to use a single-subject design because he has a private practice where he serves a number of children who have w/r substitutions. The researcher needs to keep several concepts in mind as he begins his research. Which one of the following concepts is false? A. An example of a multiple-baseline-across-settings design would be teaching a behavior (e.g., correct /r/ production) sequentially in different settings to demonstrate that the behavior changes only in a treated setting and thus treatment is effective. B. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, several subjects are taught a behavior sequentially to show that only treated subjects change, and thus the treatment is effective. C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective. D. For this researcher, an advantage of using a single-subject design to evaluate the efficacy of the Riverton method in training children to say /r/ accurately is that he can integrate research and clinical service by using the clients he serves as subjects in an experiment that attempts to answer a significant clinical question.
C
A screening test for hearing that uses a vibrating tuning fork (which is placed on the middle of the forehead) to detect unilateral conductive hearing loss and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss is called the A. chi-squared test. B. Mann-Whitney U test. C. Weber test. D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
indirect laryngoscopy.
A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round, 21-25-mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as
A
A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round, 21-25-mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as A. indirect laryngoscopy. B. direct laryngoscopy. C. endoscopy. D. videostroboscopy.
rarefaction.
A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process
rarefaction
A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process: ____________________
Ordinal scale
A speech-language pathologist on a cleft palate and craniofacial team wishes to develop a simple measure of hypernasality to begin quantifying (however subjectively) the amount of hypernasality he hears in the speech of the children seen by the team each month. He will pass on this information to the plastic surgeon and other team members to assist them in making surgical decisions for each child. The speech-language pathologist devises the following scale: 1 almost no hypernasality 2 slight hypernasality 3 moderate hypernasality 4 great amount of hypernasality What is this type of scale called?
Dynamic assessment, language samples in Laotian, and observation of the girl's interactions with family members and peers
A teacher has referred a fifth-grade girl to you for a speech-language evaluation. She is from Laos; she and her family are refugees and have been in the United States for 8 months. Because the girl has lived in refugee camps most of her life, her schooling in Laos was limited. The teacher is concerned because the girl is "slow to catch on" in class. What would be the best combination of assessment techniques to use with this girl?
C. The influence of context on the speaker and the listener
A treatment plan for an adult client with an acquired language disorder recommends focusing on pragmatic communication. Goals established for this client would most appropriately emphasize which of the following? A. the rules for arranging sounds in words B. the denotative meanings of words C. the influence of context on the speaker and the listener D. The rules that apply to the structure of sentences E. the perceptual properties of speech sounds
Ex post facto research
A type of research in which independent variables have occurred in the past and the investigator tries to find potential causes of the dependent variables is called what?
C. A voiced plosive
A wideband spectrogram of a vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) utterance yields a voice onset time of -12 milliseconds. Of the following, which consonant is most likely represented? A. a glide B. a voiced fricative C. A voiced plosive D. a voiceless fricative E. a voiceless plosive
At what age should typically developing children be able to understand agent-action relationships? A) 2 - 3 years B) 5 - 6 years C) 3 - 4 years D) 6 - 7 years E) 8+ years
A) 2 - 3 years
You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when dysfluencies in speech reach A) 5% of the words spoken B) 15% of the words spoken C) 1% of the syllables spoken D) 10% of the syllables spoken E) 2% of the words spoken
A) 5% of the words spoken
Which articulation therapy approach emphasizes both the syllable as the basic unit of speech and the concept of phonetic environment? A) McDonald's sensory-motor approach B) Irwin and Weston's paired stimuli approach C) Baker and Ryan's Monterey Articulation Program D) Van Riper's traditional approach E) McCabe and Bradley's multiple-phoneme approach
A) McDonald's sensory-motor approach
What is the surgical method of cleft palate repair that involves raising two bipedicled flaps of mucoperiosteum, bringing them together, and attaching them to close the cleft? A) Van Langenbeck surgical method B) V-Y retroposition C) Veau-Wardill-Kilner method D) pharyngeal flap procedure E) pharyngoplasty
A) Van Langenbeck surgical method
In Oller's stages of infant phonological development reduplicated babbling precedes which of the following? A) nonreduplicated babbling or variegated babbling B) expansion C) cooing D) phonation E) reduplicated expansion
A) nonreduplicated babbling or variegated babbling
With different types of dysarthria, a differential diagnosis may be challenging. The clinician needs to know the unique features of each type. Obviously, each type may be contrasted on more than one feature, but which of the following statements CORRECTLY contrast two types to make a differential diagnosis? A) excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria with its equal stress B) imprecise production of consonants helps distinguish hyperkinetic dysarthria from hypokinetic dysarthria, which is characterized by distorted vowels. C) impression of drunken speech found in mixed dysarthria helps distinguish it from ataxic dysarthria in which characteristic is absent D) excess loudness variations in flaccid dysarthria distinguish it from the monoloudness of hyperkinetic dysarthria E) severe and widespread hypernasality of hypokinetic dysarthria distinguishes it from an absence of hypernasality in flaccid dysarthria
A) excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria with its equal stress.
Brutten and Shoemaker hypothesized that stuttering, as they defined it, A) is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion B) is caused by operant conditioning C) is caused by hereditary factors D) is limited to word and phrase repetitions E) is limited to avoidance reactions
A) is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion
Select the statement that best characterizes the discrete trial procedure. A) it is the most researched procedure and it is useful in establishing target behaviors, but it may promote generalization to natural settings B) it is not useful in any stage of treatment or for any client because it is too structured C) it is useful in all stages of treatment, including final stages in which discourse is taught D) it is one of the least researched methods of treatment E) it is useful only in teaching children with autism
A) it is the most researched procedure and it is useful in establishing target behaviors, but it may promote generalization to natural settings
Parents bring their daughter of 4 years and 3 months for a speech and language eval. The parents have expressed concern that their daughter does not pronounce the /r/ sound correctly and has exhibited periods of stuttering for the last 18 months. During the eval, the SLP observes the child has sound-syllable reps on 30% of her words. What should be the course of action? a) provide stuttering intervention, but no artic intervention for /r/ right now b) provide both artic intervention for the /r/ and stuttering intervention c) provide artic intervention for /r/ and ignore stuttering d) provide artic intervention for the /r/ first and later provide stuttering e) provide no intervention
A) provide stuttering intervention, but no artic intervention for /r/ at the present time.
An investigator carries out a study to answer the question whether an increased rate of sibling speech causes an increase in the frequency of stuttering in children. After pretesting rates of stuttering in selected children and the speech rate of their siblings, the investigator tells the siblings in the control group to speak as they normally would at home. She tells the siblings in the control group to speak much more rapidly than they would at home. In this study, what is the depending variable? A) rates of stuttering in the children in both groups B) the rate of speech of the siblings in the experimental group C) the rate of speech of the siblings in the control group D) the combined amount of stuttering by the children in both groups E) the rate of stuttering of the children in the experimental group
A) rates of stuttering in the children in both groups
A 65-year old man with presbycusis comes to you complaining that when he is in social situations such as parties, people don't speak loudly enough. He says that the noise creates a problem in hearing what people are saying. With what does this client have difficulty? A) signal-to-noise ratio B) auditory discrimination C) figure-ground discrimination D) pragmatic skills E) auditory memory
A) signal-to-noise ratio
Select that statement that is true. A) some forms of dementia are reversible B) all forms of dementia are progressive C) speech production problems are not associated with Broca's Aphasia D) in right hemisphere syndrome, language is more severely impaired than communication E) acceleration-deceleration brain injuries are less serious than non-acceleration injuries
A) some forms of dementia are reversible
What is the muscle that exerts the pull that opens the Eustachian tube during yawning and swallowing? A) tensor palatini B) levator palatini C) tensor tympani D) stapedius muscle E) levator veli palatine
A) tensor palatini
Which of the following statements is NOT true about single-subject designs? A) the A phase is the treatment phase B) these designs are experimental in nature C) they are useful in establishing treatment efficacy D) the multiple-baseline design avoids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal E) a disadvantage of single-subject designs is that they cannot efficiently predict the behavior of groups or individuals
A) the A phase is the treatment phase
Which is one difficulty with cross-sectional studies? A) the investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they age B) the investigator observes differences between subject groups of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur as they mature C) the same subjects are studied over time; this is expensive, time consuming, and difficult because subjects might drop out of the study D) the total age span of children to be studied is divided into several overlapping age spans, and it is difficult to follow subjects from the lower and upper end of each age span E) the investigator examines data already on file to answer questions about children in various age groups, and those data may not be reliable
A) the investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they age
In selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it A. often leads to relapse of stuttering. B. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency. C. does not induce unnatural prosodic features. D. is the most effective treatment available for preschoolers.
A. often leads to relapse of stuttering.
Broad phonemic transcription involves which of the following? A) the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g. /f/) B) the use of diacritical markers to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g. /f/) C) the transcription of allophones by placing them within brackets (e.g. [f]) D) the transcription of allophones by the use of diacritical markers E) the use of orthographic symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them in slash marks (e.g. /f/)
A) the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g. /f/)
An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke? A. "They going over there today." B. "I done got to get dressed now." C. "She not have no money in the bank." D. "We be havin' most fun."
A. "They going over there today."
You are assessing a preschool child who comes from an AAE-speaking home. Which of the following utterances reflects typical patterns of AAE? A. "You was helping me." B. "'They be gonna there." C. "It not Spiderman cape be." D. "Them kids, not they be havin' fun."
A. "You was helping me."
William's Syndrome This syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 babies. It is caused by what? A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin B. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) C. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation whose gene and locus is FGR2 at 10q25-26 D. An expanded number of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the X chromosome
A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin
A 10-year-old boy, Flynn, attended a university clinic for an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) evaluation. Flynn has cerebral palsy and has difficulty communicating. The clinical supervisor asked the students to review the case history and to discuss aspects that were crucial in completing an AAC evaluation. The supervisor then proceeded to review the case with her clinicians and quizzed the students about the most salient features of AAC evaluations. The supervisor stressed to the students that it was very important to conduct a thorough evaluation of the client. She also mentioned that there were certain considerations that needed to be made before the evaluation commenced. Question The supervisor mentioned to the students that for those who program AAC systems, it is important during the planning phase to remember that a relatively small number of words constitute the majority of what is said. She asked the students what this concept is called. The students were given the following choices. Which one of the choices would be most appropriate? A. Core vocabulary B. Specific vocabulary C. Extended vocabulary D. Essential vocabulary
A. Core vocabulary
With different types of dysarthria, a differential diagnosis may be challenging. The clinician needs to know the unique features of each type. Obviously, each type may be contrasted on more than one feature, but which of the following statements correctly contrasts two types to help make a differential diagnosis? A. Excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria, with its equal stress. B. Imprecise production of consonants helps distinguish hyperkinetic dysarthria from hypokinetic dysarthria, which is characterized by distorted vowels. C. Impression of drunken speech found in mixed dysarthria helps distinguish it from ataxic dysarthria, in which that characteristic is absent. D. Excess loudness variations of flaccid dysarthria distinguish it from monoloudness of hyperkinetic dysarthria.
A. Excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria, with its equal stress.
The Visi-Pitch is one of the most popular instruments used to measure pitch. If a clinician uses the Visi-Pitch, which of the following results can be obtained? A. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch B. Frequency range, nasality, and resonance C. Optimal pitch, nasality, and resonance D. Frequency range, habitual pitch, and resonance
A. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch
Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution. A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores C. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. D. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode.
A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.
When a person reads aloud a brief printed passage, the frequency of stuttering may decrease from the first to subsequent readings. Select the statement that is true of this phenomenon. A. It is known as the adaptation effect. B. Reduction in stuttering frequency is highest on the 10th reading. C. The effect transfers from one reading passage to another. D. The magnitude of the effect increases with increasing intervals between the oral readings.
A. It is known as the adaptation effect.
An audiologist is conducting a hearing test on an 84-year-old-patient he suspects has a hearing loss. He would like to evaluate baseline hearing of the patient and provides her with a list of two-syllable, or disyllable, words that are pronounced with equal stress on the first and second syllables (e.g., suitcase, pushcart). Which test is the audiologist administering? A. Spondee recognition test B. Whispered speech test C. Rinne test D. Weber test
A. Spondee recognition test
What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing? A. Tensor palatini B. Levator palatini C. Tensor tympani D. Levator veli palatini
A. Tensor palatini
The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement. A. The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. B. The 11 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. C. The 10 paired internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. D. The 10 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.
A. The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.
A clinician is a member of a cleft palate and craniofacial team that asks her to conduct an objective assessment of a 6-year-old child's velopharyngeal mechanism. The clinician decides to do nasopharyngoscopy, in which the nasopharyngoscope is passed through the middle meatus and back to the area of velopharyngeal closure. What will this procedure enable the clinician to observe? A. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences B. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the adenoid pad as the child sustains /a/ C. The child's nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces CVC words D. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces nasals /n/ and /m/
A. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences
What is one difficulty with cross-sectional studies? A. The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature. B. The investigator observes differences within subject groups of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur between subjects as they mature. C. The same subjects are studied over time; this is expensive, time consuming, and difficult because subjects might drop out of the study. D. The total age span of children to be studied is divided into several overlapping age spans, and it is difficult to follow subjects from the lower to the upper end of each age span.
A. The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.
A 74-year-old patient was seen for a swallowing treatment. The radiological report indicates that the patient has decreased laryngeal closure but retains a strong cough. The clinician would most likely recommend the following A. Thicker foods B. Liquids C. NPO D. PEG tube
A. Thicker foods
To assess a child's pragmatic skills, a clinician may observe which of the following behaviors, among others? A. Turn taking and discourse skills B. Production of past-tense inflections C. Production of is + verb -ing structures D. Production of prepositions
A. Turn taking and discourse skills
You have been asked to assess the language skills of 6-year-old Julia, who has been referred by her classroom teacher. The teacher says, "Julia talks in these really short sentences. I don't know if she is just shy, or if there is more going on." The teacher is concerned because she has worked on oral language skills daily with her first-grade class. The end of the year is coming soon, and the teacher is concerned about how Julia will perform in second grade. You decide to conduct an informal language screening to decide whether you need to formally evaluate Julia's expressive language skills. You find that she uses many sentences such as "He has a shoe" and "I like Dora the Explorer." She uses few compound or complex sentences. You talk with her parents and find that this performance is also typical at home. What is your next step? A. You tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0, and her language should approximate the adult model. B. You inform the teacher and parents that Julia may have autistic-like tendencies and that she needs to be formally evaluated by a team of special educators. C. You tell the teacher and parents that you will take a "wait and see" approach. If the second-grade teacher has concerns similar to those of the first-grade teacher, you will follow up with a formal evaluation of Julia's language skills. D. You would immediately place Julia into therapy based on these screening results because she clearly has a language delay.
A. You tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0, and her language should approximate the adult model.
Stuttering may be diagnosed on the basis of A. a total disfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of words spoken). B. eye blinks and other facial grimaces. C. avoidance of speaking situations. D. disfluencies that occur only on words.
A. a total disfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of words spoken).
Which of the following is a homophonous pair? A. bar-mar B. let-wet C. most-host D. she-be
A. bar-mar
As a clinician working in a hospital with patients who have neurological problems, you decide to purchase functional communication tests. These tests seek to assess A. communication in natural or everyday situations. B. grammatically and syntactically correct communication. C. only oral communication. D. only nonverbal communication.
A. communication in natural or everyday situations.
The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include A. delayed or absent swallowing reflex. B. anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue. C. difficulty in forming and holding the bolus. D. premature swallow and aspiration before swallow.
A. delayed or absent swallowing reflex.
Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on A. function words than on content words. B. content words than on function words. C. words that begin with /s/ and /k/ than on words that begin with other sounds. D. second or third syllables in multisyllable words.
A. function words than on content words.
William's Syndrome The clinician explained to her student intern that people with this syndrome A. have a "cocktail party"-type personality. B. have above average height and weight. C. can live independently. D. have normal language abilities as they age.
A. have a "cocktail party"-type personality.
A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube A. may restrict laryngeal elevation. B. will not restrict laryngeal elevation. C. will not inhibit a patient relearning to swallow. D. will not place pressure on the esophagus via the common posterior wall between the esophagus and the trachea.
A. may restrict laryngeal elevation.
You are working in a hospital when you are informed that a patient with Broca's aphasia has just been transferred to your caseload from another city. You can expect that this patient will show A. nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech. B. fluent, grammatically correct speech with plenty of jargon. C. typically significant impairment in auditory comprehension. D. intact confrontational naming.
A. nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech.
A clinician is evaluating a 12-year old boy, Justin, who was in a car accident and sustained a traumatic brain injury. He is now having difficulty communicating and has complex communication needs. The clinician is attempting to determine which type of alternative/augmentative communication (AAC) technology to use with him. In evaluating Justin's willingness to use this technology, she must consider response efficiency, which involves: A. quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement as well as response effort B. the speed at which Justin can press keys on the AAC device C. whether or not a device's symbols are transparent D. whether or not a device's symbols are opaque
A. quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement as well as response effort
One major distinction between the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems is that A. the pyramidal system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the extrapyramidal system controls the postural support for fine motor movement. B. unlike the pyramidal system, the extrapyramidal system has direct connections with lower motor neurons. C. the pyramidal system is an indirect activation system, whereas the extrapyramidal system is a direct activation system. D. the pyramidal system is important for speech production, but the extrapyramidal system plays no role in that activity.
A. the pyramidal system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the extrapyramidal system controls the postural support for fine motor movement.
62. You are conducting a language sample with an adolescent who speaks African American English (AAE). Which of the following utterances would be an example of the use of the perfective construction been to indicate an action that took place in the distant past A. "I been had chicken pox when I was 5." B. "Our family been gonna see a movie." C. "She might coulda been done it." D. "My grandparents be watchin' TV." E. "We don't have no more Halloween candy for y'all."
A. "I been had chicken pox when I was 5."
An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English anyway because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke? A. "They going over there today." B. "I done got to get dressed now." C. "She not have no money in the bank." D. "We be havin' most fun." E. "I see the brown horse in picture there over."
A. "They going over there today."
An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke? A. "They going over there today." B. "I done got to get dressed now." C. "She not have no money in the bank." D. "We be havin' most fun."
A. "They going over there today."
71. You are evaluating the language skills of Pascal, who has come to the United States with his family from Mexico. As you are gathering a language sample, you hear many utterances that reflect the transfer of Spanish to English. Which of the following would be a typical utterance for a child from a Spanish-speaking home who is learning English in elementary school A. "This balloon is more big." B. "I don't not have no more balloons." C. "The big house be red." D. "The girl's book done be gone." E. "He very fast his car drives."
A. "This balloon is more big."
As you evaluate the language of an eighth-grade boy, Derek, and listen to him talk about his hobbies and interests, he says things such as "I like to play football, and I also like Mario Cart Wii" and "My football team won the championship last Saturday; later, we celebrated at a pizza place." What has Derek just used? A. Compound sentences containing two independent clauses B. Complex sentences containing two independent clauses C. A compound and a complex sentence D. Complex sentences containing two dependent clauses
A. *Compound sentences* containing two independent clauses
85. When a normal distribution of scores shows that the mean is 100 and 68% of the sampled children have scored between 85 and 115, the standard deviation of that distribution is A. 15 B. 25 C. 10 D. 12
A. 15
When a normal distribution of scores shows that the mean is 100 and 68% of the sampled children have scored between 85 and 115, the standard deviation of that distribution is: A. 15 B. 25 C. 10 D. 12.5
A. 15
You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the disfluencies in speech reach A. 5% of the words spoken. B. 15% of the words spoken. C. 1% of the syllables spoken. D. 10% of the syllables spoken.
A. 5% of the words spoken
He says sentences like "I ran to playground and my shoes got wet." This sentence has A. 9 words, 10 morphemes B. 9 words, 11 morphemes C. 9 words, 12 morphemes D. 9 words, 13 morphemes E. 9 words, 9 morphemes
A. 9 words, 10 morphemes
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5-year-old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him—we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, lovable boy who will go to anybody. He likes to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. Question This syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 babies. It is caused by what? A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin B. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) C. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation whose gene and locus is FGR2 at 10q25-26 D. An expanded number of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the X chromosome
A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin
This syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 babies. Elfin-like appearance. It is caused by what? A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin B. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) C. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation whose gene and locus is FGR2 at 10q25-26 D. An expanded number of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the X chromosome
A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin Which is D. Williams syndrome And has A. Cocktail party-type personality
The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially," according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby—the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states, "They said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that she has a significant expressive language delay. The clinician will probably also find that she has A. articulation disorders and an intellectual disability. B.an above-average IQ. C. no history of failure to thrive. D. normal hearing with no history of middle ear infections.
A. Articulation disorders and an intellectual dsability
14. Your assessment of a child with cerebral palsy (CP) shows that in addition to significant speech and language problems, the child exhibits slow, writhing involuntary movements. You correctly diagnose that the child has which of the following? A. Athetoid CP B. Ataxic CP C. Quadriplegia D. Spastic CP
A. Athetoid CP
The cranial nerves that innervate the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles is: A. CN 10 B. CN 5 C. CN 11 D. CN 7 E. CN 12
A. CN 10
A Spanish-speaking teen who says "Me gustaria manejar. I'll take the car!" is demonstrating: A. Codeswitching B. Transfer from the first language C. Linguistic confusion D. Syntactic reversal
A. Codeswitching
As a clinician working in a hospital with patients who have neurological problems, you decide to purchase functional communication tests. These tests seek to assess A. communication in natural or everyday situations. B. grammatically and syntactically correct communication. C. only oral communication. D. only nonverbal communication.
A. Communication in natural or everyday situations.
15. As you evaluate the language of an eighth-grade boy, Derek, and listen to him talk about his hobbies and interests, he says things such as "I like to play football, and I also like Mario Cart Wii" and "My football team won the championship last Saturday; later, we celebrated at a pizza place." What has Derek just used? A. Compound sentences containing two independent clauses B. Complex sentences containing two independent clauses C. A compound and a complex sentence D. Complex sentences containing two dependent clauses
A. Compound sentences containing two independent clauses
93. A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claimed that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity A. Content validity B. Concurrent validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity E. Predictive validity
A. Content validity
The supervisor mentioned to the students that for those who program AAC systems, it is important during the planning phase to remember that a relatively small number of words constitute the majority of what is said. She asked the students what this concept is called. The students were given the following choices. Which one of the choices would be most appropriate? A. Core vocabulary B. Specific vocabulary C. Extended vocabulary D. Essential vocabulary
A. Core vocabulary
To distinguish neurogenic stuttering from that of early onset stuttering in Rudy, you will assess the effects of: a. DAF and adaptation b. reduced speech rate c. airflow management d. gentle phonatory onset e. use of prolongations to initiate utterances
A. DAF and adaptation
You have been asked to assess Rudy, a 65-year-old man, for suspected neurogenic stuttering. To distinguish neurogenic stuttering from that of early onset stuttering in Rudy, you will assess the effects of: A. DAF and adaptation B. reduced speech rate C. airflow management D. gentle phonatory onset E. use of prolongations to initiate utterances
A. DAF and adaptation
Select the statement that is not true.
A. Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B. Excessive or even stress on syllables is not a part of ataxic dysarthria. C**. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D. Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.
A 45-year-old man was referred to a gastrointestinal physician for an evaluation because of respiratory distress and difficulties swallowing. The physician conducted a barium esophagram study and noted an oblique filling defect in the posterior esophagus. On completing her evaluation, the attending cardiologist also mentioned to the patient that she noticed an aortic arch anomaly (an aberrant right subclavian artery—the right subclavian artery arose from the left side of the aortic arch and was externally compressing the esophagus). The cardiologist mentioned to the patient that this vascular anomaly in the thorax, particularly in the aortic arch, was compressing the trachea and esophagus and resulted in the patient experiencing significant respiratory distress and feeding difficulties. This condition is called A. dysphagia lusoria. B. stenosis right subclavian artery. C. choanal atresia. D. cyanosis.
A. Dysphagia lusoria
With different types of dysarthria, a differential diagnosis may be challenging. The clinician needs to know the unique features of each type. Obviously, each type may be contrasted on more than one feature, but which of the following statements correctly contrasts two types to help make a differential diagnosis? A. Excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria, with its equal stress. B. Imprecise production of consonants helps distinguish hyperkinetic dysarthria from hypokinetic dysarthria, which is characterized by distorted vowels. C. Impression of drunken speech found in mixed dysarthria helps distinguish it from ataxic dysarthria, in which that characteristic is absent. D. Excess loudness variations of flaccid dysarthria distinguish it from monoloudness of hyperkinetic dysarthria.
A. Excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria, with its equal stress.
The concept of period is related to which of the following? A. Frequency of sound vibrations B. Amplitude of sound vibrations C. The force with which the sound vibrates D. The pressure exerted by sound waves
A. Frequency of sound vibrations
43. The Visi-Pitch is one of the most popular instruments used to measure pitch. If a clinician uses the Visi-Pitch, which of the following results can be obtained A. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch B. Frequency range, nasality, and resonance C. Optimal pitch, nasality, and resonance D. Frequency range, habitual pitch, and resonance E. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and nasality
A. Frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch
1. You are a speech-language pathologist serving a hospital in an area with many African American patients. You will remember that: A. Hypertension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in hemorrhagic strokes B. Hypotension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in ischemic strokes C. Diabetes especially affects African Americans, and diabetes is associated with increased stroke risk D. Many African Americans are susceptible to sickle cell anemia, where blood vessels of the brain become clogged with plaque and make people more vulnerable to strokes
A. Hypertension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in hemorrhagic strokes
You are a speech-language pathologist serving a hospital in an area with many African American patients. You will remember that: A. Hypertension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in hemorrhagic strokes B. Hypotension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in ischemic strokes C. Diabetes especially affects African Americans, and diabetes is associated with increased stroke risk D. Many African Americans are susceptible to sickle cell anemia, where blood vessels of the brain become clogged with plaque and make people more vulnerable to strokes
A. Hypertension is prevalent among African American adults, and it can result in hemorrhagic strokes
Which are likely characteristic of the speech and language of people who are deaf: I. omission of /s/ in almost all position in words II. consonant cluster reduction III. occasional irrelevance of speech, including non sequiturs IV. improper stress patterns, including excessive pitch inflections V. a voice that sounds strained and strangled. A. I, II, III, IV B. I, III, V C. I, II, IV, V D. II, III, IV, V E. I, II, III, V
A. I, II, III, IV
7. In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes: A. nonreduplicated or variegated babbling. B. expansion C. cooing D. phonation E. reduplicated expansion
A. In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling.
35. Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on A. function words than on content words B. content words than on function words C. words that begin with /s/ and /k/ than on words that begin with other sounds D. second or third syllables in multisyllable words E. the fourth word in a sentence
A. function words than on content words
You move to a new elementary school and begin seeing children on the caseload. Johnny, a 7-year-old child, is receiving intervention to "increase semantic skills." Five goals are listed on his IEP. Which one of these goals is inappropriate? A. Increase use of appropriate discourse skills. B. Increase numbers and types of words he uses in the classroom. C. Increase knowledge of antonyms. D. Decrease use of overextensions of words.
A. Increase use of appropriate discource skills
You move to a new elementary school and begin seeing children on the caseload. Johnny, a 7-year-old child, is receiving intervention to "increase semantic skills." Five goals are listed on his IEP. Which one of these goals is inappropriate? A. Increase use of appropriate discourse skills B. Increase numbers and types of words he uses in the classroom C. Increase knowledge of antonyms D. Decrease use of overextensions of words E. Decrease use of nonspecific words such as this, that, and stuff
A. Increase use of appropriate discourse skills
84. Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores of the normative Derekple. C. In one, 64.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean. D. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. E. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode. A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores of the normative Derekple. C. In one, 64.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean. D. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. E. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode.
A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.
109. When a person reads aloud a brief printed passage, the frequency of stuttering may decrease from the first to the subsequent readings. Select the statement that is true of this phenomenon A. It is known as the adaptation effect. B. Reduction in stuttering frequency is the highest on the 10th reading. C. The effect transfers from one reading passage to the other. D. The magnitude of the effect increases with increasing intervals between the oral readings. E. More severe stuttering shows greater effect than does the less severe stuttering.
A. It is known as the adaptation effect.
Select the true statement or statements of Van Riper's approach to stuttering treatment. A. Its goal is fluent stuttering. B. It seeks to establish normal sounding fluency by slowing down the speech rate. C. It seeks to reduce stuttering by using operant contingencies. D. It does not involve counseling. E. It does not involve any procedures to modify the topography of stuttering.
A. Its goal is fluent stuttering.
It would be considered ethical for a speech-language pathologist to do which of the following? A. Make a reasonable statement of prognosis when the husband of a woman with aphasia asks about his wife's potential for improvement. B. Make a diagnosis through the mail after receiving a letter from a friend in a distant state who is concerned about her son's articulation. C. Allow an unsupervised assistant who is in the certification process to provide clinical services. D. Carry out a physician-recommended program of therapy with a patient who has a head injury, even though the speech-language pathologist disagrees with the physician's recommendation.
A. Make a reasonable statement of prognosis when the husband of a woman with aphasia asks about his wife's potential for improvement.
The clinician who sees Matthew for speech therapy decides to begin therapy at the syllable level and not focus on auditory discrimination. She will be using A. McDonald's sensory motor approach B. minimal pair contrast approach C. McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach D. Baker and Ryan's Monterey articulation program E. Van Riper's traditional approach
A. McDonald's sensory motor approach
Which articulation therapy approach emphasizes both the syllable as the basic unit of speech and the concept of phonetic environment? A. McDonald's sensory-motor approach B. Irwin and Weston's paired stimuli approach C. Baker and Ryan's Monterey Articulation Program D. Van Riper's traditional approach
A. McDonald's sensory-motor approach
the artic therapy approach that emphasized the syllable as the basic unit of speech production and heavily utilizes the concept of phonetic environment is a: McDonald's sensory-motor approach b. the maximal contrast approach c. the metaphor approach d. Van Riper's traditional approach e. McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach
A. McDonald's sensory-motor approach
A speech-language pathology graduate student received her first adult patient diagnosed with apraxia of speech. The student consulted with the supervisor, who recommended that they try to maintain the natural prosody of the patient's utterances. She suggested using computer-generated pacing tones each time the patient produced an utterance, so that the patient could keep the natural rhythm of the utterance without regard to the rate of speech. The student clinician conducted further research and during therapy coupled hand-tapping and choral reading along with the suggestions made by the supervisor. This type of therapy is called A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. cued speech. D. integral practice.
A. Metrical pacing
10. A clinician in private practice receives many referrals from local public school clinicians. The children being referred are those whose language test scores are too high to legally qualify them for therapy in the public schools. The parents of these children want services and are willing and able to pay for them out of pocket. The clinician in private practice often administers the Test of Word Intentionality, Temporality, Tenses, and Rules (TWITTER). One day, she becomes curious about the "typical score" of the children to whom she administers the TWITTER. The clinician takes the TWITTER scores of 21 children and lines them up in order from highest to lowest score: 33 46 48 51 55 60 69 73 73 73 73 82 85 89 91 93 95 95 95 96 98 The clinician concludes that the "typical" or average score on the TWITTER is 73. In terms of measures of central tendency, what is the average score calculated by the clinician? A. Mode B. Median C. Standard deviation D. Mean
A. Mode
A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (which can later be exchanged for a small gift) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of A. differential reinforcement of other behavior. B. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior. C. negative reinforcement. D. punishment.
A. differential reinforcement of other behavior.
A clinician in private practice receives many referrals from local public school clinicians. The children being referred are those whose language test scores are too high to legally qualify them for therapy in the public schools. The parents of these children want services and are willing and able to pay for them out of pocket. The clinician in private practice often administers the Test of Word Intentionality, Temporality, Tenses, and Rules (TWITTER). One day, she becomes curious about the "typical score" of the children to whom she administers the TWITTER. The clinician takes the TWITTER scores of 21 children and lines them up in order from highest to lowest score: 33 46 48 51 55 60 69 73 73 73 73 82 85 89 91 93 95 95 95 96 98 The clinician concludes that the "typical" or average score on the TWITTER is 73. In terms of measures of central tendency, what is the average score calculated by the clinician? A. Mode B. Median C. Standard deviation D. Mean
A. Mode
77. Marisa's mother takes her to the emergency room because she notices a foul-smelling discharge coming from Marisa's ear. The doctor examines Marisa's ear and sees that her tympanic membrane is permanently ruptured. The doctor explains to Marisa's mother that he will need to repair the tympanic membrane by using which of the following surgical procedures A. Myringoplasty B. Myringotomy C. Middle ear fusion D. Microtia E. Tympanic membranectomee
A. Myringoplasty
An investigator carries out a study to answer the question of whether an increased rate of sibling speech causes an increase in the frequency of stuttering in children. After pretesting rates of stuttering in selected children and the speech rate of their siblings, the investigator tells the siblings in the control group to speak as they normally would at home. She tells the siblings in the experimental group to speak much more rapidly than they would at home. In this study, what is the dependent variable? A. Rates of stuttering in the children in both groups B. The rate of speech of the siblings in the experimental group C. The rate of speech of the siblings in the control group D. The combined amount of stuttering by the children in both the experimental and the control groups
A. Rates of stuttering in the children in both groups
You are treating a 76-year-old woman with dementia. The patient presents with confusion. The patient's daughter informs you that she would like you to provide suggestions that may improve the quality of her mother's life. You suggest a therapy that would include orientation information. This would include providing the patient with information about time, person, and place. You mention to the daughter that this may improve an understanding and awareness of the environment. You also suggest that this information should be provided to the patient at fixed times throughout the day; however, you inform the daughter that there is no guarantee that this technique will work. This treatment method is an example of A. reality orientation (RO). B. fast mapping therapy (FMT). C. simulated presence therapy (SPT). D. cognitive stimulation therapy (CST).
A. Reality orientation (RO).
A child with a language delay is in Brown's Stage V of morpheme mastery. Which of the following would *not* be appropriate to target in intervention? A. Regular plural inflection -s B. Irregular third person C. Contractible auxiliary D. Contractible copula
A. Regular plural inflection -s
A child with a language delay is in Brown's Stage V of morpheme mastery. Which of the following would not be appropriate to target in intervention? A. Regular plural inflection -s B. Irregular third person C. Contractible auxiliary D. Contractible copula E. Uncontractible auxiliary
A. Regular plural inflection -s
Laura, a 14-year-old girl, is referred to you by her teachers at the middle school. On the referral form, the teachers indicate that Laura seems to have "excellent grammar but has problems defining words and understanding idioms; also, Laura uses many words like thing and stuff; she has difficulty finding the exact word she needs." What kinds of skills would you target for assessment? A. Semantic skills B. Pragmatic skills C. Syntactical skills D. Morphological skills
A. Semantic skills
Which of the following would be true of a clinician who used Skinner's behaviorism as a foundation for her/his intervention with children with language delays? A. She or he would teach the child to use mands, tacts, and echoics. B. She or he would target auditory sequencing skills. C. She or he would ensure that the child had cognitive precursors such as object permanence. D. She or he would teach the child to scaffold utterances. E. She or he would target grammatical transformations.
A. She or he would teach the child to use mands, tacts, and echoics.
A 65-year-old man with presbycusis comes to you complaining that when he is in social situations such as parties, people don't speak loudly enough. He says that the noise creates a problem for him in hearing what people are saying. With what does this client have difficulty? A. Signal-to-noise ratio B. Auditory discrimination C. Figure-ground discrimination D. Pragmatic skills
A. Signal-to-noise ratio
30. You are a clinician in a school district where increasing numbers of children are being diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). As you plan intervention for these children, what can you anticipate they will display? A. Slow, effortful speech, inconsistent and multiple articulation errors, and more difficulty with consonant clusters than fricatives B. Consistent sound errors accompanied by prolongation of speech sounds, voicing and devoicing errors, and deviations in prosody C. Deficits in phonological representation, problems with hyponasality, and rapid speech D. A limited sound inventory, unusual errors of articulation (e.g., metathesis), and rapid speech
A. Slow, effortful speech, inconsistent and multiple articulation errors, and more difficulty with consonant clusters than fricatives
Select the statement that is *true*. A. Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages. B. All forms of dementia are progressive. C. Speech production problems are not associated with Broca's aphasia. D. In right hemisphere syndrome, language is more severely impaired than communication.
A. Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages.
Procedures in which stuttering is directly reduced without teaching fluency skills (e.g., slow speech) are known as A. direct stuttering reduction methods B. fluent stuttering C. fluency shaping D. parent counseling E. desensitization to stuttering
A. direct stuttering reduction methods
You have been referred a 75-year-old woman by a neurologist who suspects hypokinetic dysarthria in her and has requested a speech evaluation and diagnosis of her communication difficulties. To confirm a diagnosis of hypokinetic dysarthria, you will be especially alert to which of the following? A. Symptoms of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, or Pick's disease, evidence of damage to the basal ganglia, mask-like face, slowness of movement, micrographic writing, monopitch and imprecise articulation among other symptoms B. Bilateral facial weakness with less severe lower face weakness, perhaps normal jaw strength, hyperactive gag reflex, hyperadduction of vocal folds, short phrases, continuous breathy voice, and predominant hypernasality, among other symptoms C. Fasciculations and fibrillations of muscles, progressive muscle weakness with use and recovery with rest, nasal emissions, harsh voice, monopitch, and monoloudness, among other symptoms D. Evidence of cerebellar damage; rotated or tilted head posture; over- and undershooting of movement targets; jerky, inaccurate, and halting movement; prolonged phonemes and intervals between words or syllables; and impression of drunken speech; among other symptoms
A. Symptoms of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, or Pick's disease, evidence of damage to the basal ganglia, mask-like face, slowness of movement, micrographic writing, monopitch and imprecise articulation among other symptoms
What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing? A. Tensor palatini B. Levator palatini C. Tensor tympani D. Levator veli palatini
A. Tensor palatini
The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement. A. The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. B. The 11 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. C. The 10 paired internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. D. The 10 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.
A. The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.
Which of the following statements is not true about single-subject designs? A. The A phase is the treatment phase*** B. They are useful in establishing treatment efficacy C. The multiple-baseline design avoids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. D. A disadvantage of single-subject designs is that they cannot efficiently predict the behavior of groups of individuals
A. The A phase is the treatment phase
12. The articulation therapy approach that emphasizes the syllable as the basic unit of speech production and heavily utilizes the concept of phonetic environment is: A. McDonald's sensory-motor approach B. the maximal contrast approach C. the metaphon approach D. Van Riper's traditional approach E. McCabeand Bradley's multiple phoneme approach
A. The articulation therapy approach that emphasizes the syllable as the basic unit of speech production and heavily utilizes the concept of phonetic environment is McDonald's sensory-motor approach.
A clinician is a member of a cleft palate and craniofacial team that asks her to conduct an objective assessment of a 6-year-old child's velopharyngeal mechanism. The clinician decides to do nasopharyngoscopy, in which the nasopharyngoscope is passed through the middle meatus and back to the area of velopharyngeal closure. What will this procedure enable the clinician to observe? A. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences B. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the adenoid pad as the child sustains /a/ C. The child's nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces CVC words D. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces nasals /n/ and /m/
A. The child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as well as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences
Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies. A. They are mostly descriptive. B. They are suitable for evaluating treatment effects. C. They are well-established in speech-language pathology. D. They are very inexpensive to conduct. E. They are not appropriate for studying patterns of cultures.
A. They are mostly descriptive
Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies. A. They are mostly descriptive. B. They are suitable for evaluating treatment effects. C. They are well established in speech-language pathology. D. They are not appropriate for studying patterns of cultures.
A. They are mostly descriptive
A 74-year-old patient was seen for a swallowing treatment. The radiological report indicates that the patient has decreased laryngeal closure but retains a strong cough. The clinician would most likely recommend the following A. Thicker foods B. Liquids C. NPO D. PEG tube
A. Thicker foods
To assess a child's pragmatic skills, a clinician may observe which of the following behaviors, among others? A. Turn taking and discourse skills B. Production of past-tense inflections C. Production of is + verb -ing structures D. Production of prepositions
A. Turn taking and discourse skills
119. A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. This patient has a swallowing disorder. The referring physician states that the patient has a weak cricopharyngeus, causing difficulties in passing the bolus through the cricopharyngeus muscle and past the 7th cervical vertebra. Most likely this patient has A. disorders of the esophageal phase of swallow B. difficulties in propelling the bolus through the pharynx and into the P-E segment C. reduced pharyngeal peristalsis D. difficulty in forming and holding the bolus accompanied by slippage of food into the lateral sulcus E. food residue in the valleculae, on top of the airway, and in the pyriform sinuses
A. disorders of the esophageal phase of swallow
You are asked to develop a management plan for a patient with right hemisphere syndrome.Your treatment targets would include A. pragmatic language impairments B. production of morphologic features C. syntactic skills D. phonological skills E. sluggish (slow) reaction time
A. pragmatic language impairments
You have been asked to assess the language skills of 6-year-old Julia, who has been referred by her classroom teacher. The teacher says, "Julia talks in these really short sentences. I don't know if she is just shy, or if there is more going on." The teacher is concerned because she has worked on oral language skills daily with her first-grade class. The end of the year is coming soon, and the teacher is concerned about how Julia will perform in second grade. You decide to conduct an informal language screening to decide whether you need to formally evaluate Julia's expressive language skills. You find that she uses many sentences such as "He has a shoe" and "I like Dora the Explorer." She uses few compound or complex sentences. You talk with her parents and find that this performance is also typical at home. What is your next step? A. You tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0, and her language should approximate the adult model. B. You inform the teacher and parents that Julia may have autistic-like tendencies and that she needs to be formally evaluated by a team of special educators. C. You tell the teacher and parents that you will take a "wait and see" approach. If the second-grade teacher has concerns similar to those of the first-grade teacher, you will follow up with a formal evaluation of Julia's language skills. D. You would immediately place Julia into therapy based on these screening results because she clearly has a language delay.
A. You tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0, and her language should approximate the adult model.
You have been asked to assess the language skills of 6-year-old Julia, who has been referred by her classroom teacher. The teacher says that Julia "talks in these really short sentences. I don't know if she is just shy, or if there is more going on." The teacher is concerned because she has worked on oral language skills daily with her first-grade class. The end of the year is coming soon, and the teacher is concerned about how Julia will perform in second grade. You decide to conduct an informal language screening to decide whether you need to formally evaluate Julia's expressive language skills. You find that Julia uses many sentences such as "He has a shoe" and "I like Dora the Explorer." Julia uses few compound or complex sentences. You talk with her parents and find that this performance is also typical at home. What is your next step? A. You would tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0 and her language should approximate the adult model. B. You would inform the teacher and parents that Julia may have autistic-like tendencies and that she needs to be formally evaluated by a team of special educators. C. You would tell the teacher and parents that you will take a "wait and see" approach. If the secondgrade teacher has concerns similar to those of the first-grade teacher, you will follow up with a formal evaluation of Julia's language skills. D. You would immediately place Julia into therapy based upon these screening results because she clearly has a language delay and you want to begin therapy immediately. E. You would tell the teacher and parents that Julia is within normal limits for her age and that a formal language evaluation is unnecessary.
A. You would tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0 and her language should approximate the adult model.
Bloodstein suggested that stuttering is A. a response of tension and speech fragmentation B. an avoidance behavior C. due to parental diagnosis D. an operant behavior E. due to genetic factors
A. a response of tension and speech fragmentation
A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who have been diagnosed as clutterers. She finds that the faster the children speak, the less intelligible they are. The researcher obtains a Pearson r correlational relationship of -.89. This shows that there is ___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility. A. a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship B. a positive correlational relationship C. a moderate cause-and-effect relationship D. a canonical correlational relationship E. virtually no correlational relationship
A. a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship
Stuttering may be diagnosed on the basis of A. a total dysfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of the words) B. eye blinks and other facial grimaces C. avoidance of speaking situations D. dysfluencies that occur only on words E. only the part-word repetitions
A. a total dysfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of the words)
You are evaluating a basketball coach, Susan, who tells you, "I am having problems with my voice." You notice intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction when she tries to phonate. This is known as A. abductor spasmodic dysphonia B. adductor spasmodic dysphonia C. bilateral paralysis D. unilateral paralysis E. glottal incompetence
A. abductor spasmodic dysphonia
60. Disorders of the oral phase of a swallow are mainly due to A. an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement B. slippage of food into anterior and lateral sulci C. a reduced range of lateral mandibular movement D. a poor alignment of mandible and maxilla E. a difficulty in holding the bolus
A. an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement
Bloodstein advocated that stuttering may be caused by: A. any belief that speech is a difficult task, resulting in tension and speech fragmentation B. parental diagnosis of stuttering in normally fluent children C. demands exceeding a child's capacities for fluency D. an approach-avoidance conflict E. an emotionally traumatic experience
A. any belief that speech is a difficult task, resulting in tension and speech fragmentation
Bloodstein advocated that stuttering may be caused by: A. any belief that speech is a difficult task, resulting in tension and speech fragmentation B. parental diagnosis of stuttering in normally fluent children C. demands exceeding a child's capactities for fluency D. an approach-avoidance conflict E. an emotionally traumatic experience in childhood
A. any belief that speech is a difficult task, resulting in tension and speech fragmentation
88. You work in a school district with a number of culturally and linguistically diverse students. You decide that rather than using formal language tests to assess these students for possible language disorders, you will use criterion-referenced testing. Criterion-referenced testing A. does not involve explicit evaluation of a child's score against norms B. does not require judgments concerning what is and what is not minimally acceptable C. involves modifying standardized test items to suit individual clients D. is not appropriate for culturally diverse clients E. does not emphasize individual performance
A. does not involve explicit evaluation of a child's score against norms
You find that a child you are evaluating uses a number of phonological processes. One of those processes is stopping. You know this when you hear the child make what substitutions? A. du/zoo B. kown/clown C. bus/bush D. wing/ring
A. du/zoo
115. The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially" according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby; the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states that "they said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that Mariah has a significant expressive language delay. The clinician will probably also find that Mariah has A. articulation disorders and mental retardation B. an above-average IQ C. no history of failure to thrive D. normal hearing with no history of middle ear infections E. a bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
A. articulation disorders and mental retardation
79. Which of the following is a homophonous pair A. bar-mar B. let-wet C. most-host D. she-be E. vine-nine
A. bar-mar
A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and has had several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At Abby's preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Abby's mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. If Abby has difficulty with homophonous pairs, she would have trouble distinguishing between words like A. bat-mat B. trash-cash C. horn-corn D. show-row E. pan-tan
A. bat-mat
A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants her to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. If Abby has difficulty with homophonous pairs, she would have trouble distinguishing between words like A. bat-mat B. trash-cash C. horn-corn D. show-row
A. bat-mat
You have just completed an evaluation of Tanveer, a 6-year old who speaks Urdu at home (Urdu is his primary language) and English at school. You have discovered that he has a language impairment, and you are creating an intervention plan for him. It has been found that Urdu is his stronger language, and that he is still in the process of learning English. Which one of the following intervention principles should most strongly guide your treatment plan? A. carrying out treatment in Urdu will be more effective and efficient than carrying out therapy in English B. to not confuse Tanveer, therapy should be conducted in English only C. Tanveer's parents should be told to speak only English at home, as being in a bilingual atmosphere will confuse him D. Tanveer needs to be placed in an all-English special education classroom where he can get intensive English input and extra support
A. carrying out treatment in Urdu will be more effective and efficient than carrying out therapy in English
54. As a clinician working in a hospital with patients who have neurological problems, you decide to purchase functional communication tests. These tests seek to assess A. communication in natural or everyday situations B. grammatically and syntactically correct communication C. only the oral communication D. only nonverbal communication E. only conversational skills
A. communication in natural or everyday situations
13. You are evaluating Tatyana, a Russian-speaking child with a suspected language impairment. To accurately estimate her language skills, you engage a Russian-speaking interpreter and count Tatyana's responses to test questions in both Russian and English. You are employing: A. conceptual scoring B. dynamic assessment C. criterion-referenced testing D. assessment of working memory
A. conceptual scoring
You are evaluating Tatyana, a Russian-speaking child with a suspected language impairment. To accurately estimate her language skills, you engage a Russian-speaking interpreter and count Tatyana's responses to test questions in both Russian and English. You are employing: A. conceptual scoring B. dynamic assessment C. criterion-referenced testing D. assessment of working memory
A. conceptual scoring
You are evaluating Tatyana, a Russian-speaking child with a suspected language impairment. To accurately estimate her language skills, you engage a Russian-speaking interpreter and count Tatyana's responses to test questions in both Russian and English. You are employing: A. conceptual scoring B. dynamic assessment C. criterion-referenced testing D. assessment of working memory
A. conceptual scoring
The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the: A. corpus callosum and basal ganglia B. corpus striatum C. caudate nucleus and globus pallidus D. substantia nigra E. lateral surface of the cortex
A. corpus callosum and basal ganglia
The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include A. delayed or absent swallowing reflex B. anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue C. reduced range of lateral and vertical tongue movement D. difficulty in forming and holding the bolus E. premature swallow and aspiration before swallow
A. delayed or absent swallowing reflex
A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (which can later be exchanged for a small gift) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of A. differential reinforcement of other behavior B. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior C. negative reinforcement D. punishment E. differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors
A. differential reinforcement of other behavior
The corpus striatum is composes of three nuclear masses, which are the: A. globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen B. putamen, caudate nucleus, and basal ganglia C. supremarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, putamen D. substantia nigra, angular gyrus, globus pallidus E. metencephalon, reticular activating system, and caudate nucleus
A. globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen
110. A school-based clinician is assessing the velopharyngeal adequacy of Tanveer, a 13-year-old immigrant high school student from Pakistan. Tanveer was born with a cleft of the palate and lip; there was no repair until Tanveer's family came to the United States when Tanveer was 11 years old. In Pakistan, Tanveer and his family lived in a rural area where surgery was unavailable. Though the repair surgery in the United States a year ago was successful and Tanveer now has a more aesthetically pleasing appearance and better speech, there is still audible nasal emission and hypernasality when he speaks. The clinician plans to refer Tanveer to a local craniofacial team, but she still wants to conduct as thorough an examination as she can. Despite the lack of instrumentation available at her school site, the clinician does have access to an oral manometer. She uses this to provide a beginning point from which to refer Tanveer to the craniofacial team. After obtaining a ratio by comparing pressures achieved in the nostrils-occluded and the nostrils-open conditions, the clinician concludes that Tanveer especially needs to be referred to the craniofacial team for possible further surgery or a pharyngeal flap. When she did oral manometry, the clinician probably found that Tanveer A. had a ratio of .87 B. had a ratio of .91 C. had a ratio of 1.4 D. had a ratio of 1.0 E. had a ratio of .99
A. had a ratio of .87
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5-year-old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him—we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, lovable boy who will go to anybody. He likes to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. Question The clinician explained to her student intern that people with this syndrome A. have a "cocktail party"-type personality. B. have above average height and weight. C. can live independently. D. have normal language abilities as they age
A. have a "cocktail party"-type personality.
Baselines A. help establish the initial level of clients' behaviors for later comparison B. are a duplication of standardized tests C. are not necessary for each response mode D. require the clinician to give corrective feedback for incorrect responses but not reinforce correct responses E. require the clinician to reinforce correct responses but not give corrective feedback for incorrect responses
A. help establish the initial level of clients' behaviors for later comparison
Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called A. impedance. B. admittance. C. immittance. D. velocity.
A. impedance.
In second-language acquisition, a typical process in which a communicative behavior from the first language is carried over to the second language is called A. interference (transfer). B. fossilization. C. the silent period. D. interlanguage.
A. interference (transfer)
A clinician measured the dysfluency rates of a client from a speech sample. She then asked another clinician to measure dysfluencies using the same method she had used. The first clinician calculated a reliability index based on her measure and that of the second clinician. This index is a measure of A. interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability) B. concurrent validity of measures C. intraobserver agreement D. test-retest reliability E. split-half reliability
A. interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability)
11. Brutten and Shoemaker hypothesized that stuttering, as they defined it A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion. B. is caused by operant conditioning. C. is caused by hereditary factors. D. is limited to word and phrase repetitions.
A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion.
Which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds? A. lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoids B. digastrics C. cricothyroids D. posterior cricoarytenoids E. sternothyroids
A. lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoids
A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube A. may restrict laryngeal elevation. B. will not restrict laryngeal elevation. C. will not inhibit a patient relearning to swallow. D. will not place pressure on the esophagus via the common posterior wall between the esophagus and the trachea.
A. may restrict laryngeal elevation.
25. An outpatient was seen for therapy for acquired apraxia of speech. The clinician instructed the patient to produce speech at one syllable per beat. The beat was set at a slower rate than the patient's actual speaking rate. Hand-tapping was also used simultaneously with this treatment technique. This is an example of A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. rate control. D. integral practice.
A. metronomic pacing.
52. You are working in a hospital when you are informed that a patient with Broca's aphasia has just been transferred to your caseload from another city. You can expect that this patient will show A. nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech B. fluent, grammatically correct speech with plenty of jargon C. typically significant impairment in auditory comprehension D. intact confrontational naming E. fluent, grammatically incorrect speech
A. nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech
In selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it A. often leads to relapse of stuttering B. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency C. does not induce unnatural prosodic features D. requires only a single target skill to be taught E. is the most effective treatment available for preschoolers
A. often leads to relapse of stuttering
31. You are asked to develop a management plan for a patient with right hemisphere syndrome. Your treatment targets would include A. pragmatic language impairments. B. production of morphologic features. C. syntactic skills. D. phonological skills.
A. pragmatic language impairments.
2. The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the A. precentral gyrus B. homunculus C. supramarginal gyrus D. angular gyrus E. middle temporal gyrus
A. precentral gyrus
The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the: A. precentral gyrus B. homonculus C. supramarginal gyrus D. angular gyrus E. middle temporal gyrus
A. precentral gyrus
A treatment efficacy study on phonological disorders proposed that the treatment to be investigated will not make a difference. This means that the investigator A. proposed a null hypothesis B. proposed an alternative hypothesis C. proposed a neutral hypothesis D. proposed no hypothesis E. proposed an acceptable hypothesis
A. proposed a null hypothesis
A clinician is evaluating a 12-year old boy, Justin, who was in a car accident and sustained a traumatic brain injury. He is now having difficulty communicating and has complex communication needs. The clinician is attempting to determine which type of alternative/augmentative communication (AAC) technology to use with him. In evaluating Justin's willingness to use this technology, she must consider response efficiency, which involves: A. quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement as well as response effort B. the speed at which Justin can press keys on the AAC device C. whether or not a device's symbols are transparent D. whether or not a device's symbols are opaque
A. quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement as well as response effort
A mother calls a clinician and shares concerns about her child's speech. According to the the mother, her daughter, Rachel, is difficult to understand. The mother describes Rachel's speech as "sort of rushed, and she kind of stutters sometimes." The clinician who tested Rachel concludes that she clutters. When the SLP provides treatment for Rachel to help her become more intelligible, which techniques would probably be ideal for her? A. reducing Rachel's rate of speech and increasing her awareness of her speech through audiotapes or videotapes B. reducing Rachel's rate of speech but not increasing her awareness of her speech through audiotapes or vidotapes because this could create self-consciousness, which could make the cluttering worse C. helping Rachel maintain a rapid rate of speech but working on increasing her intelligibility through the emphasizing of the final consonants of words D. probing to see if Rachel has negative emotions (that her mother is unaware of) about her speech and spending most of the therapy time helping Rachel deal with these emotions E. helping Rachel learn to use cancellations, pull-0uts, and easy onset of phonation
A. reducing Rachel's rate of speech and increasing her awareness of her speech through audiotapes or videotapes
When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), it causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This phenomenon is known as A. refraction B. reflection C. compression D. rarefaction E. sinusoidal motion
A. refraction
A 61-year-old pastor, Rev. Parks, has a stroke and takes a leave of absence from his job while he recovers. After 5 or 6 months, he tells his doctor that he feels well enough to go back to work. When Rev. Parks begins his job again, he goes back to his usual duties: preaching sermons on Sunday mornings, teaching Bible studies, visiting church members who are sick, and others. Rev. Parks says that he is "100% back"; however, his parishioners and family notice some subtle problems. For example, he tends to bump into people who walk on his left; when he writes, he does not use the left side of the page. He does not recognize parishioners he has known for 20 or more years until they begin to speak. When people tell jokes, Rev. Parks does not laugh or appear to understand the jokes as he used to. He does not detect sarcasm in other people's speech. Rev. Parks probably has A. right hemisphere syndrome B. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome C. global aphasia D. apraxia of speech E. Parkinson's disease
A. right hemisphere syndrome
An 84-year-old woman with dementia who recently suffered a stroke was admitted to a nursing home, as she had difficulty swallowing. The results of a videofluoroscopic study indicated that she had severe pooling in the vallecula and pyriform sinuses. She also was at risk for aspiration. The speech-language pathologist decided to administer syringe feedings. Ethically, the clinician A. should have a rationale for using syringe feedings. B. should not worry, as there is a limited chance of feeding the patient too quickly. C. should not worry, because with syringe feedings it is difficult to introduce a large bolus with each swallow. D. should not consider the patient's cognitive status, since she will not be aware of the syringe feedings anyway.
A. should have a rationale for using syringe feedings
38. Evidence that suggests potential laryngeal dysfunction in persons who stutter includes A. slightly delayed voice onset time B. hemispheric language processing problems C. cerebral blood flow deviations D. abnormal electroencephalographic tracings E. central auditory dysfunction
A. slightly delayed voice onset time
96. Certain variables (e.g., attitudes and opinions) may change simply because they were measured more than once. This is a problem of A. testing, reducing internal validity B. reactive effect of pretesting, affecting external validity C. instrumentation, affecting internal validity D. unstable measures, affecting reliability E. the Rosenthal effect
A. testing, reducing internal validity
Certain variables (e.g., attitudes and opinions) may change simply because they are measured more than once. This is a problem of A. testing, reducing internal validity. B. reactive effect of pretesting, affecting external validity. C. instrumentation, affecting internal validity. D. the Rosenthal effect.
A. testing, reducing internal validity.
External validity of a study may be threatened by A. the Hawthorne effect B. statistical regression C. testing D. maturation E. attrition
A. the Hawthorne effect
6. External validity of a study may be threatened by A. the Hawthorne effect. B. statistical regression. C. maturation. D. attrition.
A. the Hawthorne effect.
90. The range in a distribution can be defined as A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution B. the middle 50% of scores of a distribution C. the middle 50% of scores in a distribution divided by 2 D. the variance plus the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution E. the lowest and highest 25% of a distribution
A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
The range in a distribution can be defined as A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. B. the middle 50% of scores in a distribution. C. the middle 50% of scores in a distribution divided by 2. D. the variance plus the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Cancellations, pull-outs, and preparatory sets are taught in: a. the fluent stuttering approach b. the fluency shaping approach c. approach-avoidance reduction treatment d. direct stuttering reduction approach e. all of the above
A. the fluent stuttering approach
Cancellations, pull-outs, and preparatory sets are taught in: A. the fluent stuttering approach B. the fluency shaping approach C. approach-avoidance reduction treatment D. direct stuttering reduction treatment E. all of the above
A. the fluent stuttering approach
He wants, among other things, to determine Abby's speech reception threshold, which is a term that indicates A. the lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Abby correctly identifies 50% of words presented B. how well Abby discriminates between words heard at a comfortable loudness level as assessed by having her repeat monosyllabic words such as fun, cap, day C. Abby's ability to perform well on dichotic listening tasks D. the minimum level of intensity that sounds need to reach before Abby can hear them E. the lowest hearing level at which Abby discriminates between monosyllabic words
A. the lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Abby correctly identifies 50% of words presented
Broad phonetic transcription involves: A. the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g. /f/) B. the use of diacritical markers to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (/f/) C. the transcription of allophones by placing htem within brackets ([f]) D. the transcription of allophones by use of diacritical markers E. the use of orthographic symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (/r/)
A. the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g. /f/)
To assess a child's pragmatic skills, a clinician may observe, among others, which of the following behaviors? A. turn taking and discourse skills B. production of past-tense inflections C. production of is + verb -ing structures D. production of prepositions E. production of pronouns
A. turn taking and discourse skills
When acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument, it is called A. tympanometry B. immittanceometry C. impedanometry D. admittanceometry E. acoustic reflex
A. tympanometry
A sinusoidal wave is a sound wave: a. with horizontal and vertical symmetry b. with one peak and one valley c. with a single frequency d. that is a result of simple harmonic motion e. all of the above
A. with horizontal and vertical symmetry
A natural frequency is a frequency: A. with which a source of sound vibrates naturally B.that is unrelated to the mass and stiffness of the vibrating body C. that is the center frequency of a formant D. that refers to the simple harmonic motion E. that is the lowest frequency of a periodic wave
A. with which a source of sound vibrates naturally
Describe the important dx distinction between dysarthria and AOS.
AOS lack the ability to sequence volitional speech movements whereas slowness, weakness, incoordination, or altered tone of the speech musculature are associated with dysarthria
Contractible Auxiliary
According to Brown's stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child?
D. Differential reinforcement of vocalizations
According to behavioral theorists, the phonemes of a particular language are acquired as a result of A. trial-and-error learning B. maturation and increased attention span C. imitation of the parents' speech D. differential reinforcement of vocalizations E. innate knowledge
B. an audiological evaluation
An SLP finds a 5 year old child to have a delay in oral language development. The child's nonlinguistic development is within normal limits. In addition to recommending speech-language services, the SLP wold most appropriately recommend referral of the child for which of the following? A. an evaluation of intelligence B. an audiological evaluation C. an evaluation for attention deficit disorder D. a pediatric neurological evaluation E. An oral motor evaluation
B. refer the child for a pediatric neurological examination
An SLP has diagnosed a 4 year old child with a severe language learning problem. The child at times appears inattentive and has episodes of staring. An audiologist has verified that the child's hearing acuity is within normal limits. The most appropriate next step for the SLP is to A. help the parents to accept the recommendation to enroll their child in a program for children with delayed cognitive development B. refer the child for a pediatric neurological examination C. Initiate pragmatic language services to address appropriate eye gaze D. discuss the need to provide psychological counseling to help the parents cope with the behavioral management of their child E. recommend that the parents consider a modified diet for their child.
B. Lower or decreased
An SLP is assessing the physiology of voice production in a client. If the client has a hyperfunctional voice disorder, then during phonation the client's average airflow rate is most likely to be A. almost absent B. lower or decreased C. higher or increased D. within normal limits E. erratic and inconsistent
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5 year old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him--we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, loveable boy who will go to anybody. He lies to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. This syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 babies. It is caused by what? A. An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin* B. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) C. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation whose gene and locus is FGR2 at 10q25-26 D. An expanded number of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the X chromosome
An abnormality on chromosome 7, including a gene that makes the protein elastin
B. Wernicke's aphasia
An aphasia characterized by fluent verbal output but difficulty understanding spoken and written language is most likely which of the following? A. nonfluent aphasia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. global aphasia D. broca's aphasia E. anterior aphasia
C
An attending physician refers a patient for swallowing therapy. The patient has a tracheostomy tube in place. Which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. There is no need to suction after feeding, as there is no chance of aspiration. B. Feed the patient when the cuff is inflated. C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated. D. Recommend immediate NG-tube feedings.
response to intervention
An eighth grade English teacher refers Caitlyn, a girl who is having difficulty with language skills. The teacher reports that Caitlyn has a low vocabulary, syntactic problems, and difficulty with words with multiple meanings. You decide to evaluate Caitlyn through giving her increasing amounts of targeted, individual and small group support within the classroom setting before a special education referral is made. Caitlyn's progress is monitored, and there is increasingly intense and differentiated instruction. You are using which assessment model?
What is an octave?
An indication of the interval between two frequencies.
B. apraxia of speech
An individaul is referred for a speech-language assessment with a history of irregular substitutions and additions of consonants, repeated attempts to say words correclty, and more errors on longer and less familiar words. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. ataxic dysarthria B. apraxia of speech C. hypokinetic dysarthria D. spastic dysarthria E. phonological disorder
eustachian tube dysfunction.
An infant with a cleft palate will most likely have hearing problems because of
Rates of stuttering in the children in both groups
An investigator carries out a study to answer the question of whether an increased rate of sibling speech causes an increase in the frequency of stuttering in children. After pretesting rates of stuttering in selected children and the speech rate of their siblings, the investigator tells the siblings in the control group to speak as they normally would at home. She tells the siblings in the experimental group to speak much more rapidly than they would at home. In this study, what is the dependent variable?
E. refer the child and family to a cleft palate/craniofacial team for further evaluation
An otolaryngologist refers a 4 year old child to an SLP six months after a tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy. Following surgery, the child's speech became hypernasal. The SLPs evaluation confirms mild to moderate hypernasailty. If the child has no other speech or language problems, which of the following is the most appropriate course of action for the SLP to take? A. Use behavioral strategies to increase velopharyngeal closure for speech B. Counsel the parents that the hypernasality is likely to resolve in a few weeks C. Counsel the child's preschool teacher about instructional exercises to use to improve speech production in the classroom D. Counsel the parents on ways to reduce hypernasality at home rather than providing any direct treatment. E. refer the child and family to a cleft palate/craniofacial team for further evaluation
A
An outpatient was seen for therapy for acquired apraxia of speech. The clinician instructed the patient to produce speech at one syllable per beat. The beat was set at a slower rate than the patient's actual speaking rate. Hand-tapping was also used simultaneously with this treatment technique. This is an example of A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. rate control. D. integral practice.
A. The epithelium and superficial lamina propria
Anatomical studies of the human vocal folds and detailed observation of mucosal behavior during phonation has led to the current "cover-body" characterization of the vocal fold. Which of the following is included in the vocal fold cover A. the epithelium and superficial lamina propria B. The epithelium and deep lamina propria C. The intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria D. The vocalis portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle E. The lamina of the thyroid cartilage
Nick has a short lingual frenum (tongue-tie). Because the frenum is attached too close to the tip of the tongue, it causes a reduction in tongue mobility. Nick is, therefore, unable to produce lingua-alveolar sounds (e.g., /t/, /d/). Which is the most appropriate diagnosis for Nick?
Ankyloglossia
Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to the affected artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects? A.Internal carotid B.External carotid C.Middle cerebral D.Anterior cerebral
Anterior cerebral
What are those that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals?
Aperiodic waves
Beth has central nervous system damage with no weakness or paralysis of her facial muscles; however, her central nervous system damage makes it difficult for her to program the precise movements necessary for smoothly articulated speech. Her motor programming disorder is A.dysarthria. B.aphasia. C.anomia. D.apraxia.
Apraxia
Which area of the brain connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area?
Arcuate fasciculus
D
As a clinician, you are concerned with using the most appropriate assessment approach that suits your clients, avoids false positive or false negative diagnoses, helps generate treatment goals, and is fair to clients of all ethnocultural backgrounds, including mainstream clients. To accomplish this assessment goal, you would select which of the following approaches? A. The portfolio approach B. The authentic approach C. A criterion-referenced approach D. An integrated approach
Stuttering in preschool children is more likely on: a. content words b. function words c. final words in a sentence d. vowels e. consonant clusters
B. function words
E. rated "femaleness"
As part of a study, a group of naive judges and a group of experienced SLPs were asked to rate the "femaleness" of ten male-to-female transgender individuals from video-recorded speech samples using three different modes of presentation: auditory only, visual only, and audiovisual. Which of the following represents the dependent variable of investigation? A. mode of presentation B. experience level of the judges C. training in speech-language pathology D. video recording E. rated "femaleness"
6-8, approximate, adult model
At 6 years of age a child should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of __-___, and language should ______________ the _________ ________.
3-4 years
At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand agent-action relationships?
Involuntary movement. Tremors. Poor posture. Unsteadiness. Twisting of the torso. Slow, writhing movements. Abrupt movements. Grimacing or drooling are all signs of what type of CP?
Athetoid
What term describes a child's ability to identify differences between sound stimuli
Auditory discrimination
Select the statement that is TRUE about conduction aphasia. A) it is caused by widespread lesions in the entire perisylvian region B) it is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation C) its lesion sites are more definitive than they are for other types of aphasia D) speech associated with it is fluent as it is in Wernicke's aphasia E) it is characterized by severe auditory comprehension problems
B) it is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation
Select the two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission. A) amplitude and intensity B) mass and elasticity C) compression and rarefaction D) pressure and force E) elasticity and compression
B) mass and elasticity
A father comes to you regarding his daughter, who is 8 months old. The daughter's hearing loss is bilateral, and she is profoundly deaf. The father states that he wishes for his daughter, as she grows older, to "fit in with children with normal hearing." He is interested in any possible amplification and says that he wants his daughter to lead a life that is "as normal as possible." Which training approach would best fit this father's wishes? A. Total communication B. Aural/oral method C. Manual approach D. Rochester method
B. Aural/oral method
Select the correct statement. A. Probes and baselines are the same. B. Baselines are pretreatment measures, and probes measure generalized productions. C. Probes are conducted only in naturalistic settings (e.g., homes). D. Baselines are measures of generalized productions.
B. Baselines are pretreatment measures, and probes measure generalized productions.
Vladimir is a 7-year-old Ukrainian boy enrolled in an all-English-speaking second-grade classroom. He came to an all-English-speaking kindergarten speaking only Ukrainian; kindergarten was his first exposure to English on a regular basis. The second grade teacher referred him for a speech-language evaluation, because she said that although he has made friends and interacts well socially with the other children, he is "behind" them in written language skills (e.g., spelling, reading). Based on Vladimir's background, you can say that A. He should be referred for psychological testing due to a possible intellectual disability B. Formal academic language fluency takes longer to develop than conversational informal language fluency, therefore the school should monitor Vladimir's academic progress but not test him yet for speech-language services C. The special education team (psychologist, resource specialist, speech-language pathologist) should evaluate Vladimir for the possible presence of a learning disability D. Vladimir's family should be told to speak only English at home, and he should have intensive English tutoring and be discouraged from speaking Ukrainian
B. Formal academic language fluency takes longer to develop than conversational informal language fluency, therefore the school should monitor Vladimir's academic progress but not test him yet for speech-language services
James, a 4-year-old boy, attends your cleft palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. He is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has difficulty producing non-nasal sounds. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics? A. Hyponasality B. Hypernasality C. Assimilative nasality D. Cul-de-sac resonance
B. Hypernasality
Which one of the following statements is false? A. A multicultural student whose background does not match the school's expectations might be inaccurately labeled as having a language-learning disability. B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention. C. While learning a second language, children often go through a silent period in which they concentrate on comprehension of the new language. D. A child who said, "Me gustaria manejar; I'll take the car!" is manifesting the process of code switching.
B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention.
Select the statement that is true of the screening procedure. A. It results in a diagnosis. B. It helps determine whether a client needs a more complete assessment. C. It leads to an immediate treatment program. D. It is typically not performed in the schools.
B. It helps determine whether a client needs a more complete assessment.
Select the statement that is true. A. To encourage clients to seek treatment, prognosis should always be stated in optimistic terms. B. Prognosis should be stated based on assessment data and available research and clinical data. C. Prognosis always refers to what happens if treatment is not offered. D. It is not necessary to offer prognostic statements to all clients.
B. Prognosis should be stated based on assessment data and available research and clinical data.
You are working in a hospital. A patient, Mr. M., has been referred to you because he is having difficulty adducting his vocal folds. He had surgery for thyroid problems, during which he sustained damage to another structure. Because he has especially been having difficulty with vocal-fold adduction, to what might you suspect that he had damage? A. Ventricular vocal folds B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve C. Superior laryngeal nerve D. External carotid artery
B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
A 10-year-old boy, Flynn, attended a university clinic for an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) evaluation. Flynn has cerebral palsy and has difficulty communicating. The clinical supervisor asked the students to review the case history and to discuss aspects that were crucial in completing an AAC evaluation. The supervisor then proceeded to review the case with her clinicians and quizzed the students about the most salient features of AAC evaluations. The supervisor stressed to the students that it was very important to conduct a thorough evaluation of the client. She also mentioned that there were certain considerations that needed to be made before the evaluation commenced. Question The supervisor mentioned to her clinicians that there are three main methods that are used to represent language in AAC speech output assistive technology systems. She provided the students with several choices and asked them to pick one method from the list that should be considered to represent language in AAC system programming. A. Neologisms B. Semantic compaction C. Semantic paraphasias D. Sensory deprivation
B. Semantic compaction
A friend asks you about her baby Sasha, who is being exposed to Croatian and English in the home. Your friend explains that Sasha has heard both Croatian and English from early infancy. Sasha is experiencing the phenomenon of: A. Sequential bilingual acquisition B. Simultaneous bilingual acquisition C. Limited bilingualism D. Dual language immersion
B. Simultaneous bilingual acquisition
A child from Culber City transfers to Central City, and his file indicates that he has been receiving speech-language services in Culber City. Some pages of the report from the speech-language pathologist in Culber City are missing. However, the first page indicates that this child has Moebius syndrome. He also has a history of frequent hospitalizations. What can the Central City clinician probably expect to find? A. This child has syndactyly, cranial synostosis, resulting in smaller anterior-posterior skull diameter, high forehead, an arched and grooved hard palate, class III malocclusion, and possible cleft of the hard palate. B. This child has delayed language and an articulation disorder, as well as bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression, and protrusion, a mask-like face, a history of feeding problems in infancy, and unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the eye. C. This child has a small maxillary structure, sphenoethmoidal synchondroses, ocular hypertelorism, facial asymmetry including a tall forehead, and brachycephaly. D. This child has low muscle tone, a history of early feeding difficulties, initial failure to thrive, obesity after the first year, and underdeveloped genitals.
B. This child has delayed language and an articulation disorder, as well as bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression, and protrusion, a mask-like face, a history of feeding problems in infancy, and unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the
A test developer has simultaneously written two versions of a test of articulation skills (Form A and Form B) and administered both versions to selected children. The developer did this to establish A. split-half reliability. B. alternate-form reliability. C. interobserver reliability. D. intraobserver reliability.
B. alternate-form reliability.
Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is A. controlled by internal emotions. B. changed by its consequences. C. unaffected by environmental stimuli. D. essentially reflexive.
B. changed by its consequences.
The description of the different phases of normal swallow suggest that A. swallowing consists of a series of discrete actions described in terms of the oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. B. in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process. C. the oral preparatory phase is not linked to the oral phase. D. the pharyngeal phase, because it consists of reflex actions, is not closely related to the oral phase.
B. in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process.
A patient in a nursing home is being treated for dysphagia post CVA. The patient is oriented and can follow directions. The patient has poor tongue control but good pharyngeal and laryngeal control. The clinician decides to try a technique in which she places a bolus in the mouth, tilts the patient's head back, and asks her to swallow. This treatment technique will result in A. increasing the vallecula space. B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space. C. laryngeal closure issues. D. peristalsis issues.
B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space.
Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals are known as A. aperiodic waves. B. periodic waves. C. sinusoidal motion/waves. D. compression.
B. periodic waves.
Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have a A. cochlear disorder. B. retrocochlear disorder. C. recruitment disorder. D. middle ear disorder.
B. retrocochlear disorder.
A measure of variability denoting the extent to which scores deviate from the mean or average score is called the A. deviant variability index. B. standard deviation. C. interquartile range. D. standard variance squared.
B. standard deviation.
An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer's lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure ___________, which is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation. A. tidal volume B. vital capacity C. total lung capacity D. residual air
B. vital capacity
Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this." B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models. C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them. D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses.
B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models.
A 73-year-old Cantonese-speaking gentleman, Mr. Fung, has had a stroke. You are seeing him for therapy in an outpatient rehabilitation setting. He is recovering both his Cantonese and his English skills, but you are conducting therapy in English only. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on Mr. Fung's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Cantonese and not necessarily his current neurological status? A. "He not have no most money in his pocket." B. "She coming over here now." C. "We don't no done got to have breakfast now." D. "I done axed them for help."
B. "She coming over here now."
You are taking a language sample from an 8-year-old child. One of his utterances is "I will go to school tomorrow if I am not sick." This is an example of a A. compound sentence with an independent and a dependent clause. B. complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause. C. complex sentence with two independent clauses. D. complex sentence with two dependent clauses.
B. *complex sentence* with an independent and a dependent clause.
Select the statement that is correct. A. Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a language disorder. B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder. C. AOS is caused by weakness in speech muscles. D. AOS does not coexist with aphasia.
B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder
Select the statement that is correct. A. Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a language disorder. B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder. C. AOS is caused by weakness in speech muscles. D. AOS does not coexist with aphasia. E. AOS may not be associated with prosodic impairments.
B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder.
Select the statement that is correct. A. Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a language disorder. B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder. C. AOS is caused by weakness in speech muscles. D. AOS does not coexist with aphasia.
B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder.
You are developing a treatment program for a 30-year-old man with a long history of stuttering. Your brief trial therapy suggests that he could benefit from a fluency shaping procedure. You are now developing specific treatment targets that you would teach. What would those targets be, and in what order would they be taught? A. Gentle phonatory onset, syllable prolongation, and airflow management, taught in that order. B. Airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and syllable prolongation, taught in that order. C. A slow rate of speech achieved through pauses between words, airflow management, and gentle phonatory onset, taught in that order. D. Airflow management, cancellation, pullouts, and preparatory sets, taught in that order.
B. Airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and syllable prolongation, taught in that order.
In the mand-model method of teaching language skills to children, the clinician does which of the following? A. Prompts an elaboration of a verbal response, and requires the child to imitate B. Asks questions like "Tell me what you want" and models or prompts the correct response if necessary C. Adds comments to the child's production, with no response requirement D. Repeatedly and consecutively models a particular structure but does not require the child to imitate it
B. Asks questions like "Tell me what you want" and models or prompts the correct response if necessary
You have been asked to supervise a student clinician who has never worked in an early intervention setting before. The clinician has assessed many elementary-age children but has no experience assessing the language skills of infants and toddlers. As you instruct this student, which of the following would you not recommend to her in testing infants and toddlers? A. Assess attention and physiological states such as crying, alertness, and eye opening. B. Avoid working with a multidisciplinary team because that may only confuse and distract the child. C. See if the child has difficulty establishing eye contact, mutual gaze, and joint reference. D. Assess how the caregiver interacts with the child.
B. Avoid working with a multidisciplinary team because that may only confuse and distract the child.
Select the correct statement. A. Probes and baselines are the same. B. Baselines are pretreatment measures, and probes measure generalized productions. C. Probes are conducted only in naturalistic settings (e.g., homes). D. Baselines are measures of generalized productions. E. Probes are conducted before starting the treatment.
B. Baselines are pretreatment measures, and probes measure generalized productions.
A patient with end-stage cancer was experiencing loss of weight, fatigue, weakness, and a significant reduction in appetite. The oncologist mentioned to the speech-language pathologist that even though the patient was not actively trying to lose weight, his loss of body mass would be difficult to reverse nutritionally because he had aggressive cancer. This condition of weight loss that is a common complication associated with cancer is called A. gluconeogenesis. B. cachexia. C. anorexia. D. lipolysis.
B. Cachexia
A type of research in which independent variables have occurred in the past and the investigator tries to find potential causes of the dependent variables is called what? A. Efficacy research B. Ex post facto research C. Case study research D. Survey research
B. Ex post facto research
A speech-language pathologist on a cleft palate and craniofacial team wishes to develop a simple measure of hypernasality to begin quantifying (however subjectively) the amount of hypernasality he hears in the speech of the children seen by the team each month. He will pass on this information to the plastic surgeon and other team members to assist them in making surgical decisions for each child. The speech-language pathologist devises the following scale: 1. Almost no hypernasality 2. Slight hypernasality 3. Moderate hypernasality 4. Great amount of hypernasality What type of scale is this called? A. Logarithmic scale B. Ordinal scale C. Nominal scale D. Interval scale
B. Ordinal scale
You are asked to see a 6-year-old boy, Gabe, for potential therapy because he is very hoarse and has been hoarse for approximately 7 months. He is an active, happy first grader who loves sports and is engaged in various types of sports (e.g., soccer, baseball) year-round. Reportedly, he frequently screams at games. At the school, there is one 15-minute recess in the morning and a 30-minute recess after lunch. You observe Gabe on the playground at recess several times over a period of 2 weeks and see that he loves to run, play, and yell loudly with his friends. His parents have given you a letter from the ENT that definitively states that Gabe has vocal nodules. After an evaluation, what is the first thing you would do? A. Send Gabe to a counselor to probe into any possible psychological or emotional factors that are contributing to his vocally abusive behavior. B. Focus on identification and reduction of vocally abusive behavior such as yelling and screaming; use computer games and prizes to help motivate Gabe to use better vocal habits. C. Monitor Gabe's vocal status by seeing him once every 3 months for the next year to observe whether his hoarseness gets better or worse. D. Prescribe 3 or 4 weeks of almost total voice rest, telling Gabe and his parents that he can speak only when he absolutely has to—no yelling at recess or when he plays sports.
B. Focus on identification and reduction of vocally abusive behavior such as yelling and screaming; use computer games and prizes to help motivate Gabe to use better vocal habits.
The /z/ in zoo is produced by severely constricting the oral cavity and then forcing the air through it, creating a hissing or friction-type of noise. When a person is using this manner of articulation, he or she is using A. glides. B. fricatives. C. stops. D. affricates.
B. Fricatives
An 84-year-old woman is having difficulties swallowing. She had a stroke 2 months ago and is now being seen as an outpatient. She complains that "food keeps getting stuck in her throat." Her husband mentions that when she swallows a large bolus, she coughs often. He mentions that his wife is very frustrated and cannot eat steaks and other solid foods." He also mentions that she gets very embarrassed when they go out to restaurants to eat dinner because she can only order soups, apple sauce, and other soft foods, as she is afraid of coughing if she eats solid foods. 32. While the clinician was conducting the examination in the radiology department to determine whether there was a delay in the pharyngeal swallow reflex, she most likely would have selected the following treatment technique with the patient: A. Head back B. Head down (chin tuck) C. Lying on one side D. Cervical auscultation
B. Head down (chin tuck)
44. James, a 4-year-old boy, attends your cleft-palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. James is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has difficulty producing non-nasal sounds. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics A. Hyponasality B. Hypernasality C. Assimilative nasality D. Adaptive nasality E. Cul-de-sac resonance
B. Hypernasality
James, a 4-year-old boy, attends your cleft palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. He is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has difficulty producing non-nasal sounds. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics? A. Hyponasality B. Hypernasality C. Assimilative nasality D. Cul-de-sac resonance
B. Hypernasality
A 5-year-old child, Crystal S., is brought to you for an evaluation of her speech. The family speaks only English in the home. According to Crystal's mother, Crystal "loves to talk but most people have trouble understanding her." As you play with Crystal informally you estimate that she is approximately 50-60% intelligible. You conduct an oral peripheral evaluation, which reveals that Crystal does not have any anatomical or physiological anomalies that would explain why she is so unintelligible. You also conduct in-depth assessment in other areas to determine the nature of Crystal's unintelligibility and to determine therapy goals. 17. You find that Crystal uses a number of phonological processes. One of those processes is stopping. You know this when you hear Crystal make such substitutions as: A. bae/bath B. tu/shoe C. ruz/rush D. nake/snake E. tuhree/three
B. If Crystal says tu/shoe, she is demonstrating the phonological process of stopping.
Which one of the following statements is *false*? A. A multicultural student whose background does not match the school's expectations might be inaccurately labeled as having a language-learning disability. B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention. C. While learning a second language, children often go through a silent period in which they concentrate on comprehension of the new language. D. A child who said, "Me gustaria manejar; I'll take the car!" is manifesting the process of code switching.
B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention.
Which one of the following statements is false? A. A multicultural student whose background does not match the school's expectations might be inaccurately labeled as having a language-learning disability. B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention. C. While learning a second language, children often go through a silent period where they concentrate on comprehension of the new language. D. A child who said "Me gustaria manejar; I'll take the car!" is manifesting the process of codeswitching. E. Children whose primary language is not reinforced in school may experience a loss of skills in that language.
B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention.
Which one of the following statements is false? A. A multicultural student whose background does not match the school's expectations might be inaccurately labeled as having a language-learning disability. B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention. C. While learning a second language, children often go through a silent period in which they concentrate on comprehension of the new language. D. A child who said, "Me gustaria manejar; I'll take the car!" is manifesting the process of code switching.
B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention.
15. Which one of the following is FALSE regarding treatment of child with SSDs? A. The distinctive features approach is used to find a child's underlying patterns (e.g., problems with the feature of nasality) and train one or several sounds in that pattern in hopes that generalization to other sounds in that pattern will occur. B. Hodson and Paden's cycles approach involves treating children with phonological disorders in cycles in which the child is trained to a criterion of mastery for error patterns such as final-consonant deletion and fronting. C. Van Riper's approach focuses on phonetic placement, auditory discrimination/perceptual training, and drill-like repetition and practice at increasingly complex motor levels until target phonemes are produced correctly in spontaneous conversation. D. In minimal pair contrast therapy, the clinician uses pairs of words that differ by only one feature; of the paired words, one is the target word in which the sound is produced correctly and the other is the child's incorrect production. E. Children whose SSDs are phonological in nature and accompanied by difficulties in language are at the greatest risk for failing achieve phonological awareness and eventual literacy skills; thus, it is important to incorporate phonological awareness treatment into therapy sessions with them.
B. In Hodson and Paden's cycles approach, children are not trained to a criterion of mastery for error patterns. Rather, the clinician introduces correct patterns, gives the child limited practice with production of those patterns, and moves on to other error patterns
Both the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and state governments regulate the practice of speech-language pathology. Clinicians often have to meet different requirements for different professional settings. Among the following choices, which statement is *incorrect*? A. In many states, it is not essential to get the ASHA certification to work as a clinician in public schools. B. In most states, both the state licensure and ASHA certification are required to work as an SLP in public schools. C. Although widely recognized by employers, the ASHA certifications do not have the legal authority of state licensures. D. A state education department's credential is not the same as the same state's licensure.
B. In most states, both the state licensure and ASHA certification are required to work as an SLP in public schools.
The description of the different phases of normal swallow suggest that A. swallowing consists of a series of discrete actions described in terms of the oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. B. in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process. C. the oral preparatory phase is not linked to the oral phase. D. the pharyngeal phase, because it consists of reflex actions, is not closely related to the oral phase.
B. In spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process.
Select the correct statement. A. It is not possible to have Broca's aphasia without a specific injury to Broca's area. B. Injury to Broca's area is not essential to have Broca's aphasia. C. Auditory comprehension is typically worse than speech production in Broca's aphasia. D. Syntactic skills are severely impaired in anomic aphasia.
B. Injury to Broca's area is not essential to have Broca's aphasia.
A 55-year old man comes to you stating that he has been sounding hoarse for the last few months. He also states that he has difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and a lump in his neck. He shares with you that he has an ongoing sore throat. You suspect that his diagnosis will probably be: A. Laryngeal web B. Laryngeal cancer C. Vocal nodules D. Granuloma
B. Laryngeal cancer
In a voice evaluation, air pressure can be measured with a A. thermometer. B. manometer. C. airmometer. D. altimeter.
B. Manometer
8. Among the following symptoms, which one is not an especially significant feature of traumatic brain injury in children? A. Sentence comprehension problems B. Marked deficiency in producing grammatical morphemes C. Topic maintenance D. Word-retrieval problems
B. Marked deficiency in producing grammatical morphemes
Select the two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission. A. Amplitude and intensity B. Mass and elasticity C. Compression and rarefaction D. Pressure and force
B. Mass and elasticity
Which one of the following statements is *false* regarding providing rehabilitative services to adult culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) patients with neurological impairments? A. Some families may be offended by the rehabilitation team's encouragement of the patient's independence. B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals. C. Clinicians need to remember that some elderly CLD patients have little money and possibly no health insurance. D. It is important to assess premorbid educational levels and vocational attainments of patients because these affect assessment and intervention.
B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals.
Which one of the following statements is false regarding providing rehabilitative services to adult culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) patients with neurological impairments? A. Some families may be offended by the rehabilitation team's encouragement of the patient's independence. B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals. C. Socioeconomic status may affect the person's ability to receive adequate rehabilitative services. D. Clinicians need to remember that some elderly CLD patients have little money and possibly no health insurance. E. It is important to assess premorbid educational levels and vocational attainments of patients because these affect assessment and intervention.
B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals.
A factor that may positively influence pediatric feeding for infants is A. nonnutritive sucking. B. nutritive sucking. C. choanal atresia. D. stenosis.
B. Nutritive sucking
8. A clinician evaluates the speech of a 5-year-old child with a phonological delay. The child is not intelligible to her kindergarten teacher or her peers, and is placed into therapy to improve her intelligibility. Assuming that this child uses the phonological process of consonant-cluster reduction, which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment? A. bus B. stopped C. blouse D. Lassie E. shoes
B. Stopped is the only word in the list that contains a consonant cluster
A mother brings her 4-year-old daughter, Megan, for a hearing screening. She shares that Megan has had many middle ear infections, which have been treated with antibiotics. These middle ear infections started when Megan was 2 years old. The mother has been told by a friend that "middle ear tubes" might be a good option for Megan, but the mother states that she is afraid of the surgery that this would entail. After all, Megan is only 4 years old, and her mother does not want her to be traumatized. The mother tells you, "Even though Megan ignores me sometimes, I think everything will be okay. I just wanted her to get checked out to be sure." The audiologist assesses Megan, with the resulting audiogram shown below. What type of problem does Megan have, based on this audiogram? A. Mixed loss B. Otitis media with effusion C. Sensorineural loss D. Noise-induced loss
B. Otitis media with effusion
A mother brings her 4-year-old daughter, Megan, for a hearing screening. She shares that Megan has had many middle ear infections, which have been treated with antibiotics. These middle ear infections started when Megan was 2 years old. The mother has been told by a friend that "middle ear tubes" might be a good option for Megan, but the mother states that she is afraid of the surgery that this would entail. After all, Megan is only 4 years old, and her mother does not want her to be traumatized. The mother tells you, "Even though Megan ignores me sometimes, I think everything will be okay. I just wanted her to get checked out to be sure." The audiologist assesses Megan, with the resulting audiogram shown below. What type of problem does Megan have, based on this audiogram? A. Mixed loss B. Otitis media with effusion C. Sensorineural loss D. Noise-induced loss
B. Otitis media with effusion
53. As a hospital clinician, you are given a budget to purchase several new tests to use with patients. You remember that among the following standardized tests of aphasia, the one that samples speech and language skills to only a limited extent is the A. Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia B. Porch Index of Communicative Ability C. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination D. Western Aphasia Battery E. Functional Living Assessment
B. Porch Index of Communicative Ability
You are asked to assess a 20-year-old man with traumatic brain injury. Select the following statement that gives you a correct orientation to your assessment of this patient. A. Pure linguistic skills, including grammatical skills, need to be assessed in depth. B. Pragmatic language skills, production of speech sounds, and comprehension of spoken language skills should be among the main targets of assessment. C. Impaired morphologic skills should be the main concerns in assessment. D. There is no need to spend time on assessing dysarthria. E. Assessment of reading and writing skills is not a concern.
B. Pragmatic language skills, production of speech sounds, and comprehension of spoken language skills should be among the main targets of assessment.
You are about to begin intervention with a 7-year-old child with developmental delays who reportedly has the language skills of a typically developing 4-year-old child. Which of the following skills would not be appropriate to work in treatment? A. Use of future tense B. Production of gerunds C. Definition of common words D. Topic maintenance over successive utterances E. Use of complete sentences
B. Production of gerunds
Jamal is an 8-year old boy who transfers to your school district. The report from the previous speech-language pathologist is missing from his cumulative file, but you see a note that says, "Jamal has childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)." Which one of the following characteristics will you not expect Jamal to present with? A. Repetition of sounds and syllables B. Rapid speech that becomes faster as Jamal gets more deeply involved in a conversation C. Unusual errors of articulation, such as metathesis (e.g., axe/ask) D. Deviations in prosody E. The most difficulty with consonant clusters
B. Rapid speech that becomes faster as Jamal gets more deeply involved in a conversation
A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process A. compression. B. rarefaction. C. elasticity. D. displacement.
B. Rarefaction
A 10 year old boy, Flynn, attended a university clinic for an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) evaluation. Flynn has cerebral palsy and has difficulty communicating. The clinical supervisor asked the students to review the case history and to discuss aspects that were crucial in completing an AAC evaluation. The supervisor then proceeded to review the case with her clinicians and quizzed the students about the most salient features of AAC evaluations. THe supervisor stressed to the students that it was very important to conduct a thorough evaluation of the client. She also mentioned that there were certain considerations that needed to be made before the evaluation commenced. The supervisor mentioned to her clinicians that there are three main methods that are used to represent language in AAC speech output assistive technology systems. She provided the students with several choices and asked them to pick one method from the list that should be considered to represent language in AAC system programming. A. Neologisms B. Semantic compaction C. Semantic paraphasias D.Sensory deprivation
B. Semantic compaction
The supervisor mentioned to her clinicians that there are three main methods that are used to represent language in AAC speech output assistive technology systems. She provided the students with several choices and asked them to pick one method from the list that should be considered to represent language in AAC system programming. A. Neologisms B. Semantic compaction C. Semantic paraphasias D. Sensory deprivation
B. Semantic compaction
During an informal conversation with an adolescent who has come to you for assessment, you notice the following problems: difficulty in using figurative language, difficulty in using words with multiple meanings, and difficulty using synonyms appropriately. What kinds of language skills do you need to especially target during your assessment? A. Pragmatic language skills B. Semantic language skills C. Syntactic structures D. Morphologic features E. Phonological skills
B. Semantic language skills
During an informal conversation with an adolescent who has come to you for assessment, you notice the following problems: difficulty in using figurative language, difficulty in using words with multiple meanings, and difficulty using synonyms appropriately. What kinds of language skills do you need to especially target during your assessment? A. Pragmatic language skills B. Semantic language skills C. Syntactic structures D. Morphologic features
B. Semantic language skills
The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called: A. afferent B. efferent C. primary D. secondary E. peripheral
B. efferent
Which of the following is a condition in which the surface tissues of the soft or hard palate fuse, but the underlying muscle or bone tissues do not? A. Fusion disorder B. Submucous or occult cleft palate C. Class III palatal cleft D. Submucosal cleft class IV
B. Submucous or occult cleft palate
A 70-year-old man who recently had a single left hemisphere stroke has been referred to you. The referring neurologist suggested possible damage to Broca's area and the surrounding tissue. Your initial conversation revealed an impaired oral sensation and a general awareness of his problems. The patient spoke at a deliberately slow rate; he made many speech errors that were highly variable; his automatic speech was relatively unaffected; and he often substituted voiceless speech sounds for voiced ones. What would be your suspected diagnosis and assessment strategy for this patient? A. Suspecting Broca's aphasia, I would assess language production, including fluency, word output, grammaticality, naming, comprehension of syntactic structures, and so forth. B. Suspecting apraxia of speech, I would assess in detail imitated, evoked, and repetitive productions of phonemes, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. I would also evaluate automatic and spontaneous productions and so forth. C. Suspecting transcortical motor aphasia, I would assess repetition skills, sentence completion, word fluency, grammaticality, echolalia, preservation, and so forth. D. Suspecting mixed transcortical aphasia, I would assess spontaneous speech, automatic and unintentional nature of communication, impaired fluency, and so forth.
B. Suspecting apraxia of speech, I would assess in detail imitated, evoked, and repetitive productions of phonemes, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. I would also evaluate automatic and spontaneous productions and so forth.
You are administering a formal language test to a student who speaks AAE. Which one of the following tasks is not biased against him? A. "Tell me if this sentence is correct or incorrect: 'Them kids is havin' fun.'" B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV." C. "Fill in the missing word: 'Today I walk to school; yesterday I ______ to school.'" D. "Repeat this sentence exactly as I say it: 'They had been careful with their books.'"
B. Tell me what yoou like to watch on TV
You have just administered a standardized test of articulation to a boy with speech sound disorders. You had decided that the test was appropriate for the child because children of the same background as the child were sampled in the normative standardization process. The child scored in the 50th percentile on the test. Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of this score? A. The child is below average in speech sound production. B. The child's score is equivalent to the median in the normative sample. C. The child is above average in speech sound production. D. The test results suggest target speech productions for treatment.
B. The child's score is equivalent to the median in the normative sample.
Being a branch of physics, acoustics describes various physical properties of sound, its generation, and its propagation. Of the following descriptions, which one is incorrect? A. Newton's law of inertia states that all bodies always remain at rest until a force sets them in motion. B. The process of a sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in its speed is called refraction. C. Formant frequency is a frequency region with concentrated energy. D. Measured in terms of Nt, force is the product of mass and acceleration.
B. The process of a sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in its speed is called refraction
Being a branch of physics, acoustics describes various physical properties of sound, its generation, and its propagation. Of the following descriptions, which one is *incorrect*? A. Newton's law of inertia states that all bodies always remain at rest until a force sets them in motion. B. The process of a sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in its speed is called refraction. C. Formant frequency is a frequency region with concentrated energy. D. Measured in terms of Nt, force is the product of mass and acceleration.
B. The process of a sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in its speed is called refraction.
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect. A. The thyroarytenoids are divided into two muscle masses. B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors. C. The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. D. The cricothyroid muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.
B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors.
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect. A. The thyroarytenoids are divided into two muscle masses. B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors. C. The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. D. The cricothyroid muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.
B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors.
A teacher refers Juan to you for a speech-language evaluation. Juan, a second grader from the Dominican Republic who speaks Spanish and English with equal fluency, transferred to your school district 3 months ago from another district in your state. In his previous district, Juan was in a bilingual classroom where his primary language of Spanish was maintained, and he was also exposed to English. According to Juan's report card from the previous district, "Juan does well speaking both Spanish and English. I [the teacher] think he is beginning to show a preference for English. Juan is performing adequately in all academic areas." The second-grade teacher at your school, who teaches only in English, feels that after 3 months in her classroom, "Juan is catching on slowly. I wonder if he needs special education. It seems that he would benefit from speech therapy." What would be your best course of action? A. Ask the district to send you a bilingual, Spanish-speaking, speech-language pathologist who can evaluate Juan, because you are sure that he has a language disorder. B. Use a dynamic-assessment model to evaluate Juan's language-learning ability and combine that with classroom observations over the next 2 to 3 months to evaluate his progress. C. Use a variety of English screening instruments to assess Juan's English ability because these instruments are ecologically valid for him. D. Ask Juan's parents to sign a permission form so he may be assessed immediately in English, using only English tests, since English is apparently beginning to be his preferred language.
B. Use a dynamic-assessment model to evaluate Juan's language-learning ability and combine that with classroom observations over the next 2 to 3 months to evaluate his progress.
Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this." B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models. C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them. D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses.
B. Waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response and gives the desired object if there is no response after 3 models
A patient was having difficulty swallowing solids and liquids and was regurgitating his food hours after eating. During a barium swallow the physician noted that there was a complete loss of peristalsis. She also noted that the nonrelaxing lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was preventing the downward passage of the bolus into the stomach. This condition is called A. trismus. B. achalasia. C. luminal deformity. D. extrinsic compression.
B. achalasia.
The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called A. phonemes. B. allophones. C. morphemes. D. diphthongs.
B. allophones
92. A test developer has simultaneously written two versions of a test of articulation skills (Form A and Form B) and administered both versions to selected children. The developer did this to establish A. split-half reliability B. alternate-form reliability C. test-retest reliability D. interobserver reliability E. intraobserver reliability
B. alternate-form reliability
18. A patient with end-stage cancer was experiencing loss of weight, fatigue, weakness, and a significant reduction in appetite. The oncologist mentioned to the speech-language pathologist that even though the patient was not actively trying to lose weight, his loss of body mass would be difficult to reverse nutritionally because he had aggressive cancer. This condition of weight loss that is a common complication associated with cancer is called A. gluconeogenesis. B. cachexia. C. anorexia. D. lipolysis.
B. cachexia.
40. Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is A. controlled by internal emotions B. changed by its consequences C. unaffected by environmental stimuli D. essentially reflexive E. primarily determined by cognitive variables
B. changed by its consequences
On completion of an oral mechanism examination, the attending orthodontist notices that her patient has a protruding maxilla and a receded mandible. The orthodontist asks the student speech-language pathologist for a diagnosis of the condition. The student should diagnose the condition as A. class I malocclusion B. class II malocclusion C. class III malocclusion D. myofunctional disorder E. ankyloglossia
B. class II malocclusion
A child who regularly says "He the small one" instead of "He is the smallest one" or "She is tall than her" instead of "She is taller than her" has specific problems with A. adjectives B. comparatives and superlatives C. irregular past-tense forms D. word retrieval E. syntactic transformations
B. comparatives and superlatives
102. You are taking a language sample from an 8-year-old child. One of his utterances is "I will go to school tomorrow if I am not sick." This is an example of a A. compound sentence with an independent and a dependent clause B. complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause C. complex sentence with two independent clauses D. complex sentence with two dependent clauses E. compound sentence with a dependent clause and a subordinate clause
B. complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause
Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called A. pure tones B. complex tones C. multiple tones D. harmonic tones E. duplex tones
B. complex tones
Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called A. pure tones. B. complex tones. C. multiple tones. D. harmonic tones.
B. complex tones.
The radiographic imaging procedure that allows X-ray beams to circle through segments of the brain and pass through tissue while a camera takes pictures of sections of the structures being scanned is known as A. electroencephalography (EEG) B. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET) E. videofluoroscopy
B. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would A. not be concerned about screening the patient for concrete and abstract language comprehension because it would provide irrelevant information B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures C. restrict the patient's foods choices to limit potential aspiration D. not consider literacy skills because they are irrelevant to swallowing assessment E. not consider the possibility of an ultrasound examination because you want to limit cost
B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures
In standardizing a test of language skills in children, the investigator asked two experts to judge each item on the test to make sure that all items were relevant to children's languageskills. This is a method of establishing the A. concurrent validity B. content validity C. construct validity D. predictive validity E. test reliability
B. content validity
In standardizing a test of language skills in children, the investigator asked two experts to judge each item on the test to make sure that all items were relevant to children's language skills. This is a method of establishing the A. concurrent validity. B. content validity. C. construct validity. D. predictive validity.
B. content validity.
An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the: A. mesencephalon B. diencephalon C. inferior cerebellar peduncle D. superior cerebellar peduncle E. postcentral gyrus
B. diencephalon
32. You observe the following substitution errors in the speech of a 6-year-old client: w/l (e.g., waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child's mother that these are examples of A. vocalization B. gliding C. velar fronting D. stopping E. depalatization
B. gliding
As a clinician in a medically based private practice, you receive a referral of 23-year-old Allison, a college cheerleader. Allison has been a cheerleader since her freshman year at Freeport College; she is now a senior. She works part-time as a telemarketer, and, according to her boyfriend, she "is glued to her cell phone." She also sings in the college chorus. She has been hoarse for several years and tells you during the case history, "I've ignored the way I sound—it's just me. I haven't felt like I've needed to change anything." However, she shares that lately she has been feeling a lot of pain and the hoarseness is substantially worse. She says, "Sometimes when I talk, it's almost like there's a 'double voice.'" She tells you that she is worried because she will graduate from college in 3 months and will be looking for a job. She is worried that employers will not want to hire someone who "sounds like a frog." You immediately refer her to an otolaryngologist for a thorough examination of her vocal folds. You then proceed to do your own instrumental and perceptual evaluation. You come up with a number of findings, including the fact that Allison has increased laryngeal airway resistance, a maximum phonation time of 6 seconds, and dysphonia. You think that she is a probable candidate for phonosurgery but will wait for the otolaryngologist's diagnosis and recommendations. 23. Measures of jitter and shimmer are becoming more common in use with voice patients because they can be useful in early detection of vocal pathology. Although you suspect that the otolaryngologist will find obvious vocal pathology, given Allison's history of prolonged hoarseness, you still want to obtain measures of jitter and shimmer because these can serve as an excellent baseline, especially if Allison has phonosurgery. When you take these measures, you might expect to see A. a small amount of shimmer and a large amount of jitter. B. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when shimmer is measured. C. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when jitter is measured. D. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with Allison being able to sustain a vowel with approximately 15% shimmer.
B. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when shimmer is measured.
Measures of jitter and shimmer are becoming more common in use with voice patients because they can be useful in early detection of vocal pathology. Although you suspect that the otolaryngologist will find obvious vocal pathology given Allison's history of prolonged hoarseness, you still want to obtain measures of jitter and shimmer because these can serve as an excellent baseline, especially if Allison has phonosurgery. When you take these measures, you might expect to see A. a small amount of shimmer and a large amount of jitter B. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when shimmer is measured C. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when jitter is measured D. a large amount of jitter with only a small-to-moderate amount of shimmer E. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with Allison being able to sustain a vowel with approximately 15% shimmer
B. large amounts of both jitter and shimmer, with more than 1 dB of variation across vibratory cycles when shimmer is measured
47. A patient complains that her voice is soft, hoarse, low pitched, and breathy. After conducting an endoscopic evaluation, the laryngologist concludes that the patient has benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa. The laryngologist asks his resident to diagnose the problem. The resident identifies the problem as A. hyperkeratosis B. leukoplakia C. hemangioma D. a granuloma E. carcinoma
B. leukoplakia
In a voice evaluation, air pressure can be measured with a A. thermometer B. manometer C. airmometer D. altimeter E. meter
B. manometer
The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are: a. amplitude and intensity B. mass and elasticity C. compression and rarefaction D. pressure and force E. elasticity and compression
B. mass and elasticity
9. You are conducting therapy with Jennifer, a teenager who has a language impairment. You are especially addressing her skills in the area of cohesion because her teachers and parents report that this is an area of difficulty for her. Cohesion is defined as A. providing listeners with adequate information without redundancy B. ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another C. initiating a topic D. repairing communication breakdowns E. terminating discourse
B. ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another
75. Karen informs her pediatrician that her child has been rubbing his ear and is fussy. The doctor mentions to Karen that her child has an upper respiratory infection. The pediatrician also explains that upper respiratory infections are often associated with an infection of the middle ear. This infection of the middle ear is known as A. external otitis B. otitis media C. myringotomy D. aural atresia E. microtia
B. otitis media
Karen informs her pediatrician that her child has been rubbing his ear and is fussy. The doctor tells Karen that her child has an upper respiratory infection. The pediatrician explains that upper respiratory infections are often associated with an infection of the middle ear. This infection of the middle ear is known as A. external otitis. B. otitis media. C. myringotomy. D. aural atresia.
B. otitis media.
Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals are known as A. aperiodic waves B. periodic waves C. sinusoidal motion/wave D. octave E. compression
B. periodic waves
While conducting an evaluation of an infant in a neonatal ICU, a student intern informed her supervisor that she noticed that while stimulating the gums of the infant, it elicited a rhythmical opening and closing of the jaw. She also noticed that the infant gently nibbled on her finger. The supervisor informed the student that normally developing infants go through this stage, called A. tonic bite reflex. B. phasic bite reflex. C. jaw retraction. D. jaw clenching.
B. phasic bite reflex.
Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with A. anterior right hemisphere damage B. posterior right hemisphere damage C. left temporal lobe damage D. damage to the perisylvian region E. occipital lobe damage
B. posterior right hemisphere damage
A 75-year-old man visits your office and complains that he constantly turns the volume of his television set too high and is unable to listen to programs at a lower volume. After conducting hearing tests, you explain to him that his hearing loss is due to aging. This condition is referred to as A. tinnitus B. presbycusis C. Ménière's disease D. vertigo E. dizziness
B. presbycusis
A 75-year-old man visits your office and complains that he constantly turns the volume of his television set up high and is unable to listen to programs at a lower volume. After conducting hearing tests, you explain to him that his hearing loss is due to aging. This condition is referred to as A. tinnitus. B. presbycusis. C. Meniere's disease. D. vertigo.
B. presbycusis.
A researcher wants to study the occurrence of stuttering in a given city. She wants to know how many adults and children in Middletown city have officially been diagnosed with stuttering. The researcher does not necessarily want to give a predictive statement; rather, she just wants to know the number of individuals in Middletown who stutter. The researcher wants to know: A. incidence B. prevalence C. current sample D. population statistics E. none of the above
B. prevalence
A thrombus is a A. traveling blood clot that blocks the flow of blood. B. stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood. C. cause of aphasia in women only. D. bleeding vessel.
B. stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood.
A clinician is treating a 7-year old girl, Ariela, with a w/r substitution. The clinician says "Ariela, watch me, listen carefully, and say what I say--/r/." The clinician then evaluates Ariela's ability to imitate his production of /r/. He has just assessed Ariela's: A. auditory discrimination skills B. stimulability C. phonological awareness skills D. evoked speech ability
B. stimulability
A child's speech analysis suggests the phonological process of consonant-cluster reduction. Which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment? A. bus B. stopped C. horse D. lassie
B. stopped
82. You are working in therapy with a child who has challenging behaviors. You decide to use negative reinforcement, which A. reduces the response rate B. strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events C. is comparable to punishment in its effects D. is involved in differential reinforcement of other behaviors E. is not involved in avoidance conditioning
B. strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events
You need to view Allison's vocal folds. You know that the otolaryngologist will do this also, but you are fortunate to have instrumentation available to you. You decide to use a procedure that uses a pulsing light to permit the optical illusion of slow-motion viewing of the vocal folds. This is called A. nasoendoscopy B. stroboscopy C. electromyography D. videofluoroscopy E. electroglottography
B. stroboscopy
A correlation coefficient A. helps establish the effect of a variable B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other C. allows researchers to make predictions about their subjects' future behaviors D. confirms a cause-effect relationship between two variables E. helps researchers examine data retroactively
B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other
6. You are working as a clinician in a private clinic. A father brings his son Johnny, age 4 ½ years old, for an evaluation. According to his father, Johnny is "hard to understand and sometimes the kids at school make fun of him." The pediatrician has told Johnny's father that Johnny will "outgrow this speech problem on his own," but the father wants to make sure that this advice is correct. Johnny will be starting kindergarten in 6 months, when he turns 5 years of age, and his father wants to be sure that Johnny speaks as intelligibly as possible so that he will not be teased in elementary school. When you evaluate Johnny, you find that he has θ/s, t/f, d/ð, and j/l substitutions. You decide to place him into therapy. You would begin therapy by addressing the:
B. t/f substiution B. The /f/ sound is developed earlier than the /s/, /r/, /θ/, and /l/ sounds. Thus, beginning therapy by addressing /f/ would be the best approach.
116. A public school teacher refers DePonce, an African American second grader, for speech-language assessment. According to the teacher, "DePonce does not always say his words correctly. I think he might have a grammar problem, too." The clinician screens DePonce and finds that he uses AAE. She decides to carry out a formal evaluation to ascertain whether DePonce has a speech-language difference or a disorder. DePonce's parents are not happy with the teacher's referral, and they share that they think that DePonce's speech and language development are within normal limits. Nevertheless, they agree to testing. The clinician finds that DePonce's articulation patterns reflect typical differences that are due to the influence of AAE. However, there is one exception. Which one of the following would not be a typical pattern manifested by normally developing children who speak AAE A. Final consonant deletion B. t/k substitution (e.g., tea/key) C. Metathesis (e.g., aks/ask) D. d/th (e.g., dis/this) E. f/th (e.g., fumb/thumb)
B. t/k substitution (e.g., tea/key)
Which articulation difference is *not* commonly observed among Asian speakers of English as a second language? A. Shortening of polysyllabic words B. t/k substitution (e.g., tin/kin) C. Confusion of /r/ and /l/ D. Substitution of a/ae (e.g., shock/shack)
B. t/k substitution (e.g., tin/kin)
Such skills as airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and reduced rate of speech are targets in: A. the fluent stuttering technique B. the fluency shaping technique C. counseling to reduce psychological conflicts D. response cost E. time-out
B. the fluency shaping technique
Such skills as airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and reduced rate of speech are targets in: a. the fluent stuttering technique b. the fluency shaping technique c. counseling to reduce psychological conflicts d. response cost e. time-out
B. the fluency shaping technique
Which of the following is TRUE? A. the cerebral ventricles are interconnected cavities filled with fluid produced by the dura mater B. the meninges of the brain consist of the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid C. The basilar artery eventually divides into four posterior cerebral arteries. D. The external coratid artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain E. the circle of willis prevents a common blood supply to various cerebral branches
B. the meninges of the brain consist of the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid
A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility needs to develop a treatment plan to stimulate the swallowing reflex in a female patient with swallowing disorders. Among the given choices, the procedure that is appropriate for this patient is A. teaching the patient to tilt her head forward to keep the food in the front of her mouth until she is ready to swallow. B. the thermal stimulation method, in which the clinician touches the base of the patient's anterior faucial arches with a laryngeal mirror dipped in ice water for about 10 seconds. C. teaching her to switch between liquid and semi-solid swallows so that the liquid swallows help clear her pharynx to compensate for reduced peristalsis. D. teaching the patient to tilt her head toward the stronger side if she has a unilateral paralysis in lingual function and the pharynx.
B. the thermal stimulation method, in which the clinician touches the base of the patient's anterior faucial arches with a laryngeal mirror dipped in ice water for about 10 seconds.
120. A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. The clinician needs to develop a treatment plan to stimulate the swallowing reflex in the patient with the swallowing disorder. Among the given choices, the procedure that is appropriate for this patient is A. teaching the patient to tilt his head forward to keep the food in the front of his mouth until he is ready to swallow B. the thermal stimulation method, in which the clinician touches the patient's base of the anterior faucial arches with a laryngeal mirror dipped in ice water for about 10 seconds C. teaching him to switch between liquid and semi-solid swallows so that the liquid swallows help clear his pharynx to compensate for reduced peristalsis D. teaching the patient to tilt his head toward the stronger side if he has a unilateral paralysis in lingual function and the pharynx E. helping him increase the range of lateral movements of the jaw (e.g., wide opening and sideways movement of the mandible)
B. the thermal stimulation method, in which the clinician touches the patient's base of the anterior faucial arches with a laryngeal mirror dipped in ice water for about 10 seconds
28. You are working in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a hospital. You often evaluate the infants there by using Oller's stages as a guide. One of Oller's stages of infant vocalization, where the infant continues to use adult-like syllables in CV (consonant-vowel) sequences but uses a variety of consonants and vowels in single vocalizations, is known as the A. reduplicated babbling stage B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage C. phonation stage D. cooing or gooing stage E. expansion stage
B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage
42. An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer's lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure ___________, which is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation A. tidal volume B. vital capacity C. total lung capacity D. residual air E. exhalation
B. vital capacity
31. When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called A. gliding B. vocalization C. velar fronting D. stopping E. depalatization
B. vocalization
When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called A. gliding. B. vocalization. C. velar fronting. D. stopping.
B. vocalization.
29. Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this." B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models. C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them. D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses.
B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models.
Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this" B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses E. delays the delivery of corrective feedback for 20 seconds
B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models
Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this." B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models. C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them. D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses.
B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models.
Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this." B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models. C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them. D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses.
B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models.
C
Because of improved treatment for HIV infection, patients are now living longer. However, as they live longer, some are prone to dementia due to that infection. Select the statement that is true of the AIDS dementia complex. A. Onset is sudden, and deterioration is slow. The HIV infection itself is never the cause; opportunistic brain infections cause deterioration. B. With sudden onset, the patients show rapid and severe deterioration in their speech and language skills. This type of dementia is cortical. C. The onset is slow, but deterioration is rapid in the final stages; tremors, seizures, gait problems, facial nerve paralysis, incontinence, and confusion, depression, hallucinations, delusions, and mutism in the final stage characterize the AIDS dementia complex. D. Unlike other forms of dementia, AIDS dementia complex is free from problems of memory, concentration and attention, apathy, loss of interest in work; thinking is well preserved until the final stage.
Why do you think that Ms. Jones needs to depend on visual cues to supplement amplification?
Because she has poor speech discrimination skills. Ms. Jones relies on visual cues such as gestures and lip reading to supplement her amplification since the hearing aid serves to enhance voice awareness but she must depend on visual cues to aid in speech discrimination.
C
Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation? A. Cranial nerve X, vagus nerve B. Cranial nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve C. Cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve D. Cranial nerve VII, facial nerve
B. Response to joint attention
By 6 months of age, a typically developing child should follow the line of regard of another person. This skill is called A. initiation of behavioral request B. response to joint attention C. initiation of joint attention D. attunement E. entrainment
Those professionals who conduct language treatment according to the principles of the behavioral theory do what?
Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement.
Results from injury to Broca's area (inferior portion of the premotor planning strip) Frequently associated with right hemiplegia/paresis May also have apraxia of speech (AOS)
Broca's Aphasia
Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements, what is true about the arteries that supply blood to the brain?
Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
A
Brutten and Shoemaker hypothesized that stuttering, as they defined it A. is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion. B. is caused by operant conditioning. C. is caused by hereditary factors. D. is limited to word and phrase repetitions.
A SLP is holding a conference with the family of a 16-year-old girl with severe language-learning disabilities. The girl reads at a 3rd grade level and has been in special education placements since 1st grade. The SLP tells the family, in a kind way, that their goal of their daughter attending medical school is unattainable. The family lashes out in anger against the speech-language pathologist, saying that he is wrong, pessimistic, and negative about their daughter and her abilities. The family is utilizing which defense mechanism? A) repression B) reaction formation C) displacement D) suppression E) projection
C) displacement
You just completed an assessment of an 8-year-old boy who stutters. When you are offering post-assessment counseling to the boy's parents, they ask you, "What do you think caused stuttering in our son?" How would you answer their question? Select the best among the alternatives given. A. "Although we have many theories, we don't know the cause of stuttering, because no theory has been substantiated." B. "Stuttering is a genetically inherited disorder in almost all cases because more males than females stutter; there is a certain concordance rate for identical twins." C. "We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation." D. "Research suggests that stuttering is caused by parental pressure on the child to be more fluent; it is usually associated with high demands for fluency."
C. "We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation."
A 5-year-old child has been brought to the center where you work. His mother tells you that he manifests the following behaviors: stereotypic body movements, insistence on routine, disinterest in interaction with others, echolalia, and hypersensitivity to touch. However, she proudly shares that in arithmetic he is at the top of his kindergarten class. What is the most likely diagnosis of this child's problems? A. Language-learning disability B. Down syndrome C. Autism D. Prader-Willi syndrome
C. Autism
Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements about the arteries that supply blood to the brain, which one is correct? A. The internal carotid artery supplies the muscles of the face. B. Damage to the external carotid artery causes aphasia. C. Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery. D. If an artery below the circle of Willis is blocked, brain damage is maximal.
C. Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
Mrs. W. is a 72-year-old patient who has just had a stroke. She has been diagnosed with apraxia of speech, which is often associated with lesions in A. subcortical structures. B. Wernicke's area. C. Broca's area. D. the occipital area.
C. Broca's area.
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity? A. Content validity B. Concurrent validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity
C. Construct validity
Select the correct statement. A. Ideally, concurrent validity should be very high. B. Validity is consistency of measures across repeated measurements. C. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation. D. Construct validity is based on an expert examination of the test items.
C. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.
Nicole, a voice major, is having problems raising the pitch of her voice. Her speech-language pathologist recommends that she lengthen and tense her vocal folds to increase her pitch. Which muscle is involved in achieving this goal? A. Transverse arytenoids B. Oblique arytenoids C. Cricothyroid D. Thyroarytenoid
C. Cricothyroid
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called? A. Cricoids B. Laminas C. Cuneiforms D. Corniculates
C. Cuneiforms
A 5-year-old African American kindergarten girl is referred to you by her teacher. The teacher says, "I don't know if this is dialect or a real problem, but the other kids and I are having trouble understanding her." As you screen the girl, you find that she makes the following substitutions: t/n, f/n, d/m. You would do which of the following? A. Tell the teacher that these patterns are typical for children who speak AAE. B. Ask the classroom aide to work with the girl, because this is a very mild problem. C. Enroll the student in therapy, because this is a sign of a speech sound disorder involving substitution of non-nasals for nasals. D. Recommend that the girl be referred to a self-contained classroom for children with severe speech sound disorders.
C. Enroll the student in therapy, because this is a sign of a speech sound disorder involving substitution of non-nasals for nasals.
In a therapy session with a clinician and 3-year old child with a language impairment, the child says "more juice." The clinician replies with "You want more of that tasty grape juice poured in your cup." The clinician has just used the technique of: A. Mand model B. Focused stimulation C. Extension D. Parallel talk
C. Extension
A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that A. GRE scores have face validity. B. GRE scores have content validity. C. GRE scores have predictive validity. D. GRE scores have test-retest reliability.
C. GRE scores have predictive validity.
A researcher wishes to assess the efficacy of the new Riverton method of training children to say /r/ accurately. He decides to use a single-subject design because he has a private practice where he serves a number of children who have w/r substitutions. The researcher needs to keep several concepts in mind as he begins his research. Which one of the following concepts is false? A. An example of a multiple-baseline-across-settings design would be teaching a behavior (e.g., correct /r/ production) sequentially in different settings to demonstrate that the behavior changes only in a treated setting and thus treatment is effective. B. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, several subjects are taught a behavior sequentially to show that only treated subjects change, and thus the treatment is effective. C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective. D. For this researcher, an advantage of using a single-subject design to evaluate the efficacy of the Riverton method in training children to say /r/ accurately is that he can integrate research and clinical service by using the clients he serves as subjects in an experiment that attempts to answer a significant clinical question.
C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective.
A 10-year-old boy, Flynn, attended a university clinic for an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) evaluation. Flynn has cerebral palsy and has difficulty communicating. The clinical supervisor asked the students to review the case history and to discuss aspects that were crucial in completing an AAC evaluation. The supervisor then proceeded to review the case with her clinicians and quizzed the students about the most salient features of AAC evaluations. The supervisor stressed to the students that it was very important to conduct a thorough evaluation of the client. She also mentioned that there were certain considerations that needed to be made before the evaluation commenced. Question The supervisor asked her students which of the following is true A. The importance of technology decisions is far more important than the impact of language representation decisions during AAC evaluations. B. Technology is the most important aspect to consider during AAC evaluations. C. Language representation methods should be considered before technology in AAC evaluations. D. Language representation methods should be considered after technology in AAC evaluations.
C. Language representation methods should be considered before technology in AAC evaluations.
Question A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease) has profound motoric impairments and limited hand mobility. He is not able to use a manual switching device. The medical team decides that he can use a type of augmentative/alternative communication (AAC) that uses bio-electrical signals such as muscle-action potentials to activate and display messages on a computer monitor. This type of AAC is called: A. Picture Exchange Communication system B. Gestural-assisted AAC C. Neuro-assisted AAC D. Eye-blink encoding
C. Neuro-assisted AAC
A 3-year-old boy with autism comes to you for intervention. His parents would like for him to interact more successfully with his siblings and peers. He needs work in many areas, but the ability to establish joint reference is critical for him now. Which of these activities would you begin with? A. Labeling objects with one-word descriptors B. Using is + verb -ing in sentences C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so D. Working on narrative skills
C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so
You are working with a child who stutters and are training the parents in indirect therapy. Which of the following is most appropriate? A. Response cost B. Fluent stuttering method C. Reducing time pressures for the child to speak D. Fluency reinforcement method
C. Reducing time pressures for the child to speak
Select the statement that is not true. A. Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B. Excessive or even stress on syllables is not a part of ataxic dysarthria. C. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D. Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.
C. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria.
A 58-year-old patient was diagnosed with dysarthria post CVA. His symptoms included a rapid rate of speech with abnormal intonation, hoarseness, breathiness, and drooling. For this particular case, you would recommend the following treatment option: A. Encourage the patient to use complete sentences initially while communicating. B. Discourage pointing and gesturing to get the message across. C. Slow the rate of speech down. D. Reduce pauses during speech.
C. Slow the rate of speech down.
A 58-year-old patient who had undergone a total laryngectomy came to an outpatient clinic complaining of coughing when swallowing. The patient was puzzled because he had been told that he would not run the risk of aspiration because there was a physical separation of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. The patient had a prosthetic valve in his tracheoesophageal segment to facilitate speaking. The patient said he had understood that the duckbill prosthesis would prevent backflow from the esophagus to the trachea and eliminate aspiration. After completing trial feedings, the speech-language pathologist informed the client that he was coughing because A. the tongue did not have enough rotary movement. B. the size of the bolus was too large. C. there was leakage around the prosthesis. D. he did not time his breathing with each swallow.
C. there was leakage around the prosthesis.
A researcher teaches a new book reading program to caregivers of children on the autism spectrum and evaluates the children's literacy skills one year later. The researcher's goal is to evaluate whether or not there is a relationship between caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. The researcher finds that there is an r =.15 correlational relationship between caregivers' reported implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. The researcher can safely conclude that: A. There is a strong positive correlation between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. B. There is a strong negative correlation between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. C. There is no significant relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. D. There is a mildly significant cause-effect relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills.
C. There is no significant relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills.
If you use phonetic placement to help a child produce /r/, what will you do? A. Draw the child's attention to the internal structure of words that contain /r/. B. Incorporate rhyming words containing /r/ to increase the child's metalinguistic awareness skills. C. Use verbal instructions, modeling, physical guidance, and visual feedback to show the child how /r/ is produced. D. Emphasize auditory training at increasingly complex levels, using auditory bombardment and minimal pairs.
C. Use verbal instructions, modeling, physical guidance, and visual feedback to show the child how /r/ is produced
In the phrase great zoo, the /z/ in zoo is devoiced because of the voiceless /t/ in the preceding word. This is an example of A. adaptation. B. gestation. C. assimilation. D. accommodation.
C. assimilation.
A child is brought to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect A. spastic cerebral palsy. B. traumatic brain injury due to a gunshot wound. C. ataxic cerebral palsy. D. athetoid cerebral palsy.
C. ataxic cerebral palsy.
Dr. G. is a retired college dean who has had a stroke and displays right hemisphere syndrome. In your assessment of him, you can expect to find A. language disorders. B. speech disorders. C. attention and perceptual deficits. D. slow and sluggish responses.
C. attention and perceptual deficits.
A 5-year-old child is brought to you for an evaluation. According to her mother, Shannon has a history of middle-ear infections. Shannon's mother reports that Shannon is difficult to understand. For example, according to her mother, Shannon makes k/t and g/d substitutions, saying things like koυ/toυ. This child is manifesting the phonological process of A. cluster reduction. B. stridency deletion. C. backing. D. glottal replacement.
C. backing.
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is A. natural frequency. B. formant frequency. C. fundamental frequency. D. displacement frequency.
C. fundamental frequency.
The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called A. sound pressure level. B. decibel. C. hearing level. D. pitch.
C. hearing level.
A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is "fed up with his bossiness," and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like "Take me to Chuck E. Cheese" or "Get me Mario Cart Wii." The father would like intervention to help his son say things like "I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store?" instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy's facility with A. didactic monologues. B. narrative skills. C. indirect requests. D. cohesion.
C. indirect requests.
A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child's speech sample in December 2015. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later, in January 2016, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and remeasure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish A. construct validity. B. predictive validity. C. intraobserver reliability. D. interobserver reliability.
C. intraobserver reliability.
An 86-year-old patient has been diagnosed with a delayed swallowing reflex post CVA. The modified barium swallow study indicates that there is pooling in the vallecula until the swallowing reflex has been triggered. The clinician decides to give the patient a mechanical soft bolus and ask her to swallow while putting her head down (chin tuck). This technique will result in A. increasing the change of aspiration. B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space. C. narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly. D. pushing the tongue base forward.
C. narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly.
A spongy growth that starts on the footplate of the stapes and causes it to become rigid is known as A. otospongiosis. B. ossicular discontinuity. C. otosclerosis. D. chronic otitis media.
C. otosclerosis.
Acoustic measurements of voice are becoming extremely popular, especially as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of voice therapy. Sound spectography, the graphic representation of a sound wave's intensity and frequency as a function of time, yields a spectrogram or picture that reflects: A. measures of jitter and shimmer B. mucosal wave action and optimal pitch C. resonant characteristics of the vocal tract and the harmonic nature of the glottal sound source D. fundamental frequency
C. resonant characteristics of the vocal tract and the harmonic nature of the glottal sound source
You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. You decide to use an emotion-oriented therapy by playing audio recordings of relatives of the patient. You believe that this approach will decrease the agitation and improve the well-being of the patient. This type of approach is called A. reality orientation (RO). B. fast mapping therapy (FMT). C. simulated presence therapy (SPT). D. cognitive stimulation therapy (CST).
C. simulated presence therapy (SPT).
Linguavelars are produced by A. raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge. B. the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate. C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum. D. the tongue making contact with the upper teeth.
C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum.
69. A first-grade teacher refers Rashina to you. Rashina speaks AAE. The teacher says, "I am concerned about Rashina's grammar and her pronunciation of some of her sounds." Which one of the following would not be a typical utterance for a child such as Rashina A. "Today I be walkin' to the speech room." B. "I gonna get my pencil off my des'." (I'm going to get a pencil off my desk.) C. "I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.) D. "They goin' to do dis." (They are going to do this.) E. "That man, he be a foo' for not comin'." (That man is a fool for not coming.)
C. "I don' yike dat one." (I don't like that one.)
70. You are screening the speech of a third-grade Spanish-speaking student named Araceli. Which of the following would not be typical for Araceli based on the influence of her primary language of Spanish A. "My sister Yulie (Julie) is coming." B. "I like berry much my teacher." C. "My mommy and me be goin' shoppin' later." D. "My friends always say 'ello (hello) to me." E. "I like dose (those) prizes in your box."
C. "My mommy and me be goin' shoppin' later."
A child using recurrence would say a. "face dirty" b. "all gone juice" c. "more cookie" d. "doll mine" e. "close door"
C. "more cookie"
4. An 8-year old girl, Tina, is referred to you because she reportedly has difficulty with the lingua-alveolar voiceless fricative. You can predict that in therapy you will address which sound A. /d/ B. /t/ C. /s/ D. /z/ E. /v/
C. /s/
97. The mode is evident in which of the following sets of scores A. 12, 10, 5, 15, 8, 4, 11 B. 10, 3, 9, 12, 25, 29, 43 C. 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16 D. 58, 76, 96, 12, 5, 9 E. 100, 95, 95, 78, 82, 73
C. 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16
At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand agent-action relationships? A. 2-3 years B. 5-6 years C. 3-4 years D. 6-7 years
C. 3-4 years
14. You have been asked to evaluate the language skills of a 6-year-old child who is having difficulty in her first-grade classroom. When you are evaluating her, you notice that she says things like "Her no eat candies." This utterance is an example of A. 4 words, 6 morphemes, modal + adjective + auxiliary B. 4 words, 4 morphemes, negative + noun + verb C. 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun D. 4 words, 6 morphemes, personal pronoun + adjective + noun E. 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + copula + plural noun
C. 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun
You gather a language sample and find that Tommy often says sentences like "My shoes hurting my feet today." This sentence has A. 6 words, 6 morphemes. B. 6 words, 9 morphemes. C. 6 words, 8 morphemes. D. 6 words, 10 morphemes.
C. 6 words, 8 morphemes. because -s counts as seperate -ing counts as a seperate can't would only be one birthday is only one
The components of the vertebral column consist of A. 8 cervical, 10 thoracic, and 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 2-3 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. B. 9 cervical, 11 thoracic, and 3 lumbar, 7 sacral, and 5-6 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. C. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. D. 10 cervical, 11 thoracic, and 6 lumbar, 6 sacral, and 4-5 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae.
C. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae.
11. A child comes to you for an evaluation. According to her mother, Sharma has a history of middle ear infections. Sharma's mother reports that Sharma is quite difficult to understand. For example, according to her mother, Sharma says things like gk/dk and ko/to. This child is manifesting the phonological process of: A. fronting B. stridency deletion C. backing D. glottal replacement E. progressive assimilation
C. A child who says things like gʌk/dʌk and koʊ/toʊ is manifesting the phonological process of backing.
Which one of the following statements is false? A. Speech pathologists should incorporate literacy materials into therapy when appropriate. B. It is important to collaborate with the classroom teacher when working with school-age children with language disorders. C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate. D. Through use of the discrete trial procedure, the incidental teaching method teaches functional communication skills to children with language disorders. E. Playing peek-a-boo with a child is an example of a joint routine.
C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate.
Which one of the following statements is *false*? A. Speech pathologists should incorporate literacy materials into therapy when appropriate. B. It is important to collaborate with the classroom teacher when working with school-age children with language disorders. C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate. D. Through use of the discrete trial procedure, the incidental teaching method teaches functional communication skills to children with language disorders.
C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate.
16. In assessing children with language disorders, clinicians often count the number of morphemes in a child's utterance. This counting helps assess the length of single utterances the child typically produces. Clinicians follow certain rules in counting morphemes. Of the following rules, which one is correct? A. Inflected words, such as looked, are counted as one morpheme. B. When words are repeated for emphasis (e.g., "No, no, no!"), each repetition is counted as a morpheme (i.e., three morphemes in the example). C. A compound word, such as birthday, is counted as one morpheme. D. Contracted negatives (e.g., won't, can't) are counted as two morphemes.
C. A compound word, such as birthday, is counted as one morpheme.
In assessing children with language disorders, clinicians often count the number of morphemes in a child's utterance. This counting helps assess the length of single utterances the child typically produces. Clinicians follow certain rules in counting morphemes. Of the following rules, which one is correct? A. Inflected words, such as looked, are counted as one morpheme. B. When words are repeated for emphasis (e.g., "No, no, no!"), each repetition is counted as a morpheme (i.e., three morphemes in the example). C. A compound word, such as birthday, is counted as one morpheme. D. Contracted negatives (e.g., won't, can't) are counted as two morphemes.
C. A compound word, such as birthday, is counted as one morpheme.
A study that is used to quantify the time and frequency of gastroesophageal reflux into the esophagus is called A. an esophageal reflux monitoring study. B. a GER monitoring study. C. a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study. D. a UGI series.
C. A pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study
A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch. What is Carhart's notch? A. Specific losses at both 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing B. A specific type of sensorineural hearing loss characterized by a "dip" at 1,000 Hz C. A specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing D. A specific loss at 4,000 Hz, as indicated by both air- and bone-conduction testing
C. A specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing
A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch, which is A. a specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by air-conduction testing. B. a specific loss at 4,000 Hz, as indicated by both air- and bone-conduction testing. C. a specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing. D. specific losses at both 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing.
C. A specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing.
19. A child is referred to a hospital-based clinician for assessment and treatment. In the child's chart, it is stated that the child has a syndrome caused by spontaneous autosomal dominant mutations. The gene and the locus of this syndrome is FGR2 at 10q25-26. The child has midfacial hypoplasia, an arched and grooved hard palate, and mild mental retardation. What does the child have? A. Trisomy 13 B. Angelman syndrome C. Apert syndrome D. Turner syndrome
C. Apert syndrome
A child is referred to a hospital-based clinician for assessment and treatment. In the child's chart, it is stated that the child has a syndrome caused by spontaneous autosomal dominant mutations. The gene and the locus of this syndrome is FGR2 at 10q25-26. The child has midfacial hypoplasia, an arched and grooved hard palate, and mild mental retardation. What does the child have? A. Trisomy 13 B. Angelman syndrome C. Apert syndrome D. Turner syndrome
C. Apert syndrome
A child is referred to a hospital-based clinician for assessment and treatment. In the child's chart, it is stated that the child has a syndrome caused by spontaneous autosomal dominant mutations. The gene and the locus of this syndrome is FGR2 at 10q25-26. The child has midfacial hypoplasia, an arched and grooved hard palate, and mild mental retardation. What does the child have? A. Trisomy 13 B. Angelman syndrome C. Apert syndrome D. Turner syndrome
C. Apert syndrome
24. A 5-year-old child has been brought to the center where you work. His mother tells you that he manifests the following behaviors: stereotypic body movements, insistence on routine, disinterest in interaction with others, echolalia, and hypersensitivity to touch. However, she proudly shares that in arithmetic he is at the top of his kindergarten class. What is the most likely diagnosis of this child's problems A. Language-learning disability B. Down syndrome C. Autism D. Prader-Willi syndrome E. Attention-deficit disorder
C. Autism
55. Mrs. W. is a 72-year old patient who just had a stroke. She has been diagnosed with apraxia of speech, which is often associated with lesions in A. subcortical structures B. Wernicke's area C. Broca's area D. the occipital area E. the cerebellum
C. Broca's area
Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements about the arteries that supply blood to the brain, which one is *correct*? A. The internal carotid artery supplies the muscles of the face. B. Damage to the external carotid artery causes aphasia. C. Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery. D. If an artery below the circle of Willis is blocked, brain damage is maximal.
C. Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
A researcher who was developing a new test of language acquisition in children correlated the scores of children studied with the scores on an **established test of known validity**. What kind of validity is this? A. Predictive validity B. Content validity C. Concurrent validity*** D. Construct validity
C. Concurrent validity
A researcher who was developing a new test of language acquisition in children correlated the scores of children studied with the scores on an established test of known validity. What kind of validity is this? A. Predictive validity B. Content validity C. Concurrent validity D. Construct validity
C. Concurrent validity
A 92-year-old patient with dementia is experiencing severe oral-and-pharyngeal-stage dysphagia including aspiration. The clinician would like to teach the patient a swallowing therapy technique, as the family is concerned that he is losing weight. The patient is currently being tube fed and is monitored closely by the hospital staff and dietitian. Ethically, which is the only appropriate technique that the clinician should consider? A. Introduce the supraglottic swallow procedure to the patient. B. Teach the family members the chin tuck procedure, so that they can feed the patient during visiting hours. C. Continue with the tube feeding. D. Explain to the family that it is okay for the patient to ingest small amounts of food every hour.
C. Continue with the tube feeding.
A 92-year-old patient with dementia is experiencing severe oral-and-pharyngeal-stage dysphagia including aspiration. The clinician would like to teach the patient a swallowing therapy technique, as the family is concerned that he is losing weight. The patient is currently being tube fed and is monitored closely by the hospital staff and dietitian. Ethically, which is the only appropriate technique that the clinician should consider? A. Introduce the supraglottic swallow procedure to the patient. B. Teach the family members the chin tuck procedure, so that they can feed the patient during visiting hours. C. Continue with the tube feeding. D. Explain to the family that it is okay for the patient to ingest small amounts of food every hour.
C. Continue with the tube feeding.
Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation? A. Cranial Nerve X, vagus nerve B. Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve C. Cranial Nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve D. Cranial Nerve VII, facial nerve E. Cranial Nerve VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve
C. Cranial Nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve
Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation? A. Cranial nerve X, vagus nerve B. Cranial nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve C. Cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve D. Cranial nerve VII, facial nerve
C. Cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called? A. Cricoids B. Laminas C. Cuneiforms D. Corniculates
C. Cuneiforms
An attending physician refers a patient for swallowing therapy. The patient has a tracheostomy tube in place. Which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. There is no need to suction after feeding, as there is no chance of aspiration. B. Feed the patient when the cuff is inflated. C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated. D. Recommend immediate NG-tube feedings.
C. Do not feed when the cuff is inflated.
A teacher has referred a fifth-grade girl to you for a speech-language evaluation. She is from Laos; she and her family are refugees and have been in the United States for 8 months. Because the girl has lived in refugee camps most of her life, her schooling in Laos was limited. The teacher is concerned because the girl is "slow to catch on" in class. What would be the best combination of assessment techniques to use with this girl? A. Formal, standardized tests in English combined with observation of the girl's performance in the classroom B. The Test of Problem Solving Skills-Revised translated into Laotian by an interpreter, as well as gathering a language sample in English C. Dynamic assessment, language samples in Laotian, and observation of the girl's interactions with family members and peers D. School records of the girl's academic achievement in the United States to date, combined with administration of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 in English
C. Dynamic assessment, language samples in Laotian, and observation of the girl's interactions with family members and peers
A speech-language pathologist's role in tongue thrust or orofacial myofunctional therapy currently may include which of the following? A. None; speech-language pathologists do not work with those problems. B. Working as a consultant to a dentist, orthodontist, and physician but not being a part of the team that actually provides services C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech D. Recommending specific orthodontic treatment for children with dental problems related to tongue thrust
C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech
In a therapy session with a clinician and 3-year old child with a language impairment, the child says "more juice." The clinician replies with "You want more of that tasty grape juice poured in your cup." The clinician has just used the technique of: A. Mand model B. Focused stimulation C. Extension D. Parallel talk
C. Extension
You are asked to design a treatment program for young children who stutter, including preschoolers. Among the following choices, which would you most likely select? A. Delayed auditory feedback B. Masking noise C. Fluency reinforcement D. Fluent stuttering
C. Fluency reinforcement
You are asked to design a treatment program for young children who stutter, including preschoolers. Among the following choices, which would you most likely select? A. Delayed auditory feedback B. Masking noise C. Fluency reinforcement or response cost D. Fluent stuttering E. Only parent counseling
C. Fluency reinforcement or response cost
36. You are working with an adult who stutters. As part of therapy, you are teaching the client to use normal prosodic features of speech, which is a treatment target in which method A. Pause-and-talk (timeout) B. Response cost C. Fluency shaping method D. Fluent stuttering method E. Fluency reinforcement method
C. Fluency shaping method
A 15-year-old high school sophomore with th/s substitution comes to you for therapy. She is frustrated because she wants to act in high school plays but has been told she cannot do that because of her "speech problem." She is highly motivated to produce /s/ correctly, and you begin seeing her for therapy. If you are using Van Riper's approach, what will you do? A. Begin therapy at the syllable level, focusing especially on principles of coarticulation as you help her produce /s/ accurately in various contexts. B. Use a training approach that emphasizes three phases: establishment, transfer, and maintenance and that heavily emphasizes imitation. C. Focus on phonetic placement, auditory discrimination, and drill-like practice at increasingly complex motor levels until accurate /s/ production is automatized. D. Use a cycles approach in which you do not drill /s/ to mastery but rather introduce the correct way to produce /s/, give the student limited practice producing /s/, and use auditory bombardment.
C. Focus on phonetic placement, auditory discrimination, and drill-like practice at increasingly complex motor levels until accurate /s/ production is automatized.
87. A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that A. GRE scores have face validity B. GRE scores have content validity C. GRE scores have predictive validity D. GRE scores have test-retest reliability E. GRE scores have split-half reliability
C. GRE scores have predictive validity
When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the A. palatopharyngeus. B. sternocleidomastoid. C. genioglossus. D. styloglossus.
C. Genioglossus
A 32-year-old patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He is a ventilator-dependent patient with a tracheostomy tube in place. Because the ventilator controls the respiratory cycle, the patient cannot lengthen exhalations; however, the physician recommends trial therapy for tolerance for swallowing. In preparing for feeding and swallowing, which of the following is recommended? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the end of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. D. It is too dangerous to present food. Immediately recommend NPO.
C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle.
3. A researcher wishes to assess the efficacy of the new Riverton method of training children to say /r/ accurately. He decides to use a single-subject design because he has a private practice where he serves a number of children who have w/r substitutions. The researcher needs to keep several concepts in mind as he begins his research. Which one of the following concepts is false? A. An example of a multiple-baseline-across-settings design would be teaching a behavior (e.g., correct /r/ production) sequentially in different settings to demonstrate that the behavior changes only in a treated setting and thus treatment is effective. B. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, several subjects are taught a behavior sequentially to show that only treated subjects change, and thus the treatment is effective. C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective. D. For this researcher, an advantage of using a single-subject design to evaluate the efficacy of the Riverton method in training children to say /r/ accurately is that he can integrate research and clinical service by using the clients he serves as subjects in an experiment that attempts to answer a significant clinical question.
C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective.
A researcher wishes to assess the efficacy of the new Riverton method of training children to say /r/ accurately. He decides to use a single-subject design because he has a private practice where he serves a number of children who have w/r substitutions. The researcher needs to keep several concepts in mind as he begins his research. Which one of the following concepts is *false*? A. An example of a multiple-baseline-across-settings design would be teaching a behavior (e.g., correct /r/ production) sequentially in different settings to demonstrate that the behavior changes only in a treated setting and thus treatment is effective. B. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, several subjects are taught a behavior sequentially to show that only treated subjects change, and thus the treatment is effective. C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective. D. For this researcher, an advantage of using a single-subject design to evaluate the efficacy of the Riverton method in training children to say /r/ accurately is that he can integrate research and clinical service by using the clients he serves as subjects in an experiment that attempts to answer a significant clinical question.
C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective.
A researcher wishes to assess the efficacy of the new Riverton method of training children to say /r/ accurately. He decides to use a single-subject design because he has a private practice where he serves a number of children who have w/r substitutions. The researcher needs to keep several concepts in mind as he begins his research. Which one of the following concepts is *false*? A. An example of a multiple-baseline-across-settings design would be teaching a behavior (e.g., correct /r/ production) sequentially in different settings to demonstrate that the behavior changes only in a treated setting and thus treatment is effective. B. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, several subjects are taught a behavior sequentially to show that only treated subjects change, and thus the treatment is effective. C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective. D. For this researcher, an advantage of using a single-subject design to evaluate the efficacy of the Riverton method in training children to say /r/ accurately is that he can integrate research and clinical service by using the clients he serves as subjects in an experiment that attempts to answer a significant clinical question.
C. In the ABAB withdrawal design, a target behavior is base rated (e.g., /r/ in the A phase), taught to the subject (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase), reduced by teaching its counterpart or an incompatible behavior (e.g., teaching w/r in the A phase), and then taught again (e.g., /r/ is accurately produced in the B phase) to show that the treatment is effective.
Select the false statement. A. When a typically developing child is learning a second language, it usually takes her approximately 2 years to develop basic interpersonal communication skills that are commensurate with those of native speakers. B. This same child will take approximately 5 to 7 years to develop cognitive-language academic proficiency skills that are commensurate with those of native speakers. C. It is generally best for children to be monolingual, not bilingual, because learning two languages is confusing and overtaxes children's cognitive-linguistic skills. D. Codeswitching, or alternating between two languages, is a part of natural bilingual development and is used by normal bilingual speakers worldwide. E. Simultaneous bilingual acquisition is ideal for children.
C. It is generally best for children to be monolingual, not bilingual, because learning two languages is confusing and overtaxes children's cognitive-linguistic skills.
24. A 32-year-old patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He is a ventilator- dependent patient with a tracheostomy tube in place. Because the ventilator controls the respiratory cycle, the patient cannot lengthen exhalations; however, the physician recommends trial therapy for tolerance for swallowing. In preparing for feeding and swallowing, which of the following is recommended? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the end of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. D. It is too dangerous to present food. Immediately recommend NPO.
C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle.
A 32-year-old patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He is a ventilator-dependent patient with a tracheostomy tube in place. Because the ventilator controls the respiratory cycle, the patient cannot lengthen exhalations; however, the physician recommends trial therapy for tolerance for swallowing. In preparing for feeding and swallowing, which of the following is recommended? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the end of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle. D. It is too dangerous to present food. Immediately recommend NPO.
C. It is preferable to present food to the patient at the beginning of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle.
A 10-year-old boy, Flynn, attended a university clinic for an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) evaluation. Flynn has cerebral palsy and has difficulty communicating. The clinical supervisor asked the students to review the case history and to discuss aspects that were crucial in completing an AAC evaluation. The supervisor then proceeded to review the case with her clinicians and quizzed the students about the most salient features of AAC evaluations. The supervisor stressed to the students that it was very important to conduct a thorough evaluation of the client. She also mentioned that there were certain considerations that needed to be made before the evaluation commenced. Question The supervisor asked her students which of the following is true A. The importance of technology decisions is far more important than the impact of language representation decisions during AAC evaluations. B. Technology is the most important aspect to consider during AAC evaluations. C. Language representation methods should be considered before technology in AAC evaluations. D. Language representation methods should be considered after technology in AAC evaluations.
C. Language representation methods should be considered before technology in AAC evaluations.
19. Which of the following is an element of the milieu teaching used in treating language disorders in children A. Using picture cards and asking the child to imitate what he or she heard (e.g., "Say cats") B. Using routines such as peek-a-boo to establish interaction with the child C. Manding a response and adding modeling or prompts as found necessary D. Repeatedly modeling responses without asking the child to imitate them E. Expanding a child's incomplete utterances into complete utterances without asking the child to imitate them
C. Manding a response and adding modeling or prompts as found necessary
20. A 3-year-old child is receiving therapy for remediation of several phonological processes. The child has difficulty acquiring the rules of the phonological system, and the clinician decides to help the child pay attention to the phonological structure of language as well as help the child develop awareness that sounds can be classified and characteristics such as place (front-back), duration (long-short), and others. To achieve this goal, the clinician will most likely use: A. Hodson's cycles approach B. McDonald's approach C. metaphon therapy D. the distinctive feature approach E. Van Riper's traditional approach to therapy
C. Metaphon therapy is designed to enhance children's metaphonological skills. The metaphon therapy approach is often used with preschool children who have moderate to severe phonological disorders. Metaphon therapy focuses on feature differences between sounds to help children develop an awareness that sounds can be classified by characteristics such as place (front-back), duration (long-short), and others.
An 86-year-old patient has been diagnosed with a delayed swallowing reflex post CVA. The modified barium swallow study indicates that there is pooling in the vallecula until the swallowing reflex has been triggered. The clinician decides to give the patient a mechanical soft bolus and ask her to swallow while putting her head down (chin tuck). This technique will result in A. increasing the change of aspiration. B. narrowing or closure of the vallecula space. C. narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly. D. pushing the tongue base forward
C. Narrowing of the airway entrance, as well as pushing the epiglottis posteriorly
A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease) has profound motoric impairments and limited hand mobility. He is not able to use a manual switching device. The medical team decides that he can use a type of augmentative/alternative communication (AAC) that uses bio-electrical signals such as muscle-action potentials to activate and display messages on a computer monitor. This type of AAC is called: A. Picture Exchange Communication system B. Gestural-assisted AAC C. Neuro-assisted AAC D. Eye-blink encoding
C. Neuro-assisted AAC
You are working in an early intervention program with infants who are at risk for language disorders. You need to assess, among other things, the infants' relationships and interactions with their caregivers. Which of the following instruments would be most appropriate to use? A. Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 B. Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised C. Observation of Communication Interaction D. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test E. Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised Screening
C. Observation of Communication Interaction
Researchers often use cross-sectional studies to study children's development in various areas. What is a difficulty with cross-sectional studies? A. The same subjects are studied over time, and this is expensive, time consuming, and difficult because subjects might drop out of the study. B. The investigator is examining data already on file to answer questions about children in various age groups, and that data might not be reliable. C. Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature. D. The total age span of children to be studied is divided into several overlapping age spans, and it is difficult to follow subjects from the lower to the upper end of each age span.
C. Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.
18. A 3-year-old boy with autism comes to you for intervention. His parents would like for him to interact more successfully with his siblings and peers. He needs work in many areas, but the ability to establish joint reference is critical for him now. Which of these activities would you begin A. Labeling objects with one-word descriptors B. Using is + verb -ing in sentences C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so D. Working on narrative skills E. Establishing presuppositional skills in conversations with three or more interlocutorswith
C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so
A 3-year-old boy with autism comes to you for intervention. His parents would like for him to interact more successfully with his siblings and peers. He needs work in many areas, but the ability to establish joint reference is critical for him now. Which of these activities would you begin with? A. Labeling objects with one-word descriptors B. Using is + verb -ing in sentences C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so D. Working on narrative skills
C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so
9. The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish: A. auditory discrimination B. stimulability C. production of a phoneme in isolation D. minimal pair contrasts. E. phonological processes
C. Phonetic placement is used when a client cannot imitate the modeled production of a phoneme such as /s/ or /r/. The clinician uses a combination of verbal instructions and physical guidance to show the client how target sounds are produced.
The parents of a 10-year-old child consult a clinician. The child is short and has intellectual delay, cryptorchidism, and sleeps excessively. He also has a speech delay, hyperphagia, and is obese. The clinician notices that the child has a prominent nasal bridge, high, narrow forehead, thin upper lip, downturned mouth, almond-shaped eyes, and small hands and feet. The parents report that he frequently picks his skin. They report that the genetic counselor informed them that his condition is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases. The child has A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. B. Apert syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Dandy-Walker syndrome.
C. Prader-Willi syndrome
12. The parents of a 10-year-old child consult a clinician. The child is short and has intellectual delay, cryptorchidism, and sleeps excessively. He also has a speech delay, hyperphagia, and is obese. The clinician notices that the child has a prominent nasal bridge, high, narrow forehead, thin upper lip, downturned mouth, almond-shaped eyes, and small hands and feet. The parents report that he frequently picks his skin. They report that the genetic counselor informed them that his condition is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases. The child has A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. B. Apert syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Dandy-Walker syndrome.
C. Prader-Willi syndrome.
The parents of a 10-year-old child consult a clinician. The child is short and has intellectual delay, cryptorchidism, and sleeps excessively. He also has a speech delay, hyperphagia, and is obese. The clinician notices that the child has a prominent nasal bridge, high, narrow forehead, thin upper lip, downturned mouth, almond-shaped eyes, and small hands and feet. The parents report that he frequently picks his skin. They report that the genetic counselor informed them that his condition is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases. The child has A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. B. Apert syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Dandy-Walker syndrome.
C. Prader-Willi syndrome.
The parents of a 10-year-old child consult a clinician. The child is short and has intellectual delay, cryptorchidism, and sleeps excessively. He also has a speech delay, hyperphagia, and is obese. The clinician notices that the child has a prominent nasal bridge, high, narrow forehead, thin upper lip, downturned mouth, almond-shaped eyes, and small hands and feet. The parents report that he frequently picks his skin. They report that the genetic counselor informed them that his condition is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases. The child has A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. B. Apert syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Dandy-Walker syndrome.
C. Prader-Willi syndrome.
27. You are developing a language treatment program for a child diagnosed with autism. In your treatment program, you include which of the following main and initial skills? A. Morphologic language skills B. Syntactic language skills C. Pragmatic language skills, including social appropriateness D. Increased verbalizations on topics of interest for the child
C. Pragmatic language skills, including social appropriateness
You are developing a language treatment program for a child diagnosed with autism. In your treatment program, you include which of the following main and initial skills? A. Morphologic language skills B. Syntactic language skills C. Pragmatic language skills, including social appropriateness D. Increased verbalizations on topics of interest for the child
C. Pragmatic language skills, including social appropriateness
You are treating a 4-year-old boy with specific language impairment (SLI) for intervention. You notice that he omits all grammatical morphemes in his speech. Which one of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy with him? A. Articles a, an, the B. Regular plural -s C. Present progressive -ing D. Regular past tense -ed E. Prepositions in, on
C. Present progressive -ing
You are treating a 4-year-old boy with specific language impairment (SLI) for intervention. You notice that he omits all grammatical morphemes in his speech. Which one of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy with him? A. Articles a, an, the B. Regular plural -s C. Present progressive -ing D. Regular past tense -ed
C. Present progressive -ing
Select the statement that is *not* true. A. Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B. Excessive or even stress on syllables is not a part of ataxic dysarthria. C. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D. Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.
C. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria.
The position that stuttering indicates a social role conflict was taken by: a. Van Riper b. Wischner C. Sheehan D. Bloodstein E. Brutten and Shoemaker
C. Sheehan
A 58-year-old patient was diagnosed with dysarthria post CVA. His symptoms included a rapid rate of speech with abnormal intonation, hoarseness, breathiness, and drooling. For this particular case, you would recommend the following treatment option: A. Encourage the patient to use complete sentences initially while communicating. B. Discourage pointing and gesturing to get the message across. C. Slow the rate of speech down. D. Reduce pauses during speech.
C. Slow the rate of speech down.
After suffering from a severe stroke, Robert has difficulty with auditory comprehension but speaks fluently, though he does not make much sense. Which area of Robert's brain was affected by the stroke? A. The frontal lobe B. The occipital lobe C. Wernicke's area D. The angular gyrus
C. Wernicke's area
While working in a school setting, you are planning to assess a child whose parents speak Spanish. The child's primary language is Spanish, although the child is in the process of learning English. You want to find out if any standardized test will be applicable for the child. In selecting a particular test, you should consider which of the following? A. You can have a family member translate English test items into Spanish. B. You can go ahead and administer an English test because the child is learning English anyway. C. Spanish-speaking children of the same background as the client have been adequately sampled in the standardization of a potentially useful test. D. Whether you can translate English test items into Spanish.
C. Spansih-speaking children of the same background as the client have been adequately sampled in the standardized of a potentially useful test.
A kindergarten teacher refers Julie, a 4-year-old girl, to you for a speech and language screening. During an oral facial examination, you discover that the surface tissue of Julie's soft and hard palates has fused together, but her underlying muscle and bone have not fused. You also note that she has a bifid uvula. On palpation of the soft palate, you discover that Julie has a A. cleft of the alveolar process. B. postmucous cleft. C. submucous cleft. D. rare orofacial cleft.
C. Submucous cleft.
19. You are approached by Dr. Kim Lee, a 34-year-old university assistant professor from Korea. Dr. Lee has been in the United States for six years; she received her Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. Dr. Lee now teaches undergraduate and graduate classes in chemistry at a local university. Dr. Lee reports that she usually gets good student evaluations; however, many students report that they have trouble understanding her speech. Dr. Lee states that "I feel frustrated because I know my accent is getting in the way of my teaching." Dr. Lee has no history of dyspraxia , voice problems, or other communication disorders in Korean or English. The best thing for you to do in this case is to: A. give Dr. Lee standardized language and articulation tests in English because it is clear that Dr. Lee has a communication disorder that needs to be remediated, and these tests will spotlight Dr. Lee's weaknesses. B. tell Dr. Lee that her accent makes her special, and that no accent training is necessary because Dr. Lee's accent is "a unique and beautiful part of who you are." C. tell Dr. Lee that you will assess her English intelligibility using an accent assessment instrument as well as analysis of a conversational sample; if she would like to participate in elective accent training to become more intelligible, such training is available to her. D. Tell Dr. Lee to listen daily to more English TV and radio, and come back in 6 months if her student evaluations have not improved E. Tell Dr. Lee that she has a communication disorder in both Korean and English, and that she will need intensive therapy to remediate this disorder
C. Tell Dr. Lee that you will assess her English intelligibility using an accent assessment instrument as well as analysis of a conversational sample; if she would like to participate in elective accent training to become more intelligible, such training is available to her. It is highly unlikely that Dr. Lee has a communication disorder.
The two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain are the A. levator tympani and stapedius muscle. B. auditory meatus and levator tympani. C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle. D. buccinator tympani and risorius.
C. Tensor tympani and stapedius muscle
Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter? A. The diagnosogenic model B. The expectancy deconfirmation model C. The demands and capacities model D. The neurophysiological model E. The approach-avoidance model
C. The demands and capacities model
You have been assigned to a school district where many of the children come from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. You have attended some workshops on culturally sensitive and valid assessment of the language skills of these students. What are you likely to remember from your workshops? A. It is best to evaluate CLD students in English with formal tests. B. The ideal practice is to use standardized tests that are translated into the students' first language by interpreters. C. The development of formal tests has grown out of a framework that is Western, literate, and middle class. D. If the results of an assessment show that the CLD student has difficulty in English but not the primary language, you should enroll him or her for intervention to improve English skills.
C. The development of formal tests has grown out of a framework that is Western, literate, and middle class.
What does the cover-body theory of phonation state? A. The superficial layer and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" that is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle. B. The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" that is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer and the deep layer. C. The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" that is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle. D. The epithelium, the deep layer of the lamina propria, and much of the superficial layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" that is made up of the remainder of the superficial layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle.
C. The epitC. The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" that is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle.
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect. A.The thyroartenoids are divided into two muscle masses B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors.*** C. The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. D. The cricothyroid muscle lenghtens and tenses the vocal folds
C. The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. (Justification: What are the laryngeal abductors? Just the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves: A. V, VII B. XI, XII C. X, XI D. IX, X E. VIII, X
C. X, XI
59. Dr. S. is a retired college dean who has had a stroke and displays right hemisphere syndrome. In your assessment of Dr. S., you can expect to find A. language disorders B. speech disorders C. attention and perceptual deficits D. slow and sluggish responses E. uncontrolled expression of emotions
C. attention and perceptual deficits
Because of improved treatment for HIV infection, patients are now living longer. However, as they live longer, some are prone to dementia due to that infection. Select the statement that is true of the AIDS dementia complex. A. Onset is sudden, and deterioration is slow. The HIV infection itself is never the cause; opportunistic brain infections cause deterioration. B. With sudden onset, the patients show rapid and severe deterioration in their speech and language skills. This type of dementia is cortical. C. The onset is slow, but deterioration is rapid in the final stages; tremors, seizures, gait problems, facial nerve paralysis, incontinence, and confusion, depression, hallucinations, delusions, and mutism in the final stage characterize the AIDS dementia complex. D. Unlike other forms of dementia, AIDS dementia complex is free from problems of memory, concentration and attention, apathy, loss of interest in work; thinking is well preserved until the final stage.
C. The onset is slow, but deterioration is rapid in the final stages; tremors, seizures, gait problems, facial nerve paralysis, incontinence, and confusion, depression, hallucinations, delusions, and mutism in the final stage characterize the AIDS dementia complex.
You have been referred an 8-year-old boy because the teacher suspects that he stutters. Before rendering a diagnosis, you wish to determine the different kinds of disfluencies he exhibits. You have taken an extended speech sample, and you are now counting the different forms of disfluencies. Select the following statement that is correct in measuring the types and the number of disfluencies in specified utterances. A. The utterance "I went-went-went to uh p-p-play videogames with my ffffriend on SSSSS well um Sa-Sa-Sa-Saturday" contains three word repetitions, two interjections, and two syllable prolongations. B. The utterance "I-I-I could not do-do-do it because I was af-af-afraid of it" contains two sound repetitions and one word repetition. C. The utterance "I wanted to-I wanted to-I wanted to ssssssee what um my mmmmmom was d-d-d-doing" contains one phrase repetition, two sound prolongations, one sound interjection, and one part-word (sound) repetition. D. The utterance "He-he-he didn't tell me anything be[silence]fore he [silence] before he d-d—decided to do it" contains one word repetition, two pauses, and one sound repetition.
C. The utterance "I wanted to-I wanted to-I wanted to ssssssee what um my mmmmmom was d-d-d-doing" contains one phrase repetition, two sound prolongations, one sound interjection, and one part-word (sound) repetition.
In preparing for feeding and swallowing with a patient with a tracheostomy tube, which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. Use cervical auscultation to determine if there is any aspiration. C. There is no need to occlude the tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as there is no chance of aspiration. D. Occlude the patient's tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as the exhalatory airflow after the swallow may contribute to clearance of residual food from the top of the airway, reducing the chance of aspiration after the swallow.
C. There is no need to occlude the tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as there is no chance of aspiration.
A researcher teaches a new book reading program to caregivers of children on the autism spectrum and evaluates the children's literacy skills one year later. The researcher's goal is to evaluate whether or not there is a relationship between caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. The researcher finds that there is an r =.15 correlational relationship between caregivers' reported implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. The researcher can safely conclude that: A. There is a strong positive correlation between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. B. There is a strong negative correlation between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. C. There is no significant relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. D. There is a mildly significant cause-effect relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills.
C. There is no significant relationship between the caregivers' impementation of the program and children's literacy skills.
A researcher teaches a new book reading program to caregivers of children on the autism spectrum and evaluates the children's literacy skills one year later. The researcher's goal is to evaluate whether or not there is a relationship between caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. The researcher finds that there is an r =.15 correlational relationship between caregivers' reported implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. The researcher can safely conclude that: A. There is a strong positive correlation between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. B. There is a strong negative correlation between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. C. There is no significant relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills. D. There is a mildly significant cause-effect relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills.
C. There is no significant relationship between the caregivers' implementation of the program and children's literacy skills.
29. In your job in a NICU, you find that many of the babies have feeding difficulties. Which one of the following statements is false regarding medically fragile babies with feeding difficulties A. They have problems with oral-motor development B. They often need to be fed through nasogastric tubes. C. They can generally breastfeed easily. D. In order to be fed orally, they must be at least 35 weeks old. E. Caregivers can be encouraged to provide nonfeeding oral stimulation.
C. They can generally breastfeed easily.
In your job in a NICU, you find that many of the babies have feeding difficulties. Which one of the following statements is false regarding medically fragile babies with feeding difficulties? A. They have problems with oral-motor development. B. They often need to be fed through nasogastric tubes. C. They can generally breastfeed easily. D. To be fed orally, they must be at least 35 weeks old.
C. They can generally breastfeed easily.
A screening test for hearing that uses a vibrating tuning fork (which is placed on the middle of the forehead) to detect unilateral conductive hearing loss and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss is called the A. chi-squared test. B. Mann-Whitney U test. C. Weber test. D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
C. Weber test
After suffering from a severe stroke, Robert has difficulty with auditory comprehension and speaks fluently, though he does not make much sense. Which area of Robert's brain was affected by the stroke? A. The frontal lobe B. The occipital lobe C. Wernicke's area D. Broca's area E. The angular gyrus
C. Wernicke's area
You are a new clinician in a hospital that has a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Your job title is that of newborn development specialist (NDS). Which one of the following would be false regarding your role as an NDS? A. You would support the families and infants with issues involving infant development and behavior. B. You would support the families and infants with issues involving hearing conservation and aural habilitation. C. You would not serve as primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants and families because a medical doctor usually fills this role. D. You would advocate oral feeding for the babies as soon as it is medically possible. E. You would create individualized assessment and intervention strategies to support infants and their caregivers.
C. You would not serve as primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants and families because a medical doctor usually fills this role.
You are a new clinician in a hospital that has a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Your job title is that of newborn development specialist (NDS). Which one of the following would be false regarding your role as an NDS? A. You would support the families and infants with issues involving infant development and behavior. B. You would support the families and infants with issues involving hearing conservation and aural habilitation. C. You would not serve as primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants and families because a medical doctor usually fills this role. D. You would create individualized assessment and intervention strategies to support infants and their caregivers.
C. You would not serve as primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants and families because a medical doctor usually fills this role.
If an African American adult patient in a hospital setting says, "I been had the measles when I was a kid," this is an example of A. circumlocution B. semantic paraphasia C. a perfective construction D. the use of an additional auxiliary E. lack of noun-verb agreement
C. a perfective construction
You receive a phone call and a report from the otolaryngologist that Allison will indeed need phonosurgery for the presence of bilateral vocal fold polyps (the right polyp is larger than the left). The otolaryngologist wants you to obtain quantitative measurements of Allison's voice before phonosurgery; he wants to use these baseline measures as a comparison with measures taken after phonosurgery to evaluate whether the phonosurgery was successful. To obtain these quantitative measurements, you will probably use A. esophageal manometry B. indirect laryngoscopy C. a sound spectrograph D. a plethysmograph E. a Nasometer
C. a sound spectrograph
73. A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch, which is A. a specific loss at 2000 Hz as indicated by air-conduction testing B. a specific loss at 4000 Hz as indicated by both air- and bone-conduction testing C. a specific loss at 2000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing D. a specific type of sensorineural hearing loss characterized by a dip at 1000 Hz E. specific losses at both 2000 and 4000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing
C. a specific loss at 2000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing
45. A client comes to a clinician seeking voice therapy. Derek is a 33-year-old male transgender client who has undergone several procedures to become more feminine. He tells you that he is taking estrogen also. Derek shares that he needs help to speak in a more feminine way, but he does not know how to go about this. He is also dealing with emotional issues surrounding his gender reassignment. In this case, you should A. share with Derek that it is ideal to have voice therapy to teach such feminine communication patterns as increased pitch, increased upward inflection at the ends of utterances, and female body language B. advise Derek that a combination of voice therapy and counseling will be the best way for him to sound more feminine and also receive emotional support as he deals with gender reassignment issues C. advise Derek that a combination of counseling, surgery, and voice therapy to teach more feminine pitch levels and communication patterns would best serve his needs D. tell Derek that various surgical procedures such as thyroplasty are available and that having surgical procedures will be sufficient to help him change his voice to sound more feminine E. advise Derek that surgical procedures and therapy are usually unnecessary, but counseling will be sufficient to help with the emotional issues involved in sounding more feminine
C. advise Derek that a combination of counseling, surgery, and voice therapy to teach more feminine pitch levels and communication patterns would best serve his needs
9. Sarah, the mother of 18-month old toddler Brandon, has taken time off her job as an engineer to be with Brandon full time at home. Sarah is very conscientious about Brandon's speech and language development, and brings him to you for an evaluation "just to make sure he's on track." Which of the following would Brandon be expected to demonstrate at 18 months of age if he is developing in a typical fashion? A. 20-30 expressive vocabulary words, mostly consisting of nouns B. establishment of joint reference and 10-15 expressive vocabulary words C. an expressive vocabulary of 50 words as well as beginning to put 2 words together D. primary use of 3-4 word responses and use of "and" to join sentences
C. an expressive vocabulary of 50 words as well as beginning to put 2 words together
Sarah, the mother of 18-month old toddler Brandon, has taken time off her job as an engineer to be with Brandon full time at home. Sarah is very conscientious about Brandon's speech and language development, and brings him to you for an evaluation "just to make sure he's on track." Which of the following would Brandon be expected to demonstrate at 18 months of age if he is developing in a typical fashion? A. 20-30 expressive vocabulary words, mostly consisting of nouns B. establishment of joint reference and 10-15 expressive vocabulary words C. an expressive vocabulary of 50 words as well as beginning to put 2 words together D. primary use of 3-4 word responses and use of "and" to join sentences
C. an expressive vocabulary of 50 words as well as beginning to put 2 words together
101. In the phrase great zoo, the /z/ in zoo is devoiced because of the voiceless /t/ in the preceding word. This is an example of A. adaptation B. gestation C. assimilation D. accommodation E. prolongation
C. assimilation
25. A child is brought to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect A. spastic cerebral palsy B. traumatic brain injury due to a gunshot wound C. ataxic cerebral palsy D. athetoid cerebral palsy E. autism
C. ataxic cerebral palsy
The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called A. sound pressure level B. decibel C. hearing level D. pitch E. amplitude
C. hearing level
111. A 5-year-old child is brought to you for an evaluation. According to her mother, Shannon has a history of middle-ear infections. Shannon's mother reports that Shannon is difficult to understand. For example, according to her mother, Shannon makes k/t and g/d substitutions, saying things like koo/too. This child is manifesting the phonological process of A. cluster reduction B. stridency deletion C. backing D. glottal replacement E. regressive assimilation
C. backing
A patient was receiving irradiation to the oral and pharyngeal areas and was experiencing xerostomia, as well as weight loss and an increase in dental caries. During the evaluation, the clinician recommended that the patient A. swallow once prior to taking a spoonful of food in the mouth. B. swallow twice prior to taking a spoonful of food in the mouth. C. be given synthetic saliva just prior to eating. D. use a chin tuck procedure before swallowing.
C. be given synthetic saliva just prior to eating.
64. Vladimir is a 7-year-old Ukrainian boy enrolled in an all-English-speaking second-grade classroom. He came to an all-English-speaking kindergarten speaking only Ukrainian; kindergarten was his first exposure to English on a regular basis. The teacher referred Vladimir for a speech-language evaluation because she says that although he has made friends and interacts well socially with the other children, he is "behind" them in written language skills (e.g., spelling, reading). Based on Vladimir's background, you can say that A. because Vladimir has been in an all-English classroom setting for at least 2 years, his written language skills should be more developed than they are. His difficulties are a red flag, indicating that he probably has a language-learning disability B. because cognitive-academic language proficiency takes about 10 to 12 years to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers, it is expected that Vladimir will lag behind monolingual English-speaking peers in written language C. because cognitive-academic language proficiency takes about 5 to 7 years to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers, it is expected that Vladimir will lag behind monolingual English-speaking peers in written language skills D. Vladimir probably has slow expressive language disorder (SELD) and should be referred to a self-contained classroom for children with SELD diagnoses E. it is possible that Vladimir has autism spectrum disorder, and he should be assessed by the school psychologist right away
C. because cognitive-academic language proficiency takes about 5 to 7 years to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers, it is expected that Vladimir will lag behind monolingual English-speaking peers in written language skills
Functional communicative behaviors are A. age and norm based. B. useful only for adult clients. C. behaviors that promote communication in natural settings. D. useful only for clients with language disorders.
C. behaviors that promote communication in natural settings.
. A patient with ataxia complains of difficulties maintaining balance and posture. The physician explains to the patient that the structure that regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements may be damaged. Therefore, the damaged structure is the A. cerebrum B. pons C. cerebellum D. temporal lobe E. frontal lobe
C. cerebellum
A patient with ataxia complains of difficulties maintaining balance and posture. The physician explains to the patient that the structure that regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements may be damaged. Therefore, the damaged structure is the A. cerebrum. B. pons. C. cerebellum. D. temporal lobe.
C. cerebellum.
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by: A. projection fibers B. association fibers C. commisural fibers D. cerebrocortical fibers E. extrapyramidal fibers
C. commisural fibers
Tanya, a 22-year-old student, is diagnosed with a unilateral polyp. When Tanya speaks, it appears that she is producing two different pitches simultaneously. You explain to Tanya that she has a condition called A. aphonia B. dysphonia C. diplophonia D. monophonia E. spasmodic dysphonia
C. diplophonia
63. A 5-year-old African American kindergarten girl is referred to you by her teacher. The teacher says, "I don't know if this is dialect or a real problem, but the other kids and I are having trouble understanding her." As you screen the girl, you find that she makes the following substitutions: t/n, f/n, d/m. You would A. tell the teacher that these patterns are typical for children who speak AAE B. ask the classroom aide to work with the girl because this is a very mild problem C. enroll the student in therapy because this is a sign of an articulatory-phonological disorder involving substitution of non-nasals for nasals D. recommend that the girl be referred to a self-contained classroom for children with severe speech sound disorders E. go to the classroom once a month to monitor the girl's progress in producing /n/ and /m/ accurately
C. enroll the student in therapy because this is a sign of an articulatory-phonological disorder involving substitution of non-nasals for nasals
57. You are providing services to Mr. W., a patient with Parkinson's disease and consequent dysarthria, to help him sound more intelligible. You can expect that you will need to address challenges related to A. even and consistent breakdowns in articulation B. impaired syntactic structures C. forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech D. an invariably slower rate of speech E. an increased rate of speech under pressure
C. forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech D. an invariably slower rate of speech
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is A. natural frequency B. formant frequency C. fundamental frequency D. displacement frequency E. compression frequency
C. fundamental frequency
51. A patient comes to you complaining of a sore throat and hoarseness. After talking to the patient, you discover that he also often experiences heartburn and acid indigestion. You consult with the on-call physician, who mentions that this patient's gastric contents are spontaneously emptying into his esophagus. The physician's diagnosis of the problem is A. hyperkeratosis B. laryngomalacia C. gastroesophageal reflux D. spasmodic reflux E. leukoplakia
C. gastroesophageal reflux
107. When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the A. palatopharyngeus B. sternocleidomastoid C. genioglossus D. styloglossus E. buccinator
C. genioglossus
When a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the A. palatopharyngeus B. sternocleidomastoid C. genioglossus D. styloglossus E. buccinator
C. genioglossus
15. A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is fed up with his bossiness and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like "Take me to Chuck E. Cheese" or "Get me Mario Cart Wii." The father would like intervention to help his son say things like "I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store" instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy's facility with A. didactic monologues B. narrative skills C. indirect requests D. cohesion E. passive sentence transformations
C. indirect requests
You refer a patient to an audiologist because you suspect that the patient might have a hearing loss. You ask the audiologist to inform you about the patient's threshold of hearing for selected frequencies. In response to your request, the audiologist will A. tell you the intensity at which tones are faintly heard at least 75% of the time they are presented in a pure-tone hearing test. B. inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 25% of the time in a speech reception threshold test. C. inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 50% of the time in a masked speech reception threshold test. D. tell you that the threshold of hearing is the quietest sound a human can detect.
C. inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 50% of the time in a masked speech reception threshold test.
94. A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child's speech sample in December, 2010. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later in January 2011, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and re-measure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish A. construct validity B. predictive validity C. intraobserver reliability D. interobserver reliability E. interobserver validity
C. intraobserver reliability
A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child's speech sample in December 2015. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later, in January 2016, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and remeasure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish A. construct validity. B. predictive validity. C. intraobserver reliability. D. interobserver reliability.
C. intraobserver reliability.
49. A concerned mother brings her 3-week-old child to you because he is having difficulties breathing. You refer the mother and her child to a physician. Upon laryngeal examination, the physician notices that a membrane has grown across the anterior portion of the glottis. The physician informs the mother that this problem may be either congenital or acquired and surgery is required to remove the membrane. According to the physician, the diagnosis would be A. hyperkeratosis B. leukoplakia C. laryngeal web D. papilloma E. carcinoma
C. laryngeal web
A concerned mother brings her 3-week-old child to you because he is having difficulties breathing. You refer the mother and her child to a physician. Upon laryngeal examination, the physician notices that a membrane has grown across the anterior portion of the glottis. The physician informs the mother that this problem may be either congenital or acquired and that surgery is required to remove the membrane. According to the physician, the diagnosis would be A. hyperkeratosis. B. leukoplakia. C. laryngeal web. D. papilloma.
C. laryngeal web.
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as A. sensorineural hearing loss B. middle ear hearing loss C. mixed hearing loss D. conductive hearing loss E. inner ear hearing loss
C. mixed hearing loss
The fact or facts about stuttering adaptation include: A. the greatest reduction in stuttering occurs only on the seventh reading B. there is transfer from one passage to the other C. most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the fifth reading D. a higher magnitude of adaption occurs with an increased time interval between readings E. most people who stutter do not show the adaption effect
C. most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the fifth reading
A premature infant was referred for a speech-language evaluation. During the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist noted that the infant had difficulty bringing her hands to her mouth to initiate sucking. While breast feeding, the clinician noted that the infant had bursts and pauses, with about two up-and-down cycles of the jaw per second. This is called A. mouthing. B. sequential sucking. C. non-nutritive sucking. D. nutritive sucking.
C. non-nutritive sucking.
99. You are working in a skilled nursing facility with elderly patients and their families. Many family members are distressed by the problems experienced by these patients secondary to stroke and dementia, and you find yourself spending time counseling with the family members. You mainly use the ______ approach, wherein the family members freely express their emotions while you listen and respond to both the content and the feeling behind the words that they say A. clinician-centered B. directive clinician-centered C. nondirective client-centered D. nondirective clinician-centered E. emotive-rationalistic
C. nondirective client-centered
The diadochokinetic rate is used to evaluate A. myofunctional disorders B. dental deviations C. oral-motor coordination D. neuropathologies E. ankyloglossia
C. oral-motor coordination
78. A spongy growth that starts on the footplate of the stapes and causes it to become rigid is known as A. otospongiosis B. ossicular discontinuity C. otosclerosis D. chronic otitis media E. ear wax
C. otosclerosis
A spongy growth that starts on the footplate of the stapes and causes it to become rigid is known as A. otospongiosis. B. ossicular discontinuity. C. otosclerosis. D. chronic otitis media.
C. otosclerosis.
Contact ulcers may be caused by all of the following except A. chronic throat clearing B. hard-glottal attack C. psychogenic problems D. intubation for surgery E. gastric reflux
C. psychogenic problems
In your private practice, you receive a referral of a sixth-grade girl who is not speaking; the pediatrician thinks that she might have functional aphonia. A diagnosis of functional aphonia means that A. there is evidence of neurological damage. B. the condition is not psychogenic. C. there is no voice. D. the larynx is damaged.
C. there is no voice.
A preschool teacher refers Matthew to the clinician at the school. Matthew is only 4 years old, but the teacher is concerned because she thinks that he "has a lot of problems pronouncing his sounds. I don't know whether he will outgrow this." The clinician finds out that Matthew has a history of middle ear infections that began in infancy and lasted until he was 3 years old. At this preschool, all the children are being taught to read and spell very simple sight words. Most of the children are doing very well. Matthew is having much more difficulty with these tasks than any of the other children. The teacher reports that when she asks the class simple questions like "Listen: rope-soap...Do these rhyme?" Matthew just looks at her blankly. He says things like "wawa" (water), "bo" (boat), and "zo" (so). Matthew is using the patterns of A. reduplication and gliding B. gliding, fronting of velars, and consonant cluster reduction C. reduplication, final consonant deletion, and prevocalic voicing D. prevocalic voicing, reduplication, and gliding E. gliding, fronting of velars, and prevocalic voicing
C. reduplication, final consonant deletion, and prevocalic voicing
A 5-year-old child, Marcus, has been identified as needing treatment because he stutters. His parents report that he has been stuttering since he was 3 years old, and the stuttering has become worse. Now children tease him, and Marcus's parents are concerned that as he enters kindergarten the teasing will become worse. The clinician decides to use one of the direct stuttering reduction methods with Marcus. Select the appropriate technique: A. delayed auditory feedback with slowed speech B. auditory masking C. response cost D. airflow management and parental counseling E. easy onset of phonation
C. response cost
You are asked to prepare a clinical management plan for family members of a patient with dementia. Among other skills, you would teach the family members to A. socially and consistently reinforce correct syntactic constructions B. avoid asking yes or no types of questions C. restate important information D. not use gestures because they are confusing to patients with dementia E. reinforce improved use of morphologic features
C. restate important information
You are asked to prepare a clinical management plan for family members of a patient with dementia. Among other skills, you would teach the family members to A. socially and consistently reinforce correct syntactic constructions. B. avoid asking yes or no types of questions. C. restate important information. D. not use gestures because they are confusing to patients with dementia.
C. restate important information
While evaluating the efficacy of a treatment procedure for aphasia, an investigator made sure that the clients in the experimental and control groups did not receive any other form of therapy during the course of the experimental study. This was done to A. increase the amount of improvement in the clients B. eliminate scheduling conflicts C. rule out the influence of confounding variables D. ensure that the Hawthorne effect was not operating E. increase the amount of generalization that the clients would experience 97. A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who h
C. rule out the influence of confounding variables
You are assessing an African American elementary-age child, Takissha. The fourth-grade teacher has referred Takissha to you because "Takissha often talks when other children are talking, and when she tells a story, she is not very structured." At this point, before you see Takissha, you suspect that A. she is developmentally delayed B. she has clinically significant problems with pragmatic skills C. she is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community D. she has a language-learning disability E. she needs to work on her morphosyntactic skills
C. she is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community
A 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy was referred to a pediatric clinic for an evaluation for excessive drooling. The speech-language pathologist noted oromotor dysfunction and a lack of voluntary control of the orofacial musculature. The condition of excessive drooling is called A. nonnutritive sucking. B. stenosis of the anterior faucial pillars. C. sialorrea. D. isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction.
C. sialorrea.
A person who deciphers speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying is using a technique known as A. cued speech B. visual speech C. speech reading D. audiovisual speech E. deaf speech
C. speech reading
The softest level of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented is known as A. pure tone threshold B. speech discrimination threshold C. speech reception threshold D. word discrimination threshold E. conversational speech threshold
C. speech reception threshold
A professor of phonetics explains to her undergraduate students that the /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/ phonemes are A. glides. B. fricatives. C. stops. D. affricates.
C. stops.
A kindergarten teacher refers Julie, a 4-year-old girl, to you for a speech and language screening. After completing an oral facial examination, you discover that the surface tissue of Julie's soft/hard palate has fused together, but her underlying muscle/bone has not fused. You also note that Julie has a bifid uvula. On palpation of the soft palate, you discover that Julie has a A. cleft of the alveolar process B. postmucous cleft C. submucous cleft D. rare orofacial cleft E. cleft lip
C. submucous cleft
72. The two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain are the A. levator tympani and stapedius muscle B. auditory meatus and levator tympani C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle D. buccinator tympani and risorius E. risorius tympani and stapedius
C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle
Linguavelars are produced by A. raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge. B. the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate. C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum. D. the tongue making contact with the upper teeth.
C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum.
In your private practice, you receive a referral of a sixth-grade girl, Christina M. She is not speaking, and the pediatrician thinks that she might have functional aphonia. A diagnoses of functional aphonia means that A. there is evidence of neurological damage B. the condition is not psychogenic C. there is no voice D. the larynx is damaged E. the epiglottis prevents phonation from occurring
C. there is no voice
A 58-year-old patient who had undergone a total laryngectomy came to an outpatient clinic complaining of coughing when swallowing. The patient was puzzled because he had been told that he would not run the risk of aspiration because there was a physical separation of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. The patient had a prosthetic valve in his tracheoesophageal segment to facilitate speaking. The patient said he had understood that the duckbill prosthesis would prevent backflow from the esophagus to the trachea and eliminate aspiration. After completing trial feedings, the speech-language pathologist informed the client that he was coughing because A. the tongue did not have enough rotary movement. B. the size of the bolus was too large. C. there was leakage around the prosthesis. D. he did not time his breathing with each swallow.
C. there was leakage around the prosthesis.
113. The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially" according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby; the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states that "they said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that Mariah has a significant expressive language delay. Mariah probably has A. Williams syndrome, which is caused by a spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation whose gene and locus is FGR2 at 10q25-26 B. Hurler's syndrome, which is caused by an autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase C. velocardiofacial syndrome, a genetic autosomal disorder thought to be caused by a missing part of chromosome 22 known as 22q11.2 D. Moebius syndrome, which has heterogeneous causation including agenesis or aplasia of the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves E. Prader-Willi syndrome, which is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11015q13) in some cases; these children may be aggressive and have tantrums
C. velocardiofacial syndrome, a genetic autosomal disorder thought to be caused by a missing part of chromosome 22 known as 22q11.2
C. A collaborative program emphasizing skills in establishing presuppositions within units of discourse
Carrie a 9 year old child, has normal receptive language abilities and normal intelligence. She produces narratives in correct sequential order of events, but they are characterized by verbal mazes with no identification of major themes and contain few, if any, referents. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention for her school SLP to implement A. An inclusion program focused on specific syntactic deficits B. An individual pull-out program to develop expressive reasoning and sequencing C. A collaborative program emphasizing skills in establishing presuppositions within units of discourse D. a focused stimulation approach for developing conjunctions and modals E. Behavior management to eliminate use of nonspecific language terms.
B. concurrent validity
Comparing performances on a new test for auditory comprehension in aphasia with those on several established similar measures will yield indications primarily of the new tests A. face validity B. concurrent validity C. interjudge reliability D. test-retest reliability E. split-half reliability
Two or more sounds of different frequencies
Complex tones
What is a phase of sound in which the vibratory movements of an object increase the density of air molecules
Compression
A
Consonants and vowels have certain distinct characteristics. Of the following statements, which one accurately distinguishes the two classes of speech sounds? A. Vowels form the nucleus of syllables, whereas consonants release and arrest syllables. B. Consonants are syllabic, whereas vowels cannot stand alone to form syllables. C. The vocal tract is constricted for vowel productions, whereas it is open for consonantal productions. D. Consonants may be described in terms of distinctive features, whereas vowels cannot be so described.
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity?
Construct validity
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity? A. Content validity B. Concurrent validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity
Construct validity
You are developing a treatment plan for a 30-year-old man who sustained TBI in an auto accident. Premorbidly, this man had excellent language skills; had a graduate degree in linguistics and was a college lecturer. Among several others, which set of goals and procedures would you select in treating him? A) I would give polite and appropriate responses to his irrelevant and tangential questions and then ask him not to ask such questions during therapy. B) I would teach him to guess what others mean when he does not fully understand what they say based on his best guess. C) I would teach narrative skills by telling complex stories from the beginning because of his higher education and advanced premorbid skills. D) I would give such signals as "listen carefully," "I am going to tell you something different now," and "pay attention to what I am about to say" to improve attention to communication. E) Initially, I would introduce a variety of daily routines and activities to hold his attention and interest in therapeutic activities.
D) I would give such signals as "listen carefully," "I am going to tell you something different now," and "pay attention to what I am about to say" to improve attention to communication.
Which of the following statements regarding dental deviations is false? A) skeletal malocclusion involves deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla B) dental malocclusion involves deviations in the positioning of individual teeth C) in Class I malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly; however, some individual teeth are misaligned D) in Class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded E) overjet occurs when a child has a Class II malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth
D) in Class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded
In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach? A) deductive method B) behavioral method C) null hypothesis method D) inductive method E) alternative hypothesis method
D) inductive method
Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are A) determined by the patient's response to a list of monosyllabic words presented at a low level of hearing B) determined by looking at the patient's pure-tone test results at the frequencies most important to speech C) the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 100% of the words presented D) the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented E) the highest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented
D) the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented
You are working with a 7-year old Spanish speaking girl, Rosa, who is in the process of learning English as a second language. Which of the following would NOT be typical for her in terms of predictable productions based on Spanish influence? A) insertion of schwa before word-initial /s/ clusters B) devoicing of final consonants C) b/v substitutions D) v/f substitutions in medial position of words E) d/th substitutions (e.g. dis for this)
D) v/f substitutions in medial position of words
Approximately when is the past tense regular -ed mastered by typically developing children? A. 19-28 months B. 24-33 months C. 18-32 months D. 26-48 months
D. 26-48 months
You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your private practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have? A. A class I malocclusion accompanied by underjet B. A class II malocclusion accompanied by underjet C. A class III malocclusion accompanied by overjet D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet
D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet
A researcher is interested in completing a single-subject design experiment to study the additive and subtractive effects of individual components of treatment rather than the comparison of two treatments. He decides to use an interaction design to study the interactive effects of two or more variables. The researcher is also interested in examining the effects of both variables alone and in combination. He is interested in isolating the components that are effective to any extent from those that are not at all effective and controls for phase lengths during the treatment. He also counterbalances the order of treatment in the experiment. The most appropriate design for this experiment would be A. ABAB. B. BAB. C. A-B-A-BC. D. A-B-BC-B-BC.
D. A-B-BC-B-BC.
Speech sounds are classified in various ways. Select the statement that is correct according to the classification mentioned in each answer. A. Voicing makes a distinction between vowels and consonants. B. The cognate pairs distinction is based on the place of articulation. C. Among others, speech sounds bilabials and labiodentals are based on the manner of articulation. D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation.
D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation.
As a clinician, you are concerned with using the most appropriate assessment approach that suits your clients, avoids false positive or false negative diagnoses, helps generate treatment goals, and is fair to clients of all ethnocultural backgrounds, including mainstream clients. To accomplish this assessment goal, you would select which of the following approaches? A. The portfolio approach B. The authentic approach C. A criterion-referenced approach D. An integrated approach
D. An integrated approach
Popular forms of hearing amplification today include hearing aids and cochlear implants. Which one of the following is not true about these devices? A. Cochlear implants may be used with children and also some adults who have sensorineural hearing loss. B. Cochlear implants can help prelingual children to make substantial progress through maximizing their potential. C. A consideration in fitting clients with hearing aids is whether they are motivated to use and properly care for the aids. D. Cochlear implants deliver amplified sound to the ear canal, whereas hearing aids deliver electrical impulses (converted from sound) directly to the auditory system.
D. Cochlear implants deliver amplified sound to the ear canal, whereas hearing aids deliver electrical impulses (converted from sound) directly to the auditory system.
Select the statement that is true of speech-language sampling. A. Ask as many yes/no questions as possible. B. To avoid the influence of familiarity, ask parents not to bring stimuli from home. C. Ask multiple questions at the same time to see which questions are answered. D. Frequently repeat what the child says.
D. Frequently repeat what the child says.
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? A. Imaginative, interactional, attribution, overextension B. Interactional, conversational, collaborative, attribution C. Collaborative, imaginative, attribution, conversational D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
You are evaluating a 10-year-old boy who was referred because of difficulties associated with partial submucous cleft palate accompanied by a bifid uvula. He is being teased at school for "sounding funny," and his parents are concerned about how he talks. During your evaluation, what can you probably expect to find? A. Hypernasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately B. Hyponasality, accompanied by increased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of liquids and glides C. Intermittent hyponasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately D. Hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives
D. Hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives
You are working in a public school, and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son who was prenatally exposed to drugs has been denied special education services including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools? A. Their language problems are not severe enough to qualify. B. They do not have other kinds of problems associated with disorders of communication. C. They are classified as having learning disabilities, not language impairments. D. Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.
D. Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.
You are developing a treatment plan for a 30-year-old man who sustained traumatic brain injury in an auto accident. Premorbidly, this man had excellent language skills; he had a graduate degree in linguistics and was a college lecturer. Among several others, which set of goals and procedures would you select in treating this person? A. I would give polite and appropriate responses to his irrelevant and tangential questions and then ask him not to ask such questions during therapy. B. I would teach him to guess what others mean when he does not fully understand what they say and respond based on his best guess. C. I would teach narrative skills by telling him complex stories from the beginning because of his higher education and advanced premorbid language skills. D. I would give such signals as "listen carefully," "I am going to say something different now," and "pay attention to what I am about to say" to improve attention to communication.
D. I would give such signals as "listen carefully," "I am going to say something different now," and "pay attention to what I am about to say" to improve attention to communication.
Which of the following statements regarding dental deviations is false? A. Skeletal malocclusion involves deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla. B. Dental malocclusion involves deviations in the positioning of individual teeth. C. In class I malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned. D. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded.
D. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded.
Which one of the following statements is false? A. Non-iconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught. B. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is effective. C. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house. D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
You have been asked to counsel with John, a 70-year-old man who has smoked and drank alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer, and, before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with John about esophageal speech. You explain to John that there are two basic types of esophageal speech. In one method, the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly. In the other method, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle. What is the second method called? A. Inhalation method B. Laryngeal airway resistance method C. Inhalatory injection method D. Injection method
D. Injection method
Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis? A. It states that there is no cause-effect relationship between two specified variables. B. It means a zero hypothesis. C. It is the one that researchers try to reject. D. It states that two variables are causally related.
D. It states that two variables are causally related.
A teacher has referred a fifth-grade boy to you for a speech-language assessment. She is concerned because she feels that he is academically "behind his peers." He and his family are Vietnamese refugees, and they have been in the United States for 5 months. Because the boy has been in refugee camps most of his life, his schooling in Vietnam was limited. His parents tell you that they estimate that he has had approximately 2 years of schooling in Vietnam. The teacher is concerned that the boy may have an underlying language-learning disability, and she wonders if he is eligible for speech-language services. What is the best combination of assessment techniques to use with him? A. Formal, standardized tests in English combined with observations of the boy's interactions, in Vietnamese, with peers and family members B. School records of the boy's achievement and performance so far in the English-speaking classroom plus the Language Processing Test translated into Vietnamese by an interpreter C. A district-developed test for Vietnamese students in your geographic area and administration of questionnaires to the boy's teachers and family D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of the boy's interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children
D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of the boy's interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children
You are working in a hospital with a boy named Terrence, whose medical chart indicates that he has a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are damaged. Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure? A. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus B. Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini C. Levator veli palatini, genioglossus, salpingopharyngeus D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
A 6-month-old infant was seen for an evaluation because he was not gaining weight. Which food consistency would be the most appropriate for the speech-language pathologist to administer during the assessment? A. Ground meat B. Raw vegetables C. Nuts D. Pureed foods
D. Pureed foods
An investigator carries out a study in which the effect of rate of speech upon stuttering during sibling interaction is being investigated. The investigator gathers conversational samples from children who stutter and their siblings. In the control group, siblings are asked to speak as they normally would at home. In the experimental group, siblings are asked to speak much more quickly than they would at home. The investigator wishes to measure the effect of rate of siblings' speech upon the amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter. In other words, the investigator is asking if increased rate of siblings' speech causes children to stutter more. In this study, what is the dependent variable? A. The amount of stuttering done by children who stutter when siblings speak at a slowed rate B. The rate of speech of the siblings in the experimental group C. The rate of speech of the siblings in the control group D. The amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter when the siblings increase their rate of speech
D. The amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter when the siblings increase their rate of speech
Which one of the following is not a feature of norm-referenced, standardized tests? A. They prescribe systematic procedures for administration and scoring of the test. B. They allow for a comparison of a client's score to that of a normative sample. C. They allow for consistency of administration and scoring across examiners. D. They generate information that can be used to create treatment goals and assess treatment progress.
D. They generate information that can be used to create treatment goals and assess treatment progress.
Different aphasia types share common features of communication impairments. Therefore, a clinician who is interested in making a typological diagnosis needs to fully understand the unique features of each type. Among the following statements, which correctly helps distinguish the two types contrasted? A. Auditory comprehension in patients with conduction aphasia is poor, whereas it is excellent in patients with transcortical sensory aphasia. B. Mixed transcortical is the most severe form of aphasia, whereas global aphasia affects only word output. C. Grammatical structures are impaired in patients with Wernicke's aphasia, whereas they are intact in patients with Broca's aphasia. D. Transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech.
D. Transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech.
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5-year-old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him—we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, lovable boy who will go to anybody. He likes to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. What does the clinician suspect that Cole has? A. Apert syndrome B. Moebius syndrome C. Cri du chat syndrome D. Williams syndrome
D. Williams syndrome
Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was airlifted to the trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, she returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused A. hyperkeratosis. B. leukoplakia. C. hemangioma. D. a granuloma.
D. a granuloma.
The definition of stuttering as "speech that contains 5% or more disfluencies" is based on A. an etiological theory of stuttering. B. the notion that stuttering is a certain moment and an expert judges it as such. C. the psychodynamic view of stuttering. D. certain listener evaluation studies.
D. certain listener evaluation studies.
A technique used by some speech-language pathologists during swallowing assessments, in which a stethoscope is placed over the thyroid cartilage to amplify sounds during swallowing, is called A. scintigraphy. B. videofluoroscopy. C. endoscopy. D. cervical auscultation.
D. cervical auscultation.
A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called A. indirect laryngoscopy. B. direct laryngoscopy. C. electroglottography. D. electromyography.
D. electromyography.
A physician refers a 50-year-old male patient with dementia to you for assessment and treatment. The referring physician suggests the strong possibility of dense intracellular formation in the neuronal cytoplasm and ballooned and inflated neurons. Your assessment reveals that the patient has had a progressive loss of vocabulary, paraphasia, circumlocution, and dominant language problems, with somewhat better preserved memory and orientation. The most likely diagnosis you would make on this patient is A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type. B. dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. C. dementia associated with Huntington's disease. D. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease.
D. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease.
Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similar-sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream," she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called A. stress. B. prosody. C. pitch. D. juncture.
D. juncture.
A child is brought for an evaluation because he is having difficulty producing /r/ and /l/. In your report, you state that he is having difficulty producing A. glides. B. affricates. C. fricatives. D. liquids.
D. liquids.
Stuttering is more likely A. on the third and fourth words in a sentence. B. when the client speaks in monologue with no audience. C. when the client produces words that are more frequently used in the language. D. on words that begin with consonants.
D. on words that begin with consonants.
A patient comes to an ENT physician complaining of a lump in the throat, hoarseness, frequent throat clearing, sore throat, and heartburn. After completing all tests, the physician indicates that the patient's condition is caused by a backflow of stomach acids into the laryngopharynx. The physician suggests that the patient take Alka-Seltzer or Tums about 30 to 60 minutes after each meal and at bedtime. She also suggests that the patient take small meals in the evening, avoid coffee and spicy foods, and sleep several hours after eating. The patient has A. vocal fold atypia. B. Reinke's edema. C. recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. D. reflux laryngitis.
D. reflux laryngitis.
A 5-year-old child with specific language impairment may say something like "Dog bark" instead of "The dog is barking." This is known as A. functional speech. B. topic maintenance. C. lack of assertiveness. D. telegraphic speech.
D. telegraphic speech.
Public Law 94-142, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975, was later reauthorized and retitled as A. the Americans with Disabilities Act. B. the Education of Disabled Individuals Act. C. the Handicapped Individuals Education Act. D. the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.
D. the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.
You are working with a 7-year-old child for language therapy, and you are teaching the accurate production of the plural -s in words. You record the correct and incorrect responses on each attempt you ask the child to make. This practice is known as A. the pretest-posttest method. B. intermixed probing. C. the shaping method. D. the discrete trial procedure.
D. the discrete trial procedure.
You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations. B. development of basic morphological features. C. comprehension of compound sentences. D. use of functional words in one-word utterances.
D. use of functional words in one-word utterances
You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations. B. development of basic morphological features. C. comprehension of compound sentences. D. use of functional words in one-word utterances.
D. use of functional words in one-word utterances.
You work in early intervention with a child who uses holophrastic speech. This child A. uses primarily two-word utterances. B. speaks in compound sentences. C. uses solely complex sentences. D. uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings.
D. uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings.
A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A naso-endoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed A. polyps. B. traumatic laryngitis. C. contact ulcers. D. vocal nodules.
D. vocal nodules.
22. A Cambodian child is referred to you because the teacher "can't understand a word he says." In the course of your speech-language screening, you record the following utterances. Which might be typical of an articulation disorder, not a difference? A. "The funny circus crown had red nose." B. "I won't ste on your toes." C. "Please hand me the block [black] one." D. "I am derry [very] appy [happy] to meet your tids [kids]."
D. "I am derry [very] appy [happy] to meet your tids [kids]."
A Cambodian child is referred to you because the teacher "can't understand a word he says." In the course of your speech-language screening, you record the following utterances. Which might be typical of an articulation disorder, not a difference? A. "The funny circus crown had red nose." B. "I won't ste on your toes." C. "Please hand me the block [black] one." D. "I am derry [very] appy [happy] to meet your tids [kids]."
D. "I am derry [very] appy [happy] to meet your tids [kids]."
12. Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function A. "More" (said by a child with an empty juice glass). B. "I want cookie." C. "Grandpa white car." D. "Why doggy bark?" E. "Mommy go store."
D. "Why doggy bark?"
Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function? A. "More" B. "I want cookie." C. "Grandpa white car." D. "Why doggy bark?"
D. "Why doggy bark?"
Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function? A. "More" (said by a child with an empty juice glass). B. "I want cookie." C. "Grandpa white car." D. "Why doggy bark?"
D. "Why doggy bark?"
Sensitivity to sound of the normal ear of a young adult is limited to A. 30 Hz to 30,000 Hz. B. 5 Hz to 5,000 Hz. C. 7 Hz to 70,000 Hz. D. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
D. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your private practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have? A. A class I malocclusion accompanied by underjet B. A class II malocclusion accompanied by underjet C. A class III malocclusion accompanied by overjet D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet
D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet
. A clinician is asked to give a workshop to graduate students about evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. She discusses evaluation in depth. Which one of the following facts in the clinician's workshop would be inaccurate? A. An ultrasound examination can measure oral tongue movement and hyoid movement. B. A manometric assessment can assess the preparatory phase of the swallow using posterior and lateral plane examinations. C. An electromyographic assessment can be conducted by attaching electrodes on structures of interest (e.g., oral, laryngeal, or pharyngeal muscles). D. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. E. A videofluorographic assessment (modified barium swallow) can be conducted to evaluate oropharyngeal swallow involving lateral and anterior-posterior (A-P) examinations.
D. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds.
A clinician is asked to give a workshop to graduate students about evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. She discusses evaluation in depth. Which one of the following facts in the clinician's workshop would be *inaccurate*? A. An ultrasound examination can measure oral tongue movement and hyoid movement. B. A manometric assessment can assess the preparatory phase of the swallow using posterior and lateral plane examinations. C. An electromyographic assessment can be conducted by attaching electrodes to structures of interest (e.g., oral, laryngeal, or pharyngeal muscles). D. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. Also, the actual swallow can be seen during the study.
D. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. Also, the actual swallow can be seen during the study.
5. A researcher is interested in completing a single-subject design experiment to study the additive and subtractive effects of individual components of treatment rather than the comparison of two treatments. He decides to use an interaction design to study the interactive effects of two or more variables. The researcher is also interested in examining the effects of both variables alone and in combination. He is interested in isolating the components that are effective to any extent from those that are not at all effective and controls for phase lengths during the treatment. He also counterbalances the order of treatment in the experiment. The most appropriate design for this experiment would be A. ABAB. B. BAB. C. A-B-A-BC. D. A-B-BC-B-BC.
D. A-B-BC-B-BC.
Which of the following is not a semantic relation expressed by two-word utterances? A. Notice (e.g., "hi" + noun) B. Attribute + entity (e.g., "brown horse") C. Agent-action (e.g., "kitty meow") D. Affirmation (e.g., "yes cereal")
D. Affirmation ("yes cereal")
In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach? A. Deductive method B. Null hypothesis method C. Inductive method D. Alternative hypothesis method
D. Alternative hypothesis method
7. As a clinician, you are concerned with using the most appropriate assessment approach that suits your clients, avoids false positive or false negative diagnoses, helps generate treatment goals, and is fair to clients of all ethnocultural backgrounds, including mainstream clients. To accomplish this assessment goal, you would select which of the following approaches? A. The portfolio approach B. The authentic approach C. A criterion-referenced approach D. An integrated approach
D. An integrated approach
Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to this artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects? A. Internal carotid B. External carotid C. Middle cerebral D. Anterior cerebral E. Posterior cerebral
D. Anterior cerebral
How do most professionals generally categorize cerebral palsy? A. Hemiplegia, monoplegia, and diplegia B. Prenatal, perinatal, postnatal C. Hemiplegia, athetoid, postnatal D. Ataxic, athetoid, spastic types
D. Ataxic, athetoid, spastic types
As you analyze a language sample, you find an utterance made by the child: "big pizza." This utterance is an example of which type of semantic relation? A. Action + locative B. Agent + action C. Attribute + locative D. Attribute + entity
D. Attribute + entity
Sally just delivered her first baby boy. The pediatrician has noticed that the child was born with his external ear canal completely closed. The doctor explains that the child has A. external otitis. B. otitis media. C. myringotomy. D. aural atresia.
D. Aural atresia
21. A child comes to your clinic with her mother for articulation and language therapy. The mother tells you that her daughter has Hurler's syndrome. What causes Hurler's syndrome? A. An expanded number of CGG nucleic acid repeats on a specific gene on one of the distal ends of the Y chromosome B. A spontaneous autosomal dominant mutation of FGR2 at 10q25-26 C. Autosomal dominant inheritance and deletion in the region of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13) D. Autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase
D. Autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase
Those professionals who conduct language treatment according to the principles of the behavioral theory do what? A. Focus treatment sessions around Vygotsky's principles. B. Assess cognitive precursors to language and facilitate the development of those precursors. C. Focus treatment on auditory processing skills. D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement.
D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a *stimulus, a response, and reinforcement.*
You are assessing a 60-year-old woman for a possible diagnosis of aphasia, and you are interested in the specific type of aphasia this woman might have. You notice that she has marked buccofacial apraxia. This condition alone might suggest which of the following? A. Wernicke's aphasia B. Anomic aphasia C. Transcortical sensory aphasia D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia
D. Broca's aphasia, transcoritcal motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia.
20. You are assessing a 60-year-old woman for a possible diagnosis of aphasia, and you are interested in the specific type of aphasia this woman might have. You notice that she has marked buccofacial apraxia. This condition alone might suggest which of the following? A. Wernicke's aphasia B. Anomic aphasia C. Transcortical sensory aphasia D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia
D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia
You are assessing a 60-year-old woman for a possible diagnosis of aphasia, and you are interested in the specific type of aphasia this woman might have. You notice that she has marked buccofacial apraxia. This condition alone might suggest which of the following? A. Wernicke's aphasia B. Anomic aphasia C. Transcortical sensory aphasia D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia
D. Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, or conduction aphasia
Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is A. the occipital lobe. B. the basal ganglia. C. Wernicke's area. D. Broca's area.
D. Broca's area
Popular forms of hearing amplification today include hearing aids and cochlear implants. Which one of the following is *not true* about these devices? A. Cochlear implants may be used with children and also some adults who have sensorineural hearing loss. B. Cochlear implants can help prelingual children to make substantial progress through maximizing their potential. C. A consideration in fitting clients with hearing aids is whether they are motivated to use and properly care for the aids. D. Cochlear implants deliver amplified sound to the ear canal, whereas hearing aids deliver electrical impulses (converted from sound) directly to the auditory system
D. Cochlear implants deliver amplified sound to the ear canal, whereas hearing aids deliver electrical impulses (converted from sound) directly to the auditory system
To select an appropriate language production test for a 5-year-old male child, you examine several test manuals. You come across a manual that claims that the test meets the theoretical expectation that sampled language skills are higher at progressively higher age levels. You then correctly conclude that the manual claims that the test has which of the following? A. Content validity B. Acceptable reliability C. Consistency of scores at progressively higher age levels D. Construct validity
D. Construct validity
To select an appropriate language production test for a 5-year-old male child, you examine several test manuals. You come across a manual that claims that the test meets the theoretical expectation that sampled language skills are higher at progressively higher age levels. You then correctly conclude that the manual claims that the test has which of the following? A. Content validity B. Acceptable reliability C. Consistency of scores at progressively higher age levels D. Construct validity
D. Construct validity
86. Select the correct statement A. Ideally, concurrent validity should be very high. B. Validity is consistency of measures across repeated measurements. C. The construct validity is based on a criterion of future performance. D. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation. E. Construct validity is based on an expert examination of the test items.
D. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.
According to Brown's stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child? A. Prepositions B. Regular third-person -s C. Uncontractible auxiliary D. Contractible auxiliary
D. Contractible auxiliary
According to Brown's stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child? A. Prepositions B. Regular third-person -s C. Uncontractible auxiliary D. Contractible auxiliary
D. Contractible auxiliary
Which statement about the cranial nerves is correct? A. Cranial nerve XII is not concerned with speech. B. Cranial nerve VIII is concerned with the sense of smell. C. Cranial nerve I is concerned with labial sound articulation. D. Damage to cranial nerve VII causes a mask-like appearance.
D. Damage to cranial nerve VII causes a mask-like appearance.
When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and a cleft of the hard palate later, that is known as A. secondary surgery. B. palatal surgery. C. pharyngeal flap surgery. D. delayed hard palate closure.
D. Delayed hard palate closure
Case management for an elderly patient includes the following targets: establishing a simple routine, using various reminders, writing down a list of things to do every morning, and writing a checklist of things to do before leaving the house. Such a plan is most appropriate for a patient with A. Broca's aphasia. B. Wernicke's aphasia. C. right hemisphere syndrome. D.dementia.
D. Dementia
*Speech rate* modification is a significant goal for patients with A. dementia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. right hemisphere syndrome *D. Dysarthria*
D. Dysarthria
What would be the best task a clinician could use to assess a school-age child's morphological skills? A. Ask parents to provide a list of words the child uses frequently at home. B. Evaluate the child's comprehension of idioms and proverbs. C. Note inappropriate or irrelevant responses that indicate lack of comprehension. D. Evoke grammatical features by telling a story through relevant pictures, and then ask the child to use the pictures to retell the story.
D. Evoke grammatical features by telling a story through relevant pictures, and then ask the child to use the pictures to retell the story.
Select the statement that is true of speech-language sampling. A. Ask as many yes/no questions as possible. B. To avoid the influence of familiarity, ask parents not to bring stimuli from home. C. Ask multiple questions at the same time to see which questions are answered. D. Frequently repeat what the child says.
D. Frequently repeat what the child says
Select the statement that is true of speech-language sampling. A. Ask as many yes/no questions as possible. B. To avoid the influence of familiarity, ask parents not to bring stimuli from home. C. Ask multiple questions at the same time to see which questions are answered. D. Frequently repeat what the child says.
D. Frequently repeat what the child says.
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? A. Imaginative, interactional, attribution, overextension B. Interactional, conversational, collaborative, attribution C. Collaborative, imaginative, attribution, conversational D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the A. Cricoid B. Thyroid C. Arytenoid D. Hyoid
D. Hyoid
3. Which of the following statements is false A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language. B. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus. C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex. D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature. E. The pyramidal system consists of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.
You are evaluating a 10-year-old boy who was referred because of difficulties associated with partial submucous cleft palate accompanied by a bifid uvula. He is being teased at school for "sounding funny," and his parents are concerned about how he talks. During your evaluation, what can you probably expect to find? A. Hypernasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately B. Hyponasality, accompanied by increased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of liquids and glides C. Intermittent hyponasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately D. Hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives
D. Hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives
A 5-year-old child, Crystal S., is brought to you for an evaluation of her speech. The family speaks only English in the home. According to Crystal's mother, Crystal "loves to talk but most people have trouble understanding her." As you play with Crystal informally you estimate that she is approximately 50-60% intelligible. You conduct an oral peripheral evaluation, which reveals that Crystal does not have any anatomical or physiological anomalies that would explain why she is so unintelligible. You also conduct in-depth assessment in other areas to determine the nature of Crystal's unintelligibility and to determine therapy goals. 18. You decide that for therapy, you would like to use the distinctive features approach to help Crystal become more intelligible. In this approach, you would: A. use minimal pairs. B. try to find Crystal's underlying patterns and train one or several sounds in those patterns in hopes that generalization to other sounds in that pattern would occur C. use auditory bombardment as a key component of each therapy session D. A, B E. B, C
D. If you use the distinctive feature approach, you would use minimal pairs and also try to find Crystal's underlying patterns and train one or several sounds in those patterns in hopes that generalization to other sounds in that pattern would occur.
Which of the following statements regarding dental deviations is *false*? A. Skeletal malocclusion involves deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla. B. Dental malocclusion involves deviations in the positioning of individual teeth. C. In class I malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned. D. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded
D. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded
Which one of the following statements is *false*? A. Non-iconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught. B. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is effective. C. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house. D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
Which one of the following statements is false? A. Non-iconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught. B. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is effective. C. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is a n iconic symbol indicating the word house. D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
13. A clinician assesses an adolescent whose discourse skills are limited. The clinician's treatment goals would most likely involve which of the following A. Increased comprehension and use of idioms and metaphors B. Increased mean length of utterance and sentence complexity C. Increased accuracy in the use of morphological structures D. Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers E. Expanded vocabulary to be more commensurate with age level
D. Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers
A clinician assesses an adolescent whose discourse skills are limited. The clinician's treatment goals would most likely involve which of the following? A. Increased comprehension and use of idioms and metaphors B. Increased mean length of utterance and sentence complexity C. Increased accuracy in the use of morphological structures D. Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers
D. Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers
You have been asked to counsel with John, a 70-year-old man who has smoked and drank alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer, and, before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with John about esophageal speech. You explain to John that there are two basic types of esophageal speech. In one method, the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly. In the other method, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle. What is the second method called? A. Inhalation method B. Laryngeal airway resistance method C. Inhalatory injection method D. Injection method
D. Injection method
Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis? A. It states that there is no cause-effect relationship between two specified variables. B. It means a zero hypothesis. C. It is the one that researchers try to reject. D. It states that two variables are causally related.
D. It states that two variables are causally related
91. Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis A. It states that there is no cause-effect relationship between two specified variables. B. It means a zero hypothesis. C. It is the one that researchers try to reject. D. It states that two variables are causally related. E. It is different from the alternative hypothesis.
D. It states that two variables are causally related.
68. A teacher has referred a fifth-grade boy to you for a speech-language assessment. She is concerned because she feels that he is academically "behind his peers." He and his family are Vietnamese refugees, and they have been in the United States for 5 months. Because the boy has been in refugee camps most of his life, his schooling in Vietnam was limited. His parents tell you that they estimate that he has had approximately 2 years of schooling in Vietnam. The teacher is concerned that the boy may have an underlying language-learning disability, and she wonders if he is eligible for speech-language services. What is the best combination of assessment techniques to use with him A. Use of formal, standardized tests in English combined with observations of the boy's interactions, in Vietnamese, with peers and family members B. Use of school records of the boy's achievement and performance so far in the English-speaking classroom and use of the Language Processing Test translated into Vietnamese by an interpreter C. Use of a district-developed test for Vietnamese students in your geographic area and administration of questionnaires to the boy's teachers and family D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of his interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children E. Use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 and the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language translated into Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and language samples in Vietnamese
D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of his interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children
5. What are the most commonly described suprasegmentals or prosodic features that affect speech production A. Labials, bilabials, linguadentals, and glottals B. Nasals, stops, fricatives, liquids, and glides C. Consonants, vowels, voiced sounds, and voiceless sounds D. Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture E. Assimilation, coarticulation, and phonetic adaptation
D. Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
You are working with a 9-year-old girl who has been diagnosed with high-functioning autism. She has an excellent vocabulary as well as good morphological and syntactic skills. However, her pragmatic skills are reportedly delayed and her parents wish her to gain "better social skills." Which one of the following would not be an appropriate treatment goal for her? A. Initiate and maintain conversation in small groups B. Sustain a topic through a number of conversational turns C. Announce topic shifts D. Make sure conversations with peers focus on her interests and hobbies so that she can maintain control of the topic E. Make eye contact with those to whom she is speaking
D. Make sure conversations with peers focus on her interests and hobbies so that she can maintain control of the topic
Allophones do which of the following: A. Change word meanings B. Are not variations of phonemes C. Are not perceived as the same D. May vary from production to production
D. May vary from production to production
A 54-year-old man came to an ENT physician complaining of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, nausea, and a fullness of pressure in the ear. The patient informed the doctor that the episodes of vertigo last for about 30 minutes at a time. After conducting several tests, including videonystagmography, rotary-chair testing, vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing, and posturography, the doctor diagnosed A. autoimmune inner ear disease. B. presbycusis. C. an acoustic neuroma. D. Meniere's disease.
D. Meniere's disease
26. In preparing for feeding and swallowing with a patient with a tracheostomy tube, which of the following is recommended while conducting therapy? A. Have the patient sit in the bed at a 120-degree angle before occluding the patient's tracheostomy. B. Use cervical auscultation to determine if there is any aspiration. C. There is no need to occlude the tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as there is no chance of aspiration. D. Occlude the patient's tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as the exhalatory airflow after the swallow may contribute to clearance of residual food from the top of the airway, reducing the chance of aspiration after the swallow.
D. Occlude the patient's tracheostomy during and immediately after the swallow, as the exhalatory airflow after the swallow may contribute to clearance of residual food from the top of the airway, reducing the chance of aspiration after the swallow.
Stuttering is more likely A. on the third and fourth words in a sentence. B. when the client speaks in monologue with no audience. C. when the client produces words that are more frequently used in the language. D. on words that begin with consonants.
D. On words that begin with consonats
The primary muscle of the lips is the A. Buccinator B. Risorius C. Depressor labii inferioris D. Orbicularis oris
D. Orbicularis oris
.You are working in a hospital with a boy named Luke whose medical chart indicates that he has a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are damaged. Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure A. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus B. Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini C. Levator veli palatini, genioglossus, salpingopharyngeus D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini E. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, genioglossus
D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
You are working in a hospital with a boy named Terrence, whose medical chart indicates that he has a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are damaged. Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure? A. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus B. Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini C. Levator veli palatini, genioglossus, salpingopharyngeus D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
D. Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
48. What is a pink or white wart-like growth that can be found anywhere in the airway and can make a person's voice sound hoarse, breathy, and low pitched A. Hyperkeratosis B. Leukoplakia C. Hemangioma D. Papilloma E. Carcinoma
D. Papilloma
Which of the following statements is false? A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language. B. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus. C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex. D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.
D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.
118. A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. This patient most likely has A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type B. apraxia of speech due to damage to Broca's and supplementary motor areas C. dysarthria due to a right hemisphere lesion that coexists with right hemisphere syndrome D. Parkinson's disease E. Huntington's disease
D. Parkinson's disease
When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as A. regressive assimilation. B. progressive assimilation. C. voicing assimilation. D. reduplication.
D. Reduplication
You are conducting therapy with a kindergartener with a speech sound disorder and language impairment. He has deficient phonological awareness skills, and you are targeting these skills in therapy along with other treatment targets. Which of the following are you working on as part of phonological awareness treatment? A. auditory discrimination skills B. metaphon skills C. awareness of print and print conventions D. rhyming, phoneme isolation, sound blending
D. Rhyming, phoneme isolation, sound blending
The public elementary school where you work has asked you to give an in-service to their teachers on appropriate referrals of bilingual children with possible communication disorders. Which of the following would be appropriate to tell these teachers? A. It is legal to place these children into special education to work on improving their English skills. B. A child who has typical skills and development in the primary language has an underlying language learning disability if he has low English test scores. C. A bilingual child who has a true communication disorder can never be served in the general education classroom; this child must always receive pullout special education services. D. Some bilingual children attain low scores when tested in their first language due to language loss in that language. E. Codeswitching is generally an abnormal communication behavior that is not used by typically developing bilingual children.
D. Some bilingual children attain low scores when tested in their first language due to language loss in that language.
The public elementary school where you work has asked you to give an in-service to their teachers on appropriate referrals of bilingual children with possible communication disorders. Which of the following would be appropriate to tell these teachers? A. It is legal to place these children into special education to work on improving their English skills. B. A child who has typical skills and development in the primary language has an underlying language-learning disability if he has low English test scores. C. A bilingual child who has a true communication disorder can never be served in the general education classroom; this child must always receive pullout special education services. D. Some bilingual children attain low scores when tested in their first language due to language loss in that language.
D. Some bilingual children attain low scores when tested in their first language due to language loss in that language.
Sound is defined as vibrations or disturbances of molecules in a medium. This means that A. the sound waves actually travel from point A to point B. sound waves are always audible; otherwise, we could not study them. C. a rigid medium can be as good as a flexible medium in transmitting sound. D. sound waves are disturbances in adjacent molecules within a medium.
D. Sound waves are disturbances in adjacent molecules within a medium
A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Korean, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you *not* expect to find in a student who speaks Korean? A. Substitution of a/ae (e.g., bock/back) B. Final consonant deletion (e.g., be-/bed) C. Confusion of r/l (e.g., glow/grow, lay/ray) D. Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)
D. Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)
A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Korean, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you not expect to find in a student who speaks Korean? A. Substitution of a/ae (e.g., bock/back) B. Final consonant deletion (e.g., be-/bed) C. Confusion of r/l (e.g., glow/grow, lay/ray) D. Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)
D. Substitution of t/k (i.e., tea/key)
A high school teacher refers a Mandarin-speaking 16-year-old to you for an evaluation. The student and his family came to the United States 2 years ago from China. The teacher says that the student does well academically, but she shares that she has difficulty understanding him when he speaks. When you screen the student, you find some articulation and language differences. Which one of the following would *not* be predictable based on the student's first language of Mandarin? A. Substitutions of t/th (e.g., tin/thin) B. Epenthesis in words with consonant blends C. Confusions of /r/ and /l/ D. Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)
D. Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)
A high school teacher refers a Mandarin-speaking 16-year-old to you for an evaluation. The student and his family came to the United States 2 years ago from China. The teacher says that the student does well academically, but she shares that she has difficulty understanding him when he speaks. When you screen the student, you find some articulation and language differences. Which one of the following would not be predictable based on the student's first language of Mandarin? A. Substitutions of t/th (e.g., tin/thin) B. Epenthesis in words with consonant blends C. Confusions of /r/ and /l/ D. Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)
D. Substitutions of f/th (i.e., fick/thick)
Which one of the following is FALSE? A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to the comprehension of spoken language B. Wernicke's area is connected to broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpretation of somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature E. The pyramidal system consists of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpretation of somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature **angular gyrus is in the parietal lobe**
You are planning treatment for a child who needs to learn morphological features of language. You have selected four grammatical morphemes to teach at the word level. You will then teach each word to a training criterion. You show a stimulus card, ask a question, wait for the response, reinforce the correct response, score the response, and wait for a few seconds before presenting the next opportunity for the child to produce the target morpheme. What is this procedure called? A. The shaping method B. The successive approximation C. The naturalistic method D. The discrete trial method
D. The discrete trial method
The term coarticulation refers to which of the following? A. Speech sounds being modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds to the point that there are perceptible changes in the speech sounds B. The extent to which vocal tract configuration changes shape during the production of consonants and vowels in running speech C. The influence of various syllables upon one another when a client recites a phonetically balanced list of words D. The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
D. The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are A. determined by the patient's response to a list of monosyllabic words presented at a low level of hearing. B. determined by looking at the patient's pure-tone test results at the frequencies most important to speech. C. the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 100% of the words presented. D. the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented.
D. The lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented
14. Which one of the following is FALSE regarding dental deviations? A. Skeletal malocclusion refers to deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla B. Dental malocclusion refers to deviations in the positioning of individual teeth. C. In class I malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly; however, some individual teeth are misaligned. D. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded. E. Overjet occurs when a child has a Class II malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth.
D. The maxilla is receded and the mandible protruded in class III malocclusion. In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is protruded and the mandible receded.
Which one of the following is not a feature of norm-referenced, standardized tests? A. They prescribe systematic procedures for administration and scoring of the test. B. They allow for a comparison of a client's score to that of a normative sample. C. They allow for consistency of administration and scoring across examiners. D. They generate information that can be used to create treatment goals and assess treatment progress. E. They help eliminate the examiner's personal or subjective biases in assessment.
D. They generate information that can be used to create treatment goals and assess treatment progress.
You work in a school district where increasing numbers of parents are coming to you with issues experienced by their internationally adopted children. Which one of the following would you not expect to be an issue experienced by these children? A. The younger the children are at the time of adoption, the greater their progress in language development is after living in the United States for some time. B. Some of the children show delays in their first or primary languages as well as English. C. Children who show language delays when they first arrive in the United States are likely to continue to show delays in language development over time. D. They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first languages and English fluently. E. They may have experienced very little cognitive and linguistic stimulation in the orphanage in their home country.
D. They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first languages and English fluently.
A 19-year-old student was airlifted to a hospital following a car accident. He had difficulty breathing, as the steering wheel had compressed his chest. He had been immediately intubated by the paramedics at the scene of the accident to establish an airway. Three days after the accident, he was still intubated, as he continued to have difficulty breathing on his own. What would be the most appropriate and ethical course for feeding the patient? A. To introduce the Mendelssohn maneuver B. To introduce the supraglottic swallowing procedure C. To provide the patient with one glass of water for nourishment D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed
D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed
108. Which of the following muscles helps adduct the vocal folds A. Hyoglossus B. Cricothyroid C. Posterior cricoarytenoids D. Transverse arytenoids E. Thyroarytenoids
D. Transverse arytenoids
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5-year-old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share, "We know there's something wrong with him—we're just not sure what." According to Cole's parents, he is a "sweet, lovable boy who will go to anybody. He likes to sing a lot, too." Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole's teeth are small and widely spaced. Question What does the clinician suspect that Cole has? A. Apert syndrome B. Moebius syndrome C. Cri du chat syndrome D. Williams syndrome
D. Williams syndrome
28. In treating the communication deficits of a young adult with traumatic brain injury, you would do which of the following? A. Refrain from using techniques to increase orientation and attention because the inappropriateness of these treatment targets subside in due course. B. Exclusively use cognitive rehabilitation. C. Introduce a variety of treatment activities to promote faster recovery. D. Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.
D. Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.
34. Stuttering is more likely A. on the third and fourth words in a sentence B. when the client speaks in monologue with no audience C. when the client produces words that are more frequently used in the language D. on words that begin with consonants E. on words that begin with vowels
D. on words that begin with consonants
A 5-year-old child, Crystal S., is brought to you for an evaluation of her speech. The family speaks only English in the home. According to Crystal's mother, Crystal "loves to talk but most people have trouble understanding her." As you play with Crystal informally you estimate that she is approximately 50-60% intelligible. You conduct an oral peripheral evaluation, which reveals that Crystal does not have any anatomical or physiological anomalies that would explain why she is so unintelligible. You also conduct in-depth assessment in other areas to determine the nature of Crystal's unintelligibility and to determine therapy goals. 16. You discover through your assessment that there are some sounds that Crystal consistently misarticulates. For example, she usually makes a t/k substitution (e.g., tea/key). You want to know if Crystal can produce /k/ in isolation. You show her how to produce /k/ by giving her a model, and you tell her, "Watch me make the /k/ sound". Then you do it just like I did." When you are doing this, you are assessing Crystal's: A. phonological knowledge B. receptive phonology skills C. overall intelligibility D. stimulability E. diadochokinetic skills`
D. You are assessing Crystal's stimulability for the /k/ sound by evaluating whether or not she can imitate your model.
46. Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was air lifted to the trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, Lisa returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that Lisa had a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion that had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused A. hyperkeratosis B. leukoplakia C. hemangioma D. a granuloma E. carcinoma
D. a granuloma
A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's Notch. Carhart's Notch is: a. a specific type of SNHL charactered by a "dip" at 1,000hz b. a specific loss at 4000hz as indicated by both air and bone conduction testing c. specific losses at both 2000hz and 4000hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing D. a specific loss at 2000hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing E. a specific loss at 2000hz as indicated by air-conduction testing
D. a specific loss at 2000hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing
Brutten and Shoemaker proposed that: A. stuttering is limited to part-word repetitions and sound prolongations B. stuttering is due to classically conditioned negative emotions C. some dysfluencies are operantly conditioned D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. all of the above
Brutten and Shoemaker proposed that: a. stuttering is limited to part-word repetitions and sound prolongations b. stuttering is due to classically conditioned negative emotion c. some dysfluencies are operantly conditioned d. all of the above e. none of the above
D. all of the above
Research on the prevalence of stuttering has shown that: A. familiar incidence is higher than in the general population B. sons of stuttering mothers run a greater risk than some sons of stuttering fathers C. blood relatives of a stuttering woman run a greater risk of stuttering themselves than those of a stuttering man D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. all of the above
Research on the prevalence of stuttering has shown that: a. familial incidence is higher in the general population b. sons of stuttering mothers run a greater risk than sons of stuttering fathers c. blood relatives of a stuttering woman run a greater risk of stuttering themselves than those of a stuttering man d. all of the above e. none of the above
D. all of the above
Beth has central nervous system damage with no weakness or paralysis of her facial muscles; however, her central nervous system damage makes it difficult for her to program the precise movements necessary for smoothly articulated speech. Beth's motor programming disorder is A. dysarthria B. aphasia C. anomia D. apraxia E. agrammatism
D. apraxia
Beth has central nervous system damage with no weakness or paralysis of her facial muscles; however, her central nervous system damage makes it difficult for her to program the precise movements necessary for smoothly articulated speech. Her motor programming disorder is A. dysarthria. B. aphasia. C. anomia. D. apraxia.
D. apraxia.
6. A school speech-language pathologist is working with adult accent clients who speak English as a second language. She is teaching her clients the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables. She teaches them that stressed syllables A. are lower in pitch B. require reduced muscular effort to produce C. are shorter in duration D. are longer and higher in pitch E. are lower in intensity (softer)
D. are longer and higher in pitch
39. Some studies have shown that A. central auditory function is clinically and significantly abnormal in all persons who stutter B. people who stutter have a significant auditory feedback defect C. language is always represented in the right hemisphere of people who stutter D. both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter E. there is reduced blood flow in the right temporal lobe of people who stutter
D. both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter
The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine-motor movements is: A. angular gyrus B. corticospinal tract C. circle of Willis D. cerebellum E. supramarginal gyrus
D. cerebellum
The definition of stuttering as "speech that contains 5% or more disfluencies" is based on A. an etiological theory of stuttering. B. the notion that stuttering is a certain moment and an expert judges it as such. C. the psychodynamic view of stuttering. D. certain listener evaluation studies.
D. certain listener evaluation studies.
A technique used by some speech-language pathologists during swallowing assessments, in which a stethoscope is placed over the thyroid cartilage to amplify sounds during swallowing, is called A. scintigraphy. B. videofluoroscopy. C. endoscopy. D. cervical auscultation.
D. cervical auscultation.
When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and a cleft of the hard palate later, that is known as A. secondary surgery. B. palatal surgery. C. pharyngeal flap surgery. D. delayed hard palate closure.
D. delayed hard palate closure.
114. The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially" according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby; the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states that "they said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that Mariah has a significant expressive language delay. Mariah's mother is exemplifying the defense mechanism of A. projection B. reaction formation C. displacement D. denial E. repression
D. denial
58. Speech rate modification is a significant goal for patients with A. dementia B. Wernicke's aphasia C. right hemisphere syndrome D. dysarthria E. dysphagia
D. dysarthria
A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called A. indirect laryngoscopy. B. direct laryngoscopy. C. electroglottography. D. electromyography.
D. electromyography.
A mother reports her daughter is difficult to understand. The mom described her speech as "sort of rushed, and she kind of stutters sometimes". The clinician concludes she clutters - based on this you would see the girl: a. is probably secretly anxious about her speech and has a rapid rate of speech, but is intelligible b. is dysfluent but has clear articulation and no spoonerisms c. has excellent language skills, is not anxious about her speech, and is highly dysfluent with no artic problems d. has a lack of anxiety concern about her speech, uses spoonerisms, and has rapid, disordered atic resulting in unintelligible speech e. avoids speech and most speaking situations
D. has a lack of anxiety concern about her speech, uses spoonerisms, and has rapid, disordered atic resulting in unintelligible speech
A mother calls a clinician and shares concerns about her child's speech. According to the the mother, her daughter, Rachel, is difficult to understand. The mother describes Rachel's speech as "sort of rushed, and she kind of stutters sometimes." The clinician who tested Rachel concludes that she clutters. Based upon this diagnosis, one would expect that Rachel: A. is probably secretly anxious about her speech and has a rapid rate of speech, but is intelligible B. is dysfluent but has clear articulation and no spoonerisms C. has excellent language skills, is not anxious about her speech, and is highly dysfluent with no articulation problems D. has a lack of anxiety or concern about her speech, uses spoonerisms, and has rapid, disordered articulation resulting in unintelligible speech E. avoids speech and most speaking situations
D. has a lack of anxiety or concern about her speech, uses spoonerisms, and has rapid, disordered articulation resulting in unintelligible speech
A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the A. cricoid B. thyroid C. arytenoid D. hyoid E. all of the above
D. hyoid
Patients with right hemisphere damage tend to demonstrate A. severe naming problems B. profound auditory comprehension problems C. severe oral expression problems D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings E. impaired syntactic skills
D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings
Patients with right hemisphere damage tend to demonstrate A. severe naming problems. B. profound auditory comprehension problems. C. severe oral expression problems. D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings.
D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings.
A 72-year-old patient was diagnosed with apraxia of speech post CVA. The clinician instructed the patient to "watch and listen to me" and then "say it with me." The aim of the treatment approach was to use simultaneous practice to bring to consciousness the look and sound of the target speech output. This is an example of A. metrical pacing. B. metronomic pacing. C. articulatory cuing. D. integral practice.
D. integral practice.
The /r/ and /l/ sounds may both be categorized as: a. rhotics b. glides c. lateral d. liquids e. retroflexes
D. liquids
The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. The nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds? A. k, g, t, d B. r, l, y C. f, sh, s D, m, n, ng E. w, y, r
D. m, n, ng
89. Senbo is a third-grade student who speaks Afrikaans. Her teacher refers her for assessment because Senbo is having academic difficulty. To evaluate Senbo's language skills, you use dynamic assessment, an alternative approach in which the clinician A. collects various kinds of work samples from the child being evaluated B. compares a child's performance with the established norms C. seeks to sample the child's speech and language in naturalistic settings D. makes a preliminary assessment, teaches missing skills, and reevaluates the skills taught E. compares a child's performance to a performance standard (e.g., 90% accuracy)
D. makes a preliminary assessment, teaches missing skills, and reevaluates the skills taught
During your evaluation, you hear Tommy say things like "My mom is skinny than her mom" and "Our house is the big on the block." This shows difficulty with A. semantics, specifically with possessives and indefinite pronouns. B. semantics, specifically with comparatives and spatial relationships. C. morphology, specifically with personal pronouns and contractible auxiliary forms. D. morphology, specifically with comparatives and superlatives
D. morphology, specifically with comparatives and superlatives
Kyle, a 27-year-old man, speaks with a pitch that is perpetually too high, despite complete laryngeal maturation. You believe that Kyle has A. hormonal changes B. conversational dysphonia C. spasmodic dysphonia D. mutational falsetto E. intentional dysphonia
D. mutational falsetto
Muscles that contribute to VP closure through tensing or elevating the velum are: A. tensor veli palatine, levator veli palatina, and salpingopharyngeus B. sylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and levator veli palatini C. levator veli palatini, genioglossus, and salpingopharyngeus D. palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini E. tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini
D. palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini
A client who stutters mentions to his speech-language pathologist that his social life is limited. He states that "No one will talk to me because I stutter." This is an example of the common defense mechanism known as A. displacement B. projection C. repression D. rationalization E. suppression
D. rationalization
33. When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as A. regressive assimilation B. progressive assimilation C. voicing assimilation D. reduplication E. accommodation
D. reduplication
A child is referred to you by his preschool teacher. This child, Jaden, is 4 years 5 months old and has transferred from out of state. In his previous state, Jaden was reportedly assessedby a speech-language pathologist who recommended that Jaden receive intervention before kindergarten. According to the report from the previous clinician, Jaden uses the phonological processes of gliding, consonant cluster reduction, stopping, reduplication, and final consonant deletion. Your assessment confirms the presence of these phonological processes. You would begin treatment by addressing A. final-consonant deletion B. gliding C. consonant-cluster reduction D. reduplication E. stopping
D. reduplication
You are conducting therapy with a kindergartener with a speech sound disorder and language impairment. He has deficient phonological awareness skills, and you are targeting these skills in therapy along with other treatment targets. Which of the following are you working on as part of phonological awareness treatment? A. auditory discrimination skills B. metaphon skills C. awareness of print and print conventions D. rhyming, phoneme isolation, sound blending
D. rhyming, phoneme isolation, sound blending
You are seeing a 12-year-old girl at the local junior high school. Her scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 and the Expressive Vocabulary Test-2 were both 2 years below age level. She has many friends and is well liked by her peers. Academically, she struggles with the vocabulary in her textbooks. Therapy should focus primarily on remediation of A. pragmatic skills B. discourse C. morphologic skills D. semantic skills E. syntactic skills
D. semantic skills
You are seeing a 12-year-old girl at the local junior high school. Her scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition and the Expressive Vocabulary Test-Second Edition were both 2 years below age level. She has many friends and is well liked by her peers. Academically, she struggles with the vocabulary in her textbooks. Therapy should focus primarily on remediation of A. pragmatic skills. B. discourse. C. morphologic skills. D. semantic skills.
D. semantic skills.
56. You are working with Mike, a 65-year old man who has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In therapy, you are addressing his speech difficulties, which are due to dysarthria. Dysarthria is a A. speech disorder in the absence of muscle weakness or paralysis B. speech disorder never associated with aphasia C. single disorder with a single etiology D. speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis E. speech disorder characterized by groping, effortful speech
D. speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis
You are working with Mike, a 65-year-old man who has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In therapy, you are addressing his speech difficulties, which are due to dysarthria. Dysarthria is a A. speech disorder in the absence of muscle weakness or paralysis. B. speech disorder never associated with aphasia. C. single disorder with a single etiology. D. speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis.
D. speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis.
80. The concept of adequate construct validity means that A. several judges have agreed that a test has been constructed appropriately and measures what it purports to measure B. test items have been judged to be relevant for measuring what the test purports to measure C. the test accurately predicts future performance on a related task D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations E. if a test is new, it correlates highly with an established test of known validity
D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations
The concept of adequate construct validity means that A. several judges have agreed that a test has been constructed appropriately and measures what it purports to measure. B. test items have been judged to be relevant for measuring what the test purports to measure. C. the test accurately predicts future performance on a related task. D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations.
D. test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations.
Public Law 94-142, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975, was later reauthorized and retitled as A. the Americans with Disabilities Act. B. the Education of Disabled Individuals Act. C. the Handicapped Individuals Education Act. D. the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.
D. the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.
A 9-year-old child was seen for an evaluation because of a major dysfunction in his gastrointestinal tract. The child had short bowel syndrome, resulting in the removal of a major part of the intestines. The gastroenterologist most likely would recommend A. a jejunostomy tube (J-tube). B. a duodenal tube (duo-tube). C. a gastrojejunal tube (GJ-tube). D. total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
D. total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
17. You work in early intervention with a child who uses holophrastic speech. This child A. uses primarily two-word utterances B. speaks in compound sentences C. uses solely complex sentences D. uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings E. only coos and babbles
D. uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings
You are working with a 7-year-old Spanish -speaking girl, Rosa, who is in the process of learning English as a second language. Which of the following would not be typical for her in therms of predictable productions based on Spanish influence? A. Insertion of schwa before word-initial /s/ clusters B. Devoicing final consonants C. b/v substitutions D. v/f substitutions in medial position of words***
D. v/f substitutions in medial position of words
A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A naso-endoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed A. polyps B. traumatic laryngitis C. contact ulcers D. vocal nodules E. cysts
D. vocal nodules
B. documenting the presence of language or speech differences that result from cultural factors
Determination of eligibility for speech-language pathology services through IDEA is a multistage process that is based on all of the following EXCEPT A. documenting the presence of disability B. documenting the presence of language or speech differences that result from cultural factors C. documenting that a presenting disability adversely effects educational performance D. demonstrating a need for specially designed instruction that will help the student progress in the general education curriculum E. demonstrating a need for specific supports that will help the student progress in the general education curriculum
C
During the study in the radiology department, the clinician mentioned to her student intern that the following technique would result in widening of the vallecula space: A. Thermal stimulation B. Labial exercises C. Head down (chin tuck) D. Head back
What are the differences between dysarthria and developmental apraxia of speech in children? What are the ramifications of these differences in assessment/treatment?
Dysarthria: speech-motor disorder caused by peripheral or central nervous system damage. Damage causes paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of the msucles of speech. Usually associated with monotonous pitch, deviant voice quality, variable speech rate, and hypernasality. "slurred" speech Treatment is very repetitive and structured. Increasing muscle tone and strength, increasing range & rate of motion, and treating other parameters (respiration). Intensive and systematic drill, modeling, phonetic placement, and emphasis on accuracy of sound production. Apraxia of speech is caused by central nervous system damage. No weakness or paralysis of the muscles. However, the CNS damage makes it difficult to program the precise movements necessary for smoothly articulated speech. Thus its a motor programming disorder. Treatment is multimodal, involving extensive drills, stressing the sequence of movements involved in speech production, imitation, decreased rate of speech, normal prosody, and increased accuracy in the production of individual consonants, vowels, and consonant clusters.
Which of the following statements regarding treatment of children with phonological or articulatory disorders is FALSE? A) the distinctive features approach is used to find a child's underlying patterns (e.g. problems with nasality) and to train one or several sounds in that pattern with the hope that generalization to other sounds in that pattern will occur B) Hodson's and Paden's cycles approach involves treating children with phonological disorders in cycles in which the child is trained to a criterion of mastery for error patterns such as final-consonant deletion and fronting C) Irwin and Weston's paired stimuli approach uses key words to teach the production of sounds in other contexts D) some children benefit from phonological awareness treatment to increase their explicit awareness of the sound structure of language E) McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach is based on the assumption that the syllables, not the isolated phoneme, is the basic unit of speech production and thus therapy should begin at the syllable level
E) McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach is based on the assumption that the syllables, not the isolated phoneme, is the basic unit of speech production and thus therapy should begin at the syllable level
Select the statement that is true of the response cost method. A) a token is given for every fluent speech production B) twenty tokens are given for good speech at the beginning of the treatment session C) a token is presented for each utterance that is produced at a reduced rate of speech D) the fluent productions are counted during treatment, and the same number of tokens are given at the end of the session E) a token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency
E) a token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency
The concrete operations stage as delineated by Piaget states that the child A) has difficulty with classification skills B) displays the ability to think and speak in the abstract C) underextends words D) is able to make if/then statements E) employs logical causality
E) employs logical causality
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? A) imaginative, interactional, attribution, overextension B) interactional, conversational, collaborative, attribution C) imaginative, heuristic, conversational, personal D) collaborative, imaginative, attribution, conversational E) heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
E) heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
Which problems might you expect to be associated with children who come from homes containing neglect, abuse, or both? A) a high incidence of cleft lip (but not palate) B) an unusually high incidence of middle ear infections C) inappropriate vocalizations by school-age children within the classroom D) only language comprehension problems in children E) mother's reluctance to engage in reciprocal interactions with their infants
E) mother's reluctance to engage in reciprocal interactions with their infants
A HS teacher refers a Mandarin speaking 16-year-old student to you for an evaluation. The student and his family came to the US 2 years ago from China. The teacher says the student does well academically, but she shares that she has some difficulty understanding him when he speaks. When you screen the student, you find some articulation and language differences. Which one of the following would NOT be predictable based on the student's first language of Mandarin? A) substitutions of t/th B) final consonant deletion C) epenthesis in words and consonant blends D) confusions of /r/ and /l/ E) substitutions of f/th
E) substitutions of f/th
You refer a patient to an audiologist because you suspect that the patient may have hearing loss. You ask the audiologist to inform you about the patient's threshold of hearing for selected frequencies. In response, your audiologist will A) inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 50% of the time they are presented in a pure tone hearing test B) tell you the intensity at which tones are faintly heard at least 75% of the time they are presented in a pure tone hearing test C) inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 25% of the time in a speech reception test D) inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 50% of the time in a masked speech reception test E) tell you the intensity at which tones are faintly heard 50%-60% of the time in a spondee word test
E) tell you the intensity at which tones are faintly heard 50%-60% of the time in a spondee word test
What best describes the role of the SLP in a collaborative-consultation service-delivery model? a) SLP is responsible for providing both academic instruction and speech-language services b) SLP provides services to students individually or in small group in the resource-room setting c) SLP provides services directly to the student within the classroom d) SLP sees the student for a specific amount of time each marking period to monitor performance e) the SLP works with teachers and families to facilitate a student's communication and learning
E) the SLP works with teachers and families to facilitate a student's communication and learning
The term coarticulation refers to which of the following? A) speech sounds being modified due to influence of adjacent sounds to the point that there are perceptible changes in sounds B) the extent to which vocal-tract configuration changes shape during the production of consonants and vowels in running speech C) vocal punctuation or a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing D) the influence of various syllables upon each other when a client recites a phonetically balanced word list E) the influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
E) the influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
You are working in a public school and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son who was prenatally exposed to drugs, has been denied special education services in the past, including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools? A) their language problems are not severe enough to qualify B) they do not have other kinds of problems associated with disorder of communication C) they are classified as having a learning disability, not language impairments D) they do not exhibit motoric problems E) their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures
E) their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures
Different aphasia types share common features of communication impairments. Therefore, a clinician who is interested in making a typological diagnosis needs to fully understand the unique features of each type. Among the following statements, which CORRECTLY helps distinguish the two types contrasted? A) auditory comprehension in patients with conduction aphasia is poor, whereas it is excellent in patients with transcortical sensory aphasia B) articulation skills are poor in Wernicke's aphasia patients and excellent in Broca's aphasia patients C) mixed transcortical is the most severe form of aphasia, whereas global aphasia only affects word output D) grammatical structure are impaired in patients with Wernicke's aphasia, whereas they are intact with patients with Broca's aphasia E) transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech
E) transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech
Among other functions, the right hemisphere specializes in A. understanding of syntax B. production of grammatical morphemes C. more focally organized functions than the left hemisphere does D. production of grammatically complex sentences E. visual and spatial information
E. visual and spatial information
A Cambodian child is referred to you because the teacher "can't understand a word he says." In the course of your speech-language screening, you record the following utterances. Which might be typical of an articulation disorder, not a difference? A. "The funny circus crown had red nose." B. "I won't ste- on your toes." C. "Please hand me the block (black) one." D. "I see little gull (girl) with pink dress on." E. "I am derry (very) -appy (happy) to meet your tids (kids)."
E. "I am derry (very) -appy (happy) to meet your tids (kids)."
10. The concrete operations stage of cognitive development, defined by Piaget, occurs at what ages A. 2-7 years B. 5-7 years C. 4-8 years D. 9-11 years E. 7-11 years
E. 7-11 years
To evaluate the effects of a phonological treatment procedure, an investigator started by establishing the baselines of target phoneme productions, offered treatment to all children base-rated, withdrew treatment for a period of time, and finally offered the treatment again. This is an example of A. a pretest-posttest control group design B. multiple-baseline design C. a case study D. a descriptive study E. ABAB design
E. ABAB design
10. A speech-language pathologist's role in tongue thrust or oral myofunctional therapy may include: A. none; SLPs do not work with those students B. working as a team member with a dentist, orthodontist, and physician C. evaluating and treating the effects of OMD on swallowing, rest postures, and speech D. A only E. B, C
E. ASHA has stated that this therapy is appropriate for and within the purview of speech-language pathologists, who assess and treat the effects of OMD on swallowing, rest postures, and speech. Speech-language pathologists traditionally work on a team also composed of a dentist, orthodontist, and physician.
Which of the following is not a semantic relation expressed by two-word utterances? A. Notice (e.g., "hi" + noun) B. Attribute + entity (e.g., "brown horse") C. Agent-action (e.g., "kitty meow") D. Nomination (e.g., "that chair") E. Affirmation (e.g., "yes cereal")
E. Affirmation (e.g., "yes cereal")
Select the statement that is correct about group designs. A. They are effective in establishing internal validity. B. They can help establish cause-effect relationships. C. Their requirement of randomization may be difficult to meet. D. Their results cannot be extended (generalized) to individual clients. E. All of the above.
E. All of the above.
Nick has a short lingual frenum (tongue-tie). Because the frenum is attached too close to the tip of the tongue, it causes a reduction in tongue mobility. Nick is, therefore, unable to produce lingua-alveolar sounds (e.g., /t/, /d/). Which is the most appropriate diagnosis for Nick? A. Class I malocclusion B. Class II malocclusion C. Tongue thrust D. Myofunctional disorder E. Ankyloglossia
E. Ankyloglossia
11. According to Brown's stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child A. Prepositions B. Regular third-person -s C. Contractible copula D. Uncontractible auxiliary E. Contractible auxiliary
E. Contractible auxiliary
Which statement about the cranial nerves is correct? A. Cranial Nerve XII is not concerned with speech. B. Cranial Nerve VIII is concerned with the sense of smell. C. Cranial Nerve I is concerned with labial sound articulation. D. Cranial Nerve II is important for hearing. E. Damage to Cranial Nerve VII causes a mask-like appearance.
E. Damage to Cranial Nerve VII causes a mask-like appearance.
117. A public school teacher refers DePonce, an African American second grader, for speech-language assessment. According to the teacher, "DePonce does not always say his words correctly. I think he might have a grammar problem, too." The clinician screens DePonce and finds that he uses AAE. She decides to carry out a formal evaluation to ascertain whether DePonce has a speech-language difference or a disorder. DePonce's parents are not happy with the teacher's referral, and they share that they think that DePonce's speech and language development are within normal limits. Nevertheless, they agree to testing. The clinician finds that DePonce has one phonological pattern that is not typical of children who speak AAE, but the rest of his patterns are typical of AAE speakers. The clinician can accurately conclude that A. DePonce needs to be placed into speech-language therapy with the goal of teaching him Standard American English grammatical and articulatory-phonological patterns B. DePonce does not need speech-language services because his grammatical and articulatory-phonological patterns (with one exception) are the same as those of his peers C. DePonce needs to be placed into speech-language therapy with the goal of teaching Standard American English grammatical patterns D. she should take a "watch-and-wait" approach and reevaluate DePonce in 6 months E. DePonce should receive speech-language therapy to teach correct production of the one articulatory pattern that he produces that is not typical of speakers of AAE, but the clinician should not address patterns that are commensurate with those of his AAE-speaking peers
E. DePonce should receive speech-language therapy to teach correct production of the one articulatory pattern that he produces that is not typical of speakers of AAE, but the clinician should not address patterns that are commensurate with those of his AAE-speaking peers
The fluent stuttering treatment: A. aims at reduced abnormality of stuttering B. seeks normally fluent speech C. was developed by Van Riper D. all of the above E. A and B
E. was developed by Van Riper
37. Research has generally shown that children who stutter have parents A. who hold extremely high standards of fluency B. who have high ambitions for their children C. who have unique and aberrant personalities D. who are maladjusted or neurotic E. who are similar to parents with children who do not stutter
E. who are similar to parents with children who do not stutter
You are assessing an Ibo-speaking child from Nigeria who learned Ibo first (from birth) and then was exposed to English in preschool when he was 3 years of age. His parents continue to speak Ibo at home, and he is often cared for by his Ibo-speaking grandparents while his parents are at work. Unfortunately, his Ibo skills were not well-developed when he was exposed to English. Which of the following would you not expect to be true for this child? A. He has experienced sequential bilingual acquisition. B. His development in Ibo may be arrested or may regress while he is focusing on English language skill development. C. He may score low on tests in Ibo and English for a while and consequently appear to have a language-learning disability. D. He might undergo a silent period while he focuses on learning English. E. He will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker.
E. He will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker.
A clinician who concentrated on syntax during therapy with children with language delays and did not believe in external reinforcement would probably subscribe to the A. Behaviorist theory B. Social interactionist theory C. Cognitive theory D. Information processing theory E. Nativist theory
E. Nativist theory
98. ___________ states that all children and youth with disabilities from ages 3 to 21 years are guaranteed free and appropriate public education in the "least restrictive environment," including special education and related services A. P.L. 142-204 B. P.L. 149-204 C. P.L. 29-204 D. P.L. 49-142 E. P.L. 94-142
E. P.L. 94-142
Which of the following is not a characteristic of single-subject experimental designs? A. Repeated measures of behaviors before a treatment is administered B. Intensive study of a few individuals C. Absence of a control group D. Absence of statistical analysis in most cases E. The use of an experimental and a control group
E. The use of an experimental and a control group
The impedance meter can measure a simple reflex response of the muscles attached to the stapes bone. This reflex is called the A. stapes reflex B. tympanic reflex C. oval window reflex D. basilar membrane reflex E. acoustic reflex
E. acoustic reflex
You have been asked to assess Rudy, a 65-year-old man, for suspected neurogenic stuttering. Your assessment plan would include: A. examination of medical charts to see if neurological disease or trauma has been diagnosed B. assessing the possible coexistence of apraxia of speech, dysarthria, or aphasia C. assessing symptoms of potential TBI or degenerative neurological diseases D. assessing the frequency and types of dysfluencies E. all of the above
E. all of the above
A 32-year-old man, Frank G., wants to go to law school. He is very bright, but has been working in minimum wage jobs where he does not have to do much talking. Frank shares that he has passed the entrance examination to get into law school, but he is afraid to enroll in classes. He feels frustrated by his dilemma, and says that he is experiencing a great deal of anxiety about his situation. The clinician decides to use the stutter-more-fluently approach. This would involve: A. not discussing Frank's feelings and attitudes, but rather teaching and establishing skills such as airflow management, reduced rate, and easy onset of phonation B. encouraging Frank to discuss his feelings and attitudes about his stuttering, desensitizing Frank to his stuttering, and using procedures such as time-out and response cost C. using DAF, masking, and procedures such as time-out and response cost D. using time-out, response cost, DAF, and allowing Frank to discuss his feelings and attitudes toward his stuttering E. allowing Frank to discuss his feelings and attitudes toward his situation, desensitizing Frank to his stuttering, and helping Frank to modify his stuttering through the use of such techniques as cancellations and pull-outs
E. allowing Frank to discuss his feelings and attitudes toward his situation, desensitizing Frank to his stuttering, and helping Frank to modify his stuttering through the use of such techniques as cancellations and pull-outs
105. A group of clinicians working with voice disorders wish to conduct research in a hospital setting. Many of their clients are hoarse because they work in noisy factories where they shout a great deal during the work week. The clinicians devise a rating scale to evaluate the hoarseness of these clients. This type of scale, displayed below, is called A. a ratio scale B. a nominal scale C. an interval scale D. a logarithmic scale E. an ordinal scale
E. an ordinal scale
These are composed of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway: A. ventricular folds B. true vocal folds C. lamina propria D. infrahyoids E. aryepiglottic folds
E. aryepiglottic folds
74. Sally just delivered her first baby boy. The pediatrician has noticed that the child was born with his external ear canal completely closed. The doctor explains that the child has A. external otitis B. otitis media C. microtia D. myringotomy E. aural atresia
E. aural atresia
95. A study designed to evaluate a treatment procedure for hoarseness of voice recruited all subjects who had witnessed a football game the previous day. The treatment, conducted over the following 2 weeks and offered to all subjects, resulted in improved voice quality. A critic said that the study lacked internal validity because A. there was no control group to rule out the influence of extraneous variables B. of statistical regression to the mean C. of maturational variables D. of genetic influences E. both A and B
E. both A and B
The theory that stuttering is caused by lack of a unilateral dominant hemisphere is the: A. stuttering as psychoneurosis theory B. approach-avoidance theor C. diagnosogenic theory D. hemispheric domination theory E. cerebral dominance theory
E. cerebral dominance theory
the theory that stuttering is caused by lack of unilateral dominant hemisphere is the: a. stuttering a psychoneurosis theory b. approach-avoidance theory c. diagnosogenic theory d. hemisphere domination theory e. cerebral dominance theory
E. cerebral dominance theory
The evaluation shows that Abby's cochleas are normal; however, there are problems with her middle ears. Abby has a __________ hearing loss. A. sensorineural B. central auditory C. mixed sensorineural and conductive D. retrocochlear E. conductive
E. conductive
As a clinician in a medically based private practice, you receive a referral of 23-year-old Allison, a college cheerleader. Allison has been a cheerleader since her freshman year at Freeport College; she is now a senior. Allison works part time as a telemarketer, and according to her boyfriend she "is glued to her cell phone." Allison also sings in the college chorus. She has been hoarse for several years and tells you during the case history that "I've ignored the way I sound—it's just me. I haven't felt like I've needed to change anything." However, Allison shares that lately she has been feeling a lot of pain and the hoarseness is substantially worse. She says that "sometimes when I talk, it's almost like there's a 'double voice.'" Allison tells you that she is worried because she will graduate from college in 3 months and will be looking for a job. She is worried that employers will not want to hire someone who "sounds like a frog." You immediately refer Allison to an otolaryngologist for a thorough examination of her vocal folds. You then proceed to do your own instrumental and perceptual evaluation. You come up with a number of findings, including the fact that Allison has increased laryngeal airway resistance, a maximum phonation time of 6 seconds, and dysphonia. You think that Allison is a probable candidate for phonosurgery but will wait for the otolaryngologist's diagnosis and recommendations. When you assess Allison, you indeed find the presence of "double voice." The perception of two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation is A. strain-strangle B. harshness C. glottal fry D. cul-de-sac resonance E. diplophonia
E. diplophonia
41. A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the patient's peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called A. indirect laryngoscopy B. direct laryngoscopy C. endoscopy D. electroglottography E. electromyography
E. electromyography
112. A physician refers a 50-year-old male patient with dementia to you for assessment and treatment. The referring physician suggests the strong possibility of dense intracellular formation in the neuronal cytoplasm and ballooned and inflated neurons. Your assessment reveals that the patient has had a progressive loss of vocabulary, paraphasia, circumlocution, and dominant language problems, with somewhat better preserved memory and orientation. The most likely diagnosis you would make on this patient is A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type B. dementia associated with Parkinson's disease C. dementia associated with Huntington's disease D. dementia associated with HIV infection E. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease
E. frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease
7. Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similar-sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream," she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called A. stress B. prosody C. pitch D. rate E. juncture
E. juncture
106. The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the A. dorsum B. root C. blade D. tip E. lingual frenum
E. lingual frenum
The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the: A. dosum B. root C. blade D. tip E. lingual frenum
E. lingual frenum
26. A child is brought for an evaluation because he is having difficulty producing /r/ and /l/. In your report, you state that he is having difficulty producing A. glides B. nasals C. affricates D. fricatives E. liquids
E. liquids
76. A father tells you that he is concerned about his son Adam, who has had many episodes of otitis media with effusion. Adam has taken antibiotics for the last 7 months, but testing reveals that he continues to have middle ear fluid although he is not sick. You refer Adam and his father to the pediatrician, who asks the ear, nose, and throat doctor to perform a surgical procedure in which a small incision will be made in Adam's tympanic membranes to relieve pressure. This procedure is known as A. pressure-equalizing tubes B. myringoplasty C. otosclerosis D. otospongiosis E. myringotomy
E. myringotomy
The fluent stuttering treatment: a. aims at reduced abnormality of stuttering b. seeks normally fluent speech c. was developed by Van Riper d. all of the above e. none of the above
E. none of the above
50. A medical chart indicates that a patient's true vocal folds adduct instead of abduct during inhalation. The medical information also indicates that at times the patient's vocal folds remain closed throughout the respiratory cycle. According to the speech-language pathologist, the patient has A. unilateral vocal fold paralysis B. bilateral vocal fold paralysis C. ankylosis D. spasmodic dysphonia E. paradoxical vocal fold motion
E. paradoxical vocal fold motion
30. Jaden, an 11-year old boy, is receiving speech therapy for remediation of /r/. His clinician is using the therapy technique of phonetic placement, which is used to teach or establish A. minimal pair contrasts B. maximal pair contrasts C. stimulability D. auditory discrimination E. production of a phoneme in isolation
E. production of a phoneme in isolation
67 year old man comes in for voice eval. he was referred by his primary care doctor. HIs voice has been getting "weaker" for the last 5-6 months. upon oral peripheral exam, you find that he has fasciculations (tremors) of the tongue and some general facial weakness. The first think you would do is: A. refer him to a psychologist for an evaluation B. take detailed notes and tell him to come back in 6 months C. begin voice therapy, focusing on strengthening exercises D. refer him to a pulmonary specialist E. refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation
E. refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation
The back-and-forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic is called A. an aperiodic wave B. a sinusoidal wave C. compression D. rarefaction E. simple harmonic motion
E. simple harmonic motion
81. You are working with a 7-year-old child for language therapy, and you are teaching the accurate production of the plural -s in words. You record the correct and incorrect responses on each attempt you ask the child to make. This practice is known as A. the pretest-posttest method B. intermixed probing C. the shaping method D. pure probing E. the discrete trial procedure
E. the discrete trial procedure
D. Teach her picture representations for the intentions she expresses in other modalities.
Ellie is a 4 year old girl with developmental delay of unknown origin. She is ambulatory, and her receptive vocabulary, as assessed with a standardized picture vocabulary test, is in the 3 year, 0 month range. Her family members report that she uses six gestures and four words consistently. Ellie's expressive inventory appears in the table below Repetitive contact of hands at midline = more Right hand flicked against left arm = finished Flapping hands above head = yes Hand to head = mine Head down = sad Head shake side to side = no /kaji/ = animal /i^/ = no /i/ = ice cream /oki/ = open How can the SLP most immediately help Ellie become more easily understood by others outside her family, such as her day-care provider and her peers? A. teach her conventional signs to replace her idiosyncratic gestures and words. B. Initiate oral motor treatment to improve speech intelligibility. C. Develop her literacy skills so she can convey her thoughts in writing. D. Teach her picture representations for the intentions she expresses in other modalities. E. Give her a keyboard so she can type messages letter by letter and have them spoken aloud.
E. refer the family to a mental health service and provide a program for fluency management
Evaluation of a 5 year old child with persistent dysfluencies has uncovered information suggesting alcoholism in the family, parental feuding, inappropriate behavior by a sibling, and materal depression. The SLPs most appropriate action at this time would be to A. refer the mother to the family physician for evaluation and treatment of the depression B. refer the entire family to a psychiatrist for group therapy C. offer treatment to the child and counsel the mother about fluency management D. reevaluation the child in 6 months to see whether the family issues have been resolved and the disfluencies have subsided E. refer the family to a mental health service and provide a program for fluency management
ataxic, hyperkinetic
Excessive and even stress helps distinguish ___________ dysarthria from ____________ dysarthria, with its equal stress.
In a therapy session with a clinician and 3-year old child with a language impairment, the child says "more juice." The clinician replies with "You want more of that tasty grape juice poured in your cup." The clinician has just used the technique of:
Extension
In a therapy session with a clinician and 3-year old child with a language impairment, the child says "more juice." The clinician replies with "You want more of that tasty grape juice poured in your cup." The clinician has just used the technique of:
Extension
A
External validity of a study may be threatened by A. the Hawthorne effect. B. statistical regression. C. maturation. D. attrition.
D. A 40 year old man who presents with severe hoarseness and recurrent laryngitis
For which of the following individuals is a medical evaluation most necessary before beginning a treatment program with an SLP? A. A 2 year old child who has overall developmental delays, abnormal muscle tone, and speech-language delays B. A 4 year old child who presents with phoneme specific nasal emissions with no visible evidence of any clefting condition C. A 6 year old child with an articulation disorder who appears to have a restricted lingual frenulum D. A 40 year old man who presents with severe hoarseness and recurrent laryngitis E. A 78 year old woman who complains of occasional difficulties retrieving the names of her friends.
A. There is a much higher chance of spontaneous recovery for the client with brain injury
For which of the following reasons would the therapy for a client whose language loss is due to brain injury differ from the therapy for a client whose language loss is due to a progressive disorder? A. There is a much higher chance of spontaneous recovery for the client with brain injury B. There is a much higher chance of spontaneous recovery for the client with a progressive disorder C. The client with brain injury typically has problems with fatigue and mental confusion, whereas the client with a progressive disorder does not. D. The client with a progressive disorder typically has problems with attention and memory, whereas the client with brain injury typically does not E. The client with a progressive disorder typically shows steadier linear improvement than does the client with brain injury.
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is A. natural frequency. B. formant frequency. C. fundamental frequency. D. displacement frequency.
Fundamental Frequency
A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that
GRE scores have predictive validity
Are rough pinkish lesions hat can appear in the oral cavity, larynx, or pharynx
Hyperkeratosis
B
Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with A. anterior right hemisphere damage. B. posterior right hemisphere damage. C. left temporal lobe damage. D. damage to the perisylvian region.
There is low interjudge reliability.
In Appleton City, a speech-language pathologist has a thriving private practice composed heavily of non-native speakers of English. This clinician, Jason, works to help his clients increase their intelligibility in English for business purposes. One way that Jason evaluates the success of the accent training he provides for these clients is to rate their overall intelligibility of speech before they start accent training and then again after 12 weeks of training. He finds that the clients appreciate these before-and-after measures of their progress. After serving a number of accent clients, Jason realizes that a potential problem with his before-and-after intelligibility ratings is that he has become accustomed to the clients' speech as he has gotten to know them; this could be affecting the "after" intelligibility rating. Jason goes to a local university and selects three speech-language pathology graduate students to watch before-and-after videos of his accent clients and independently rate each client's intelligibility. He finds to his dismay that the three students vary greatly in their ratings of the same clients. For example, one student rates Dr. Osiychuk, a Ukrainian client, as 90% intelligible after 12 weeks of accent training. A second student rates Dr. Osiychuk as only 65% intelligible after 12 weeks of accent training, and the third student rates Dr. Osiychuk as 40% intelligible after 12 weeks of accent training. In this situation, what is an appropriate conclusion?
Tony's language skills are generally commensurate with those of a 2- to 3-year-old child, and starting kindergarten in September would be difficult for him.
In June, you are asked to assess the language skills of Tony, a boy with Down syndrome. He is 4 years 9 months old, and his parents tell you that they want him to begin kindergarten in September, when he turns 5. You assess Tony's receptive and expressive language skills, and you find that he has an average mean length of utterance of 3.0. He has an expressive vocabulary of 300 words. He overregularizes past-tense inflections and sustains a topic of conversation approximately 20% of the time. What do you tell Tony's parents?
C
In June, you are asked to assess the language skills of Tony, a boy with Down syndrome. He is 4 years 9 months old, and his parents tell you that they want him to begin kindergarten in September, when he turns 5. You assess Tony's receptive and expressive language skills, and you find that he has an average mean length of utterance of 3.0. He has an expressive vocabulary of 300 words. He overregularizes past-tense inflections and sustains a topic of conversation approximately 20% of the time. What do you tell Tony's parents? A. Tony's language skills are not like those of a typically developing child; they are deviant, and he needs to attend a special school for students with Down syndrome. B. Tony's overall language skills are generally within normal limits for his age. C. Tony's language skills are generally commensurate with those of a 2- to 3-year-old child, and starting kindergarten in September would be difficult for him. D. Though Tony's language skills are approximately 6 months delayed for his age, he should be successful in a kindergarten classroom with typically developing children.
Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling
In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes which of the following?
transcortical sensory, transcortical motor
In _______________ _______________ aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas ________________ ___________ aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech.
A. An occupational therapist, a pediatric physiatrist, and a physical therapist
In addition to an SLP, which of the following constitutes a team likely to be most helpful in the acute stage rehabilitation of a child with a moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury? A. An occupational therapist, a pediatric physiatrist, and a physical therapist B. A physical therapist, a psychologist, and a special education teacher C. An occupational therapist and a psychologist D. A special education teacher and a pediatrician E. A pediatrician and a geneticist
B. compare premorbid performance with present performance
In assessing a child who has an acquired brain injury, it is most important for the SLP to A. assess pragmatics through a structured language test B. compare premorbid performance with present performance C. ensure administration of an intelligence test D. administer structure phonology tests E. compare nonverbal performance with verbal performance
consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures.
In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would
C. The sequential presentation of message choices to the individual
In augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) approaches, "scanning" refers to A. the ability to cross visual midline B. the strategy of traversing the keyguard until the user's finger comes to rest on a key C. The sequential presentation of message choices to the individual D. The calibration of the device by gazing in each corner of the display E. The construction of messages from multiple display pages
They can generally breastfeed easily.
In your job in a NICU, you find that many of the babies have feeding difficulties. Which one of the following statements is false regarding medically fragile babies with feeding difficulties?
C. Interrater validity
Information about which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the consistency of scoring of an assessment? A. content validity B. predictive validity C. Interrater validity D. Range of scaled scores E. Standard deviation of raw scores
You have been asked to counsel with John, a 70 year old man who has smoked and drank alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer, and, before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with John about esophageal speech. You explain to John that there are two basic types of esophageal speech. In one method, the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly. In the other method, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle. What is the second method called? A. Inhalation method (the patient is taught to inhale rapidly while keeping the esophagus open and relaxed. The inhaled air passes through the esophagus and sets its tissues into vibratory motion. The resulting sound is shaped into speech. B. Laryngeal airway resistance method (measuring vowel sound production) C. Inhalatory injection method D.Injection method-(patient impounds the air in the mouth as in saying /t/ or /p. The impounded air is pushed back into the esophagus and then expelled, producing vibrations of the soft tissues of the esophagus-----particularly the cricopharyngeus muscle. The patient shapes the resulting belch into speech.
Injection method-(patient impounds the air in the mouth as in saying /t/ or /p. The impounded air is pushed back into the esophagus and then expelled, producing vibrations of the soft tissues of the esophagus-----particularly the cricopharyngeus muscle. The patient shapes the resulting belch into speech.
Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution.
It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.
Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution. A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores C. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. D. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode.
It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.
Select the statement that is true of conduction aphasia
It is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation
D. delayed phonological development
John is a 4 1/2 year old whose consonantal inventory includes word-initial /w/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, and /f/. He uses /t/ for /k/, /d/ for /g/, /b/ for /v/, and /f/ for /th/. He produces no consonant clusters. His word-final consonantal inventory consists of /m/ and /n/. His word shape inventory includes V, CV, CVC, and CVCV. The information given most strongly indicates that the child has A. a cleft palate B. apraxia of speech C. an oral motor impairment D. delayed phonological development E. a significant high-frequency hearing loss
otitis media.
Karen informs her pediatrician that her child has been rubbing his ear and is fussy. The doctor tells Karen that her child has an upper respiratory infection. The pediatrician explains that upper respiratory infections are often associated with an infection of the middle ear. This infection of the middle ear is known as
D
Kyle, a 27-year-old man, speaks with a pitch that is perpetually too high despite complete laryngeal maturation. You believe that Kyle has A. hormonal changes. B. conversational dysphonia. C. spasmodic dysphonia. D. mutational falsetto.
D. Transcortical motor
Laborius, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of patients with which of the following types of aphasia? A. conduction B. global C. Wernicke D. transcortical motor E. transcortical sensory
Semantic skills
Laura, a 14-year-old girl, is referred to you by her teachers at the middle school. On the referral form, the teachers indicate that Laura seems to have "excellent grammar but has problems defining words and understanding idioms; also, Laura uses many words like thing and stuff; she has difficulty finding the exact word she needs." What kinds of skills would you target for assessment?
What are the most commonly described suprasegmentals or prosodic features that affect speech production? A. Labials, bilabials, linguadentals, and glottals B. Nasals, stops, fricatives, liquids, and glides C. Consonants, vowels, voiced sounds, and voiceless sounds D. Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
B. consider alternate means of hydration for her
Leticia experienced a cerebrovascular accident two weeks ago and now has dysphagia. Videofluoroscopy four days ago revealed that she can tolerate peroral intake of pureed foods and honey-thick liquids without risk of aspiration or laryngeal penetration. She dislikes the thickened liquids and prefers not to drink anything at all. The SLP would most appropriately recommend that Leticia's physician A. prescribe diuretic medications for her B. consider alternate means of hydration for her C. Perform a cricopharyngeal myotomy on her D. perform a tracheo-esophageal puncture on her E. perform a calorie count on her
Compare and contrast linear and non linear phonology theories
Linear phonology is characterized by rules that operate in a domain of linear strings of segments. Linear phonological theories assume that phonological properties are linear strings of segments and that sound segments are composed of a bundle of independent characteristics or features Nonlinear phonology was developed to account for the effects of stress and other prosodic variables. Nonlinear theories assume that there is some sort of hierarchy that helps organize both segmental and suprasegemental phonological units or properties
granuloma
Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was airlifted to the trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, she returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused a ______________.
In a voice evaluation, air pressure can be measured with a
Manometer
Myringoplasty
Marisa's mother takes her to the emergency room because she notices a foul-smelling discharge coming from Marisa's ear. The doctor examines Marisa's ear and sees that her tympanic membrane is permanently ruptured. The doctor explains to Marisa's mother that he will need to repair the tympanic membrane by using which of the following surgical procedures?
The Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) passed by the U.S. Congress mandates certain rules that all health professionals must follow. Of the following statements regarding HIPAA, select the one that is correct. A.Consumers who think their privacy may have been violated by a medical provider can complain only to the provider in question. B.The law (HIPAA) does not provide for civil or criminal penalties for facilities that misuse patient information. C.HIPAA regulations do not cover electronically transmitted medical records of patients. D.Medical information about a patient may be shared by other professionals who serve the same patient, but it cannot be released for purposes unrelated to the care of the patient.
Medical information about a patient may be shared by other professionals who serve the same patient, but it cannot be released for purposes unrelated to the care of the patient.
Which one of the following statements is false regarding providing rehabilitative services to adult culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) patients with neurological impairments? A.Some families may be offended by the rehabilitation team's encouragement of the patient's independence. B.Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals. C.Clinicians need to remember that some elderly CLD patients have little money and possibly no health insurance. D.It is important to assess premorbid educational levels and vocational attainments of patients because these affect assessment and intervention.
Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals.
C. Obtain the assistance of an interpreter
Mr. Masari is a 54 year old man from Nigeria who speaks only his native language, Yoruba. Following a mild CVA, he has been referred to a speech and hearing clinic for evaluation. Which of the following would be the most appropriate action if a Yoruba-speaking SLP is not available? A. modify and administer a comprehensive test in English B. wait until Mr. Masari learns enough English to be evaluated C. Obtain the assistance of an interpreter D. use gesture and other visual cues to communicate with Mr. Masari E. Administer a comprehensive test translated into Yoruba
C. A hearing-handicap inventory
Mrs. Dawson is a 76 year old retired banker who is in excellent health. She recently failed a hearing screening. Her audiological evaluation shows bilateral mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Her speech-recognition scores are 80 percent for the right ear and 76 percent for the left ear. Which of the following should be performed to assist in her management? A. An auditory brain-stem response B. A dichotic listening task C. A hearing-handicap inventory D. Electronystagmography (ENG) E. A cochlear - implant evaluation
A. decreased amplitude perturbation (vocal shimmer)
Ms. Kohler has been receiving voice management each week since her otolaryngologist diagnosed bilateral vocal nodules six weeks ago. To document improvement, Ms. Kohler's SLP plans to compare several acoustic voice measures with those obtained at the time of the initial voice assessment. Which of the following acoustic signs would reflect vocal improvement? A. decreased amplitude perturbation (vocal shimmer) B. increased F2 frequency C. Increased frequency perturbation (vocal jitter) D. Reduced energy of the first harmonic E. Increased turbulent energy
A father tells you that he is concerned about his son Adam, who has had many episodes of otitis media with effusion. Adam has taken antibiotics for the last 7 months, but testing reveals that he continues to have middle ear fluid, although he is not sick. You refer Adam and his father to a pediatrician, who asks an ear, nose, and throat doctor to perform a surgical procedure in which a small incision will be made in Adam's tympanic membranes to relieve pressure. This procedure is known as A. pressure-equalizing tubes. B. myringoplasty. C. otosclerosis. D. myringotomy.
Myringotomy
___________ states that all children and youth with disabilities from ages 3 to 21 years are guaranteed free and appropriate public education in the "least restrictive environment," including special education and related services. A.P.L. 142-204 B.P.L. 29-204 C.P.L. 49-142 D.P.L. 94-142
P.L. 94-142
DDK rate is used to evaluate
Oral-motor coordination
A speech language pathologist on a cleft palate and craniofacial team wishes to develop a simple measure of hypernasality to begin quantifying (however subjectively) the amount of hypernasality he hears in the speech of the children seen by the team each month. He will pass on this information to the plastic surgeon and other team members to assist them in making surgical decisions for each child. The speech language pathologist devises the following scale: 1 Almost no hypernasality 2 Slight hypernasality 3 Moderate hypernasality 4 Great amount of hypernasality
Ordinal scale
This is also known as middle er effusion is an infection of the middle ear that is often associated with upper-respiratory infection and gustation tube dysfunction
Otitis media
ch/f substitutions (e.g., chan/fan)
Pablo is a Spanish-speaking third grader who is in the process of learning English. His parents came to the United States 1 year ago from Mexico. His classroom teacher refers him for a speech evaluation, saying that he "sounds different—I think he may need speech therapy." When you evaluate Pablo's speech, you hear the following patterns. Which one of them would not be typical for a Spanish-speaking student in terms of predictable productions based on Spanish influence?
Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure?
Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
You are working in a hospital with a boy named Terrence, whose medical chart indicates that he has a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are damaged. Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure?
Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palitini
A. Provide stuttering intervention, but no articulation intervention for /r/ at the present time
Parents bring their daughter of 4 years and 3 months for a speech and language evaluation. The parents have expressed concern that their daughter does not pronounce the /r/ sound correctly and has exhibited periods of stuttering for the last 18 months. During the evaluation, the SLP observes that the child exhibits sound-syllable repetitions on 30 percent of her words. What is the best action for the SLP to take? A. Provide stuttering intervention, but no articulation intervention for /r/ at the present time B. Provide both articulation intervention for the /r/ and stuttering intervention C. Provide articulation intervention for the /r/ and ignore the stuttering D. Provide articulation intervention for the /r/ first and later provide stuttering intervention E. Provide no intervention at this time
retrocochlear
Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have a _________________ disorder.
A 3-year-old boy with autism comes to you for intervention. His parents would like for him to interact more successfully with his siblings and peers. He needs work in many areas, but the ability to establish joint reference is critical for him now. Which of these activities would you begin with?
Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so
While conducting an evaluation of an infant in a neonatal ICU, a student intern informed her supervisor that she noticed that while stimulating the gums of the infant, it elicited a rhythmical opening and closing of the jaw. She also noticed that the infant gently nibbled on her finger. The supervisor informed the student that normally developing infants go through this stage, called
Phasic bite reflex
While working in a hospital setting, you are asked to evaluate a 70-year-old patient who has had a brainstem stroke. The medical records indicate that the patient has difficulty swallowing. When you conduct test swallow trials, you observe anterior tongue movements, food residue in the anterior and lateral sulcus, premature swallow, and reduced range of tongue elevation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis you would make of this patient? A.Predominantly a disorder of the oral phase B.Predominantly a disorder of the pharyngeal phase C.Predominantly a problem of delayed or absent swallowing reflex D.Predominantly a problem of a tracheoesophageal fistula
Predominantly a disorder of the oral phase
In treating a preschool child who stutters, you have several options. You select the response cost method, which includes which of the following steps?
Present a token for each fluent production and withdraw a token for each disfluency.
In stuttering, the term "desensitization" means? a) Presenting a progressive sequence of anxiety-producing stimulus. b) stimulating situations in which listeners are inattentive or impolite c) decreasing the delayed auditory feedback d) repeating words or sounds with easy vocal attack e) having the client describe in detail situations that are most problematic
Presenting a progressive sequence of anxiety-producing stimulus.
B. cause of the client's voice problem
Prior to initiating voice intervention, it is most important that the SLP gather information about the A. clients production of /s/ and /z/ B. cause of the client's voice problem C. client's breathing patterns D. Client's oral-motor skills E. fundamental frequency of the client's laryngeal tone
A
Procedures in which stuttering is directly reduced without teaching fluency skills (e.g., slow speech) are known as A. direct stuttering reduction methods. B. fluent stuttering. C. fluency shaping. D. desensitization to stuttering.
__________ should be stated based on assessment data and available research and clinical data.
Prognosis
Select the statement that is true. A. To encourage clients to seek treatment, prognosis should always be stated in optimistic terms. B. Prognosis should be stated based on assessment data and available research and clinical data. C. Prognosis always refers to what happens if treatment is not offered. D. It is not necessary to offer prognostic statements to all clients.
Prognosis should be stated based on assessment data and available research and clinical data,
Which an earlier occurring sound influences a later occurring sound
Progressive assimulation
A classroom teacher refers a 10-year-old African American male student to you because she is concerned about his intelligibility. This teacher is anxious to avoid the mistake of mislabeling the student as having a "speech disorder" if he is merely manifesting characteristics of AAE. When you screen the boy, you find that he makes the following substitutions: d/m, f/n, and m/n. A.Provide therapy for the student because, even though these are typical patterns for speakers of AAE, the boy needs to learn Standard American English articulation patterns. B.Do nothing, knowing that boys mature more slowly than girls do. C.Do nothing, realizing that this is typical for speakers of African American English. D.Provide intervention for the student, because this is a sign of an articulatory-phonological disorder involving substitutions of nasals with other sounds.
Provide intervention for the student, because this is a sign of an articulatory-phonological disorder involving substitutions of nasals with other sounds.
You are working in a hospital. A patient, Mr. M., has been referred to you because he is having difficulty adducting his vocal folds. He had surgery for thyroid problems, during which he sustained damage to another structure. Because he has especially been having difficulty with vocal-fold adduction, to what might you suspect that he had damage?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
When a child repeats a pattern
Reduplication
The phenomenon that is the result of a sound wave moving from one medium (air) to another (water), which causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation
Refraction
What occurs due to the influence of a later occurring sound on an earlier sound
Regressive assimulation
E. are likely to be ineffective in helping clients achieve speech intelligibility
Research on the use of lingual strengthening exercises for speakers with dysarthria has demonstrated that such exercises A. decrease the number of treatments necessary for restoring speech intelligibility B. increase the number of treatments necessary for restoring speech intelligibility C. are only effective for clients with ataxic dysarthria D. are only effective for clients with hypokinetic dysarthria E. are likely to be ineffective in helping clients achieve speech intelligibility
The portion of air contained in the lungs which can not be expelled even by the most violent expiratory effort
Residual air
Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have
Retrocochlear disorder
What uses a combination of oral speech and fingerspelling; signs are not used
Rochester Method
B. A continuation of the same basic curriculum with increase in the frequency of intervention, the degree of repetition and review, and the intensity of support
Sam attends a school that uses the best available evidence to select literacy curricula and instructional practices. Nevertheless, Sam's progress is lagging significantly behind his peers. According to a response-to-intervention model, what instructional changes are most appropriate? A. a transfer to a school that focuses on the classical education model, including emphasis on sight words, spelling lists, and oral reports B. A continuation of the same basic curriculum with increase in the frequency of intervention, the degree of repetition and review, and the intensity of support C. Referral to the school psychologist for assessment of achievement potential and level of motivation for learning D. Development of a behavioral management plan to be implemented in home and school environments E. introduction of special education services
AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder.
Select the statement that is correct.
It is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation.
Select the statement that is true of conduction aphasia.
A token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each disfluency.
Select the statement that is true of the response cost method.
Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages.
Select the statement that is true.
Mass and elasticity
Select the two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission.
The supervisor mentioned to her clinicians that there are three main methods that are used to represent language in AAC speech output assistive technology systems. She provided the students with several choices and asked them to pick one method from the list that should be considered to represent language in AAC system programming.
Semantic compaction
You are assessing an African American elementary-age child, Takissha. The fourth-grade teacher has referred her to you because "Takissha often talks when other children are talking, and when she tells a story, she is not very structured." At this point, before you see Takissha, you suspect that A. she is developmentally delayed. B. she has clinically significant problems with pragmatic skills. C. she is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community. D. she has a language-learning disability
She is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community.
What would you call an experimental design involving one or a few subjects?
Single-subject experimental design
the structure of human language may have arisen from language's social communicative function in human relations.
Social interactionist theorists believe that
__________ and __________ are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.
Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic
the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented.
Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are
content
Stuttering in adults tends to occur somewhat more frequently on ______________ words.
function
Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on _______________ words.
What have studies on the incidence and prevalence of stuttering shown?
Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied.
the less frequently used words.
Stuttering is more common on
T
T/F: Injury to Broca's area is not essential to have Broca's aphasia.
T
T/F: Through use of the discrete trial procedure, the incidental teaching method teaches functional communication skills to children with language disorders.
You are administering a formal language test to a student who speaks AAE. Which one of the following tasks is not biased against him?
Tell me what you like to watch on tv
simple harmonic motion
The back-and-forth movement of particles when that movement is symmetrical and periodic is called
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae.
The components of the vertebral column consist of
D
The concrete operations stage of cognitive development, defined by Piaget, occurs at what age? A. 2-7 years B. 5-7 years C. 4-8 years D. 7-11 years
C. behavioral
The following is a fragment of a treatment session with a 10 year old child. Clinician: "say soup" Child: "sssssoup" Clinician: "Good!" (gives child token) Clinician: "Say sand." Child: "ssssand" Clinician: "Good! You said all the words right - see on our chart here? Now, lets try the same words again, but this time I won't say them; you read them. OK?" Which of the following best describes the clinician's treatment approach? A. social-interactive B. classical conditioning C. behavioral D. paired stimuli E. cognitive
The term coarticulation refers to which of the following?
The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds
The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.
The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement.
What is one difficulty with cross-sectional studies?
The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.
What is one difficulty with cross-sectional studies?
The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.
E. Aperiodicity
The major acoustic characteristic of voiceless fricatives is A. higher amplitude than any adjacent vocalic phonemes B. a marked transition from periodicity to aperiodicity C. a concentration of energy at 5 to 7 kHz D. the absence of identifiable formants E. aperiodicity
A. to make feeding safe, efficient, and pleasurable for the child and the caregiver
The management program for a child's feeding problem should focus primarily on which of the following objectives? A. to make feeding safe, efficient, and pleasurable for the child and the caregiver B. to increase the length of time the child can eat comfortably C. to increase the caregiver's knowledge of the various textures of foods D. to improve the function of the esophageal stage of swallowing E. to increase the size of the bolus
Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are: __________________, _________________, and ________________
Which of the following statements is true? A. The innermost intercostal (T2-T11) elevates ribs 1 through 11. B. The external intercostal (T2-T11) pulls the rib cage down. C. The pectoralis minor (C4-T1) decreases the transverse dimension of the rib cage. D. The serratus anterior elevates ribs 1 through 9.
The serratus anterior elevates ribs 1 through 9.
Results from injury at the border of the temporal and occipital lobes or the superior region of the parietal lobe Similar presentation to Wernicke's, BUT repetition is intact May demonstrate echolalia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies. (page 536 4th edition) A. They are mostly descriptive. B. They are suitable for evaluating treatment effects. C. They are well established in speech-language pathology. D. They are not appropriate for studying patterns of cultures.
They are mostly descriptive.
Which one of the following is not a feature of norm-referenced, standardized tests?
They generate information that can be used to create treatment goals and assess treatment progress.
You work in a school district where increasing numbers of parents are coming to you with issues experienced by their internationally adopted children. Which one of the following would you not expect to be an issue experienced by these children? A. The younger the children are at the time of adoption, the greater their progress in language development is after living in the United States for some time. B. Some of the children show delays in their first or primary languages as well as English. C. Children who show language delays when they first arrive in the United States are likely to continue to show delays in language development over time. D. They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first language and English fluently.
They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first language and English fluently.
Select the statement that is incorrect about group designs. (page 526-528 4th edition) A. They are effective in establishing internal validity. B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments. C. They can help establish cause-effect relationships. D. Their requirement of randomization may be difficult to meet.
They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments.
A. Observe molly interacting with her parents, interview the parents about Molly's fluency in different environments, and analyze Molly's speech-language-related behavior during conversational and structured speaking situations for evidence of stuttering before deciding whether therapeutic intervention is recommended
Three months ago an SLP evaluted 4 year old MOlly for stuttering. At that time she displayed easy repetitions of words and phrases, occurring at an average frequency of 4 per 100 words. She displayed no sound prolongations, facial grimaces, avoidance of sounds or words, and no pitch rises or phonatory breaks. Molly reportedly began stuttering 24 months prior to the evaluation. No speech language intervention was recommended, but the parents were counseled on ways to manage Molly's disfluencies at home. A reevaluation is scheduled for next week. The SLP would most appropriately do which of the following? A. Observe molly interacting with her parents, interview the parents about Molly's fluency in different environments, and analyze Molly's speech-language-related behavior during conversational and structured speaking situations for evidence of stuttering before deciding whether therapeutic intervention is recommended B. Refer molly for a complete neurological assessment because she is demonstrating no speech-language or behavioral reactions to her stuttering C. Administer a nonverbal test of intelligence and the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation D. Meet with Molly's parents to determine the current status of her fluency and then make it clear that it is highly likely that Molly will experience unassisted recovery from stuttering because she has been stuttering for only 24 months E. Postpone the reevaluation for another year until Molly is years old because children from ages 2 to 4 go through a period of normal dysfluency, and it is unwise to call attention to the problem prematurely.
E. there are two or more groups of data
To legitimately use an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to reach conclusions and draw inferences about data, which of the following must be true A. the data are ordinal B. the data are nominal C. The data are qualitative D. The groups are correlated E. there are two or more groups of data
juncture
To make distinctions between similar-sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream," she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called _________________.
Which of the following muscles helps adduct the vocal folds? A. Hyoglossus B. Cricothyroid C. Posterior cricoarytenoids D. Transverse arytenoids
Transverse arytenoids
B. improvement of short-term memory skills
Treatment programs for adult clients with mild traumatic brain injury are most likely to focus on A. development of rapid automatized naming of common objects B. improvement of short-term memory skills C. improvement of repetition skills D. complete recovery of long-term memory skills E. training in the use of scanning techniques
T/F; Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist
True
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests? A. Generally exhaustive time required to administer them B. Lack of statistical norms C. Inadequate participant and response sampling D. Unnessarily extensive testing of each individual skill sampled in the test
Unnessarily extensive testing of each individual skill sampled in the test
B. Acute Laryngitis
Voice therapy is least appropriate for clients with A. Ventricular phonation B. Acute laryngitis C. Vocal nodules D. Contact ulcers E. Unilateral Adductor Paralysis
Damage to this cranial nerve causes a mask-like appearance
VII
jitter.
Variations in vocal frequency, or frequency perturbation, are known as
Which one of the following treatments would be most appropriate for an aphasic client with extremely poor comprehension, repetition, and verbal production?
Visual Action Therapy (VAT)
What is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation?
Vital Capacity
You receive a medical report that details white/grayish diffuse growths, bilaterally on the anterior portion of the vocal folds. This patient is likely to have:
Vocal Nodules
The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" that is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle.
What does the cover-body theory of phonation state?
Papilloma
What is a pink or white wart-like growth that can be found anywhere in the airway and make a person's voice sound hoarse, breathy, and low pitched?
Stroboscopy
What is the procedure that uses a pulsing light to permit the optical illusion of slow-motion viewing of the vocal folds?
It is often, though not always, caused by damage to Brodmann's areas 44 and 45.
What is true about Broca's aphasia?
Single-subject experimental design
What would you call an experimental design involving one or a few subjects?
increased mass.
When a person has vocal nodules, the vocal folds vibrate at a slower rate because of
genioglossus
When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the _________________ (tongue muscle)
D. Culture
When experiences, language, religion, and a shared history bring people together over time, they develop shared traditions and customs, which are referred to as A. ethnicity B. race C. creolization D. culture E. pidginization
E. as soon as the client is aware of activities in his or her environment
When should the treatment program for an adult client with a cognitive-communication disorder secondary to traumatic-brain injury begin? A. two months after onset of the symptoms B. six months after onset of the symptoms C. Twelve months after onset of the symptoms D. As soon as the client indicates an interest in treatment E. as soon as the client is aware of activities in his or her environment
C. Walked
When using Roger Brown's system for computing mean length of utterance in a language sample, which of the following utterances would be scored as having two morphemes? A. Bought B. Doggie C. Walked D. Sticky E. Choo-choo
D. Strength and coordination of the speech musculature are intact in the client with apraxia of speech, whereas slowness, weakness, incoordination, or altered tone of the speech musculature are associated with dysarthria
Which of the following describes an important diagnostic distinction between dysarthria and apraxia of speech? A. apraxic speech is a result of lower motor neuron lesions, whereas dysarthria is the result of upper motor neuron lesions B. Apraxic speech is associated with aphasia, whereas dysarthria is associated with cerebral palsy C. clients with dysarthria lack the ability to sequence volitional speech movements, whereas clients with apraxia of speech lack the ability to monitor reactive speech. D. Strength and coordination of the speech musculature are intact in the client with apraxia of speech, whereas slowness, weakness, incoordination, or altered tone of the speech musculature are associated with dysarthria E. Apraxic speech is characterized by distortions, omissions, and substitutions, whereas dysarthric speech is characterized by inconsistent, highly variable misarticulations
A. to ensure a patient's privacy and confidentiality of health-care information
Which of the following indicates the goal of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)? A. to ensure a patient's privacy and confidentiality of health-care information B. To provide patients with aural rehabilitation services C. To maximize health insurance coverage for speech-language pathology services D. To ensure a free and appropriate education E. To ensure a patient's knowledge of health insurance.
D
Which of the following is FALSE? A. Non-iconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught. B. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is effective. C. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house. D. In direct selection, the user is offered available messages by a mechanical device or communication partner; the messages are offered sequentially until the AAC user indicates the messages he or she wants to communicate
Submucous or occult cleft palate
Which of the following is a condition in which the surface tissues of the soft or hard palate fuse, but the underlying muscle or bone tissues do not?
C
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests? A Generally exhaustive time required to administer them B. Lack of statistical norms C. Inadequate participant and response sampling D. Unnecessarily extensive testing of each individual skill sampled in the test
E. Infants develop patterns of oral motor movement through babbling
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the babbling of infants A. a certain number of syllables and words can be identified B. infants use babbling to express some physical needs C. There is no evidence of intonational patterns D. infants can progress through the babbling stage normally without linguistic interaction with others E. infants develop patterns of oral motor movement through babbling
B. It uses the context of the daily teaching and caregiving environment
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the ecological approach to language intervention with children? A. it incorporates activities that expose the child to nature B. it uses the context of the daily teaching and caregiving environment C. it focuses on child-initiated behaviors D. It focuses on clinician-child interactions E. It consists of sustained, longitudinal intervention
Juice [in] glass
Which of the following is an example of an entity + locative?
E. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with a mixed spastic-flaccid dysarthria? A. parkinson's disease B. myasthenia gravis C. supranuclear palsy D. alzheimer's disease E. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D
Which of the following is not a characteristic of single-subject experimental designs? A. Repeated measures of behaviors before a treatment is administered B. Intensive study of a few individuals C. Absence of a control group D. The use of an experimental and a control group
E. Duration of the preceding vowel
Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" vs. "cab" A. Frequency of third formant B. locus frequency of burst C. Voice onset time D. Vocal fundamental frequency E. Duration of the preceding vowel
E. The percentage of correct productions of the target sound in conversational speech.
Which of the following is the most important consideration when establishing termination criteria for release from articulation intervention? A. The mean length of utterances produced during conversational speech B. Whether the client achieves 95% accuracy in producing the target phoneme in bisyllabic words C. Whether the client achieves 85% accuracy when reading a passage containing 20 instances of the target phoneme D. The percentage of self-corrected prolongations of the target sound in conversational speech E. The percentage of correct productions of the target sound in conversational speech.
E. It is not considered to be an adequate explanation of the factors that cause developmental stuttering.
Which of the following is true about the diagnosogenic theory of stuttering? A. it explains 80% of all cases of developmental stuttering B. It explains 80% of all cases of acquired stuttering, but only 20% of all cases of developmental stuttering C. it explains 50% of all cases of developmental stuttering D. it accounts for children's secondary behaviors, but not their primary behaviors E. It is not considered to be an adequate explanation of the factors that cause developmental stuttering.
A. they increase sensitivity to low-intensity sounds
Which of the following is true about the outer hair cells of the cochlea? A. they increase sensitivity to low-intensity sounds B. they are sensory cells for balance C. They increase sensitivity to low-frequency sounds D. they are located on Reissner's membrane E. They are replaced when they wear out
C. Palatoglossus
Which of the following muscles opposes velopharyngeal closure A. musculus uvulae B. levator veli palatini C. Palatoglossus D. Glossopharyngeus E. Stylopharyngeus
D. /tu/ for Sue
Which of the following speech errors is described by the term "stopping"? A. /dok/ for dog B. /wed/ for red C. /des/ for dress D. /tu/ for Sue E. /taen/ for can
C
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B. Excessive or even stress on syllables is not a part of ataxic dysarthria. C. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D. Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.
B
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. It is influenced by languages of West Africa. B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English. C. If children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Standard American English. D. If children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling.
The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.
Which of the following statements is false?
A. It provides informaiton about semantic diversity
Which of the following statements is true about calculating number of different words (NDW) from a spontaneous language sample? A. It provides informaiton about semantic diversity B. it should be used only with children who are over the age of six years C. It is ideally suited to measure pragmatic skills D. It is the best predictor of academic success E. It is used to assess emergent literacy skills in preschool-aged children
D
Which of the following statements is true? A. The innermost intercostal (T2-T11) elevates ribs 1 through 11. B. The external intercostal (T2-T11) pulls the rib cage down. C. The pectoralis minor (C4-T1) decreases the transverse dimension of the rib cage. D. The serratus anterior elevates ribs 1 through 9.
A. /b/ for /m/
Which of the following substitutions is most likely to occur in conjunction with hyponasality? A. /b/ for /m/ B. /n/ for /d/ C. /ng/ for /k/ D. glottal stop for /t/ E. /m/ for /p/
Manometric Assessment
With the help of an esophageal manometer, which measures pressure in the upper and lower esophagus.
"I been had chicken pox when I was 5."
You are conducting a language sample with an adolescent who speaks African American English (AAE). Which of the following utterances would be an example of the use of the perfective construction been to indicate an action that took place in the distant past?
ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another.
You are conducting therapy with Jennifer, a teenager who has a language impairment. You are especially addressing her skills in the area of cohesion, because her teachers and parents report that this is an area of difficulty for her. Cohesion is defined as
Which cranial nerve innervates the majority of the tongue muscles
XII - Hypoglossal nerve
C
You are a new clinician in a hospital that has a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Your job title is that of newborn development specialist (NDS). Which one of the following would be false regarding your role as an NDS? A. You would support the families and infants with issues involving infant development and behavior. B. You would support the families and infants with issues involving hearing conservation and aural habilitation. C. You would not serve as primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants and families because a medical doctor usually fills this role. D. You would create individualized assessment and intervention strategies to support infants and their caregivers.
Pragmatic language skills, production of speech sounds, and comprehension of spoken language skills should be among the main targets of assessment.
You are asked to assess a 20-year-old man with traumatic brain injury. Select the following statement that gives you a correct orientation to your assessment of this patient.
Airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and syllable prolongation, taught in that order.
You are developing a treatment program for a 30-year-old man with a long history of stuttering. Your brief trial therapy suggests that he could benefit from a fluency shaping procedure. You are now developing specific treatment targets that you would teach. What would those targets be, and in what order would they be taught?
B
You are developing a treatment program for a 30-year-old man with a long history of stuttering. Your brief trial therapy suggests that he could benefit from a fluency shaping procedure. You are now developing specific treatment targets that you would teach. What would those targets be, and in what order would they be taught? A. Gentle phonatory onset, syllable prolongation, and airflow management, taught in that order. B. Airflow management, gentle phonatory onset, and syllable prolongation, taught in that order. C. A slow rate of speech achieved through pauses between words, airflow management, and gentle phonatory onset, taught in that order. D. Airflow management, cancellation, pullouts, and preparatory sets, taught in that order.
forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech.
You are providing services to Mr. W., a patient with Parkinson's disease and consequent dysarthria, to help him sound more intelligible. You can expect that you will need to address challenges related to
LSVT program.
You are seeing a patient who presents with Parkinson's disease. The patient has trouble with loudness and has pitch range issues. One therapy program that may be considered for this patient is the
reality orientation (RO)
You are treating a 76-year-old woman with dementia. The patient presents with confusion. The patient's daughter informs you that she would like you to provide suggestions that may improve the quality of her mother's life. You suggest a therapy that would include orientation information. This would include providing the patient with information about time, person, and place. You mention to the daughter that this may improve an understanding and awareness of the environment. You also suggest that this information should be provided to the patient at fixed times throughout the day; however, you inform the daughter that there is no guarantee that this technique will work. This treatment method is an example of
cognitive stimulation therapy (CST)
You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with early-stage dementia. You decide to use theme-based activities in a small group setting. You explain to the family that there is some evidence that this type of theme-based approach may maintain cognitive function in some patients with dementia. This type of approach is called ______________.
reminiscence therapy (RT)
You are treating an 88-year-old woman with dementia. You introduce a treatment program to improve her quality of life. You begin your therapy by discussing past experiences and events in her life. You also use photographs of the patient's family members as well as music that she likes. You tailor the therapy specifically for the client by using objects and items that her son has provided to you. This treatment method is an example of
The pharyngeal phase
You are watching an experienced clinician conduct swallowing therapy for a 68-year-old woman with dysphagia. You note that the clinician teaches the patient to tilt the head forward while swallowing, switches between liquid and semisolid swallows, and applies gentle pressure on one side of the thyroid cartilage during the swallow. This kind of treatment is appropriate for the disorders of which of the following phases?
D
You are working in a public school, and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son who was prenatally exposed to drugs has been denied special education services including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools? A. Their language problems are not severe enough to qualify. B. They do not have other kinds of problems associated with disorders of communication. C. They are classified as having learning disabilities, not language impairments. D. Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.
B
You are working in therapy with a child who has challenging behaviors. You decide to use negative reinforcement, which A. reduces the response rate. B. strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events. C. is comparable to punishment in its effects. D. is involved in differential reinforcement of other behaviors.
A
You are working with Devin, a 9-year-old boy with an orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD). Devin has been referred by his orthodontist because orthodontia is not effective due to Devin's problems accompanying the OMD. You have been asked to evaluate Devin and provide remediation, if needed. Which one of the following most accurately describes the situation you will probably encounter? A. During Devin's speech production, his tongue may exert some force against his front teeth, and he will probably have a deviant swallow, as well as articulation errors involving /s/, /z/, and others. B. Devin will probably have a posterior open bite, no difficulties with swallowing, and problems producing /b/ and /v/. C. Devin will probably have an anterior open bite and a deviant swallow but normal posture of his tongue at rest. D. Devin will probably have a deviant swallow, articulation errors of /s/ and /z/, and an anterior open bite, but it is not within the purview of the speech-language pathologist to provide intervention; you can only provide an evaluation.
v/f substitutions in medial position of words
You are working with a 7-year-old Spanish-speaking girl, Rosa, who is in the process of learning English as a second language. Which of the following would not be typical for her in terms of predictable productions based on Spanish influence?
B
You are working with a mother who wishes to reduce her son's whining behavior. You have determined that because of his limited oral language skills, he whines to get what he wants. In the clinic, you have established a few mands the child can reliably produce (e.g., "I want [juice, water, candy, cookie, car, etc.]"). Now you are asking the mother not to respond to whining but instead to prompt the verbal mands and immediately give what the child mands. The mother reports success with the procedure. This procedure is known as A. differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI). B. differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA). C. differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL). D. differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO).
Fast mapping
You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. His teacher says, "Tommy is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says two or three words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that he rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with his parents, they tell you that he did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state, "He has always been real well behaved, and we never thought there was a problem." They reveal that they did not place him in preschool because they felt that he might be "picked on by other children because he was so shy." During your assessment, you find that Tommy has difficulty learning new words after just a few exposures to them. He requires many more exposures to new words than typically developing children do. This demonstrates difficulty with which of the following skills?
morphology, specifically with comparatives and superlatives.
You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. His teacher says, "Tommy is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says two or three words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that he rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with his parents, they tell you that he did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state, "He has always been real well behaved, and we never thought there was a problem." They reveal that they did not place him in preschool because they felt that he might be "picked on by other children because he was so shy." During your evaluation, you hear Tommy say things like "My mom is skinny than her mom" and "Our house is the big on the block." This shows difficulty with
6 words, 8 morphemes.
You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. His teacher says, "Tommy is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says two or three words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that he rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with his parents, they tell you that he did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state, "He has always been real well behaved, and we never thought there was a problem." They reveal that they did not place him in preschool because they felt that he might be "picked on by other children because he was so shy." You gather a language sample and find that Tommy often says sentences like "My shoes hurting my feet today." This sentence has
discourse skills.
You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. His teacher says, "Tommy is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says two or three words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that he rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with his parents, they tell you that he did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state, "He has always been real well behaved, and we never thought there was a problem." They reveal that they did not place him in preschool because they felt that he might be "picked on by other children because he was so shy." Your evaluation shows that Tommy is very quiet in conversations; he often does not reply, answer questions, or make comments on other people's utterances. He has difficulty maintaining conversations with others in general. This shows difficulty with
A
You have been referred a 75-year-old woman by a neurologist who suspects hypokinetic dysarthria in her and has requested a speech evaluation and diagnosis of her communication difficulties. To confirm a diagnosis of hypokinetic dysarthria, you will be especially alert to which of the following? A. Symptoms of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, or Pick's disease, evidence of damage to the basal ganglia, mask-like face, slowness of movement, micrographic writing, monopitch and imprecise articulation among other symptoms B. Bilateral facial weakness with less severe lower face weakness, perhaps normal jaw strength, hyperactive gag reflex, hyperadduction of vocal folds, short phrases, continuous breathy voice, and predominant hypernasality, among other symptoms C. Fasciculations and fibrillations of muscles, progressive muscle weakness with use and recovery with rest, nasal emissions, harsh voice, monopitch, and monoloudness, among other symptoms D. Evidence of cerebellar damage; rotated or tilted head posture; over- and undershooting of movement targets; jerky, inaccurate, and halting movement; prolonged phonemes and intervals between words or syllables; and impression of drunken speech; among other symptoms
The utterance "I wanted to-I wanted to-I wanted to ssssssee what um my mmmmmom was d-d-d-doing" contains one phrase repetition, two sound prolongations, one sound interjection, and one part-word (sound) repetition.
You have been referred an 8-year-old boy because the teacher suspects that he stutters. Before rendering a diagnosis, you wish to determine the different kinds of disfluencies he exhibits. You have taken an extended speech sample, and you are now counting the different forms of disfluencies. Select the following statement that is correct in measuring the types and the number of disfluencies in specified utterances.
B
You have just administered a standardized test of articulation to a boy with speech sound disorders. You had decided that the test was appropriate for the child because children of the same background as the child were sampled in the normative standardization process. The child scored in the 50th percentile on the test. Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of this score? A. The child is below average in speech sound production. B. The child's score is equivalent to the median in the normative sample. C. The child is above average in speech sound production. D. The test results suggest target speech productions for treatment.
Prognosis is guarded, but I recommend a period of trial therapy, at the end of which I will have a better idea.
You have just assessed an 85-year-old man with a high school education, significant hearing loss, poor motor skills, and uncontrolled blood pressure. Your diagnosis is global aphasia. During your counseling at the end of assessment, his wife asks, "What is the prognosis for improvement in communication skills?" What would be an appropriate answer?
an error in a student's second language that is directly produced by the influence of the first language.
You have received a report about Phuong, a Vietnamese child who has transferred from another school district. Among other things, one of the reports in his file states that his English manifests patterns of interference or transfer from Vietnamese. You remember that interference or transfer refers to
C
You just completed an assessment of an 8-year-old boy who stutters. When you are offering post-assessment counseling to the boy's parents, they ask you, "What do you think caused stuttering in our son?" How would you answer their question? Select the best among the alternatives given. A. "Although we have many theories, we don't know the cause of stuttering, because no theory has been substantiated." B. "Stuttering is a genetically inherited disorder in almost all cases because more males than females stutter; there is a certain concordance rate for identical twins." C. "We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation." D. "Research suggests that stuttering is caused by parental pressure on the child to be more fluent; it is usually associated with high demands for fluency."
You have been asked to assess the language skills of 6 year old Julia, who has been referred by her classroom teacher. The teacher says, "Julia talks in these really short sentences. I don't know if she is just shy, or if there is more going on." The teacher is concerned because she has worked on oral language skills daily with her first grade class. The end of the year is coming soon, and the teacher is concerned about how Julia will perform in second grade. You decide to conduct an informal language screening to decide whether you need to formally evaluate Julia's expressive language skills. You find that she uses many sentences such as "He has a shoe" and "I like Dora the Explorer." She uses few compound or complex sentences. You talk with her parents and find that this performance is also typical at home. What is your next step?
You tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0, and her language should approximate the adult model.
5% of the words spoken.
You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the disfluencies in speech reach
5
You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the disfluencies in speech reach _____%
xerostomia
________________ is the medical term for the condition of dry mouth.
Bloodstein
___________________ suggested that stuttering is a response of tension and speech fragmentation.
a kindergarten teacher asks the class, "who wants chocolate milk today?. which of the following responses uses an ellipsis? a) "I do" b) "I don't like chocolate milk" c) "What's for lunch today?" d) "I'm the line leader" e) "I want chocolate milk"
a) "I do" ellipsis = an aspect of form, namely = stuff that is left out (e.i. "Would you like to eat dinner?" "I would." = Here, the response has only as much form as necessary)
Whos is the most appropriate to receive services for reducing dysfluencies? a) 4 y.o. with whole-word and part-word repetitions, prolongations, audible inhalation, and facial grimacing for the past 4 months b) 2 1/2 y.o. with recent onset of single repetitions and pronouns and intial words of phrases c) 3 y.o. with single repetitions of whole words whose father and grandfather also stutter d) 6 y.o. with a diagnosis of ADHD and subtle word finding difficulties with whole word reptitions, revisions, rapid rate, and interjections e) 7 y.o. with marked hesitations and word-finding difficulties following TBI
a) 4 y.o. with whole-word and part-word repetitions, prolongations, audible inhalation, and facial grimacing for the past 4 months
A study tested subjects, treated them and retested them. Change in the performance may be due to the fact that the subjects were already practiced in taking the test. Such subject "practice effect" are a threat to what aspect of the study? a) internal validity b) external validity c) measurement precision d) measurement accuracy e) reliability
a) Internal validity
Which of the following is most likely with hyponasality a) [b] for /m/ b) [n] for /d/ c) [nj] for /k/ d) [?] for /t/ e) [m] for /p/
a) [b] for /m/
A child with cp seems to produce a diminished oral airflow during the production of certain consonants. The most accurate method of verifying this impression would be to use which type of instrument? a)a face mask coupled to a pneumotachograph b) a warm-wire anemometer c) a u-tube water manometer d) an accelerometer e) a wet spirometer
a) a face mask coupled to a pneumotachograph
Jackson substitutes stops for fricatives. what would best monitor the effectiveness of phonological treatment? a) admin a list of words containing /f/, /z/, and /sh/ at two-week intervals and document whether the target sounds are replaced by stops b) admin stardardized artic test at two-week intervals and compare standard scores c) admin a list of words containing /r/ and /r/ clusters at two-week intervals d) admin a list of spelling words that contain the letters "s", "f", "z", and "v" at two week intervals and check for spelling e) have Jackson read a passage of words with letters "r", "cr", "pr" and "tr"
a) admin a list of words containing /f/, /z/, and /sh/ at two-week intervals and document whether the target sounds are replaced by stops
In addition to an SLP, a team likely to be most helpful in the acute-stage rehabilitation of a child with a moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury would consist of who? a) OT, PT, pediatric physiatrist b) PT, psychologist, special education teacher c) OT and psychologist d) special education teacher and a pediatrician e) pediatrician and a geneticist
a) an OT, pediatric physiatrist, and PT
An 8 year old child with moderately severe hyper nasality has persistent nasal regurgitation following an adenoidectomy performed six months earlier. The child's speech is likely to show the greatest improvement.. a) as a result of pharyngeal flap surgery b) as a result of intensive speech intervention c) as a result of the natural regrowth of the adenoid tissue before puberty d) gradually and spontaneously, starting at age 9 e) gradually and spontaneously, starting after puberty
a) as a result of pharyngeal flap surgery
A client exhibits weakness, atrophy and fasciculation of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of a single tumor of the nervous system located where? a) brainstem b) cerebellum c) left cerebral cortex d) right cerebral cortex e) lumbar spinal cord
a) brain stem
A typically-developing 10-month-old child will exhibit what type of verbalization/vocalization? a) canonical babbling b) imitation of sequences of four syllables c) naming of objects d) expressive vocabulary of four e) MLU of 1.5
a) canonical babbling
Ms. K has bilateral vocal nodules and receives voice management. To document improvement, the SLP compares acoustic measurements from the initial assessment, which would reflect vocal improvement? a) decreased amplitude perturbation (vocal shimmer) b) increased f2 frequency c) increased frequency perturbation (vocal jitter) d) reduced energy of the first harmonic e) increased turbulent energy
a) decreased amplitude perturbation (vocal shimmer)
A 4yr old boy who uses two words spontaneously and functionally, who began walking at 3 and who responds to his name inconsistently. According to the info alone, the SLP can conclude the child's communication profile reflects... a) developmental delay b) ASD c) chromosomal anomaly d) typical development e) metabolic disorder
a) developmental delay
Anatomical studies of the human vocal folds and detailed observation of mucosal beaver during phonation has led to the current "cover-body" characterization of the vocal fold. What is included in the vocal-fold cover? a) epithelium and superficial lamina propria b) epithelium and deep lamina propria c) intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria d) lamina of the thyroid cartilage
a) epithelium and superficial lamina propria
A 60yr old client who has a tumor confined to the left frontal lobe will most likely have what intact? a) good auditory comprehension b) normal writing ability c) fluent conversational speech d) normal repetition skills e) conversation containing frequent confabulations
a) good auditory comprehension
the outer hair cells of the cochlea... a) increase sensitivity to low-intensity sounds b) sensory cells for balance c) increase sensitivity to low-frequency sounds d) located on Reissner's membrane e) replaced when they wear out
a) increase sensitivity to low-intensity sounds
Which is true about calculating number of different words (NDW) from a spontaneous language sample? a) it provides info about semantic diversity b) it should be used only with children who are over the age of 6 c) it is ideally suited to measure pragmatic skills d) it is the best predictor of academic success e) it is used to assess emergent literacy skills in preschool aged children
a) it provides info about semantic diversity
After a CVA, Ms. W described the "cookie theft" and SLP observed intact grammatical structure, normal prosody, but many meaningless sentences that did not fit the context. She had many nonsensical paraphasic errors. Also poor repetition and naming skills, did not respond to simple commands, and difficulty reading. She was happy and talked excessively and not aware of communication defecits. lesion? a) left posterior superior temporal gyrus b) left inferior frontal gyrus c) left superior frontal gyrus d) arcuate fasciculus e) left inferior parietal gyrus
a) left posterior superior temporal gyrus
The resistance of the laryngeal airway during phonation is defined as the... a) subglottal pressure divided by the mean phonatory airflow b) phonation volume divided by the maximum phonation time c) mean phonatory aiflow divided by peak intraoral pressure d) mean phonation threshold pressure e) reciprical of the open quotient
a) subglottal pressure divided by the mean phonatory airflow
Which of the following reasons would the therapy for a client whose language loss is due to brain injury differ from the therapy for a client whose language loss is due to progressive disorder? a) much higher chance of spontaneous recovery for a client with brain injury b) much higher change of spontaneous recovery for a client with progressive disorder c) client with brain injury typically has problems with fatigue and mental confusion d) client with progressive disorder typically has problems with attention and memory, not brain injury e) client with progressive disorder typically shows steadier linear improvement than brain injury
a) there is a much higher chance of spontaneous recovery for the client with brain injury
The management program for a child's feeding problem should focus primarily on what objective? a) to make feeding safe, efficient, and pleasurable for the child and the caregiver b) to increase the length of time the child can eat comfortably c) to increase the caregiver's knowledge of the various textures of foods d) to improve the function of the esophageal stage of swallowing e) to increase the size of the bolus
a) to make feeding safe, efficient, and pleasurable for the child and the caregiver
The superior laryngeal, cricothyroid, and inferior laryngeal arteries
a. Which 2 branches of the vagus nerve innervate the larynx? *superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. b. What does the cover-body theory of phonation state? *the epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as "cover" on a relatively stationary "body". This body is composed of the remainder of the intermediate layer the deep layer, and the TA muscle. c. What are the three main arteries that provide blood to the larynx? *Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) d.Name the three layers of the vocal folds **superficial layer: a jelly-like substance, close to the surface intermediate layer: an elastic, fibrous substance, like rubber bands deep layer: a thread-like collagenous fiber layer
A child says "red crayon". This is an example of which type of semantic relations? a. attribute + entity b. action + locative c. agent + action d. attribute + locative e. possession + attribute
a. attribute + entity
Functional communication tests seek to assess: a. communication in natural or everyday situations b. grammatically correct communication c. comprehension of both daily and academic vocal necessary for effective functioning in the "real world" d. syntactically correct communication e. communication in formal settings (e.g. speaking in front of a group)
a. communication in natural or everyday situations
when two or more sounds of differing frequencies are added, the result is a: a. complex tone; the vibrations that make up this complex tone may be said to be periodic or aperiodic b. complex tone; the vibrations are always periodic, where waves repeat themselves at regular intervals c. pure tones, where the vibrations are usually periodic d. pure tone, where the vibrations are always aperiodic e. complex tone; the vibrations are usually aperiodic, where the vibratory patterns are random and the next pattern cannot be predicted from the previous pattern
a. complex tone; the vibrations that make up this complex tone may be said to be periodic or aperiodic
PL99-457: a. increased fed support for services to disabled children 3-6 yrs of age and provided funding for infants and toddlers b. enacted in 1986 c. restricts special education services to children with documented disabilities d. requires the state to report the number of preschoolers served under different categories of disabilities e. does not require that the school service providers meet their state's highest standard for their profession
a. increased fed support for services to disabled children 3-6 yrs of age and provided funding for infants and toddlers
Factors that involve AT established risk are environmental factors, genetic background, and some disease related conditions such as early signs of behavioral disorders
a. irritability, withdrawal b. fetal alcohol syndrome c. memory problems d. memory problems
Factors that involve established risk are mostly biological or disease related. These factors include these types of neurological disorders
a. memory problems b. Down syndrome c. LOOK at NEW DSM 5 d. cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy
In Oller's stages of infant development, reduplicated babbling recedes: a. nonreduplicated or variegated babbling b. expansion c. cooing d. phonation e. reduplicated expansion
a. nonreduplicated or variegated babbling
The back-and-forth movement of air molecules because of vibrating object is referred to as: a. oscillation b. amplitude c. velocity d. displacement e. rarefaction
a. oscillation
Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath support is inadequate. Specialists can measure _____, or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include _____, or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle; and _____ or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal exhalation. a. total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity b. vital capacity, tidal capacity, total lung volume c. vital capacity, total lung capacity, tidal volume d. tidal volume, total lung capacity, vital volume e. vital capacity, total lung volume, tidal volume
a. total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity
A 70-year-old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral containment of the bolus during the oral prep stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. What would be an appropriate treatment approach for the client? a) provide a puree diet with thickened liquids b) Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral prep and transit stages of the swallow c) having the client turn (rotate) her head to the right when swallowing d) having the client eat more slowly to prevent aspiration e) providing a diet that consists of thin liquids
b) Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral prep and transit stages of the swallow.
THe sensorimotor integration of the muscles of the lower face depends on which two of the cranial nerves? a) accessory and hypoglossal b) trigeminal and facial c) auditory and trigeminal d) vagus and glossopharyngeal e) phrenix and facial
b) The trigeminal and facial
An aphasia characterized by fluent verbal output, but difficulty understanding spoken and written language is most likely of what type? a) nonfluent aphasia b) wernicke's aphasia c) global aphasia d) broca's aphasia e) anterior aphasia
b) Wernicke's aphasia
Sam attends a school that uses the best available evidence to select literacy curricula and instructional practices. Nevertheless, his progress is lagging significantly. According to response to intervention model, what instructional changes are most appropriate? a) transfer to a school that focuses on classical education model, sight words, spelling lists, oral reports b) a continuation of the same basic curriculum with increase in the frequency of intervention, the degree of repetition and review, and the intensity of support c) referal to the school psychologist for assessment of achievement potential and level of motivation d) development of behavioral management plan to be implemented in home/school e) introduction of special education services
b) a continuation of the same basic curriculum with increase in the frequency of intervention, the degree of repetition and review, and the intensity of support
Voice therapy is the LEAST appropriate for clients with.. a) ventricular phonation b) acute laryngitis c) vocule nodules d) contact ulcers e) unilateral adductor paralysis
b) acute laryngitis
A pt experienced a CVA two weeks ago and now has dysphagia. Videofluoroscopy four days ago revealed that she can tolerate per oral intake f pureed foods and honey-thick liquids without risk of aspiration or laryngeal penetration. She dislikes the thickened liquids and prefers not to drink anything at all. The SLP would recommend the physician to consider... a) prescribe diuretic medications for her b) consider alternate means of hydrations for her c) perform a cricopharyngeal myotomy on her d) perform a tracheo-esophageal puncture on her e) perform a calorie count on her
b) an alternate means of hydration for her
A 61-year-old woman has dysphagia, characterized by incomplete laryngeal closure during the swallow. What is the most significant risk to the patient? a) aspiration before the swallow b) aspiration during the swallow c) residue in the valleculae d) residue on top of the epiglottis e) excessive weight loss
b) aspiration during the swallow
An SLP finds a 5yr old with a delay in oral language dev. The child's nonlinguistic dev is within normal limits. In addition to speech language services, what else would be appropriate to recommend? a) evaluation of intelligence b) audiological evaluation c) evaluation for attention deficit disorder d) pediatric neurological evaluation e) oral motor evaluation
b) audiological eval
Prior to initiating voice intervention, it is most important that the SLP gather info about the.. a) client's production of /s/ and /z/ b) cause of the client's voice problem c) client's breathing pattern d) client's oral-motor skills e) fundamental frequency of the client's laryngeal tone
b) cause of the client's voice problems
In assessing a someone who has an acquired brian injury, it is most important for the SLP to.. a) assess pragmatics through a structured language test b) compare premorbid performance with present performance c) ensure administration of an intelligence test d) administer structures phonology tests e) compare nonverbal performance with verbal performance
b) compare premorbid performance with present performance
Comparing performances on a new test with those on several established measures will yield indications primarily of the new test's.. a) face validity b) concurrent validity c) interjudge reliability d) test-retest reliability e) split-half reliability
b) concurrent validity
Determine eligibility through IDEA based on all but.. a) documenting the presence of a disability b) documenting the presence of language or speech differences that result from cultural factors c) documenting that a presenting disability adversely effects educational performance d) demonstrating a need for specially designed instruction that will help the student progress in curriculum e) demonstrating a need for specific supports that will help the student progress in the general education curriculum
b) documenting the presence of language or speech differences that result from cultural factors
A 5;9 boy consistently substitutes [s] for /z/, [tsh] for /sh/, and [i] for /I/, what should the SLP consider first? a) does the student have a voicing problem? b) does the student speak Spanish as a first language? c) does the student need to be referred to an audiologist? d) does the student have an oral motor problem? e) does the student read at grade level?
b) does the student speak Spanish as a first language?
Tx programs for adult clients with mild TBI are most likely to focus on... a) development of rapid automatized naming of common objects b) improvement of short term memory skills c) improvement of repetition skills d) complete recovery of long-term memory skills e) training in the use of scanning techniques
b) improvement of short-term memory skills
An SLP is assessing the physiology of voice production in a client. If the client has a hyper functional voice disorder, then during phonation the client's average airflow rate is most likely to be a) almost absent b) lower or decreased c) higher or increased d) within normal limits e) erratic and inconsisten
b) lower or decreased
Which muscles is primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction? a) thyroarytenoid b) posterior cricoarytenoid c) cricothyroid d) interarytenoid e) lateral cricoarytenoid
b) posterior cricoarytenoid
A 4yr old child was dx with severe language learning problems. He appears at times to be inattentive and has episodes of staring. The most appropriate next step for the SLP is to... a) help the parents to accept the recommendation to enroll their child in a program for children with delayed cognitive development b) refer the child for a pediatric neurological examination c) initial pragmatic language services to address appropriate eye gaze d) discuss the need to provide psychological counseling to help the parents cope with behavioral management of their child e) recommend that the parents consider a modified diet for their child
b) refer the child for a pediatric neurological examination
By 6 mo of age, a typically developing child should follow the line of regard of another person. This skill is called.. a) initiation of behavioral request b) response to joint attention c) initiation of joint attention d) attunement e) entertainment
b) response to joint attention
When is AAC LEAST appropriate? a) preschool child with language learning disorder and highly unintelligble speech b) teenager with repaired cleft palate who continues to experience hypernasality c) a young adult with severe cerebral palsy precluding functional oral communication d) a 55 y.o. man who has had a laryngectomy e) a 76 y.o. woman with severe Broca's aphasia
b) teenager with repaired cleft palate who continues to experience hypernasality
HIPAA includes, among other mandates: a. a requirement that each state develop standards for protecting the privacy of medical patients, to be reviewed and approved by the federal gov't. b. a uniform federal standard for protecting the privacy of patients, to be followed by all meidcal, non medical, and allied health personnel in the country. c. a stipulation that different health care entities involved in providing services to a patient cannot share info about the patient d. a requirement that when a request is received, health-providers have 90 days to provide access to the patients medical records e. no provision for penalties for health care providers who violate the HIPAA rules
b. a uniform federal standard for protecting the privacy of patients, to be followed by all meidcal, non medical, and allied health personnel in the country.
Conduction aphasia is caused by lesions: a. in the areas supplied by the middle cerebral arteries and the anterior and posterior arteries b. in the region between broca's area and Wernicke's area, especially in the supramarginal gyrus and the arcuate fasciculus c. in Broadmann's area 44 and 45 in the posterior inferior gyrus of the left hemisphere d. in the angular gyrus, the second temporal gyrus, and the juncture of the temporoparietal lobe e. in the basal ganglia and the thalamus
b. in the region between broca's area and Wernicke's area, especially in the supramarginal gyrus and the arcuate fasciculus
Doug is a 45 year old man who has smoked and drunk alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer, and before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with Doug about esophageal speech. You explain there are two methods. One, the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly. In the other, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle. The second method is called: a. inhalation method b. injection method c. inhalatory airway resistance method d. laryngeal airway resistance method e. injection resistance method
b. injection method
a young child who often says things like "my" (doggy) or "her" (ball) is using the single word relation of a. recurrence b. possession c. location d. denial e. attribution
b. possession
Some studies have shown that
both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter
One tx option for adductor spasmodic dysphonia involves the percutaneous injection of what into the thyroarytenoid muscle? a) gelfoam b) teflon c) botulinum toxin d) collagen e) steroids
c) Botulinum toxin
A pt has been determined to have poor upper esophageal sphincter opening secondary to decreased hyolaryngeal excursion, following a lateral medullary stroke. What swallowing maneuver would you recommend? a) thermotactile stimulation b) cricopharyngeal myotomy c) mendelsohn maneuver d) thickened liquids e) chin-down posture (head/neck flexion)
c) Mendelsohn maneuver
The Pearson r for the relationship between two sets of measures was 0.10. What would be the appropriate conclusion from this correlation coefficient? a) subjects with the most severe disorder tended to have the smallest amount of substance b) subjects with the most severe disorder tended to have greatest amount of substance c) There is essentially no relationship between the two measures. d) this substance causes the severity of the speech to vary e) these two sets of variables are strongly related to each other because of their relationship to a third variable
c) There is essentially no relationship between the two measures. (Pearson r finds the relationship between two measures in their strength and direction of association. Scaled from -1.0 to 1.0. If coefficient is 0 then no relation)
76 year old in excellent health failed a hearing screening. she has bilateral mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. speech-rec scores are 80% in right ear and 76% in left ear. What should be done next? a) auditory brain-stem response b) dichotic listening task c) a hearing-handicap inventory (ENG) d) electronystagography (ENG) e) cochlear-implant evaluation
c) a hearing-handicap inventory
queen --> "pim" soap --> "pop" soak --> "kok" what phonological process? a) stopping b) fronting c) assimilation d) metathesis e) epenthesis
c) assimilation
C: say "soup" child: "sssssoup" C: "Good!" here is a token C: say "sand" child: "ssssand" C: Good! you said all the words ont he chart this approach is? a) social-interactive b) classical conditioning c) behavioral d) paired stimuli e) cognitive
c) behavioral
A 9 year old produces narratives in correct sequential order of events, but they are characterized by verbal mazes with no identification of major themes and contain few, if any referents. What would an SLP work on? a) inclusion program focused on specific syntactic deficits b) an individual pull-out program to develop expressive reasoning and sequencing c) collaborative program emphasizing skills in estb presuppositions (to assume/suppose beforehand) within units of discourse d) a focused stimulation approach for developing conjunctions and modals e) behavior management to eliminate use of nonspecific language terms
c) collaborative program emphasizing skills in estb presuppositions (to assume/suppose beforehand) within units of discourse
Which of the following hearing problems is most prevalent among children with cleft palate? a) Sensorineural b) unilateral c) conductive d) retrocochlear e) central auditory dysfunction
c) conductive loss
If a patient presents with aspiration while swallowing and dx with a left vocal fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis after a cardiothoracic surgical procedure, what is the most likely etiology? a) an intraoperative stroke (CVA) in the right pons b) damage to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve c) damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve d) damage to the phrenic nerve e) a left hemisphere stroke
c) damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
What area needs to be evaluated first for a 5 yr old who says [pun] for "spoon" and [top] for "soap"? a) auditory discrimination b) dialectal differences c) disordered phonological system d) dyslexia e) motor planning
c) disordered phonological system
Front vowels are characterized by a relatively... a) low frequency second formant b) high frequency first formant c) high frequency second formant d) low frequency first formant e) low frequency third formant
c) high-frequency second formant (f2)
a treatment plan for an adult client with an acquired language disorder recommends focusing on pragmatic lang. goals would emphasize? a) rules for arranging sounds in words b) denotative meanings of words c) influence of context on the speaker and listener d) rules that apply to the structure of sentences e) perceptual properties of speech sounds
c) influence of context on the speaker and listener
What would be most useful in evaluating the consistency of scoring of an assessment? a) content validity b) predictive validity c) interrate reliability d) range of scaled scores e) standard deviation of raw scores
c) interrater reliability
If a Yoruba only speaking man suffered a mild CVA, and a Yoruba-speaking SLP is not available, what would be the most appropriate action to evaluate? a) modify and administer a comprehensive test in english b) wait until he learns enough english to be evaluated c) obtain the assistance of an interpreter d) use gesture and other visual cues to communicate with him e) administer a comprehensive test translated in yoruba
c) obtain the assistance of an interpreter
Fiberoptic instrumentation is appropriate for eval of which of the following types of disorders? a) cerebration b) perseveration c) phonation d) proprioception e) respiration
c) phonation
A 6-year old child produces [t] for /s/, [d] for /z/, [p] for /f/, and [b] for /v/. Intervention for this problem would target language at the level of a) morphology b) syntax c) phonology d) pragmatics e) semantics
c) phonology
In AAC approaches, "scanning" refers to... a) the ability to cross visual midline b) the strategy of transvering the keyguard until the users finger comes to rest on a key c) the sequential presentation of message choices to the individual d) the calibration of the device by gazing in each corner of the display e) the construction of messages from multiple display pages
c) the sequential presentation of message choices to the individual
Roger Brown's system for MLU, which has two morphemes? a) bought b) doggie c) walked d) sticky e) choo-choo
c) walked
In most states, to work in the public schools, SLPs and AuDs are required to possess: a. a state licensce b. ASHA certification c. a state-issued credential from an agency such as the department of ed d. state license and ASHA certification e. a certificate issued by the university department from which the clinician received a master's degree
c. a state-issued credential from an agency such as the department of ed
A child comes to you for an eval. according to mom, she has a history of middle ear infections. the mom reports she is quite difficult to understand. she says guck/duck and koo/too.this phonological process is: a. fronting b. stridency deletion c. backing d. glottal replacement e. progressive assimilation
c. backing
You are evaluating a girl who has referred because of difficulties associated with partial sub mucous cleft palate accompanied by bifid uvula. During your eval, you can probably expect to find: a. intermittent hyponasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately b. hypernasality, leading to difficulty producing nasals adequately c. hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives d. hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of liquids and glides e. hypernasality, accompanied by difficulty producing vowels and nasal adequately
c. hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates, and plosives
a young child who says "down" when a cup of juice spills off of the dinner table is using the relation of a. action b. possession c. locative action d. attribution e. recurrence
c. locative action
the fact or facts about stuttering adaptation include: a. the greatest reduction in stuttering occurs only on the seventh reading b. there is transfer from one passage to the other c. most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the fifth reading d. a higher magnitude of adaptation occurs with an increased time interval between readings e. most people who stutter do not show the adaptation effect
c. most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the fifth reading
the therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish a. auditory discrimination b. stimulability c. production of a phoneme in isolation d. minimal pair contrasts e. phonological processes
c. production of phoneme in isolation
The central nervous system's primary mechanism of attention, altertness, and consciousness, which is also related to sleep-wake cycles, is the: a. diencephalon b. mesencephalon c. reticular activating system d. corticobulbar tract e. circle of willis
c. reticular activating system
If a test is being evaluated for internal consistency and whether responses to the items on the first half of the test correlate with responses to the items on the second half, then that test is being evaluated for: a. test-retest reliability b. interjudge reliability c. split-half reliability d. parallel form reliability e. predictive validity
c. split-half reliability
The definition of stuttering as "speech that contains 5% or more disfluencies" is based on A. an etiological theory of stuttering. B. the notion that stuttering is a certain moment and an expert judges it as such. C. the psychodynamic view of stuttering D.certain listener evaluation studies
certain listener evaluation studies
You are taking a language sample from an 8-year-old child. One of his utterances is "I will go to school tomorrow if I am not sick." This is an example of a
complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause.
You are taking a language sample from an 8-year-old child. One of his utterances is "I will go to school tomorrow if I am not sick." This is an example of a
complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause.
Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called
complex tones
The different parts of the brain are connected by bundles of fibers. Therefore, the brain functions as an integrated whole. Of those connecting fibers, the projection fibers
connect the cortex and the subcortical structures.
describe 1 assessment and 1 training concept or principle that clinicians should keep in mind when providing services to adults who refer themselves for accent training to increase their intelligibility
culturally sensitive and compatible with the client's interests. treatment should involve visual cues, tactile cues, and auditory cues. Many people benefit from the Visipitch. Assessment: include production of consonants and vowels, vocal volume and quality, fluency, and others. Most EFL adults have communication differences, not disorders
Which of the following need a medical evaluation before therapy? a) 2-year-old child who has overall developmental delays, abnormal muscle tone, and S-L delays b) 4-year-old child who presents with phoneme-specific nasal emissions with no visible evidence of clefting condition c) 6-year-old with an artic disorder who appears to have a restricted lingual frenulum d) 40-year-old man who presents with severe hoarseness and recurrent laryngitis e) 78-year-old woman who complains of occasional difficulties retrieving the names of her friends
d) 40-year-old man who presents with severe hoarseness and recurrent laryngitis
5yr old w/ repaired cleft palate and moderate vp insufficiency has: mild breathiniess, moderate-severe hypernasal, moderate nasal emission, inconsistent substitutions of glottal stops, omission of many fricatives and affricates. Pharyngeal flap surgery can't be taken for 12-15 mos bc of pending heart surgery. Which management strategies and rationale is desirable at this time? a) deferring speech therapy until after the pharyngeal flap surgery, b/c the surgery could improve the speech problem b) instituting therapy focused on reduction of hard glottal attacks in order to prevent the development of vocal nodules c) instituting a program of blowing, sucking, and swallowing exercises to improve palatal function d) Instituting therapy focused on the development of correct articulatory placement of misarticulated phonemes. e) instituting a language stimulation program to promote continuation of appropriate development
d) Instituting therapy focused on the development of correct articulatory placement of misarticulated phonemes.
An 8-year old child with a repaired palatal cleft has received speech intervention for two year in order to reduce moderately severe hyper nasality and nasal emission as a result of an inadequate VP mechanism. There have been small improvements, but none in the past 6-9 months. What would be the most appropriate course of action for the SLP? a) terminating speech intervention and reassessing at three month intervals to possible renew therapy b) instituting an additional three months of artic intervention c) instituting a program of blowing, sucking, and swallowing exercises for a six month trial period d) Referring the child to a cleft palate team for consideration of surgical or prosthetic management e) Conferring with another SLP concerning a treatment decision
d) Referring the child to a cleft palate team for consideration of surgical or prosthetic management
Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of pts with which type of aphasia? a) conduction b) global c) wernicke d) transcortical motor e) transcortical sensory
d) Transcoritical motor
Providing thermal stimulation indicates that they have swallowing difficulties related to... a) bolus preparation b) pooling in the pyriform sinuses c) pooling in the valleculae d) a delayed pharyngeal swallow e) esophageal reflux
d) a delayed pharyngeal swallow
A wideband spectrogram of a VCV utterance yields a voice onset time of -12 milliseconds. Which consonant inmost likely represented? a) glide b) voiced fricative c) voiced plosive d) voiceless fricative e) voiceless plosive
d) a voiced plosive
A child with a phonological disorder typically produces "sack" as [kak]. During an intervention session, the child produces [tak] and is rewarded for it by the SLP. The situation described illustrates a therapeutic strategy that is... a) based on behavior modification principles and distributed practice b) based on sound behavioral principles since it involves application of random reinforcement schedule c) based on the theory of negative practice, which permits occasional reinforcement of incorrect responses to prevent discouragement d) based on the gradualness principle, since the SLP reinforces a response that involves stopping on the initial consonant, a successive approximation of the target e) a misapplication of variable reinforcement, since the SLP erroneously reinforced a production lacking the essential feature of stridency
d) based on the gradualness principle, since the SLP reinforces a response that involves stopping on the initial consonant, a successive approximation of the target
In communication impairment, Alzheimer's type dementia is different from aphasia associated with a CVA in that a) repetition abilities are typically more seriously impaired in the adult with dementia b) the adult with dementia generally has greater difficulty with dysfluency c) the adult with dementia is generally more aware of any disruptions in communication d) capacity of the adult with aphasia to make appropriate comments about recent events is generally better e) syntactic ability is better perserved in the adult with aphasia
d) capacity of the adult with aphasia to make appropriate comments about recent events is generally better
Presence of left-side neglect, anosognosia, visuospatial problems: good auditory comp and repetition skills were good, difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking. What is the dx? a) wernicke's aphasia b) conduction aphasia c) verbal apraxia d) cog-comm disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage e) cog-comm disorder consistent with left hemisphere damage
d) cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage
John is 4 1/2 years old with the consonantal inventory of: w, m, n, p, b, t, d, and f. He uses [t] for /k/, [d] for /g/ and [b] for /v/. no consonant clusters. final consonant clusters inventory [m] and [n]. a) cleft palate b) apraxia of speech c) oral motor impairment d) delayed phonological development e) significant high-frequency hearing loss
d) delayed phonological development
According to behavioral theories, the phonemes of particular language are acquired as a result of... a) trial and error learning b) maturation and increased attention span c) imitation of parents speech d) differential reinforcement of vocalizations e) innate knowledge
d) differential reinforcement of vocalizations
Which of the following will most effectively decrease the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone? a) decreasing the mass of the VF b) increasing the elasticity of the VF mucosa c) increasing the length of VF d) increasing the compliance of the VF mucosa e) raising the position of the larynx within the neck
d) increasing the compliance of the vocal fold mucosa
Which is typically the most difficult phonological awareness task for a child to master? a) rhyme detection b) onset and rime blending c) syllable segmentation d) phoneme manipulation e) initial consonant detection
d) phoneme manipulation
A 4 yr old girl who refers to all four legged creatures as "dog" needs help with... a) understanding dimensional terms b) increasing the use of synonyms c) learning object permanence d) recognizing additional semantic features e) utilizing subordinating conjunctions
d) recognizing additional semantic features
A 3 yr old presents with a limited speech-sound repertoire, inappropriate language comp, and play skills firmly in the sensorimotor stage. What would you recommend? a) enroll the child in speech group with other 3 year olds b) provide the child's parents with speech activities to try at home c) refer the child to additional preschool experiences d) recommend that the child be referred for a developmental evaluation e) begin to teach the child some sign language
d) recommend that the child be referred for a developmental evaluation
50 yr old teacher reports that for the past four months, her voice started strong but grows weaker with extended vocalization throughout the day, hypernasal and breathy with decreased volume. Appropriate recommendation? a) complete vocal rest for two weeks b) voice treatment focusing on strengthening vocal musculature c) voice treatment focusing on improving respiratory support d) referral to a physician e) to monitor voice usage for six months and return for a vocal examination
d) referral to a physician
The potential problem of over-referral in school-screening programs incorporating impedance/immittance measurements can be most effectively controlled by doing what? a) obtaining the measures in a professional sound-insulated room b) including 500hz in the auidometric screening procedure c) retesting immediately d) waiting 3 to 5 weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening e) screening in late winter or early spring
d) waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening
When a speaker is producing a vowel and the vowel is being acoustically analyzed, one can state as a general rule that: a. F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F1 varies mostly as result of tongue (variation in the anterior to posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity) b. F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F3 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity) c. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F3 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity) d. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity) e. F3 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity)
d. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity)
which is false regarding dental deviations? a. Skeletal malocclusion refers to deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla b. dental malocclusions refers to deviations in the positioning of individual teeth c. in class 1 malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly, however some individual teeth are misaligned d. in class 2 malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded e. overjet occurs when a child has a class 2 malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth
d. in class 2 malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded **maxilla is PROTRUDED, manidle is RECEDED**
A singer comes to you for therapy. she had bypass surgery, and in the process, there was damage to her recurrent laryngeal nerve. In the course of intervention, you will most likely focus on: a. blowing exercises for more precise direction of her airstream b. abdominal exercises to strengthen the foundation for respiration c. chewing exercises to improve overall oral coordination d. strategies to improve vocal fold adduction e. a combination of blowing and abdominal exercises
d. strategies to improve vocal fold adduction
PL94-142, the Education of the Handicapped Act, was later reauthorized and retitled: A. the Americans with Disabilities Act B. the Education of Disabled Individuals Act c. the Handicapped Individuals Education Act d. the Individuals with Disasbilities Education Act e. the Disable Individuals Rights Act
d. the Individuals with Disasbilities Education Act
If the test has adequate construct validity, then: a. several judges have agreed that the test has been constructed appropriately and measures what it purports to measure b. the test items are relevant to measuring what the test pruports to measure c. the test accurately predicts future performance on a related task d. the test scores are consistent with theoretical prediction or expectations e. the new test correlates highly with an established test of known validity
d. the test scores are consistent with theoretical prediction or expectations
The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include
delayed or absent swallowing reflex.
Which is true about the diagnosogenic theory of stuttering? a) it explains 80% of all cases of developmental stuttering b) it explains 80% of all cases of acquired stuttering, but only 20% of all cases of developmental stuttering c) it explains 50% of all cases of developmental stuttering d) it accounts for children's secondary behaviors, but not their primary behaviors e) It not considered to be an adequate explanation of the factors that cause developmental stuttering. It says that it is caused by parents inappropriate drawing attention to child's otherwise normal disfluencies.
e) It not considered to be an adequate explanation of the factors that cause developmental stuttering. It says that it is caused by parents inappropriate drawing attention to child's otherwise normal disfluencies.
A 4 yr old child is mild-to-moderate hypernasal 6mos after a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. what is the most appropriate course of action for the SLP to take? a) use behavioral strategies to increase VP closure for speech b) counsel the parents that the hyper nasality is likely to resolve in a few weeks c) counsel the child's preschool teacher about instructional exercises to use to improve speech production d) counsel the parents on ways to reduce hypernasality at home e) Refer the child and family to a cleft palate/craniofacial team for further evaluation
e) Refer the child and family to a cleft palate/craniofacial team for further evaluation
The major acoustic characteristic of voiceless fricatives is a) higher amplitude than any adjacent vocalic phoneme b) marked transition from periodicity to aperiodicity c) a concentration of energy at 5-7 khz d) absence of identifiable formants e) aperiodicity
e) aperiodicity
Research on the use of lingual strengthening exercises for speakers with dysarthria has demonstrated that such exercises... a) decrease the number of treatments necessary for restoring speech intelligibility b) increase the number of treatments necessary for restoring intelligbility c) are only effective for clients with ataxic dysarthria d) are only effective for clients with hypokinetic dysarthria e) are likely to be ineffective in helping clients achieve speech intelligibility
e) are likely to be ineffective in helping clients achieve speech intelligibility
A 24mo says [gogi] instead of "doggie". This is an example of a) gliding b) neutralization c) stopping d) fronting e) assimilation
e) assimilation
IDEA requires that a student's progress on IEP goals be reported to parents when? a) once a month b) as often as they request c) before every IEP meeting d) only when parents make a formal request e) at least once a year or as often as defined in the IEP
e) at least once a year or as often as defined in the IEP
What is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" vs. "cab"? a) frequency of third formant b) locus of frequency of burst c) voice onset time d) vocal fundamental frequency e) duration of the preceding vowel
e) duration of the preceding vowel
which is true about babbling in infancy? a) a certain number of syllables and words can be identified b) infants use babbling to express some physical needs c) there is no evidence of intonational patterns d) infants can progress through the babbling stage normally without linguistic interaction with others e) infants develop patterns of oral motor movement through babbling
e) infants develop patterns of oral motor movement through babbling
Nonfluent speech, reduced phonemic repertoire, absence of function words, and overuse of content vocabulary are characteristic of the verbal ability of a person who has had damage to which part of the brain? a) superior temporal gyrus b) angular gyrus c) central sulcus d) primary motor cortex e) inferior frontal gyrus
e) inferior frontal gyrus
During a transient ischemic attack, Mr. Mahamood has difficulty producing intelligible speech and retrieving words in conversation. one week later, Mr. Mahmood's speech and language would typically be characterized by... a) mild dysarthria b) expressive aphasia c) anomic aphasia d) both aphasic and dysarthric errors e) no noticeable abnormalities
e) no noticeable abnormalities
Eval of a 5yr ol child with persistent dysfluencies has uncovered information suggesting alcoholism in the family, parental feuding, inappropriate behavior by a sibling, and maternal depression. The SLPs most appropriate action at this time would be to... a) refer the mother to the family physician for eval and treatment of depression b) refer the entire family to a psychiatrist for group therapy c) offer treatment to the child and counsel the mother about fluency management d) reevaluate the child in 6 months to see if family issues have been resolves e) refer the family to a mental health service and provide a program for fluency management
e) refer the family to a mental health service and provide a program for fluency management
PL99-457 established mandated development of IFSPs, requiring, among other things, info about: a. the child's present level of development b. the familys needs and strengths relating the child's development c. the major goals for the child and family, and services to be provided d. a review of the plan 6 month intervals or more frequently if needed e. all of the above
e. all of the above
You've been asked to assess rudy, a 65 year old man for suspected neurogenic stuttering. your assessment plan would include: a. examination of medical charts to see if a neurological disease or trauma has been diagnosed b. assessing the possible coexistence of AOS, dysarthria, or aphasia c. assessing symptoms of potential TBI or degenerative neurological diseases d. assessing the frequency and types of dysfluencies e. all of the above
e. all of the above
an example of a sentence using an embedded form would be a. I saw the squirrel climbing the tree b. the girl ate a cookie, three crackers, and some fruit c. mom and dad are going to the store to buy some groceries d. because he was on time, they were happy with him e. the boy who got a haircut looks nice
e. the boy who got a haircut looks nice
What is; uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings.
holophrastic speech
the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly
inhalation method
A 48 year old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube
may restrict laryngeal elevation
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing loss.
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing lost
A 75-year-old man visits your office and complains that he constantly turns the volume of his television set up high and is unable to listen to programs at a lower volume. After conducting hearing tests, you explain to him that his hearing loss is due to aging. This condition is referred to as A. tinnitus. B. presbycusis. C. Meniere's disease. D. vertigo.
presbycusis.
A treatment efficacy study on phonological disorders proposed that the treatment to be investigated will not make a difference. This means that the investigator A. proposed a null hypothesis. B.proposed an alternative hypothesis. C.proposed a neutral hypothesis. D.proposed an acceptable hypothesis
proposed a null hypothesis
Myringoplasty
surgical procedure used to repair the tympanic membrane when it has ruptured (oozing foul smelling discharge)
Certain variables (e.g., attitudes and opinions) may change simply because they are measured more than once. This is a problem of A.testing, reducing internal validity. B.reactive effect of pretesting, affecting external validity. C.instrumentation, affecting internal validity. D.the Rosenthal effect.
testing, reducing internal validity
External validity may be threatened by
the Hawthorne Effect
Class I malocclusion
the arches themselves are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned
Linguavelars are produced by A. raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge B. the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum D. the tongue making contact with the upper teeth
the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum
Linguavelars are produced by
the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum.
The range in a distribution can be defined as
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
You are working with a 7-year-old child for language therapy, and you are teaching the accurate production of the plural -s in words. You record the correct and incorrect responses on each attempt you ask the child to make. This practice is known as
the discrete trial procedure.
The source-filter theory of speech production states that A. the larynx filters the sound before the sound travels through the vocal tract. B. the resonating cavities of speech are the source of speech production. C. the oral cavity is the source of all English sounds. D. the laryngeally produced sound is modified by the resonating cavities
the laryngeally produced sound is modified by the resonating cavities.
visual, spatial
the right hemisphere specializes in processing of ______________ and ___________ information
An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer's lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure _________, which is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation. A. tidal volume-is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. B. vital capacity-the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath. C. total lung capacity-the inspiratory capacity plus the functional residual capacity; the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration; D. residual air-that portion of air contained in the lungs which can not be expelled even by the most violent expiratory effort.
vital capacity
Rosalia is a third-grade Mexican American Spanish-speaking 8-year-old girl who is in the process of learning English. Her parents emigrated from Mexico 2 years ago; thus, Rosalia was exposed first to Spanish at home and to English in first grade, when she was 6 years old. The classroom teacher shares with you that she thinks Rosalia may have an articulation disorder, but the teacher is not sure. The teacher provides you with some examples of things that Rosalia has said in the past 2 or 3 weeks. As you look at these examples, which one of the following would not be a typical predictable production based on Spanish influence? A. Omission of /h/ in word-initial position (e.g., -elp/help) B. w/r substitutions (e.g., wing/ring) C. t/th substitutions in word-initial positions (e.g., tin/thin) D. Devoicing of final consonants (e.g., beece/bees)
w/r substitutions (e.g., wing/ring)
Are there a great deal of individual variation in development among children who are developing normally?
yes
Is it appropriate to use authentic situations to address social communication skills when working with children with autism?
yes
