PRAXIS: Social Studies 5001

The company town for the Dutch West INdia Company

New Netherland

Encomiendas System

Spanish labor system that would grant land holders the right to the labor of native americans adn anything that they produced through their labor. In theory the natives would get christianization and protection in exchange. It was slavery.

The Columbian Exchange

Sparked by Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, transformed the Americas, Europe, and Africa. his exchange involved the transfer of plants, animals, microbes, and people across the Atlantic. It led to environmental changes, population growth, and the spread of diseases, profoundly impacting the world. The Columbian exchange moved ​commodities, people, and diseases across the Atlantic.

Ferdinand and Isabella turn their attentions towards

The Reconquista: expelling the moors from spain.

Why did Spanish missionaries persecute the Pueblos and suppress their religious customs?

The Spanish considered their spirituality linked to Satanism and viewed the Pueblo Indians as savages. Therefore, they sought out ways to suppress their religion and convert them to Catholicism, while using them for labor and goods

The pope created what treaty to divide the world for portugal and spain

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

The difference between spanish and english colonization.

The english aimed to completely eradicate. The spanish aimed to incorporate, convert, enslave.

Christopher Columbus believed he had conquered

The indies

What spurred early commercial capitalism?

The process of commodification

How did the Pueblo uprising contribute to the formation of a new ethnic identity in the Southwest?

The uprising lead to the combination of religious cultures of the Pueblos and the Spanish, a decrease in labor demands, and intermarriage between the Pueblo and the Spanish

The first Europeans to "find" America were

The vikings in 1000 CE

The spanish caste system created

There was an unprecedented mixing of peoples. The spanish caste system ranked individuals by how much spanish blood they had. The higher on the scale, the more rights you had.

cash crop

a crop cultivated for sale instead of personal consumption

joint stock companies

A New method for organizing international trade that pread the risk of funding sea voyages out among many shareholders.

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish priest who criticized Spain's treatment of Native Americans in its colonies.

Causes of European migration:

After 1492, the motivations for European migration to the Americas centered around the three G's: God, gold, and glory. Gold refers to the desire to extract natural resources like gold and sugar from the New World. European colonizers also had a desire to spread Christianity to the New World. Glory refers to the desire for European colonizers to increase their nation's status as a world power and gain military strength through colonization.

Did the Spanish succeed in suppressing Pueblo culture? Why or why not?

After being pushed out, the Spaniards were not able to successfully return for twelve years. The Revolt helped ensure cultural survival and demonstrated the resilience of the Pueblo people. It is one reason the Pueblos continue to maintain their lands, languages, customs, and religion

Early relationships between native americans and french/dutch

Amiable, as they were trading on equal terms. Or even paying the native americans to hunt furs for them. The fostered relationships and intermingled through marriages and allied. Opposed to spanish using force to overcome and conquer their communities.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that was designed to maximize trade for a nation and especially maximize the amount of gold and silver a country had.

Imagine you are a European explorer in the 1400s. Do you think you would be most motivated by religious conversion, global market opportunities, or competition with other European nations? Why?

As an European explorer in the 1400s, I think I would be most motivated by global market opportunities. 'Gold' would be my personal motivator, as I am not religious and not interested in conquering others lands.

How did the environment of the Americas suffer from European contact? How did it benefit?

Disease decimated the population, pigs ate the crops, and europeans took lands needed for seasonal rotations. The addition of horses however made hunting and gathering easier.

Explain the relationship between religion, commerce, and conquest at the beginning of European exploration and colonization.

Early European exploration and colonization usually took place for three reasons: 1) The pursuit of wealth, 2) The spread of Christianity, and 3) The discovery and colonization of new lands. Some historians refer to these reasons as Gold, God, and Glory.

Christopher Columbus's voyage was sparked by

Europe's desire for eastern goods like silk and spices.

Despite having a basis in religious and ethnic intolerance, in what way did the Crusades increase cultural interaction between Europe and the Middle East?

European Crusaders developed a taste for trade goods from China, India, and Central Asia

Technological innovation

European colonization of the Americas was made substantially easier through several technological innovations like compasses, caravels, and astrolabes. It affected economic development by making it possible for large scale trade networks between the Old World and the New World to develop.

Compare beliefs about land from Native Americans to Europeans.

European ideas about owning land as private property clashed with indigenous people's understanding of land use. Native Americans did not believe in private ownership of land; instead, they viewed land as a resource to be held in common for the benefit of the group. Colonizers erected fields, fences, and other means of demarcating private property. Indigenous people who moved seasonally to take advantage of natural resources now found areas off-limits, claimed by colonizers.

Compare and contrast native american beliefs and european beliefs.

Europeans believed in individual land ownership, male-dominated households, and exclusive Christian worship. In contrast, Native Americans had a communal approach to land, more egalitarian gender roles, and a pantheon of spirits. These differences led to misunderstandings and adaptations in their interactions.

How did the Columbian Exchange shift cultural norms of Native Americans? Of European colonizers?

Europeans were introduced to new things like tobacco and chocolate which has become ingrained in their societies. Native Americans gained horses which made hunting and gathering highly mobile, and chickens for eating. They were also forced into christianity.

Whose marriage unites castille and Aragon?

Ferdinand and Isabella

Jacques Cartier

French navigator who claimed

what attracted European exploration, colonization, and competition in the New World.

Gold, silver, and furs

What were the implications of the Spanish integrating both Native Americans and enslaved Africans into colonial society?

Life in colonial Spanish America was significantly influenced by Spain's reliance on the assistance, homage, and work of Native Americans and Africans.

Colonial Mercantilism

a set of protectionist policies designed to benefit the colonizing nation, relied on several factors: Colonies rich in raw materials Cheap labor Colonial loyalty to the home government Control of the shipping trade

Mercantilism

an economic theory that rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the economic policy of European colonizing countries.

Portugal was leading the colonialization game by perfecting the

plantation system

Commodification

quickly affected production in the New World. American silver, tobacco, and other items—which were used by native peoples for ritual purposes—became European commodities with monetary value. Before the arrival of the Spanish, for example, the Inca people of the Andes consumed chicha, a corn beer, for ritual purposes only. When the Spanish discovered chicha, they bought and traded for it, detracting from its spiritual significance for market gain.

In the European race to colonial dominance, what legitimized Spain's holdings in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal.

the Treaty of Tordesillas

Spains colonization goals

to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Cortez

1519. Spanish conquistador. Conquest of Mexico. The Aztec Empire ruled at the time.

Time range for colonial america

1607-1754

THe Pueblo Revolt

1680. The pueblo rose up against the spanish who were forcing them to practice christianity. They killed the priests and raised their own relgiious establishments again and drove the spanish out.

Christopher Columber sailed the ocean blue in

1492

Invention of the printing press

1450

Encomienda system

A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas.

What were many early explores, including the french, looking for in the americas?

A passage to the east

What was the best commodity introduced to the New World by the Columbian Exchange? What was the worst?

I believe horses was the best commodity introduced to the New World by the Columbian Exchange. The Worst commodity was the pigs that ate all of the crops and spread disease.

Tainos

Indeginous people in the carribean that christopher columbus met.

Christopher Columbus Landed in

San Salvador (The Bahamas)

Castille and Aragon becomes

Spain

Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? What factors lead to their demise?

Spain grew rich from the gold and silver it found after conquering native civilizations in Mexico and South America. However, conflict with Indians and the failure to find major silver or gold deposits made it difficult to persuade settlers to colonize there.

Spains motivations for colonization

Spain's colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Cash Crops

Sugar

Henry the Navigator was a portugese prince who Spondsored the develoment of

The Caravel - a type of ship that is ocean worthy and easy to maneuver and can sail into the wind - making it easier to sail around africa to the east for trading

How did the Crusades influence European colonization projects?

The Crusades provided the religious ideology for the Reconquista, which in turn inspired Atlantic colonization.

How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project?

The Golden Age of Spain communicated similar ideals to that of the SpanishColonization project becausethey found the gold and silver andbegan to connect European nations through trade.

The Pueblo uprising of 1680

The Pueblo people, Native Americans living in what is now New Mexico, rose up against Spanish conquistadores in the wake of religious persecution, violence, and drought.

The first global commodity

Tobacco. English, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese colonists all grew it for the world market.

The French and dutch primary interest in NOrth America was

Trade. The trade of furs.