Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge

Five major types of social interaction.

a. Cooperation b. Coercion c. Conflict d. Conformity e. Social exchange

Define equal area and conformal map.

a. Equal area - the proportional size of various areas are accurate. b. Conformal - focuses on the correct shape with less concern for size.

Major traits that appear in all cultures.

a. Recreation b. Economy c. Language d. Institution e. Arts f. Beliefs g. Environment

Four Coercive Acts passed after the Boston Tea Party.

1. Shut down ports in Boston until the city paid back the value of the tea destroyed. 2. Required local gov. officials in Mass be appointed by the governor and not elected by the people. 3. Allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain. 4. Required locals to provide lodging for British soldiers at any time.

What is the purpose of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.

a. 13th, Dec 1865 - prohibited slavery in the US b. 14th, Jul 1868 - overturned Dred Scott, and redefined citizenship, giving everyone equal protection under the law. c. 15th, Feb 1870 - the right to vote for all US citizens.

Define the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th Amendments.

a. 16th, 1913 - established a graduated income tax b. 17th, 1913 - allowed direct election of Senators c. 18th, 1919 - prohibited the sale, production, and importation of alcohol d. 19th, 1920 - gave women the right to vote

Who were the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the Tuskegee Airmen, and the Navajo Code Talkers.

a. 442nd - Japanese Americans fighting in Europe for the US. The most highly decorated unit per member, they suffered a 93% casualty rate. b. Tuskegee Airmen - an all African American aviation squadron, the first black Americans to fly for the military. Flew over 15,000 missions and were highly decorated. c. Navajo Code Talkers - native Navajo who used traditional language among allied forces. Because it is a language and not a code, the Axis were never able to translate it.

Define Dorian Invasion.

a. A Dorian invasion does not refer to a particular group of people, but rather a hypothetical theory to explain the end of the Mycenaean civilization. b. Ancient tradition refers to these events as the return of the Heracleidae, or the sons of Hercules. c. Historians do not know who conquered the Mycenaean, but it is believed to have happened around 1200 BCE, contemporaneous to the destruction of the Hittite civilization in modern Turkey. d. Only Athens was left intact.

The significance of the voyage of Christopher Columbus.

a. A Genoan explorer, he obtained financial backing from the King and Queen of Spain and sought a trade route west to the Asian Indies. b. With three ships, the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria, he eventually landed in the West Indies. c. While he failed to make it to Asia, he is credited with the discovery of the Americas.

What is a cartographer.

a. A cartographer is a map maker who produce detailed illustrations of geographic areas. b. Cartographers take into account distortion when developing maps. Accurately representing earths features on a flat map is achieved through projection.

Three major ideas of the Enlightenment and the philosophers who developed them.

a. A focus on ethics, logic, and observation drove philosophers instead of past belief system, particularly those of the church. Major players: 1. Rene Descartes - I think therefore I am. Believed strongly in empirical observation. 2. David Hume - pioneered empiricism and skepticism, believing truth could only be found through experience. 3. Immanuel Kant - believed in self examination and observation, and that the root of morality lies within humans. 4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - developed the idea of the social contract, where government existed at the will of the people, and when the government no longer served the people, it must be replaced. Greatly influenced by John Locke.

Explain the French and Indian Wars.

a. A series of wars between Britain and France, the last one being fought in North America that led to the decline of the French as a colonial power. b. The French had wide support of the colonists and native population, however lost to William Pitt and the British. c. The cost of the war eventually led to hardship and discontent and sparked the American Revolution.

Define foreign policy.

a. A set of goals, policies, and strategies that determine how a nation will interact with other countries based on ideals and needs. Strategies shift with change in other countries.

Three occurrences of genocide in modern history (other than the Holocaust).

a. Armenian - Young Turks, heirs to the Ottomans, slaughtered 1M Armenians from 1915-1917. b. Russian Purges - Stalin policies and edicts killed between 3-60M people from 1921-1953. c. Rwandan - the Hutu killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi and Hutu sympathizers during the revolution. UN did not act or intervene.

Define nationalism and how it affected society in the 18th and 19th centuries.

a. A strong belief in or identification with, and allegiance to a particular nation and people. b. Unified areas that had previously been fragmented which led to patriotism and in some cases imperialism. c. As nations grew, they sought to bring in other nations with similar characteristics. A side effect of this expansion was often conflict or war. d. Imperialism led countries of Europe to spread their influence to Asia and Africa. Africa was divided among several European nations. All of Asia was under control of Europe except China, Japan, and Thailand. e. In the US, Manifest Destiny caused the country to expand to the west. f. Italy and Germany expanded into larger nations in Europe.

What were the major theories of Carl Jung.

a. A student of Freud, Jung developed the theory of Extroversion and Introversion, as well as proposing the existence of the collective unconsciousness and the occurrence of Synchronicity.

Define vertical climate, and name the two major climates found in high latitudes.

a. A vertical climate exists in high mountain ranges. Increasing elevation leads to varying temps, conditions, vegetation, animals, and human habitations. b. The two major climates found in high elevations: 1. Tundra - Ground is frozen throughout a long winter, and becomes a wet and marshy plain during the summer. Weather not amenable to crops, but many plants and animals have adapted to the conditions. 2. Taigas - lie south of Tundras and include the largest forest areas in the world. Large mineral deposits are found here, as well as animals valued for their fur. Taigas are colder than tundras, and hotter in the summer.

Major events of the Bolshevik Revolution.

a. A workers strike in Petrograd in 1917 where the Army sided with the workers. b. Parliament set up a government made up of nobles, while workers and military joined forces to form their own government known as soviets. c. Ensuing chaos led to formerly exiled leaders Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky to move in and gain power and support. d. Lenin et al overthrew parliament and created the communist state of Russia. This led to the spread of communism throughout eastern Europe.

Political developments in India through the 11th century.

a. After the Mauryan dynasty, the Guptas ruled India maintaining a period of peace and prosperity in the area. During this period the people invented the decimal system as well as the concept of zero. b. They produced cotton and calico, as well as other products in demand in Europe. c. The Gupta dynasty ended in the 11th century with the Muslim invasion, where sultans ruled for several centuries. d. Tamerlane, a famous sultan, expanded India's borders and founded the Mogul Dynasty. His grandson Akbar promoted freedom of religion and built a wide spread number of mosques, forts, and other buildings.

The origins of the Red Scare.

a. After the war ended, jobs dried up leaving many unemployed. b. The International Workers of the World and the Socialist Party headed by Eugene Debs became more visible. c. Workers struck to regain favorable working conditions. When strikes became violent, they were blamed on communists, or "Reds". d. The recent Bolshevik Revolution was in the news, causing many Americans to fear it might happen in the US. e. Many Americans were jailed for purportedly having socialist, communist, or anarchist views.

How did Muckrakers affect the Progressive movement.

a. Aggressive investigative journalists who gave light to scandals and corruption of the 19th century. b. The notable journalists: 1. Ida Tarbell - exposed Standard Oil Trust 2. Jacob Riis - photographer who helped improve the situation for the poor in NY. 3. Lincoln Steffens - exposed political corruption 4. Upton Sinclair - wrote The Jungle which led to reforms in the meat packing industry

Define Roosevelt's 'alphabet organizations'.

a. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - increased agri incomes by adjusting production and prices. b. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - provided jobs in forestry. c. Civil Works Admin (CWA) and the Public Works Admin (PWA) - initiated 34,000 projects that provided employment. d. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - organized projects to build dams on the Tennessee River for flood control and electricity production. e. Works Progress Admin (WPA) - helped the unemployed to secure jobs on government works projects or elsewhere.

Define Age of Exploration.

a. Aka the Age of Discovery, is generally considered to have lasted from the early 15th into the 17th century. b. Included major developments in navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding. Expanded European exploration of the rest of the world. c. Portugal, Spain, France and England sought new routes to Asia, which resulted in the discovery and colonization of India, Africa, and North America

Major inventions and inventors of the 1800s.

a. Alexander bell - telephone b. Orville and Wilbur Wright - the airplane c. Richard Gatling - the machine gun d. Walter Hunt, Elias Howe, and Isaac Singer- the sewing machine e. Nikola Tesla - alternating current f. George Eastman - camera g. Thomas Edison - light bulb, motion picture, and phonograph h. Samuel Morse - the telegraph i. Charles Goodyear - vulcanized rubber j. Cyrus McCormick - the Reaper k. George Westinghouse - the transformer and the air brake

The major regional Native American groups.

a. Algonquians - eastern US. Northern tribes lived on hunting and gathering, while those further south grew crops. b. Iroquois - east coast tribe, spoke a different language from Algonquians, lived in long rectangular houses. c. Plains tribes - lived between the Mississippi river and Rocky Mountains, were nomadic, living in teepees and following buffalo herds. Included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche and Blackfoot. d. Pueblo tribes - lived in the SW desert in homes made of stone or adobe. Domesticated animals and cultivated crops. Included the Zuni, Hope, and Acoma. e. Pacific Coast - Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish lived on fish, deer, berries and roots. Lived in large family groups and used totems. f. Far North - Aleuts and Inuit line in skin tents or igloos and were skilled fisherman, using kayaks or umiaks to hunt caribou, seals, whales and walrus.

Define Globalism.

a. All people and all nations are interdependent. b. Ease of international travel and communication has heightened the sense of interdependence. c. Many of todays issues, including environmental awareness, economic struggles, and warfare require the cooperation of many countries to deal with effectively.

The importance of the Hittite Empire.

a. Centered in Turkey, the empire extended into Palestine and Syria. They conquered the Babylonian civilization and adopted their religion and laws. b. Tolerated other religions and even absorbed foreign gods. c. Peaked between 1600-1200BCE. After war with Egypt, they were conquered by the Assyrians in 700 BCE.

The presidency of John F. Kennedy.

a. Although his presidency was cut short by assassination, his economic programs led to a period of expansion in the US not seen since before WWII. b. He formed the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps, organizations intended to help developing nations. c. Oversaw the passage of new civil rights legislation, drafted plans to attack poverty and its causes, along with supporting the arts. d. JFKs presidency was cut short when he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963.

How does the Supreme Court provide equal protection under the law.

a. Amendments to the constitution have granted citizenship and voting rights to all Americans. The Supreme Court evaluates various laws and court decisions to determine if they properly represent the idea of equal protection.

Five anti-slavery organizations.

a. American Colonization Society - formed by Protestant churches, aimed at returning slaves to Africa. Former slaves did return to Africa and form Liberia, but did not do well as the area was not good for agriculture. b. American Anti-slavery Society - William Garrison, a Quaker, was the major force behind this society and its paper, The Liberator. c. Female Anti-slavery Society - women only group formed by Margaretta Forten because women weren't allowed to join The American society. d. Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women - group continued meeting even after their meeting place was burned down by pro slavery group. e. Female Vigilant Society - an organization that raised funds to support the underground railroad and slave refugees.

Major changes and events that took place during the 20s.

a. Americans moved from farms to cities. b. The roaring 20s, or jazz age, was driven by growth in the auto and entertainment industries. c. Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic on a solo flight. d. Telephone lines, distribution of electricity, highways, radio and other inventions vastly changed American life.

Government dealings with Native Americans through the end of the 19th century.

a. Americas westward expansion caused conflict and violence with Native Americans, such as the Battle of Little Bighorn. b. In 1876 the gov. ordered all Native Americans to relocate to reservations. c. Lack of compliance led to the Dawes Act in 1887, which ordered assimilation vice separation. d. Reformers forced native children into boarding schools where they were not allowed to speak their native tongue and accept Christianity. e. In 1890, the massacre at Wounded Knee accompanied by Geronimo's surrender, led Native Americans to work to preserve their cultures vice fight for their lands.

What is an alliance.

a. An alliance is formed among countries with similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues. b. There are six existing alliances: 1. NATO 2. Common Market 3. EU 4. Caribbean Community 5. UN 6. Council of Arab Economic Unity c. Large companies and MNCs can also create alliances to control resources.

Define the Navigation Acts.

a. An attempt by Britain in 1651 to dominate international trade, they banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies. b. While restrictions on trade angered some colonists, it actually helped the colonial economy, providing ships to Britains growing trade interests and using ships for their own trade ventures. c. By the end of the French and Indian Wars, one third of all British merchant ships were built in American colonies.

Describe the Panic of 1893.

a. An economic crisis that affected most of the globe. b. Caused primarily on flooding the market with silver, causing the price to drop; over-speculating on railroads, which caused many banks to fail; and in the end, a run on banks by individuals to cash in their investments. c. As a response, Pres Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, afraid it had caused a downturn in the economy. d. Led to bankruptcy, railroads going under, and unemployment rising to 25%. e. Gave the Republican party an opening to regain power.

Define anarchism, communism, and dictatorship.

a. Anarchism - all government should be eliminated and that people should rule themselves. b. Communism - based on class conflict, revolution, and a one party state. Government controls the production and distro of goods and services. c. Dictatorship - rule by a single individual, typically with a violent hand.

What is US citizenship and how can it be lost.

a. Anyone born in the US, born abroad to US citizens, or have gone through the naturalization process is considered a citizen of the US. b. Citizen can be lost by: 1. Committing certain crimes such as treason. 2. Pledges an oath to another country. 3. Serves in the military of a country that is at war with the US 4. individual renouncing citizenship

Four major types of anthropology.

a. Archeology - study of physical categories left behind by humans b. Social-Cultural - focuses on cultural standards, values, and norms c. Biological - study of genetic characteristics of diff populations d. Linguistics - the development of languages

Differences between cities in various areas of the world.

a. Area available, culture, and economic forces dictate how cities develop b. North American cities tend to be large and spread out. c. European cities tend to have better transportation systems. d. Latin Americans who are wealthy tend to live in city centers. e. In lesser developed countries, transportation and communication between cities is less developed, though mobile phone usage is bridging this gap.

Define the Fertile Crescent.

a. Area where the earliest civilizations arose in the region that is now modern day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan. b. It is bordered on the south by the Arabian desert, the west by the Mediterranean Sea, the north and east by the Taurus and Zagros mountain ranges. c. Provided the raw materials necessary for the development of advanced civilizations, but also saw waves of migration and invasion, leading to wars and genocide as groups were conquered.

Identify the influences of Aristotle, Plato, Saint Thomas Aquinas, and Niccolo Machiavelli on politics.

a. Aristotle and Plato - believed political science would lead to order in political matters, and this would produce state and just societies. b. Aquinas - Adapted ideas of Aristotle to Christian perspective. Stated individuals have rights and duties, and that those rights and duties should determine the type and extent of government rule. His ideas of limiting government would lead to modern constitutionalism. c. Machiavelli - wrote The Prince, and was a proponent of politics base solely on power.

Three processes that bring about cultural change.

a. Discovery - finding things that already exist (fire). b. Invention - creating new things that changes the way things are done. c. Diffusion - borrowing elements of other cultures.

Who are the major artists, authors and scientists of the Renaissance.

a. Artists - Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and others who focused on realism b. Authors - Petrarch, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and Boccaccio, humanists who focused on realism rather than the ethereal. Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Dante followed in their footsteps, finding a wide audience after the invention of the printing press. c. Scientists - Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler challenged the geocentric idea of the church by proving the earth was not the center of the solar system.

Define the Holocaust.

a. As Germany suffered under the economic conditions prompted by the war and peace accord of WWI, they looked for someone to blame. b. Distrust of Jewish people made them an easy target for German authorities to set up Jews as scapegoats. c. Hitler devised the "Final Solution", in which Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Communists, Catholics and the mentally ill were labeled as criminals and transported to concentration camps. At least six million people died in the camps where horrible conditions and torture were commonplace. d. Allies had heard rumors, but were skeptical until they found and liberated the prisoners at the camps.

Discuss "No taxation without representation".

a. As new towns and legislative districts developed, colonists practiced representative government. Representatives were elected and represented male property owners in their dist. b. By contrast, the British parliament represented the entire country, not elected officials representing individual dist. c. When colonists complained, the British gov. did not understand what they meant when they said they had no representation in British gov.

Patterns sociologists use to define relationships involving race and ethnicity.

a. Assimilation: 1. Anglo-conformity - immigrants and minorities conform 2. Cultural pluralism - acceptance of racial and ethnic groups 3. Accommodation - mutual adaption between majority and minority 4. Melting pot - mixing of ethnic groups brings about new cultural gp. b. Conflict: 1. Population transfer - one group is forced to leave by another 2. Subjugation - one group controls another 3. Genocide - one group destroys another

Major accomplishments of Lyndon B. Johnson.

a. Assumed the presidency after Kennedy was assassinated. b. Supported civil rights bills, tax cuts, and wide reaching legislation that Kennedy supported. c. Saw America as a Great Society, and enacted legislation to fight disease, poverty, renew urban areas, support education, and environmental conservation. d. Medicare was instituted under his administration. e. Continued Kennedy's support of space exploration. f. Is seen in a less positive light for his handling of the Vietnam War

Geography and climate of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica.

a. Australia is the only island on earth that is also a continent. b. Australia has extensive deserts, lowlands, and mountains. c. The economy is driven by agriculture d. Steppes are arid and suitable for livestock, only the coastal areas produce enough rain for crops without using irrigation. e. Oceania refers to thousands of Pacific islands formed by volcanic activity. f. Most islands have tropical climates with wet and dry seasons. g. New Zealand has rich forests and mountain ranges with moderate temps, including rainfall throughout the year. h. Antarctica is covered with ice. Its resource is scientific information. It supports some wildlife and little vegetation.

How do banks function.

a. Banks earn income by making loans and earning interest. b. If less money is available, fewer loans are made. c. Banks can not loan out all their money, and must keep some in reserve d. When the reserve ratio is lower, more money is loaned. e. When the reserve is higher, less money is loaned. f. The amount of the reserve is determined by the Fed Reserve System

Basics of a market economy.

a. Based on supply and demand. b. Market equilibrium price - when needs of consumers meet the needs of suppliers

Six major events of the Civil War.

a. Battle of Bull Run, 21 July, 1861 - the first land battle of the war. Union forces were defeated and set the stage for a long and costly war. b. Capture of Fort Henry, Feb 1862 - the first major Union victory. c. Battle of Gettysburg, 1-3 July 1863 - turning point of the war, saw the largest number of casualties (50,000), and Robert E Lee defeated, crippling the confederate army. d. Overland Campaign, 1864 - led by Gen. Grant, this campaign positioned the Union for victory. e. Sherman's March to the Sea, May 1864 - defeated Atlanta, and then continued to Savannah, indiscriminately destroying everything as he went. f. Following Lee's defeat at Appomattox, Grant accepted his surrender in the home of Wilmer McLean on 9 April, 1865.

How to determine adequacy, relevance, and consistency of information.

a. Before seeking info, develop a list of questions to keep information within the parameters. b. Questions should be based on research goals. c. As pieces of information are discovered, they should be compared to the research questions to insure they are relevant. d. Information from multiple resources should be compared for consistency. e. Adequate information answers research questions completely.

Major causes of the Great Depression.

a. Began in 1929 with the stock market crash, growing out of theses factors: 1. Growing economic disparity between the rich and middle class 2. Disparity in economic distribution of industries 3. Growing use of credit which led to inflated demands of goods 4. Gov support of new industry vice agriculture 5. Risky stock market investments b. Other factors that compounded the economic problems included: 1. Labor day hurricane in the FL keys (1935) 2. Great hurricane of 1938 in Long Island 3. The Dust Bowl in the plains, which destroyed crops and displaced 2.5M people.

Events and importance of the Korean War.

a. Began in 1950 and ended in 1953. b. First time in world history that a world organization, UN, played a role in the war. c. North Korea sent troops into the South trying to bring it under communist control. d. UN put out a call to member countries asking them to support the South. e. US sent troops, as did many other countries. f. War ended in a truce rather than a peace treaty with communists above the 30th parallel, and democratic gov in the south.

Accomplishments of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency.

a. Carried out middle of the road foreign policy. b. Brought about several steps forward in equal rights. c. Minimized tensions of the Cold War by negotiating a peace treaty with Russia after the death of Stalin. d. Enforced desegregation by sending federal troops to Little Rock to desegregate Central High, as well as desegregating the military. e. Formed the depts. of Health, Education and Welfare, as well as NASA

Define the Industrial Revolution.

a. Began in Great Britain, bringing coal and steam powered machinery into use. Began a period of rapid growth. b. Goods that were previously produced in small woodshops were now made in bulk in factories. c. Where society had been largely agrarian, focus was now on industry. d. As electricity and internal combustion replaced coal and steam, change was even more drastic and rapid. e. Western Europe turned to colonialism in Africa and Asia to have access to more raw materials. f. Specialized labor came into demand and businesses grew rapidly, creating monopolies and increasing world trade. g. Changes to machinery also affected agriculture, as new technology advanced production of crops.

Early leaders in the women's rights movement.

a. Began in the 1840s. Leaders included Elizabeth Stanton, Ernestine Rose, and Lucretia Mott. b. In 1869, the National Woman Suffrage Association came into being, led by Susan B. Anthony, Ernestine Rose, and Elizabeth Stanton. c. In 1848, in Seneca Falls, the first women's rights convention was held, with about 300 attendees. It tabled issues of not being able to vote for run or for office. It produced the Declaration of Sentiments that outlined a plan for women to attain the rights they deserved.

Major events of Nixon's presidency.

a. Best know for his illegal activities, his major events were: 1. Vietnam war was coming to an end 2. Improved relations with China and USSR 3. National Environmental Policy Act passed, providing for environmental protection 4. Compulsory draft ended 5. Supreme Court legalized abortion 6. Watergate

Define biodiversity.

a. Biodiversity refers to various habitats on the planet and the organisms that exist there. Greater biodiversity makes it more likely that a habitat and its inhabitants will flourish. Climate change, human intervention, and other factors can reduce biodiversity and cause the extinction of some species.

Define Black Codes and Civil Rights bill.

a. Black codes: 1. Proposed to control freed slaves. 2. Could not bear arms, assemble, serve on juries, or testify against whites 3. Schools would be segregated 4. Unemployed blacks could be arrested and forced to work. b. Civil Rights: 1. Countered the black codes, providing wider rights to freedmen. 2. Pres Johnson supported the black codes, vetoing civil rights bill 3. Congress overrode his veto and impeached him, coming within one vote of being convicted

Describe the work of Pavlov and Skinner.

a. Both built on the theories of John Watsons' behaviorism, believing environment (outside stimulus) strongly influenced behavior. 1. Pavlov's experiments proved the existence of conditioned response causing dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell. 2. Skinner built on Pavlov's work, developing the Skinner Box used to develop and study conditioned response in rats.

Compare the American and French revolutions.

a. Both came about as a protest against excesses of a controlling monarchy, and led to the development of republics. b. In America, the colonies were self controlling until the monarch tried to increase control. The republic that was established produced a working model from the beginning. c. In France, the excesses of nobility led to difficult economic conditions, with inflation, taxation, and food shortages taking a heavy toll on the people. The revolution led to the rise of the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.

What is suffrage and franchise, and how voting rights have changed.

a. Both refer to the right to vote. b. Progression of voting rights: 1. Initially only white male landowners 2. By 19th century, most states franchised, allowing all WM to vote 3. 15th Amendment of 1870 granted slaves suffrage 4. 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote 5. 26th Amendment gave voting right to all citizens over 18

Major pieces of legislation passed as a result of the Civil Rights movement.

a. Brown vs Board of Education, 1954 - Supreme Court declared separate but equal unconstitutional b. Civil Rights Act of 1964 - declared employment, education, and public accommodation discrimination illegal c. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ended discriminating factors practiced primarily in the south to keep blacks from voting.

Strengths and structure of the Ottoman Empire.

a. By 1400, the Ottomans grew in strength and had begun attempts to take Constantinople. By 1453, they conquered the Byzantine capital and renamed it Istanbul. b. Their major strength was religious tolerance of those within the empire. Their tolerance grew from the Islamic belief that Muslims, Christians, and Jews were fundamentally related as people of the book. c. They believed in just laws and just government. Their gov was run by a monarch known as the sultan.

Define the Nicene Creed.

a. Byzantine Empire was Christian based but incorporated Greek language, philosophy, and literature. It drew its law and government from Rome. Christianity had no unified doctrine, though it was a new religion that spread rapidly. b. In 325, the First Council of Nicaea addressed the issue. From this conference came the Nicene Creed, addressing the trinity and other Christian beliefs. c. The Council of Chalcedon stated in 451 that any rejection of the trinity was blasphemy.

What is the origin of the UN.

a. Came into being at the end of WWII as a successor to the League of Nations. b. Worked to bring countries together for diplomatic solutions to international problems. c. It has initiated military action, calling for peacekeeping troops to move against countries violating UN policies.

How do political campaigns gain funding, and what is it used for.

a. Campaign funds are used for office space, supplies, and primarily advertising. Funds are typically gained through several sources: 1. Personal funds 2. Donations from individuals 3. Special interest groups (most significant source of funding).

How to compare maps of the same place from different time periods.

a. Can be aligned with geographic features. b. Geographical features are relatively constant. c. Once aligned, examination of the locations of human settlement, waterways, etc. d. Shows how humans interact with their environment. e. Shows the evolution of the socio-economic areas and activities. f. Political boundaries often change with time.

What are the major characteristics of international trade.

a. Can take advantage of larger markets, bringing a wider variety of products b. Allows individual countries to specialize in products they can easily produce c. Products unavailable domestically can be acquired through trade

How to interpret charts and tables.

a. Charts are a visual representation of data. b. Charts should be labeled in such a way that a reader can locate a point on the chart then consult the surrounding axis for table headings to understand how it compares to other points. c. Tables are a type of chart that divides textual information into rows and columns. Each row or column represents a characteristic of the information.

The significance of early Chinese civilizations.

a. Chinese civilization is the oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world. b. The Neolithic age goes back 10,000 years, with agriculture beginning about 7,000 years ago. c. Their system of writing dates to 1500 BCE. d. The Yellow River served as the center for earliest Chinese settlements. e. In Ningxia (NW China), there are carvings on cliffs dating to the Paleolithic period. f. Literature from ancient China includes works by Confucius and a variety of poetry.

Major developments of the Scientific Revolution.

a. Church governed scientific belief. b. During the revolution, scientists amassed evidence that challenged the church's doctrine. c. Scientists who brought about the Revolution: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus - argued that the earth revolved around the sun in "Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". 2. Tycho Brahe - catalogued astronomical observations. 3. Johannes Kepler - developed Laws of Planetary Motions. 4. Galileo Galilei - defended the theories of Kepler and Copernicus, discovered four moons of Jupiter, and died under house arrest. 5. Isaac Newton - discovered gravity, studied optics, calculus, and physics, believed the workings of nature could be studied through observation.

The importance, composition, and structure of cities around the world.

a. Cities grow as the area develops. b. Half of the world's population lives in cities, with even higher percentages in developed areas. c. Cites are growing more quickly in developing countries, however even established cities continue to grow. d. As cities grow, they grow into each other, forming a megalopolis.

Policies that expanded minority rights to various groups of US citizens.

a. Civil Rights Act, 1964 b. Voting Rights Act, 1965 c. Age Discrimination Act, 1978 d. Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990

What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights.

a. Civil liberties - role of the state in providing equal rights and opportunities to individuals in that state. b. Civil rights - define the limitations of state rights, describing those rights that belong to the individual that cant be infringed on by the gov.

What are the requirements for a civilization.

a. Civilizations have the following characteristics: 1. Use of metal to make weapons or tools 2. Written language 3. Defined territorial state 4. A calendar b. Earliest civilizations developed in river valleys on fertile land: 1. Nile River 2. Mesopotamia 3. Indus 4. Hwang Ho

Three major types of learning.

a. Classical conditioning - a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time. b. Operant conditioning - behavior is punished or rewarded leading to a desired behavior. c. Social learning - learning based on observation of others.

How do humans modify their surroundings for their own needs.

a. Clearing ground for crops. b. Redirecting waterways for irrigation. c. Building permanent settlements. d. Side effects of pollution, erosion, and waste can damage the environment. e. Many countries are trying to lessen the impact of humans by passing environmental policy.

Four New England colonies and their characteristics.

a. Colonies: 1. New Hampshire. 2. Connecticut 3. Rhode Island 4. Massachusetts b. Founded largely to escape religious persecution in England. The Puritan belief strongly influenced their development. c. Feature numerous harbors and dense forests. The soil is rocky with short growing seasons making it not well suited for agriculture. d. Economy focused on fishing, ship building, and trade. e. Merchants largely controlled the trade economy.

Human systems that have influence SE Asia.

a. Colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th century. b. Heavily influenced by Buddhist and Muslim religions. c. Industrialization is growing, with large populations moving from rural to urban areas. d. Natural disasters are common, to include volcanoes, typhoons, and flash flooding, causing extensive damage and cultural disruption.

Contrast Communism and Socialism.

a. Communism draws on class warfare and overthrow of upper classes and the capitalistic systems. b. Socialism uses democratic procedures building on the existing order. c. Between wars, communism took hold. After WWII, democratic socialism became more common. Soon after, capitalism took an even stronger hold. d. Today most industrialized countries practice a mix of the elements of socialism and capitalism.

Types of earnings generated considered in calculation of GDP.

a. Compensation to employees b. Rental income from land c. Interest income from investments d. Entrepreneurial income e. (subtract taxes and depreciation)

Three different interactions that occur between species in the same habitat.

a. Competition - when species compete for resources b. Predation - when one species depends on another as a food source c. Symbiosis - when two species exist in the same habitat without affecting each other or even developing beneficial relationships

What are the five types of market failure.

a. Competition is inadequate. b. Information is inadequate. c. Resources are inadequate. d. Negative externalities or side effects that affect third parties. e. Failure to provide public goods.

Describe the geography and climate of North Africa, SW and Central Asia.

a. Complex area consisting of seas, peninsulas, rivers and mountains. b. Earthquakes are common. c. Much of the worlds oil lies in this region. d. The tendency of large rivers in N. Africa to follow a set pattern led people to settle there from prehistoric times. Technology has allowed people to tame the river, making it more predictable and the land more productive. e. The arid nature of this area has led to human intervention such as irrigation to increase agricultural production.

Six technological advances occurring after WWII.

a. Discovery of penicillin (45) b. Supersonic air travel (47) c. Commercial airlines (48) d. Nuclear power (51) e. Orbital and manned space flight (57) f. Man on the Moon (69)

How to draw conclusions and make generalizations about a topic.

a. Conclusions: 1. Use critical thinking to examine the facts presented by the author. 2. Students may agree or disagree based on their interpretation of the facts. b. Generalizations: 1. Are blanket statements about a wide number of examples. 2. Similar to conclusions, but do not summarize the info completely. 3. Are recognized by key words such as "all, most, none, many, several sometimes, often, never, overall, or in general." 4. Are often followed by a list of facts or supporting information. 5. Can refer to facts or opinions of the author.

Discuss formation of the Ku Klux Klan.

a. Confederate Army veterans fighting against reconstruction in the south in 1866 formed the KKK. b. White supremacists who espoused anti-black, Semitic, Native, Catholic and other racist behavior, relied heavily on violence to deliver its message. c. Grew again in 1915 using the film Birth of a Nation to spread their ideas. d. In 1920 their influence ranged from the south well into the north and Midwest. Members controlled a number of state governments. e. Membership and power declined during the great depression.

Human systems that have shaped Russia.

a. Conflicts led to the formation of the Communist state. b. With collapse in 1991 of the USSR, it has struggled to transition to a market economy c. Attempts to build a workable system have destroyed natural resources, and resulted in nuclear issues such as Chernobyl. d. Needs to improve transportation and communication systems e. Population is not evenly distributed, with 75% living west of the Ural Mountains. f. Russia encompasses over a hundred different ethnic groups.

The importance of Alexander the Great.

a. Considered one of the greatest conquerors in history, defeating Egypt, the Persian Empire, and traveled as far as India and the Iberian Peninsula. b. Though he died at an early age, his efforts spread Greek culture into the East, and left a greater mark on history than his empire. c. Trade between East and West increased because of his expansion, as did exchange of ideas and beliefs. The Hellenistic traditions were prevalent in Byzantine culture as late as the 15th century.

Define consistent scale and thematic map.

a. Consistent scale - the same scale is used through the map, i.e. one inch equals 10 miles. Typically used for smaller geographical areas. b. Thematic - specific information about a chosen theme, such as political information, population distro, or climate.

Three types of plate boundaries.

a. Convergent - plates move toward one another. 1. When they collide, they can form mountains. 2. When one goes under another, this can lead to volcanic activity (subduction) b. Divergent - plates move away from one another. The movements leads to rifts. c. Transform - plates slide in opposite directions against each other, leading to earthquakes.

How has globalization affected the ways countries interact.

a. Countries seeking the same nonrenewable resources have experienced high demand, resulting in wild price fluctuations. b. Increased travel and communication abilities have helped to deal with disease, but also spreads the disease via travelers. c. The internet has allowed instantaneous access to anywhere on the globe, leading to interaction between far flung individuals and countries, increasing awareness of happenings all over the world.

Herbert Spencer.

a. Credited with the idea of Social Darwinism. Spencer states that the major driving force behind changes in society is competition.

Three major classifications of inflation.

a. Creeping - 1-3 percent annually b. Galloping - 100-300 percent annually c. Hyper - More than 500 percent annually, leading to economic collapse

Define culture.

a. Culture is learned human behaviors. It consists of: 1. Cultural universals such as language 2. Culture, or traditions that define that a society 3. Subculture, or a group within a group.

Three types of projection used in creating maps.

a. Cylindrical - created by wrapping the globe of the earth in a cylindrical piece of paper, then using a light to project the globe onto the paper. Largest distortion occurs at the outermost edges. b. Conical - the paper is shaped like a cone and contacts the globe only at the cones base. Useful for middle latitudes. c. Flat plane - known as Gnomonic, the map is projected onto a flat piece of paper, touching the globe at a single point. Makes it possible to map out great circle routes, or the shortest route between two points.

How was the Constitution proposed and ratified.

a. Delegates from 12 of 13 states met in Philadelphia in May 1787 intending to revise the Articles of Confederation, however it quickly became apparent that a simple resolution would not provide a workable gov structure. b. Vowing to keep the proceedings secret until it was done, the delegates drafted what would become the Constitution of the USA. By doing this in secret, they were able to draft the entire document to present to the country for ratification vice hammering every detail out in the general public.

Define a relief map.

a. Designed to show details of various elevations across a map. Elevations are represented by different colors, and often show ruggedness or smoothness of an area. Elevation can be represented by contour lines or textures.

The major figures involved in determining and enacting US Foreign policy.

a. Determined by Congress and the President, and is greatly influenced by the Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, and the NSA. b. The State Dept. carries out policy, negotiates treaties, maintains diplomatic relations, assists traveling citizens, and advises the President on international issues. The DoD supervises the armed forces and provides assistance to the President as the Commander in Chief.

Three stages of economic development and the challenges of dev nations.

a. Developing countries typically don't have the monetary or technical resources and training to advance in the stages of economic dev: 1. Agricultural stage 2. Manufacturing stage 3. Service sector stage

How did Max Weber explain differences in social dev between the east and west.

a. Differing religions led to different social dev. b. Protestantism led to the dev of capitalism. c. Organization of the state felt violence was a legitimate means of protecting citizens and enforcing rule.

Explain the three-fifths compromise.

a. Disagreement between north and south arose on how slaves should counted to determine a state's quota of representatives. b. Southern states wanted the slaves to count for quotas, but not for taxes. c. The decision was to count 3/5 of the slave population for both tax and quota determination.

How does gender and age lead to discrimination.

a. Discrimination against women is profound in developing countries. Increasing the standing of women in society is a major element in increasing the livelihood of that society. b. Discrimination against the elderly is based on their decreased physical ability and ability to contribute economically. Elderly bring experience and knowledge, however their poverty level is at 10% in the US.

Compare and contrast the natural, political, and cultural features on a map.

a. Displayed in the legend. b. Natural features are geographically identifiable areas such as water, mountains, etc, that can be compared by regions. c. Political features are state divisions, roads, railroads, etc, that can be compared numerically. It provides information about density and population. d. Cultural features may include roads, railroads, but museums and historic areas, archaeological areas, and campgrounds. This may provide history on an area, as well as current use.

How is human population analyzed.

a. Distribution of population. b. Industrial areas. c. Transportation d. Map out everything, schools, factories, etc, to show how things are distributed. e. Distribution of towns themselves, from rural to Megalopolis.

Define distribution channels in the modern marketplace.

a. Distro channels are the route a product takes from producer to consumer b. Influences the final price and availability c. Two forms of distro: 1. Wholesale - buys in large quantities and resells smaller amounts to businesses. 2. Retail - Sell directly to consumers. d. Modernity of distro - internet allows direct from producer to consumer, skipping the distro system altogether.

How can political cartoons be used in studies.

a. Drawing convey an opinion either critical or supportive, summarizing a series of events, fictional situation, or summarize an attitude. b. Secondary source of information. c. May have captions, dialogue, or cultural symbols. d. Employ caricature to call attention to a situation. e. The nature of a caricature reveals the authors position. f. Students should examine the issue, what elements the artist used to support his point, and what the message is.

What was the Dred Scott Decision.

a. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from MO to Illinois then MN, before returning to MO where his owner died. It was argued in the Supreme Court that Scott was a free man since he had lived in free territory. b. The Supreme Court stated that Scott was not a US citizen and his time in the free states did not change his status. They also stated that he did not have the right to sue, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional by outlawing slavery in the territories.

Emile Durkheim's influence on sociology.

a. Due to his effort, sociology came to be a major discipline at universities. He believed that the world was influenced by group and not individual beliefs. Performed in-depth studies of suicide rates due to large changes in society.

Describe the role of the Middle East in International Relations and economics.

a. Due to its centralized location and preponderance of oil the ME is important in both diplomatic and economic circles. b. Because of its location, it has always been a hotbed for violence since the beginning of recorded history. c. Conflicts over land, resources, religious and political power continue today, spurred by vast oil reserves.

Industrial activity before and after 1800, as well as inventions that changed industry at that time.

a. During the 1700s, goods were made in small houses or shops. In the 1800s, the focus shifted to factories that were capable of producing goods on a large scale. b. Americans and immigrants found jobs in these factories, which were in constant need of labor. c. One of the major inventions was the cotton gin, which decreased the processing time of cotton, and led to the rapid expansion of cotton production in the south.

How to organize information chronologically.

a. Each piece of information must be associated with a time or date. b. Helps to analyze more easily the effects events have chronologically. c. One disadvantage is that it does not highlight one event that may have been more important than other minor events.

Explain the importance of rivers and water to early civilizations.

a. Early civilizations are known as fluvial civilizations because they were founded near rivers. b. Rivers offered: 1. Drinking water 2. Gathering place for wild game to be hunted 3. Water for domesticated animals 4. Rich soil for planting crops

Describe the geography and climate of Europe.

a. East and south are mountain ranges, while the north is primarily plains. b. The coastline and island nature mean the climate is often warmer than other lands in similar latitudes. c. Many areas have a moderate climate, while the south is dominated by the Mediterranean climate. d. Europe has high levels of natural resources. e. Waterways connect the inner regions to the coast. f. Much of Europe is industrialized, and agriculture has existed for thousands of years.

What is market socialism.

a. Economic structure falls between market and planned economies. Planning authority determines allocation of resources, while consumer goods are driven by market demands.

What is cybernomics.

a. Economics driven by ecommerce. Some issues: 1. Security of online trade 2. Intellectual property rights. 3. Rights to privacy 4. Bringing developing nations into the fold

What are the types of money available in the US.

a. Economists measure funds available by the following classes: 1. Deposits in checking and savings accts. (quickly conv into cash) 2. Savings deposits, CDs, and other monetary deposits. 3. The total funds available is the total quantity of the two.

Major accomplishments of Egyptian, Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian cultures.

a. Egyptian - one of the most advanced, had developed advanced construction methods, written form of writing, highly developed religion, processed and used paper, invented the decimal system, a solar calendar, and advanced knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. b. Sumerians - invented the wheel, used irrigation, developed cuneiform writing, and developed the timekeeping system we use today. c. Babylonians - Code of Hammurabi, an advanced legal code. d. Assyrians - developed horse-drawn chariots and an organized military

Define elasticity, market efficiency, comparative advantage and opportunity cost.

a. Elasticity - how the quantity of a product responds to price demanded b. Market efficiency - when a market is capable of producing enough to meet demand. c. Comparative advantage - in international trade, this is the ability of a country to focus on a specific product it can produce quicker and cheaper than other countries (aka opportunity cost).

Goals of F.D. Roosevelt's New Deal.

a. Elected in 1932, FDR made a promise of a New Deal with America to provide work programs, wages, and relief to workers to pull the country out of the depression. His legislation included: 1. Relief - create jobs 2. Recovery - stimulate economy through National Recovery Admin 3. Reform - pass legislation to prevent future economic crashes b. Also passed numerous legislation regarding ecological issues including the Soil Conservation Service aimed at preventing another dust bowl.

Important events of the Carter administration.

a. Elected in 1976, faced with a budget deficit, high unemployment, and continued inflation. b. Signed Panama Canal Treaties c. Camp David Accords - negotiations between Anwar al Sadat, Pres of Egypt, and Menachem Begin, the Israeli PM, leading to a Peace Treaty. d. SALT agreement and treaties e. Iran Hostage Crisis - Shah of Iran was deposed and the cleric Ayatollah Khomeini took 53 American hostages and held for 444 days. f. Carter was the first US Pres to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Discuss iconoclasm and the conflict between the Roman and Eastern Orthodox churches.

a. Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of all icons in the Byzantine Empire. Images of Jesus were replaced with a cross, and images of Jesus, Mary and other religious figures were considered blasphemy on the grounds of idolatry. b. Pope Gregory II called a synod to discuss the issue. The synod said the destruction was heretical. This led to the Emperor trying to kidnap the Pope, which failed when his ships were destroyed in a storm.

How can an encyclopedia, bibliography, or almanac be used for social science research.

a. Encyclopedias: 1. Provide background info on a topic 2. Provide overview and like it to other concepts and information 3. Help students narrow their topic by showing sub topics. 4. Better than electronic as they are clearly organized and concise. b. Bibliographies: 1. Bound collections of references to periodicals and books by topic. 2. Use bibliographies to look up other references on the topic 3. Provides a branching network of information 4. May be limited in scope due to topic of the author c. Almanacs: 1. Provide numerical information on nearly every topic 2. Organized by subject or geographical area 3. Helpful for supporting arguments as they do not provide interpretation of their own.

Four major purposes of any government.

a. Ensure national security b. Provide public services c. Ensure social order - settles conflicts among its citizens and makes laws d. Economic decisions - form economic policy domestically as well as international trade. Also has the ability to control distro of wealth and goods

Three important ancient geographers.

a. Eratosthenes - ancient Greek who mathematically calculated the circumference of the earth. b. Strabo - wrote a description of the ancient world called Geographica (17 volumes). c. Ptolemy - astronomer and mapmaker. His skills contributed to the overall knowledge of the earths geography.

Define erosion, weathering, transportation and deposition.

a. Erosion - movement of loose material (soil, sand, or rock) 1. Caused by wind, water, ice, plant cover, or human factors 2. Mechanical erosion is caused by natural forces. 3. Chemical erosion is caused by human intervention or activities b. Weathering - when atmospheric elements affect the earths surface c. Transportation - loose material being moved by wind, water, or ice d. Deposition - the result of the transportation

Four theories regarding the origin of the state.

a. Evolutionary - evolved from family model with head of state as patriarch b. Force - one person or group brought everyone under their control c. Divine right - people were chosen by a prevailing deity to be rulers d. Social contract - no natural order. People allow themselves to be governed to maintain social order. If the state doesn't protect the people, the people have a right to change the leaders.

How do economists classify various markets.

a. Existence of competition b. Number and size of suppliers c. Influence of suppliers over price d. Variety of available products e. Ease of entering the market

Two ways to measure GDP of a country.

a. Expenditures approach - how much money is spent in each sector b. Income approach - how much money is earned in each sector c. Sectors: 1. Consumers 2. Business 3. Government 4. Foreign sector

Three powers delegated to the national government by the constitution.

a. Expressed - declare war, regulate commerce, make money and collect taxes. b. Implied - powers the gov. needs to carry out expressed powers. c. Inherent - powers inherent to any gov not defined in the constitution.

Distinguish between fact and fiction.

a. Fact based passages include words like "is, did, or saw". b. Opinion passages contain words like "would, should, or believe". c. First person verbs indicate opinions, showing one person talking about his experience. d. Primary source can indicate both fact and opinion (where they were (fact) and an interpretation of what they saw (opinion).

Six major social institutions

a. Family - the basic unit of any society and most important b. Education - values and norms are communicated through institutionalized education. c. Political institutions - determine the distribution of power. d. Economic institutions - distribution of wealth e. Religion - provides mores and beliefs that unify a culture. f. Sport - reflects societal values, unifies, and an outlet for aggression.

Define fascism and monarchy.

a. Fascism - a single party state with centralized control focusing on expansion and conquering other nations, typically demanding extreme nationalism. b. Monarchy - led by a hereditary King or Queen, major form of gov. in Europe through most of its history. Still exists today except now as a constitutional monarchy.

Three ideas that drove foreign policy in the early years of the country.

a. Isolationism - the US had no intention of colonization, and would not grow beyond the boundaries of North America. b. No entangling alliances - Washington and Jefferson had no intention of forming permanent alliances or being involved in other countries issues. c. Nationalism - patriotic feeling blossomed after the War of 1812 and the Industrial Revolution allowed people to communicate via telegraph and travel via RR.

Six major principles of government in the Constitution.

a. Federalism - power is divided between state and national gov. b. Limited government - gov powers are limited and individual rights are inviolable by gov. c. Popular sovereignty - gov gets its power by and from the people d. Separation of Powers - gov is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial e. Checks and balances - no branch can act without input from another, and each has the power to check another to balance power. f. Judicial review - courts at all levels can declare laws invalid if they violate state or US constitution. Supreme court is the final authority.

How does federalism affect policy making.

a. Federalism affects policy: 1. Determines whether local, state, or national gov originates policy 2. Affects how policies are made 3. Ensures policy making functions under a set of limitations b. Federalism affects balance of power: 1. Makes it difficult if not impossible for a single party to seize power 2. Ensures individuals can participate in political process at all levels 3. Makes it possible that individuals working in the system can affect policy at some level

Name the players in the Federalist and Anti-Federalist camps.

a. Federalist leaders - Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Wrote a series called the Federalist Papers aimed at convincing the states to ratify the constitution. b. Anti-Fed - Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. Argued against ratification with the Anti-Federalist Papers. c. Compromise consisted of a strong central gov., controlled by checks and balances. A bill of rights was added becoming the first 10 amendments to the constitution.

Development of political parties in the US.

a. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans - formed in the late 1700s and agreed on balance of power between state and national government. b. Democrats and Whigs - developed before the Civil War, based on disagreements over issues such as slavery. c. Democrats and Republicans - developed after the Civil War, centering on treatment of the post-war South.

What is trench warfare.

a. Fighting during WWI was primarily done in trenches along the Eastern and Western fronts. The trenches added up to 24,000 miles, with each side digging about 12,000 miles of trench. b. Fronts extended nearly 400 miles, from Belgium to Switzerland. c. Allies used open air trenches, while the Germans were well equipped with underground living quarters.

Identify the rights outlined in the Bill of Rights.

a. First - freedom of religion, speech, press, and right to assemble b. Second - right to bear arms c. Third - congress can not force individuals to house troops d. Fourth - protection from unreasonable search and seizure e. Fifth - no self-incrimination or double jeopardy f. Sixth - right to criminal trial by jury and legal counsel g. Seventh - right to civil trial by jury h. Eighth - no excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment i. Ninth - prevents the absence of rights not mentioned in the constitution from being taken away j. Tenth - rights not delegated to the national government are held by the states or the people

Importance of the Bill of Rights.

a. First 10 amendments to the constitution that prevent government from infringing on individuals inalienable rights. b. Developed as a response to the way colonists were mistreated by the British government.

How has the voting process changed over the years.

a. First election was held with a public ballot, which facilitated intimidation or influence by groups over individuals. New practices involved pre-registering voters and use of a secret ballot. Introduction of the voting machine in 1892 further privatized voting, however today even the use of high tech electronic means still doesn't dispel the debate about accuracy of voting results.

Obama Presidency to date.

a. First person of African American descent to become President. b. Focus has been on improving conditions for those suffering from the recession. c. Economic bailout of the automobile, banking, and mortgage industry d. Improvements in women's rights e. Moves to broaden gay rights f. Health care reform with the passage of the ACA g. Support for the war in AFG h. Withdrawal of troops from Iraq i. Won a second tightly contested term against Mitt Romney. j. Contention regarding the NSA, phone tapping, and spying on US citizens and neighbors after it was leaked by Edward Snowden. k. The death of Osama bin Laden l. The controversy and cover up of the embassy attack in Benghazi. m. The expanded use of drones during warfare.

First and second phases of the Industrial Revolution.

a. First phase - 1750-1830. Textile industry experienced major changes as more elements of the process became mechanized. Mining benefitted from the steam engine, and transportation became easier with the use of waterways and railroad. b. Second phase - 1830-1910. Industries became more efficient and new industries were introduced such as photography, chemical processes, and electricity became available to produce new goods or improve older goods. Petroleum and hydroelectric became major sources of power.

Major events of the George W. Bush administration.

a. First term election was tightly contested where he lost the popular vote, but won the electoral. Supreme Court had to determine the winner. b. Second term also tightly contested, but won popular and electoral vote c. Challenged by terroristic attack on 9/11, which led to security changes in the US, especially regarding air travel. d. Led to troops being sent to AFG. e. Initiated war with Iraq in March of 2003 under the premise that Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. No weapons were found. f. Last months saw a serious economic meltdown, with dramatic increases in oil and gas prices, and the complete collapse of the mortgage industry.

Define microeconomics.

a. Focuses on the way consumers behave. b. How income is distributed. c. Output and input markets. d. The above factors determine production decisions of producers based on resources and costs.

The importance of the Battle of the Bulge.

a. Following the invasion of Normandy, Allied forces began a push through Europe, gaining considerable ground. b. In December of 1944, Hitler launched a counteroffensive trying to retake Antwerp. It was the largest land battle of the Western Front, and came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes). c. The battle lasted until 28 January 1945, when the Germans were pushed back after successfully making inroads to the Allied front. Heavy losses to both sides, but weakened Germany more.

What is the importance of eCommerce.

a. It allows businesses to deal directly with consumers and suppliers, bypassing middle men. It supplies nearly instantaneous gratification to the consumer on a wide variety of products, and is constantly and rapidly changing.

Major accomplishments of the Ford Presidency.

a. Ford was appointed as Vice President after Nixon's VP was charged with tax evasion. When Nixon resigned due to Watergate, Ford became President. b. Ford saw negotiations with Russia to limit nuclear arms, as well as inflation, and economic downturn, and energy shortage. c. Ford's policies sought to reduce government control of various businesses, and to reduce the role of government overall. d. He also worked to prevent escalation of conflicts in the middle east.

Human systems that form the basis of culture in North America.

a. Formed from groups of native races and a large number of immigrants. b. Functioned for a period under British rule. c. US broke from Britain through violence, while Canada did through diplomacy. d. Agriculture is important, and technology and service industries play a large part in the economy. e. Supports a high standard of living and development, and supports trade throughout the world.

Goals of the Anti-defamation league.

a. Formed in 1913, the league served to prevent anti Semite behavior and practices. It later worked to prevent all forms of racism and discrimination. They spoke out against the KKK, as well as other racist organizations.

Four major actions that improved agriculture during the 1800s.

a. Formed the Dept of Agriculture in 1862, working in the interest of farmers b. The Morrill Land-Grant Acts passed in 1862, allowing land grants. c. The Hatch Act of 1887 set up experimental stations to help discover new farming techniques. d. The Smith-Level Act of 1914 est programs to educate people about food, home economics, community development, and agriculture.

Define the American Civil Liberties Union.

a. Founded in 1920, grew out of the American Union Against Militarism. b. The AUAM helped conscientious objectors avoid going to WWI, as well as those convicted under the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918), many of whom were immigrants. c. Major goal was to protect immigrants and citizens threatened with prosecution for their political beliefs and support of labor unions.

Explain the importance of free press and media.

a. Free speech is guaranteed by the first amendment and allows the media to report on government without fear of retribution. It insures that the people are informed about debates and discussions in congress, and draws attention to injustices and transgressions committed by their government. Media outlets CAN align themselves with a certain political ideology and skew the viewpoint in favor of their belief system.

Define the Emancipation Proclamation.

a. Freed all slaves in Confederate states that did not return to the Union by the beginning of the year. b. The proclamation did not free any slaves under the Union control, it did set the stage for emancipation as the war progressed. c. It worked in the Unions behalf as many freed slaves and other black troops joined the Union Army. Almost 200,000 blacks fought in the Union army, and 10,000 in the Navy. d. By the end of the war, 4M slaves were freed, and in 1865, slavery was banned.

How has the government restricted the First Amendment rights.

a. Freedom of Religion - when religion uses activities that are illegal the government restricts them, such as polygamy, animal sacrifice or drug use. b. Freedom of Speech - restricted if it endangers others, such as yelling fire in a crowded theater. c. Freedom of the Press - prevents the press from publishing falsehoods.

Goals of the French, Spanish, Dutch, and British in colonization of the Americas.

a. French - expanding fur trade. Later focused on plantations, which resulted in slaves being brought to the New World. b. Spanish - came looking for wealth in gold and converting natives to Christianity. Many other established large ranches. c. Dutch - expanding fur trade and importing slaves. d. Britain - Various goals. Some seeking additional income while others were fleeing religious persecution.

Auguste Comte and his sociological theory.

a. French philosopher who first used the term sociology. Major theory was Positivism, which relies entirely on physical data to describe and evaluate human experience, completely discounting metaphysical.

What were the contributions of Montesquieu and Rousseau to political science.

a. French philosophers who heavily influenced the French Revolution. b. Believed policies should change to alleviate existing problems (liberalism). c. Writings such as The Social Contract and the Rights of Man by Rousseau heavily influence the revolution. d. Other beliefs: 1. Individual freedom & community welfare are of equal importance 2. Man's innate goodness leads to natural harmony 3. Reason develops with the rise of a civilized society 4. Individuals carry obligations to the existing government

Define the contributions of Sigmund Freud.

a. Freud was an Austrian doctor who developed a number of theories regarding human processes and behavior. He believed the subconscious to hold repressed experiences that drove behavior without the individual knowing it, and that these motivators could lead to severe personality disorders. He stressed sexual desire. His three major components of an individuals psychological makeup: 1. Id - instinct or basic drives 2. Ego - conscious and self-awareness 3. Superego - strives for perfection and appropriate behavior

Five different forms of unemployment.

a. Frictional - when workers change jobs and are unemployed while waiting for a new job. b. Structural - economic shifts reduce the need for workers. c. Cyclical - business cycles bring about job losses. d. Seasonal - seasonal cycles reduce the need for certain jobs. e. Technological - technology advances result in job elimination.

Define the Progressive Era.

a. From the 1890s to the end of the first World War. b. Progressives believed in workers rights and safety, wanting measures taken against waste and corruption. c. Felt science could help improve society and that government should provide answers to a variety of social problems.

Major elements of Indian civilization.

a. Gave rise to Hinduism and Buddhism, major religions that have found their way to far away places. b. Literature includes the Mahabharata containing the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, Arthashastra, and the Vedas, a collection of sacred texts. c. Indo-European languages, including English, find their beginnings in ancient cultures. Sanskrit is still used in some Hindu practices. Yoga poses are formally referred to by Sanskrit names.

Three branches of the US government and who belongs to each.

a. Legislative - House of Representatives and the Senate. b. Executive - the President, Vice President, presidential advisors and cabinet members. c. Judicial - the federal court system, headed by the Supreme Court

Agreements on post-war Japan.

a. Gen. Douglas MacArthur directed military occupation of Japan after they surrendered. Goal was to remove the military and make the country a democracy. b. The 1947 constitution removed power from the Emperor and gave it to the people, granting voting rights to women as well. c. Japan was no longer allowed to declare war, and 25 personnel were tried for war crimes. d. In 1951 the US signed a peace treaty with Japan which allowed them to rearm for self defense but stripped them of the empire they had built.

What is the geography and climate of Latin America.

a. Geography consists of mountains, plains, and high altitude plateaus. b. Numerous natural resources untapped due to political issues, geographic barriers, and lack of sufficient economic power. c. Climate zones in LA are largely tropical, with rainforests and savannahs.

Define human-environment interaction.

a. Geography studies the way people interact, use, and change their environment. This study can help determine the best course of action when a nation or group wants to change their environment. Study of consequences can help determine if these actions are manageable and if negative results can be mitigated.

Who formed the first administration of the new government.

a. George Washington - the first President elected in 1789 b. John Adams - the first Vice President c. Thomas Jefferson - Sec. of State d. Alexander Hamilton - Sec of Treasury

What led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

a. Germanic tribes controlled most of Europe and the Roman Empire faced major opposition on that front. They refused the Nicene Creed, which made the Roman catholic church label them as heretics. b. The increasing size of the empire made it hard to manage and made the government less effective. c. The Franks defeated the Muslims in 732. In 768, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, and waged several wars against Rome, including the invasion of Britannia by the Anglos and the Saxons. Rome lost control of the area, and eventually Rome itself was invaded.

Define Gestalt Psychology, Social Psychology, and Modern Psychology.

a. Gestalt, dev. by Max Wertheimer, states that events are not considered individually, but as part of a larger pattern. b. Social psychology studies how social conditions affect individuals. c. Modern psychology combines early schools of thought by Freud, Jung, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic and stimulus-response theories.

Four actions by Roosevelt to prevent future crashes and stabilize the economy.

a. Glass-Steagall Act - separates investment from banking b. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) - regulated Wall Street practices c. Wagner Act - provided worker and union rights d. Social Security act of 1935 - provided pensions and unemployment ins.

Describe the most popular map projections.

a. Globe - Earth's features are shown on a sphere. No distortion. b. Mercator - Projects earths features onto a cylinder wrapped around a globe. Generates a rectangular map not distorted at the equator, but at the poles. c. Robinson - projects earths features onto an oval map. Areas are truer at the poles, though some distortion affects every point. d. Orthographic - earths features shown on a circle, tangent to the globe at any point chosen by the mapmaker. Generates a 3D map appearing map. e. Conic - family of maps drawn by projecting the globe onto a cone. f. Polar - land around the poles is projected. Provides less distortion of the land around the North Pole.

The human systems that shaped the culture of East Asia.

a. Governments vary, ranging from democratic to communist. b. Isolationism limited the countries contact with other nations. c. The population consists of 1.5 billion people unevenly distributed with widely diverse ethnic backgrounds, religions, and languages. d. More residents live in urban areas than rural, creating a shortfall in farming and agriculture. e. Japan is the most industrialized country. f. Some countries are suffering from major environmental issues. g. Japan has some of the strictest environmental laws in the world.

How to interpret graphs and diagrams in social science.

a. Graphs show numeric information on both axis. b. Diagrams are drawings showing a progression of events.

Causes of the War of 1812.

a. Grew out of tension and conflict between France and Britain. b. Britain saw the US as backing the French since they continued trade with both countries, and Britain wanted to end the trade with France. c. Madison acted by saying whoever lifted trade restrictions, the US would not trade with the other; France lifted trade restrictions, and the US refused trade with Britain. d. Britain claimed the US was allied with France, and war ensued. e. The war established the supremacy of US Naval Forces and reestablished independence from Britain.

Three major cultural movements of the 20s that influenced African Americans.

a. Harlem Renaissance - African American artists settling in Harlem, NYC, producing a large number of well known artists. b. Growth of Jazz - unconventional and improvisational style matched the growing sense of optimism and exploration of the decade. As an offshoot of the blues, originated in New Orleans, and produced greats such as Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Jelly Roll Morton. c. Big Band and Swing Jazz - and offshoot of Jazz that proved multi cultural, it produced well known artists such as Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, and Ella Fitzgerald.

Major accomplishments of the Hebrew, Persians, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures.

a. Hebrew - developed the monotheistic religion b. Persians - conquerors who allowed those they conquered to keep their own laws, customs and religious traditions. Developed an alphabet, and practiced Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and Gnosticism which has influenced modern religious practices. c. Minoans - used symbolic writing system and built large colorful palaces that included sewage systems, running water, bathtubs, and flushing toilets. Their script has yet to be deciphered. d. Mycenaeans - practices religion that grew into the Greek pantheon, worshipped Zeus and other Olympian gods. Used linear script b, a form of ancient Greek.

Describe the geography and climate of Southern Africa.

a. High elevations south of the Sahara make it difficult for travel or settlement. b. The area is dominated by a series of plateaus, but also mountains and a large rift valley in the east. c. Lakes, rivers, and waterfalls contrast the desert, and tropical climates, including rain forests exist, as do savannahs and steppes. d. Main natural resources are minerals (gems) and water.

Woodrow Wilson's approach to International diplomacy.

a. His referred to his foreign policy as moral diplomacy, which still influences American foreign policy today. He felt that democracy in all countries would lead to worldwide stability, and would be less likely to threaten American interests. b. Saw the US and Britain as role models, as well as champions of peace and self-government. Free trade and international commerce would allow the US to speak out regarding world events. c. Main elements of Wilson's policies: 1. Maintain a strong military 2. Promoting democracy throughout the world 3. Expanding international trade to boost American economy

Discuss the development of the Chinese empires.

a. History was divided into a series of dynasties. The most famous was the Han Dynasty, which existed from 206 BCE to 220 CE. b. Accomplishments of the Chinese empires include: 1. The Great Wall 2. Inventions of paper, paper money, printing and gunpowder 3. High artistic development 4. Silk production c. The accomplishment of the dynasties was comparable to that of Rome in regard to artistic and intellectual endeavors.

Major occurrences of WWII that led to Germany's surrender.

a. Hitler violated the non-aggression pact signed in 1939 with Stalin by invading the USSR in 1941. b. Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill planned to defeat Germany first before taking on Japan. c. 1942-43 the Allies drove the Axis out of Africa, and the Germans were defeated in Stalingrad. d. 1943-45 allied troops liberated Italy. e. June 6, 1944, allies invaded France at Normandy. Soviet forces moved forward on the eastern front, pushing german forces back. f. April 25, 1945, Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, and surrendered on May 7th.

How do the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke relate to political science.

a. Hobbes - wrote Leviathan, believed that people were focused solely on a quest for power, were unable to live harmoniously with one another, and that it was the responsibility of government to control this situation. b. Locke - wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government arguing against Hobbes ideas. Argued that men are essentially good, are born with a blank slate and molded by society/culture, and are independent and equal.

How did attitudes change toward education in the 19th century.

a. Horace Mann - felt that public schools could help children become better citizens, keep them from crime, prevent poverty, and unify American society. His Common School Journal brought his ideas into public consciousness, increasing literacy leading to increased awareness of current events, Western expansion, and other major developments of the time. b. Public interest and participation in the arts and literature also increased. c. By the end of the 19th century, all children had access to a free education.

Human systems that geographers incorporate into study of the earth.

a. Human systems affect geography in the way they settle, form groups that grow into habitations, and create permanent changes in the landscape. b. Track peoples movement, and how they distribute goods among other settlements or cultures, and how ideas grow and spread. c. Migration, war, forced relocation, and trade spread cultural ideas, language, goods and other practices. d. Can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control resources.

Define the political ideologies of David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Johann Fichte and Friedrich Hegel.

a. Hume and Bentham - believed that political goal should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Also believe in empiricism, that ideas should not be believed until the proof was observed. b. John Stuart Mill - British philosopher who believed in progressive policies such as women's suffrage, emancipation, and the dev of labor org and coops. c. Fichte and Hegel - German philosophers who supported liberalism grounded in socialism with a sense of nationalism.

Describe humid continental, marine, steppe, and desert climates.

a. Humid continental climate produces four seasons, with cold winters and hot and humid summers. Productive farmland is found in this region. b. Marine climates are found near water or on islands. Ocean winds make these areas mild and rainy, making summers and winters mild. c. Steppes are prairie climates found far inland on large continents. Summers are hot and winters are cold, rainfall is sparse. d. Desert climates occur when steppe climates receive less rainfall.

How should info be collected and results organized and reported for research papers.

a. Identify a topic that is interesting and strong opinions are not already formed. b. Identify a research question. c. Identify sources for specific information. d. Have a system for clearly identifying sources. e. Information must be acknowledged with footnotes or a bibliography. f. Research bibliographies of general sources to narrow down information specific to his topic. g. Draft a thesis statement that summarizes the main point of the research. h. Develop a working outline. i. A rough draft should be developed that incorporates the results of research with citations. j. The paper is then edited for clarity, style, flow and content.

How does population affect the GDP of a country.

a. If production is low/population high, income per person is low. b. If the population grows quickly/income grows slowly, income remains low or even drops. c. Economic growth requires consumers to purchase goods and workers to produce them. A population that doesn't grow quickly cant produce enough workers to support rapid economic growth.

Define the role of the Federal Reserve.

a. Implements and regulates monetary policy in the US. b. Decreases or increases money avail to slow or stimulate the economy c. Controls the Discount Rate, or the interest rate charged to banks when they borrow money.

Discuss the early labor movements in the 1800s.

a. In 1751, a group of bakers protested by not baking bread; this was technically the first American labor strike. b. Through the 1830s and 40s, labor movements took hold, led by Boston's masons, carpenters, and stoneworkers who protested the length of the work day. c. In 1844, a group of women in textile protested the work day, forming the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.

Define the Tea Act and how it led to the Boston Tea Party.

a. In 1773, Britain passed the Tea Act which allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices and allowed them to bypass American distributors, selling directly to shopkeepers. b. Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their business. c. December of 1773, 150 merchants boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea in protest. d. This protest came to be known as the Boston Tea Party.

Major events and figures of the French Revolution.

a. In 1789 King Louis XVI faced a huge national debt. The Third Estate, or Commons, a division of the French parliament then claimed power. When Louis resisted, it led to the storming of the Bastille. b. The people then established a constitutional monarchy. c. When Louis and Marie Antoinette attempted to flee the country, they were executed. d. From 1793 to 1794, Robespierre and the Jacobins instituted a reign of terror, executing thousands of nobles and anyone considered an enemy of the Revolution. Robespierre himself was executed and the Directory came into power. e. The Directory proved to be incompetent and corrupt, allowing Napoleon Bonaparte to come to power in 1799, first as dictator, then as Emperor.

Define the goals of reconstruction and the Freedmen's Bureau.

a. In 1866, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts, putting the southern states under military control to bring order from chaos that was the aftermath of the Civil War. It was an attempt to ensure civil rights of freed slaves and bring the south back into the Union. b. The Freedmen's Bureau was formed to assist freed slaves to help them become self-sufficient, and to give whites assistance with basic necessities like food and clothing.

The importance of the transcontinental railroad.

a. In 1869, the Union Pacific completed the first section from Omaha, NE, to Sacramento, CA. b. Products were more easily transported across the country. c. It proved positive overall to industry, but detrimental to small family farms, who paid high shipping costs while large companies received large discounts. d. 90% of the workers building the RR were Chinese, working in dangerous conditions for very low pay.

Efforts to support WWI in the US.

a. In 1917, Railroads were placed under gov control with regional directors, which increased efficiency domestically and in support of the military. Returned to private control in 1920. b. In 1918, telegraph, telephone, and cable service came under gov control, returning to private ownership the following year. c. The American Red Cross knitted clothes for both military members and refugees and surgical dressing. Over 8M people participated. d. To support the effort, the US sold Liberty Bonds. In four issues, the sold nearly 25B, purchased by nearly one fifth of all Americans.

Describe the Cuban Missile Crisis.

a. In 1962 Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to protect the island from US invasion. b. U-2 planes photographed missile bases being built in Cuba, and tensions rose as the Soviets were concerned about missiles the US placed in Turkey. c. A naval blockade prevented the missiles from being delivered d. In subsequent negotiations the US offered to remove the missiles from Turkey and sell surplus wheat to the USSR. e. A hotline was installed directly linking the two heads of state to avoid similar incidents in the future.

Define popular sovereignty and how it led to the compromise of 1850.

a. In addition to pro and anti slavery factions, a third party arose that felt like states should be able to chose. This was known as popular sovereignty. b. When CA entered the union, the balance of congressional power was again threatened. The Compromise of 1850 introduced laws to end the conflict: 1. CA was admitted as a free state 2. Slave trade in DC was outlawed 3. An increase in effort to capture escaped slaves 4. NM and UT would decide independently whether or not to allow slavery

Define the development of the Byzantine Empire.

a. In the fourth century, the Roman Empire split, with the eastern portion becoming the Eastern Empire, or the Byzantine Empire. b. In 330, Constantine formed Constantinople, which became the center of the empire. c. Its influences came from Mesopotamia and Persia, vice the Western, which was from Greece and Carthage. d. Its position gave it an advantage over invaders and controlled trade from both regions. It protected the Western Empire from Ottomans and Persians. e. Famous for lavish art and architecture, as well as the Code of Justinian, which made Roman law into a clear system.

Define the four major divisions of the human lifespan.

a. Infancy and Childhood - the most rapid period of human development where the child learns to experience its world and relate to other people. b. Adolescence - period of transition from child to adult consisting of major changes physically and emotionally. c. Adulthood - people take on new responsibilities and become self sufficient, for their own families and social networks. d. Old age - priority shift as children become adults and no longer require support and supervision.

Appropriate situations for using electronic resources and periodicals for reference.

a. Information on the internet is not always screened for bias or accuracy. b. Electronic encyclopedias are acceptable, but not those open to public editing such as Wikipedia. c. Students should be made aware of the reliability of electronic resources. d. Electronic resources can overwhelm students with irrelevant info. e. Periodicals provide current info on social science, but must be screened for bias and accuracy. f. Some bias is important as it shows prevailing culture and standards. g. Periodicals have tighter editorial standards than electronic media. h. Periodicals provide primary source information with interviews and photos.

What human systems shape and influence culture in Southern Africa.

a. Inhabitants are unevenly distributed due to geographical limitations b. AIDS has become a major plague due to beliefs that prevent education about the disease, as well as extreme poverty and unsettled political situations that make it impossible to manage the pandemic. c. Diverse population due to extensive migration. d. Many still rely on subsistence farming. e. Starvation and poverty are rampant due to drought and political instability f. Industrialization is starting in areas with greater resources

Two major types of international organizations.

a. Intergovernmental Org (IGO) - made up of members from various national governments with treaties to determine functions and powers (ex: UN). b. Nongovernmental Org (NGO) - Lies outside the scope of gov and supported through private donations (ex: Red Cross).

Discuss how agriculture changed due to technological advancements in the 19th century.

a. Irrigation techniques were greatly improved. b. Advances in cultivation, breeding, fertilizer and crop rotation. c. In the great plains the dense soil was finally cultivated with steel plows. d. Gasoline powered tractors arrived by 1892, and were widely used by 1900. e. Other advances include combines, silos, deep water wells and cream separators.

How did the Black Death affect medieval politics and economics.

a. It killed one third of the population and ended feudalism as a political system, as many who formerly served as peasants or serfs found different work as the demand for skilled labor grew. b. Nation-states grew in power, and in the face of pandemic, turned away from faith and toward the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome for government.

Describe William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy".

a. It was Taft's attempt to influence Latin America and Asia through economic rather than military means. His justification was to protect the Panama Canal, which was vital to US trade interests. b. Despite assurances that his approach was peaceful, the US still used troops to crush revolts, such as those in Nicaragua.

How is socialization important to individuals.

a. It's how they learn to function within a specific culture or society. Observation of others behavior at an early age and throughout their lifetime teaches them how to behave and interact with others.

Define the contributions of William James and William Wundt to psychology.

a. James founded the worlds first psychology lab, while Wundt published the first experimental psychology journal. 'Introspection' grew out of their work. Their work also helped separate psychology from philosophy.

What caused the Korean War.

a. Japan controlled Korea from 1910 to 1945, when US and Soviet troops occupied the country. b. In 1947, the UN ordered elections to unify the country, but the USSR would not allow it, and set up a Communist gov in the North. c. In 1950, US withdrew its troops, and the N. Korean troops invaded the south. d. The Korean war was the first in which the UN, and any international organization, played a role in the war. e. The war ended in a truce in 1953, and the country remains divided.

What led the US to declare War and enter WWII.

a. Japan invaded China in 1937, causing the US to stop exports to Japan. b. General Tojo rose to power in Japan as the Premier. He quickly recognized the US ability to stop their expansion and authorized the bombing of Pearl Harbor. c. US responded by declaring war on Japan, which caused Germany and Italy to declare war on the US.

Define the Alien and Sedition Acts.

a. John Adams, President and federalist, backed England in a war with France. Jefferson and the Republicans backed France. The US nearly went to war with France during this time period. b. The acts grew out of this conflict, making it illegal to speak in a hostile manner against the gov., also allowing the US to deport anyone 'not a citizen' who was convicted of these laws. c. When Jefferson was elected in 1800, he repealed the laws and pardoned people convicted under these laws.

The candidates for the Presidential election in 1860 and their views on slavery.

a. John Breckenridge, a southern Democrat, was pro slavery. b. Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, was anti slavery. c. Stephen Douglas, a Northern Democrat, thought the issue should be decided by each state. d. John Bell, a Constitutional Union Party, wanted to keep the union intact.

Discuss Harpers Ferry and John Brown.

a. John Brown - an abolitionist who was active in anti-slavery actions prior to the civil war. Was notorious for killing five pro-slavery men after Lawrence, KS, was sacked, and for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. b. Harper's Ferry - a federal arsenal that contained guns and ammunition. Brown intended to lead a slave revolt with the seized weapons, but was captured by Robert E. Lee, along with 22 accomplices, and hanged.

Define Empiricism.

a. John Locke, a major proponent of empiricism, states that all knowledge is acquired through life experiences, and that the mind is a blank slate at the time of birth.

Define behaviorism.

a. John Watson developed the idea that growth, learning, and training would always win out over innate tendencies. He believed anyone could perform any type of art, craft, or enterprise with training and experience.

What is Knowledge Economy.

a. Knowledge economy is a growing sector of developing countries that many one day rival the Agri and Industrial Revolutions consisting of: 1. Data 2. Intellectual property 3. Technology (primarily communication)

Compare 10th century events in the East and West.

a. Known as the Dark Ages in Europe, numerous Viking raids disrupted society. Vikings settled in northern France, eventually becoming the Normans. b. By the 11th century, Europe would rise again into the High Middle Ages with the beginnings of the crusades. c. In China, wars raged, causing the use of gunpowder in warfare for the first time. d. In the Americas, the Mayan empire was winding down while the Toltecs became more prominent. e. In the east, Muslims and the Byzantine Empire were experiencing a great period of growth and development.

Four factors of production.

a. Labor (v) b. Land (f) c. Capital d. Entrepreneurship.

Explain Factor income.

a. Labor - wages b. Capital - interest c. Land - rent d. Entrepreneurs - profit

Human systems that have shaped North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia.

a. Largely desert climate forcing most populations to develop around water sources b. Most areas were parceled out as European colonies after thousands of years of being huge independent civilizations c. The 20th century saw many of these countries gain their independence d. Islam served as the unifying force in many of these areas e. Agriculture is the big business, but the most valuable resource is oil f. Centuries of conflict has led to political instability, which contribute to the environmental issues

Major events of WWI.

a. Lasted from 1914 to 1918 and fought largely in Europe. b. Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian national. c. US initially declared neutral by Pres Wilson, however the following acts influence US participation: 1. Sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat in 1915, killing 1,000, including 100 Americans. 2. German U-boat aggression in attacking US merchant ships that were shipping supplies to Germany's enemies. 3. Zimmerman note - a telegram intercepted from Germany to Mexico asking for its assistance if it invades the US.

Discuss the end of the Cold War.

a. Late 80s, Mikhail Gorbachev ruled the Soviet Union, introducing a series of reform programs (Perestroika and Glasnost). b. During this period, the Berlin Wall came down ending the separation. c. Soviet Union relinquished power over several republics of E. Europe, allowing them to become independent nations.

Responsibilities of the three branches of government.

a. Legislative - law making. Also responsible for regulating money and trade, approving presidential appointments, propose amendments to the constitution, and impeach the president. Only congress can declare war. b. Executive - carries out laws, treaties, and war declarations. Veto bills passed by congress, and serve as Commander in Chief. Appoints cabinet members, ambassadors, and federal judges. c. Judicial - makes decisions on whether laws passed by congress meet the requirements of the constitution. Also reviews decisions by lower courts.

Five significant battles of the Revolutionary War.

a. Lexington and Concord, April 1775 - considered the first engagement. b. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 1775 - bloodiest of the war. Although American troops withdrew, nearly half the British army was lost. c. Battle of Trenton, Dec 1776 - first colonial victory when George Washington and his troops crossed the Deleware on Christmas Day to surprise the British and Hessian troops. d. Battle of Saratoga, Sep 1777 - ended the British attempt to separate the north from the south, and forced the surrender of the British General John Burgoyne. This led to the French joining the war as colonial allies. e. Battle of Yorktown, Oct 19, 1781 - General Cornwallis surrendered after the defeat, ending the war.

Four main political orientations.

a. Liberal - gov should work to increase equality even at the expense of some freedoms. Gov should assist those in need, and focus on enforced social justice and free education for everyone. b. Conservative - gov should be limited, and allow citizens to solve their own problems before gov intervention. Business should not be overregulated allowing a free market. c. Moderate - incorporates some liberal and some conservative ideas. d. Libertarian - gov should be limited to protecting life and liberty of citizens.

Geography and climate of SE Asia.

a. Lies predominantly on the equator, with half being island nations. b. The islands feature mountains that considered part of the ring of fire. c. SE Asia boasts many rivers as well as abundant natural resources, including gems, fossil fuels, and minerals. d. There are two seasons: wet and dry. The wet season arrives with monsoons. e. SE Asia is primarily a tropical rainforest climate and tropical savannahs

Summarize the Minoan civilization.

a. Lived on the isle of Crete, reigning from 2700 to 1450. b. Developed a writing system called Linear A that has yet to be translated. c. Minoans was not the name they chose, but a variation on King Minos, a king in Greek mythology believed to have lived on Crete. d. Subsisted on trade. Their lives were often disrupted by earthquakes and volcanoes. e. Little is known about their culture, but they did eventually fall to Greek invaders and was supplanted by the Mycenaean civilization.

Define macroeconomics.

a. Looks at economic trends on a national level (aka GDP). Variables include: 1. Output 2. Consumption 3. Investment 4. Gov. spending 5. Net exports

What are the five major characteristics of a developing nation.

a. Low GDP b. Rapid growth of population c. Economy that depends on subsistence agriculture d. Poor living conditions that include high infant mortality, disease, s anitation and insufficient housing. e. Low literacy rate

Describe climates as they are divided according to latitude.

a. Low latitude, from 0 to 23.5 degrees 1. Desert - hot, dry climate, sparse rainfall, 50+ degree temp flux 2. Savannah - experience dry winters and wet summers. 3. Rainforest - experience high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall b. Middle latitude, from 23.5 to 66.5 c. High latitude, from 66.5 to the poles

Discuss human development from the Lower Paleolithic to the Iron Age.

a. Lower paleo - about one million years ago, use of stone tools like needles, hatchets, awls and cutting tools. b. Upper paleo - 6,000-8,000 BCE, aka the Neolithic, textiles and pottery are developed. Discovered the wheel, practiced agriculture, made polished tools, and domesticated some animals. c. Bronze Age - 3,000 BCE, metals are discovered and civilizations emerge. d. Iron Age - 1,000 BCE, metal tools replace stone tools as smelting is developed.

Technological advances in navigation and seafaring.

a. Magnetic compass - used by Chinese navigators for some time before being used by European explorers. b. Astrolabe - came to European explorers from Arab navigators who refined the designs initially made by the Greeks. c. Caravel - a ship designed by the Portuguese in the 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys.

Identify main ideas in a document.

a. Main ideas often found in the topic sentence. b. Each following sentence should relate to the initial information. c. All sentences in the first paragraph should be read for common theme if the first or second sentence doesn't clearly identify the main idea. d. Main ideas can be found by analyzing the structure of the document. e. Each paragraph typically discusses one of the main ideas and contributes to the overall document. f. The way that main ideas are described in a document depends on the length of the document.

Define Feudalism.

a. Major element of social and economic life, it assured that rulers could have a quick way to raise an army when necessary. b. Vassals swore loyalty to lords and promised to provide military service. Lords in turn offered a fief (a parcel of land) for them to use. c. Vassals could work the land themselves or have them worked by peasants or serfs (workers with no rights who were little more than slaves). d. The king legally owned the land, but in return would protect the vassals from invasion and war. e. Vassals gave a percentage of their incomes to Lords, who in turn gave a portion to the king. f. A similar practice was Manorialism, where the feudal system was applied to a self contained manor. These manors were owned by the lords who ran them, and included the same system of loyalty and military service that drove feudalism.

Define Manifest Destiny.

a. Many believed that it was destined by God to expand west. b. The NW Ordinance and the Louisiana Purchase gave the US the ability to control half of the continent. c. The rapid expansion brought conflict with Native Americans, Britain, Mexico and Spain, which resulted in the Mexican-American War. d. Conflict with Britain arose over Oregon, shared by Britain and the US. A compromise established the northern boundary of the US south of the 49th parallel.

Explain the significance of the Treaty of Paris.

a. Signed Sep 3, 1783, it brought an end to the American Revolution. b. Britain officially recognized the US as an independent nation. c. Established the Mississippi River as the western boundary. d. Restored Florida to Spain. e. France reclaimed African and Caribbean colonies f. Last British troops left Nov 24, 1783.

Three factors that led to discontent in the American colonies.

a. Many colonists were born in the Americas, decreasing a sense of kinship with England. Their new environment led to new ideas about gov. b. Colonists were allowed to self-govern, but not control international issues. Their own government gave them a sense of independence from Britain, resenting the control the British exercised. c. Threats during the French-Indian War led colonists to call for unification to protect themselves.

What led to the development of political parties.

a. Many were against political parties due to their experiences with Britain. b. Different opinions of Jefferson and Hamilton led to rise of parties, with Hamilton favoring a strong centralized gov., while Jefferson wanted power to rest with the states. c. As other members joined camps, they began to refer to themselves as Federalists (Hamilton) or Dem-Rep (Jefferson).

Two major types of consumer behavior in macroeconomics.

a. Marginal propensity to consume - when consumers make more, they spend more b. Utility - the satisfaction a consumer has with a good or service

Compare a planned economy to a market economy.

a. Market economy - supply and demand are determined by the consumer b. Planned economy - a public entity determines what will be produced, how it will be produced, the means of production and who will benefit.

Three steps used to evaluate a market for a product.

a. Market research - researching a market to determine if it will be receptive b. Market surveys - ask specific questions of specific groups about a product c. Test marketing - releasing a product in a small geographical area to see how it performs.

Define marketing and the four types of utility.

a. Marketing is the process of convincing consumers to acquire goods. b. The ability of a product to satisfy a need is called utility. The four utilities: 1. Form - about physical characteristics 2. Place - Location and convenience 3. Time - availability at a certain time 4. Ownership - passed to the consumer

How did US Cold War foreign policy affect international relations, especially with the USSR.

a. Marshall Plan - sent aid to Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism b. Containment - proposed by George Kennan, focused on containing the spread of soviet communism. c. Truman Doctrine - Harry Truman stated the US would give economic and military support to any country threatened by soviet takeover. d. National Security Act - passed in 1947, created the Dept of Defense, CIA, and the NSC.

Discuss McCulloch vs Maryland.

a. Maryland voted to tax any bank outside of MD that did business within the state. McCulloch, a federal bank employee, refused to pay the tax on behalf of the Second Bank of the US. b. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress could charter a national bank, and that Maryland did not have the right to tax the bank or the federal government. c. Established the precedent that when national and state governments collide, the Federal gov. would prevail.

What were the results of the Holocaust and the actions by the UN.

a. Massive loss of human life and culture by the Jewish and Gypsy cultures. b. The UN recognized genocide as a crime against humanity, and passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in order to specify what rights the organization protected. c. Nazi war criminals faced justice during the Nuremberg Trials, where individuals rather than the government were held accountable.

What are the contributions of Margaret Mead to sociology.

a. Mead studied sexual beliefs and norms among S. Pacific and S.E. Asian cultures. She also studied how children were raised in different cultures, and how breastfeeding was viewed among different cultural groups. Her work popularized sociology.

Describe the German Blitzkrieg.

a. Meaning lightening war, consisted of fast and powerful surprise attacks that rendered retaliation difficult and demoralized its foes. b. The Battle of Britain brought intense air raids that targeted British air force bases. After two years the Royal Air Force finally stopped the Luftwaffe, ending Germany's hopes for conquering Britain.

Define the Renaissance and its characteristics.

a. Means rebirth. After the dark ages and the Black Death, interest rose in the beliefs and politics of ancient Greece and Rome. b. Art, literature, music, science and philosophy burgeoned during this period. c. Many ideas started in Florence, Italy, with the Medici family. Education expanded to include law, math, reading, writing, and classical greek works. As the Renaissance progressed, art and literature were presented in a more realistic way.

The significance of the Second Continental Congress.

a. Met May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord, to discuss defense of the colonies, the growing war, local gov., and declaring independence from Britain. b. They established an Army, and on June 15, named George Washington as the Commander in Chief. c. By 1776 there was full scale war with Britain, and on July 4, drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Goals of the First Continental Congress.

a. Met Sep 5, 1774, with a goal to achieve a peaceful agreement with Britain. b. Consisted of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies. c. Confirmed loyalty to Britain and the right of International affairs, however demanded repeal of the Intolerable Acts, and embargoed Britain until this came to pass. d. George III declared the colonies must submit or face military action, seeking to end assemblies opposing their policies. e. On April 19, 1775, the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly, where a battle ensued in Lexington as armed colonists resisted. f. The resulting battles of Lexington and Concord became the first battles of the American Revolution.

Name the Middle Atlantic Colonies and their economies.

a. Middle Atlantic Colonies: 1. New York 2. New Jersey 3. Pennsylvania 4. Delaware b. Unlike the New England colonies that were English or Scottish, most middle colony founders were from countries like the Netherlands or Sweden. c. More fertile than New England, the Middle colonies produced crops of oats, rye, potatoes, wheat and barley. Some large farm owners were able to produce enough surplus to sell.

What is the geography and climate of East Asia.

a. Mineral resources are plentiful but not evenly distributed. b. Coastlines are long, with a large population, but sparse farmlands, making oceans a major source of sustenance. c. Large area that encompasses several climate regions. Ocean currents provide milder climates, while monsoons provide the majority of rainfall. Typhoons are common, as are earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.

What is the Missouri Compromise and did it affect north-south relations.

a. Missouri was allowed to enter the Union as a slave state only when the northern part of Massachusetts was brought into the Union as a free state, maintaining status quo. b. The Louisiana Purchase was to remain free north of the 36 degree, which was acceptable as it wasn't amenable to cotton crops. c. Missouri constitution forbade free blacks from entering the state, which was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court at the request and challenge of Henry Clay.

History of Islam and in unifying the Middle East.

a. Mohammed became prominent in 610 CE leading his followers in a religion known as Islam, which means submission to God's will. b. Before Mohammed, the ME was largely Bedouins. c. Mohammed conquered Mecca and took over the Kaaba, a temple that served as the center of Nomadic religions. He declared it most sacred, and Mecca the holy city. d. His writings became the Qur'an, revelations he said were given to him by the angel Gabriel. e. His teaching gave the people unity that had not previously existed. After his death, Muslims of Arabia conquered vast territory, bringing advances in literature, technology, science and art. f. Later Islam split into two factions, Sunni and Shiite, who still fight today.

Government policies that mitigate inflation and unemployment.

a. Monetary - amount of funds available to banks (% rates) b. Contractionary - increase taxes and decrease gov. spending c. Expansionary - decrease taxes and increase gov. spending

What is the types and functions of money.

a. Money should be scarce, stable, easily carried, durable, and easy to divide b. Money is used in three ways: 1. As an accounting unit. 2. As a store of value. 3. As an exchange medium. c. Three types of money: 1. Commodity - gems or precious metals 2. Representative - exchange for items such as gold or silver 3. Flat - no inherent value except as declared by a Gov.

Three major events of the Civil Rights movement.

a. Montgomery Bus Boycott - 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Tried and convicted of disorderly conduct. b. Desegregation of Little Rock - 1957, Brown vs Board of Education declared separate but equal illegal. Arkansas school board voted to desegregate the schools, but the governor brought in guard troops to deny nine black students entry. Pres Eisenhower federalized the guard, ordered them to stand down, and sent in federal troops to enforce the SC decision. c. Birmingham Campaign - city declared protests illegal after several sit ins and marches occurred to launch a voting campaign. Martin Luther King persisted and he and others were arrested and jailed.

Major events that brought the North and South into conflict.

a. Most farmers in the south worked small farms with little to no slave labor. b. Large plantations depended heavily on slave labor or indentured service to remain profitable. c. Plantations had become more reliant on cotton as a cash crop. d. In the north a diverse agriculture made slaves rare. e. The abolitionist movement grew steadily, with Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin giving many an idea to rally around. f. A collection of anti-slavery organizations formed, which actively worked to free the slaves in the south, bringing them north.

Importance of the atomic bomb during WWII.

a. Most powerful bomb ever invented at the time, had the capability to destroy an entire city. b. Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war with Japan, killing over 200,000 and many more from radiation poisoning. c. Post-war races to develop similar powers by other countries haunt international relations today.

Describe the geography and climate of North America.

a. Mountain ranges, fertile plains, lakes and waterways. b. Climate consists of four seasons in median areas, tropical climates in the south, and arctic climates in the north. c. Human intervention has greatly influenced the productivity of agriculture

Define features of mountains, hills, plains and valleys.

a. Mountains - 2,000 feet or more above sea level, steep and rugged, usually occur in chains or ranges. Six of seven continents have at least one. b. Hills - 500-2,000 feet above sea level. Rounded and found everywhere. c. Plains - large flat areas usually very fertile. Most crops are grown here. d. Valleys - lie between hills and mountains. Vary from fertile to rugged.

Discuss NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and the Berlin Wall.

a. NATO - came into being in 1949 as an agreement between the US and Western Europe countries that an attack on one is an attack on all. b. Warsaw Pact - under the influence and auspices of the USSR, Eastern European countries of Russia, Bulgaria, E Germany, Poland, Romania, Albania, and Czechoslovakia formed a pact with a similar agreement as NATO c. In 1961 a wall was built separating Communist East Berlin from Democratic West Berlin. This philosophy of separation was known as the Iron Curtain.

Define decolonization.

a. Nationalism caused many colonies in Asia and Africa to declare their independence from Europe. This period lasted until the 1960s. b. While some countries were successful, many countries still struggle today with economic and government issues as a result of decolonization.

Four types of monopolies.

a. Natural - a single supplier has an advantage over others b. Geographic - one business offers the product in a certain area c. Technological - one company controls the IT necessary to supply a prod. d. Government - government is the only supplier of a prod or service

Five techniques psychologists use in research.

a. Naturalistic observation - study people without interference b. Surveys c. Case study - individuals or groups are studied in-depth over time d. Experimental - use of experimental and control groups to prove or disprove a theory e. Correlational design - concerned with relationships between variables, such as how one factor causes or influence another

Measures taken by the US government to limit immigration in the 19th century.

a. Naturalization Act, 1870 - US citizenship allowed only to whites and those of African descent. b. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - put limits on Chinese migration. c. Immigration Act of 1882 - taxed immigrants 50 cents per person to help pay for regulating immigration. d. Ellis Island - opened in 1892 as a processing center for those arriving in New York. e. Emergency Quota Act, 1921 - severely limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country.

Explain the Sumer and the Sumerian culture.

a. Sumer was located in the southern part of Mesopotamia and consisted of a dozen city-states. Its legacies include: 1. Invention of writing 2. Invention of the wheel 3. The first library 4. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 5. First written laws 6. Epic of Gilgamesh - first epic story in history

Effects of new laws on British-Colonial relations following the French and Indian War.

a. New laws enacted after 1763 required colonists to pay Britain. The English government felt this was fair as they (the Brits) had protected the colonists. The colonists considered it unfair and illegal. b. The development of local government gave colonists new ideas of governing. This made it difficult for the British government to understand why colonists protested the resolution to Englands financial problems.

Explain what led to the Boston Massacre.

a. Nine colonies met in New York to demand repeal of the Stamp Act, which resulted in protests in other cities, sometimes turning violent, and targeting ruling British officials. b. The Townshend Act of 1767 led to additional tensions, prompting the Brits to send troops to New York and Boston. c. On March 5, 1770, protestors taunted the troops with snowballs. The troops responded by firing into the crowd, killing five and wounding eight. d. Came to be known as the Boston massacre, prompting Britain to repeal most of the Townshend Acts.

The major objections against ratification of the Constitution.

a. Nine states needed to approve the document for it to be legal. b. Debate included: 1. The lack of a bill of rights protecting individual freedoms 2. States felt too much power was being given to the fed. Gov. 3. Voters wanted more control over elected representatives.

Four processes from which political candidates are chosen.

a. Nominating convention - party members meet to nominate candidates. The DNC and RNC are examples. b. Caucuses - meetings attended by party leaders. Some state still use... c. Primary elections - publicly held election to choose candidates. d. Petitions - gathering of signatures to put a candidate on the ballot.

What ancient cultures existed in the Americas.

a. Norte Chico - A Peruvian agriculture society of approx. 20 individual communities that existed over 5,000 years ago. Oldest in the Americas. b. Anasazi - Ancient Pueblo people of the SW US, emerging about 1200 BCE, built complex adobe dwellings. c. Maya - emerged in S. Mexico around 2600 BCE. They developed a written language and complex calendar.

Compare the advantages of the North and South during the Civil War.

a. North: 1. Larger population, with 24 states to the souths 11. 2. Better transportation and finances. 3. More raw material. b. South: 1. Better trained military officers (West Point Grads) 2. Culturally more familiar with guns and horse riding 3. Defensive position. South was defending and north invading 4. Well defined goals. Fought war to self govern and defend way of life

Describe economic trends in different regions of the developing US.

a. Northeast - depended on manufacturing industry and development. Led to a dichotomy of rich business owners and leaders and the poor workers. b. South - agriculture, specifically large scale plantations worked by slaves. c. West - as new settlements developed, the wild land consisted of mainly agriculture and raising of livestock.

Define the Second Great Awakening.

a. Occurred between 1800-1830, led by Protestant evangelists who were focused on personal responsibility, both as an individual and in response to suffering and injustice. b. Another movement associated with the SGA was the temperance movement focused on ending the production and use of alcohol. b. Several missionary groups and new denominations arose, including the American Home Missionary Society, Latter Day Saints, and Seventh Day Adventists.

Explain cartographic distortion.

a. Occurs when a three dimensional structure is projected onto a two dimensional surface of a map. b. Maps that preserve direction are azimuthal. c. Maps that preserve shapes are conformal. d. Area preserving maps are equal area. e. Distance preserving maps are so named. f. Maps that preserve the shortest routes are gnomonic.

Define oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and canals.

a. Oceans - the largest bodies of water on earth, cover 2/3 of the earths surface, and are salty. Four oceans: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic b. Seas - generally salty, smaller than oceans, and surrounded by land, such as the Mediterranean, Caribbean, and Caspian c. Lakes - freshwater found inland. 60% of all lakes are located in Canada d. Rivers - moving bodies of water that flow from higher to lower elevations. Start as rivulets and streams and grow until they empty into a sea or ocean e. Canals - manmade waterways connecting two large bodies of water

Why is Aristotle important to the science of Psychology.

a. Often cited as founding the science of Psychology due to his interest in working with the human mind. Felt that the mind was part of the body, but the psyche was a receiver of knowledge, and the focus was to uncover the soul.

Define the Monroe Doctrine.

a. On Dec 2, 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was delivered to Congress stating that no new European colonies would be tolerated in the New World, and as a courtesy, the US would stay out of European affairs.

The importance of the Kushite culture in history.

a. Once the largest empire on the Nile, surpassing Egypt. b. Lived in villages made of mud, practicing hunting, fishing, cultivating grain, and herding cattle. c. Leadership was determined through matrilineal descent of their kings. Their heads of state were female. d. Their religion was primarily Egyptian gods, regional gods, and a lion god, typically found in African culture. e. Kush were a mix of Mediterranean of Negroid people. They were conquered by the Nubia in 800 BCE.

Describe the Maurya Empire.

a. One of the largest and most powerful empires ever in India to rule the subcontinent, existed from 322 to 185 BCE. b. Ruled by Chandragupta after the withdrawal of Alexander the Great, the empire was highly developed including a standardized economic system, waterworks, and private corporations. c. Trade with the Greeks was common, including silk, exotic foods, and spices. d. Religious development included the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. e. Laws not only protected civil and social rights of citizens, but also protected animals such as elephants, lions, and tigers. f. A peaceful time due to the Buddhist beliefs of its leaders, the empire finally fell after a succession of weak leaders. It was taken over by Demetrius, a Greco-Bactrian king who took advantage of the lapse in leadership to conquer Afghanistan and Pakistan around 180 BCE.

Describe how to analyze artifacts.

a. Students should be provided with a description of the item. b. This description should tell the period and the culture that used the item. c. Discussion should begin about what it is, its composition, possible uses, and the people who used it. d. They should then draw conclusions about life in that culture. e. Interpretation will vary depending on the artifact.

Major developments in Africa through the 11th century.

a. Only a few places were amenable to habitation. b. Egypt was important even as the northern coast became Muslim as their armies moved through the area. c. Ghana rose as a trade center in the 9th century for three centuries trading in gold and salt. d. Mali rose later, with Timbuktu becoming an exporter of iron, leather, and tin, as well as trading in agriculture e. Islam dominated, and technology advancement was sparse. f. African culture was largely a result of migration, as Arab merchants settled on the continent. Scholars from the Muslim world moved to Timbuktu, which in addition to a trade center, became a place to seek knowledge and education.

What was the effect of Viking invasions on England and Europe.

a. Originating in Scandinavia, they were accomplished seafarers. Due to overpopulation, they began to travel. b. From the 8th to the 11th century, they spread throughout Europe. c. Vikings invaded northern France in 10th century, becoming Normans. d. Vikings invaded England in several waves, including the Anglo-Saxon invasions that displaced Roman control. e. Their influenced remained and changed the language, place names, government and social structure. f. By 900 they settled in Iceland. They proceeded to Greenland and eventually North America centuries before the Spanish and British claimed the lands. g. They traded with the Byzantine empire until the 11th century when the level of activity came to an end.

Define parliamentary and democratic systems of government.

a. Parliamentary - government involves a legislature with a variety of political parties. The head of gov., usally a PM, is the head of the dominant party. A head of State can be elected or can by taken by a monarch. b. Democratic - people elect their gov. representatives. Two forms of democracy: 1. Direct - each issue is decided by a vote where each individual is counted separately. 2. Indirect - employs a legislature that votes on issues that affect large numbers of people whom they represent.

How do communities develop and what elements are needed to support them.

a. People form groups with others who are similar to them. They typically share values, a common language, and similar cultural and religious beliefs. b. These elements are needed for a community to develop: 1. Easy access to resources such as food and water 2. Ability to transport raw materials and goods 3. Room to house a sufficient work force

Four types of market structures in an output market.

a. Perfect competition - all existing firms sell an identical product and are not able to control the final price. It is not difficult to enter or leave the industry. (agriculture). b. Monopoly - a single seller controls the price, there are barriers to entry, and high costs keep others from joining the industry. c. Monopolistic competition - many firms sell similar but not identical products (clothes or food). d. Oligopoly - only a few firms control the production and distro of products. High costs prohibit entry.

Define prehistory.

a. Period of human history before writing was developed. b. Three major periods: 1. Lower Paleolithic - crude tools 2. Upper Paleolithic - Humans develop wide variety of tools, wear clothes, organize in groups, practice art. Most lived in caves. 3. Neolithic - complex social structures, sense of family and idea of religion and government. Domesticated animals and produced crops.

Define physical and cultural geography.

a. Physical - the study of the physical characteristics of the earth, how they form, how they relate, and how they are changed. It includes climate, land, water, and how they affect human populations. b. Cultural - study of how physical geography affects individual cultures, and how cultures affect their geographical location.

Provisions of the National Origins Act of 1924.

a. Placed limits on immigration due to nationality of the immigrant. b. No more than two percent of each nationalities 1890 population were allowed to migrate. Led to great disparities between immigrants, and no Asian immigration was allowed. c. The impetus for the act was the paranoia centering on the Russian Revolution.

Define plateaus, deserts, deltas, mesas, basins, foothills, marshes and swamps.

a. Plateaus - elevated but flat on top. Some are extremely dry. b. Deserts - Large dry areas that receive less than 10 inches of rain per year. c. Deltas - occurs at the mouth of rivers. Sediment carried by the river makes the land very fertile. d. Mesas - flat steep sided mountains or hills. e. Basins - area of low elevation where rivers drain f. Foothills - transition area between plains and mountains consisting of hills that gradually increase in size as they approach the mountain range g. Marshes and swamps - lowlands that are wet and covered in vegetation

Major political, social, and economic side effects of the Industrial Revolution.

a. Political - led to widespread education and development of mass communication in the political arena. b. Economic - conflicts arose between companies and employees, demanding fair wages and treatment. Led to the advent of unions who gained power and became active. Increased gov regulation, but businesses fought back arguing free enterprise. c. Social - Populations increased around centers of industry. Cities became larger and more densely populated. Scientific advancement led to more efficient agriculture, greater supply of goods, increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation, leading to better overall health.

Five major study areas covered by sociology.

a. Population studies. Observing the patterns of groups in a certain area. b. Social behaviors. How behaviors change over time. c. Cultural influences. How they are influenced by art, religion, language, and learning. d. Social Change. How technology, war, other major events change society. e. Social institutions. How major institutions change over time to fit societal needs, such as church, government, business and schools.

Explain factors leading to the growth of the Civil Rights Movement and six major figures.

a. Post-war US was experiencing rapid growth and prosperity. b. African-Americans were being left behind. Followed the lead of Mahatma Ghandi in organizing peaceful protests to demand equal rights. The leaders: 1. Rosa Parks - mother of the civil rights movement, refused to give up her seat to a white man. 2. Martin Luther King - Led a march on Washington in 1963, received the noble prize in 68, and was assassinated that same year. 3. Malcolm X - espoused less peaceful means of changed, became a black muslim, and supported black nationalism. 4. Stokely Carmichael - invented "black power" and served as head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Took pride in black culture, pushed for separate political and social institutions for blacks. 5. Adam Powell - chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment, led rent strikes and bus boycotts to push for hiring of blacks. 6. Jesse Jackson - led the Chicago Operation Breadbasket in 1966, and went on to organize boycotts and other actions. Ran unsuccessfully for President.

Define the Articles of Confederation.

a. Precursor to the Constitution, it was the first attempt at establishing the basics of independent government. b. Passed Nov 15, 1777, they went into effect Mar 1, 1781 following ratification by the 13 states. c. Prevented central gov from gaining too much power, instead empowering a congress elected by the people, with the states retaining final authority. d. With no central executive, it was too weak to be effective in settling disputes or enforcing laws. Led to the drafting of the constitution.

The significance of Lewis and Clark expedition.

a. Pres Jefferson wanted the US mapped out for the new Louisiana Purchase territory. He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the expedition. b. After two years, Lewis and Clark returned, having traveled all the way to the Pacific. They brought maps and journals and other information about the expanse. c. Opened up the west for further exploration and settlement.

Explain Marbury vs Madison and the development of the Supreme Court.

a. President John Adams made several appoints of federalist judges to the Supreme Court in the days and hours before Pres. Jefferson, an anti-federalist, was to take office, in a move known as the "Midnight Judges". One of his last appt was on 3 March, the day before Jefferson was to take office. b. On 4 March, Jefferson ordered his Sec of State, James Madison, not to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued. c. The Supreme Court, and CJ John Marshall determine that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal that it gave the judicial branch powers not granted in the constitution. d. Served as the precedent for the SC to nullify laws it found unconstitutional

Three phases of Reconstruction.

a. Presidential - Pres Johnson was lenient on the south and allowed continued discrimination and control over blacks. b. Congressional - provided a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over southern government. Marked by military control of former confederate states. c. Redemption - gradually southern states were readmitted to the union. During this time white Democrats took over most of the south. Troops finally departed the south in 1877.

Describe the Presidential and Socialism as forms of government.

a. Presidential - similar to parliamentary with a legislature and political parties, but there is no difference between head of state and head of government. b. Socialism - State provides social services to citizens and guides the economy. It also controls the production of goods, though it may not own all the means of production.

Five major classifications of social groups

a. Primary - need for support, such as family and friends. b. Secondary - need to complete a task. c. Reference - form identity d. In and Out groups - oppose and/or exclude each other. e. Social networks - provide links to large groups of other individuals.

Compare and contrast primary and secondary resources for research.

a. Primary resources: 1. Provide information about an event from people who were at the event. 2. Information from the period might show the social setting or how things were viewed at that time. 3. The internet is a primary source, but the website must be evaluated for the perspective. Websites hosted by individuals or special interest groups are typically biased as opposed to news organizations or government sponsored sites. b. Secondary resources: 1. Provide information about an event but weren't written at the time the event took place. 2. They draw information from primary sources. 3. Have the additional advantage of historical perspective. 4. Magazines that write about events even a week later are counted as secondary sources. 5. They tend to analyze events more effectively than primary sources.

US policy toward immigrants after WWII.

a. Prior to the war, US limited immigration for decades. b. Following the war, policy shifted slightly to favor European refugees. c. In 1952 the Presidents Escapee Program and the 1953 Refugee Relief Act allowed refugees from communist Europe into the US. d. The Internal Security Act of 1950 allowed deportation of declared communists and Asians based on quota. e. Migration and Refugee Asst Act helped assist refugees in need, 1962. f. Immigration Act ended quotas of national origin. g. Immigration Reform and Control Act prohibited the hire of illegal immigrants, but also granted amnesty to 3M already in the country.

Four major elements of a marketing plan.

a. Product - elements related to the product, including packaging, presentation, or services. b. Price - cost of production, distro, advertising and desired profit c. Place - what outlets will be used to sell the product (stores/internet) d. Promotion - advertising to consumers through multiple mediums

Define psychology as a scientific discipline.

a. Psychology correlates human behavior and can use this data to predict future behavior. By observing patterns and recording them in detail, psychologists can apply patterns to predictions about human behavior in individuals, groups, cultures or even countries.

Growth of the labor movement in the 19th century.

a. Pullman Strike, 1864 - Workers, led by Eugene Debs, struck against the Pullman Palace Car Co, after they cut wages by 28 percent. Pres Cleveland called in troops to break up the strike, saying it affected mail delivery. b. The Homestead Strike, 1892 - first large, well organized strike, when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck against Carnegie Steel. Gunfire ensued, and Carnegie was able to eliminate the plants union. c. Children's Crusade, 1902 - Mary Harris Jones, aka Mother Jones, organized a march to the home of Pres Roosevelt protesting child labor. She also worked with the United Mine Workers and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World.

Four Acts of the British parliament after the French and Indian Wars.

a. Quartering Act (1765) - required colonists to house British troops. b. Sugar Act (1764) - tax molasses and sugar brought into the colonies, and the right to search homes if suspected of possessing these items. c. Stamp Act (1765) - taxed printed material such as newspapers and legal documents. Protests led to its repeal in 1766. d. The Townshend Acts (1767) - taxed paper, paint, lead and tea in the colonies.

Compare radical and moderate Republicans.

a. Radical republicans wanted to treat the south harshly, like territories, with 10 years of military rule before they could be readmitted. They also wanted to give all black men the right to vote. b. Moderates wanted only black men who were literate and fought for the Union to vote. All confederate troops would be able to vote except troop leaders. Lincoln had favored the moderate approach, hoping this might end the war and bring the states back into the Union.

Explain distribution of income and poverty.

a. Ranges from poorest to richest. b. Income is not distributed evenly in most societies. c. To determine income distro, family income is ranked lowest to highest and then grouped into sections called quintiles and then compared. d. Distro of income is linked to higher levels of education and ability in upper classes, but also due to discrimination and monopolies. e. Income gap grows due to growth in the service sector, changes in American family unit, and reduced influence of labor unions. f. Poverty is living below the level of income needed for a family to function.

Four obstacles faced by developing nations regarding economic growth.

a. Rapid population growth b. Trade restrictions c. Misused resources by the nations government d. Traditional beliefs that slow or reject change

Describe some approaches for formulating research questions or hypotheses.

a. Read background information b. How have other people addressed it c. Lightly addressed areas are usually not well understood d. Research questions or hypotheses may address unknown aspects or draw parallels between similar well-researched topics not previously connected. e. The key is developing questions with enough info to answer a question, but not so much that you are overwhelmed. f. Hypotheses are more specific than research.

Define realism, liberalism, institutionalism and constructivism as they relate to International relations.

a. Realism - nations are aggressive, and work in their own self-interest. Relations are determined by military and economic strength. b. Liberalism - believes that states can cooperate, and act based on capabilities vice power. c. Institutionalism - institutions provide structure and incentive for cooperation among nations. Institutions are a set of rules used to make international decisions. They help distribute power. d. Constructivism - similar to liberalism but realize perceptions countries have of each other affect their relations.

What led to the founding of the Populist party.

a. Recession struck the US in the 1890s, with crop prices falling and compounded by drought, the farmers formed the Farmers Alliance, bring the poor indebted farmers into one single political entity. b. Recession also struck the industrial parts of the country. The Knights of Labor was able to unite workers into a union to protect their rights. c. The two parties joined forces to form the Populist Party. Their platform included: 1. National currency 2. Income tax 3. Government ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone 4. Secret ballot voting 5. Immigration restrictions 6. Term limits for Pres and V. Pres.

Functions of political parties and party nominations.

a. Recruit candidates for office b. Increase public awareness c. Work toward compromise on difficult issues d. Staff gov offices and provide admin support e. Support candidates as they run for office and are elected

What is Subsistence.

a. Refers to the ways in which societies obtain the necessities of life. 1. Foraging or hunter-gatherer 2. Pastoralism 3. Horticulture 4. Intensive agriculture

Explain the characteristics and importance of religion in anthropological studies

a. Religion is a belief system that has a set of rituals involving the worship of supernatural forces that affect our daily life. b. Religion provides meaning and explanation for life events and worldview. c. Religion provides emotional support for individuals and a sense of community within the group. d. Religion provides structured sets of moral norms for the group to abide by e. Secularization has reduced the role of religion in everyday life, leading individuals to find other systems to fill the void.

Religious and political occurrences that led to the Reformation.

a. Religious - abuses by the church such as indulgences, dispensations, religious offices for sale, and a dissolute clergy. b. Political - Increased power by various ruling monarchs who wished to take power from the church. Angry about papal taxes and the increasing wealth of the church, the Protestant Reformation took power from the Pope and the church which helped the monarchs.

Define the importance of an organism's ability to adapt.

a. Relocated species must adapt to survive in their new location. b. Some species are more capable than others. c. Those that cannot adapt will not survive. d. Adaptation is vital when an organisms environment changes e. Adaptation can be by behavior modification, structure, or physiological f. Humans almost infinite ability to adapt is the reason they survive

Proposed structure of the new government, as well as the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise.

a. Required a strong central gov but with limited power. b. Branches should have balanced power with one no stronger than the other. c. Final power belonged to the citizens who voted officials into office. d. Virginia Plan - representation in Congress should be based on state population. e. New Jersey Plan - equal representation regardless of population f. Great Compromise - each state has two Senators, but the House is based on population, aka a bicameral Congress.

Role of diplomats in international relations.

a. Reside in foreign countries to maintain communications between states. b. Negotiate trade agreements, environmental policy, and convey info. c. Resolve conflict between the countries d. Appointed by the President and approved by Congress.

Define the major provisions of the Commerce Compromise.

a. Resulted from a disagreement between the north and south on whether the Federal government had the right to regulate trade and exports. The south was against it; the north for it. b. Congress received regulatory power over all tariffs on exported goods. c. The south was concerned about tariffs levied on slaves. d. The final agreement allowed importing of slaves for 20 years unregulated by the government. Taxes on slaves were limited. After 1808, Congress would then be allowed to decide whether to allow importation of slaves.

Rights, duties, and responsibilities expected of US citizens.

a. Rights - expressed in the Bill of Rights, include the freedom of speech, religion, assembly and variety of others that the gov can not remove. b. Duties: 1. Pay taxes 2. Loyalty to the gov but can criticize or seek change 3. Support and defend the constitution 4. Serve in the armed forces as required 5. Obey laws set forth by all levels of gov. c. Responsibilities: 1. Vote 2. Respect each others rights and not infringe on them 3. Stay informed about issues 4. Respect each others beliefs

Major civilizations of Mesopotamia.

a. Sumerians b. Amorites c. Hittites d. Assyrians e. Chaldeans f. Persians g. All were autocratic, often tyrannical military leaders, controlled all aspects of life, including law, trade, and religion.

Overview of the Roman Empire and Republic.

a. Rome grew out of an Etruscan settlement, and according to legend was founded by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, who were raised by wolves. Romulus killed Remus, and from his legacy grew Rome. b. A thousand years later, the Roman Empire covered most of the known world, from Scotland to the Middle East. Hellenization, or the spread of Greek culture served as an inspiration for the spread of Roman culture. c. Rome brought in belief systems of other cultures as well as their technology and scientific achievement, melding all into the Roman core. d. Rome's government was autocratic, but local officials came from provinces where they lived. This helped ensure the long life of the empire.

Explain Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy.

a. Roosevelt famously quoted a purported African proverb that said "speak softly, but carry a big stick", using this saying to justify his expanded involvement in foreign affairs. He felt that it was the US' responsibility to intervene if countries were left vulnerable to European influence. b. A result of his philosophy was an expanded Navy, and greater involvement in foreign affairs. He made several forays into Latin America and the Caribbean in the time leading up to the world wars.

Define Interventionist and Isolationist approaches to WWII.

a. Roosevelt maintained that the US would remain neutral in the beginning, however many still considered him an interventionist since he was supplying material support to the allies. b. Isolationists believed the US should not get involved or provide aid. They felt Roosevelt was leading the US into war. c. Led by Charles Lindbergh, Isolationists believed that involvement in European affairs weakened the US national defense.

Discuss the cause and progression of the Russian Revolution.

a. Rule was in the hands of Czars and the structure was feudal. Beneath Czars were rich nobles whose land was worked by peasants and serfs. b. The Russo-Japanese War made conditions worse for lower classes. When peasants protested at the palace, palace guard opened fire on the crowd. c. Trade unions organized strikes, bringing the economy to a halt. d. After the economy stopped, Czar Nicholas signed the October Manifesto, which established a constitutional monarchy and gave power to parliament. He violated the manifesto shortly thereafter, disbanding parliament and violating civil liberties. This led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

History of the Persian Wars.

a. Ruled by Cyrus the Great, the Persian Empire extended from the Black Sea to Afghanistan and beyond. After the death of Cyrus, Darius became King in 522 BCE, with the empire reaching its zenith under his reign. b. From 499 to 448, the Greeks and the Persians fought the Persian Wars. The battles included: 1. The Battle of Marathon - heavily outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persians. 2. The Battle of Thermopylae - a small band of Greeks held off the Persian troops for several days. 3. The Battle of Salamis - a naval battle that again saw heavily outnumbered Greeks defeat the Persians. 4. The Battle of Plataea - another Greek victory but the Greeks outnumbered the Persians. c. The wars did not result in the end of the Persian empire, but dissuaded them from invading Greece anymore.

What human systems determine the cultural makeup of South Asia.

a. Rural versus urban life. b. Religions, including both Hinduism and Buddhism. c. Poor government and social systems. d. Large agricultural base. e. Prosperity is being found in the high tech industries.

Describe the geography and climate of Russia.

a. Russia is the largest country in the world, encompassing plains, plateaus, mountains and tundra. b. Russia has a harsh climate, with frozen rivers making transportation of mineral resources difficult. c. Siberia is dominated by permafrost, with the people who reside there still living a hunting-gathering existence. d. Other areas include taiga with dense woods in the north central, and temperate steppes and grasslands in the southwest.

What led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

a. Russia lagged behind other countries in development. The continued existence of feudal system, harsh conditions, and the size of the country led to massive food shortages for the majority of the population. b. The tyrannical rule of Czar Nicholas made it worse as did military losses. c. Increasing poverty, decreasing resources, and the violation of the October Manifesto led to the revolution.

Define Carpetbaggers and Scalawags.

a. Scalawags - whites who aligned with Freedman to take over local governments. Many in the south who could have ran for office refused to take the oath, opening opportunities for those seeking to take advantage of the situation. b. Carpetbaggers - Northerners who traveled to the south to make money or acquire political power during the chaos following the war.

Major events of the Clinton administration.

a. Second US Pres to be impeached. Not convicted and continued to serve b. Family and Medical Leave Act c. Don't ask don't tell policy for homosexuals in the military d. NAFTA e. Defense of Marriage Act f. Oslo Accords g. Siege at Waco of the Branch Davidians by the ATF h. Bombing of the Federal Building in OK City, OK i. Troops sent to Haiti, Bosnia, and Somalia on peace keeping missions

Define Jacksonian Democracy, and how "null and void" challenged his presidency.

a. Seen as a shift from favoring the wealthy to the common man. 1. All white males were allowed to vote, not just land owners. 2. Favored the patronage system 3. Laissez faire economics 4. Relocation of indian tribes from the SE 5. Opposed formation of the Federal bank 6. Allowed the Second Band of the US to collapse through veto b. Null and Void was a challenge where South Carolina claimed it could ignore or nullify any law it felt was unconstitutional. Jackson sent federal troops to SC to enforce the tariff laws, and Henry Clay engineered a compromise in 1833.

How does the USG control monopolies.

a. Sherman antitrust act - prohibits anything that limits competition b. Clayton antitrust act - prohibits price discrimination c. Robinson-Patman act - Strengthened the Clayton act

Define triangular trade.

a. Ships would set off from the colonies for Africa loaded with rum. b. In Africa, the rum was traded for gold or slaves. c. Ships would then set off for the west Indies. d. In the West Indies, slaves would be traded for sugar or molasses. e. The ships would then set off for the colonies with sugar and molasses to make more rum and store gold and silver as well. f. This trade violated the Molasses Act of 1733, which levied high duties on molasses bought from the French, Dutch, or Spanish.

Three major ways sociologist gather and test data.

a. Surveys or direct questioning. b. Controlled experiments. c. Field Observations.

How to recognize cause and effect relationships.

a. Simple linkages between an event that happened because of some other event. b. Effects are chronologically ordered after causes. c. Causes can be found by asking what happened. d. Comparing similarities and differences requires putting two concepts next to each other and listing the ways they are the same or different. e. Venn diagrams are often used to organize this information.

How do political parties affect the functioning of government.

a. Single party - the government reflects the views of that party b. Two party - two parties with different viewpoints compete for power and influence. c. Multi-party - various parties come together to form a majority and shift the balance of power.

The six climates found in the middle latitude and the Mediterranean and subtropical.

a. Six climates: 1. Mediterranean 2. Humid subtropical 3. Humid continental 4. Marine 5. Steppe 6. Desert b. Mediterranean occurs between 30-40 degrees latitude, has a year long growing season, with hot/dry summers followed by mild winters with sparse rainfall c. Humid subtropical are located on the SE coastal areas. Winds that blow over warm ocean currents produce long summers, mild winters, and long growing seasons. Highly productive, and support a large part of earths pop.

Ways population growth is studied.

a. Size b. Growth due to immigration c. Fertility rate d. Life expectancy

The basic beliefs of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

a. Society is a constant struggle between classes. b. This struggle will eventually lead to revolution between the working class (proletariat) and the men of money and power (bourgeois). c. This will lead to socialism, and eventually to communism, a moneyless, classless, stateless society.

Human systems that have developed the culture of Australia, Oceana, and Antarctica.

a. South Pacific cultures migrated from SE Asia, creating hunter-gatherer or settled agriculture settlements. b. European communities came later, seeking natural resources. c. Some islands remain under the control of foreign governments. d. The culture of these islands remain a mix of modern, industrialized, and indigenous culture. e. Population is unevenly distributed due to the deserts of Australia. f. Agriculture drives the economy. g. Antarctica is the only continent not claimed by a country with no permanent human habitations.

Discuss the roles of Native Americans in wartime through the beginning of the 20th century.

a. Spanish-American, 1898-1902 - several served with Teddy Roosevelt in the Rough Riders. b. Search for Pancho Villa - Apache scouts assisted Gen John Pershing search for the rebel in Mexico. c. WWI - More than 17,000 were drafted into service, though at the time they were not considered legal citizens. Granted citizenship in 1924.

Compare the Spartans and Athenians.

a. Sparta, located in the Peloponnesus, was ruled by an Oligarchy of military rulers. They practiced farming, disallowed trade, and valued military arts and strict discipline. They were the strongest military force in the region for many years. b. Athenians were centered in Attica where there was little land available for farming. Like Spartans, they descended from invaders who spoke Greek. Athens was a democracy created by Cleisthenes in 510 BCE. Athenians excelled in art, theater, architecture and philosophy. c. They fought the Peloponnesian War from 431-404 BCE.

Explain the American System.

a. Spurred by trade conflicts from the war of 1812, a system of tariffs supported by Henry Clay was set up to protect American interest from overseas competition. Reducing competition produced a growth in employment and American industry. b. The funds provided by the tariffs paid for various improvements, leading to the formation of the federal bank. The Second Bank of the US was given the job of regulating money supply.

Five well known Native Americans and their role in US history.

a. Squanto - an Algonquian, helped early English settlers survive the harsh winters by teaching them how to plant corn, squash, and pumpkins. b. Pocahontas - an Algonquian, became a liaison with John Smith in the Plymouth colony. c. Sacagawea - Shoshone who served a vital role in guiding Lewis and Clarke during their expedition in 1805. d. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull - led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, soundly defeating General George Custer. e. Chief Joseph - leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers, and attempted to relocate to Canada instead of going to a reservation.

The cause and major figures involved in the Crusades.

a. Started in the 11th century and proceeded will into the 12th. b. Major goal was to slow the progression of Muslim forces into Europe and expel them from the holy land. c. The eastern Emperor asked for help from Pope Urban II when Palestine was captured. In 1095, the pope asked all Christians to help. Amidst great bloodshed, the crusade recaptured Jerusalem, but changed hands several times over the next centuries. d. The Second crusade in 1145 was an unsuccessful attempt to retake Demascus. e. The Third crusade attempted to recapture Jerusalem but failed. f. The fourth crusade attempted to enter the holy land through Egypt. g. The crusades expanded the power for the pope and the catholic church, as well as opening numerous trading and cultural routes between Europe and the East.

Define Sovereignty.

a. State sovereignty is the geographical division of areas into areas controlled by various governments. These groups or governments not only control the land, but the natural resources and the inhabitants. The entire planet is divided into politically or administratively sovereign areas.

Two positions on how federalism should function as a government.

a. States rights - state governments should take the lead in performing local actions to manage various problems. b. Nationalist - national government should take the lead in those same issues. c. Power has shifted back and forth over the years.

Describe the state of the US after WWII.

a. Strongest political power in the world and a major player in foreign affairs and policy. b. Determined to stop spread of communism as the 'arsenal of democracy'. c. Developed a single sense of self instead of distinct differing regions. d. Worked for greater equality and increased communication among different parts of the country. e. The great depression and WWII gave the government more control over various institutions as well as the economy. f. Took on more responsibility of well being of its citizens domestically by providing basic needs and protection from foreign threats. g. This increased role has resulted in criticism of the US becoming a welfare state.

Discuss the Mexican-American War.

a. Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836. b. In 1844, Dems pressed Pres. Tyler to annex Texas, and in 1845 Texas became a state. c. Mexico was deeply indebted to the US for its War of Independence. In exchange, the US would forgive the debt in exchange for NM and upper CA. Mexico refused. d. In 1846, war was declared after the Mexican army attacks US troops on the southern border of TX. The war ended in 1848. e. Conflict arose in Congress over the Wilmot Proviso, which stated that territories acquired from Mexico should be open to slavery.

How to evaluate which type of graphic format is appropriate for conveying info in social science.

a. Text only information - summarized in diagram or timeline b. Text and numeric - converted into a chart c. Ideas or opinions - conveyed in political cartoons d. Numeric information - tables or graphs e. Repeated or oft cited information - tables f. Numeric trends more important than the numbers themselves - graphs g. Land information - maps

Define the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Treaty of New Echota, and the US policy toward native Americans.

a. The Act gave the gov. the ability to form treaties with native americans. In theory, the US would claim land east of the Mississippi, and the N.A. would claim land to the west. In reality, the N.A. were forced to sign treaties and were relocated by force. b. The treaty was between the US and Cherokee tribes of Georgia. It was not signed by tribal leaders, but a small portion of the Cherokee who were represented. When they refused to be moved, President Martin van Buren sent troops to forcibly relocate. 4,000 died on the Trail of Tears.

US treatment of immigrants, especially Japanese, during WWII.

a. The Alien Registration Act of 1940 compelled all aliens older than 14 to register and be fingerprinted. b. Tension between whites and Japanese in CA had been building, and reached its head after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. c. The President ordered numerous Japanese arrested on suspicion of espionage and isolated in exclusion zones known as War Relocation Camps. d. Over 120,000 Japanese, two thirds citizens, were sent to these camps.

How do Open Market Operations work.

a. The Fed Reserve System expands or contracts the money supply by buying or selling bonds; buying stimulates spending, increasing money, and selling decreases money, and limits the amount available in the system to slow inflation. Today banks deal in the international market as well, bypassing the controls the Fed uses to help the economy.

Define Nativism.

a. The French philosopher Rene Descartes states that there is a body of knowledge that people are born with that requires no learning or experience.

The conditions that led to the rise of the Nazi Party.

a. The Great Depression after the US was no longer able to supply reconstruction loans to Germany. b. Rapid rise in unemployment. c. Fascist parties rose on promises of change and improvement d. Led by Adolf Hitler, he launched numerous expansionist policies, violated peace treaties, and built up his military and started conquering neighbor states, which sparked WWII.

Who is Mary and Louis Leakey and why are their discoveries important.

a. The Leakey's made major human species discoveries at Olduvai Gorge in Africa. They discovered human remains dating back 4 million years, stone tools, footprints, and Mary Leakey developed a classification system for early humans. Their findings changed theories on the development and evolution of humans.

Describe Japanese and Chinese governments through the 11th century.

a. The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan and then his grandson, Kublai, unified the Mongol Empire. b. China was led by the Ming and then the Manchu Dynasties. They were isolationists, ending China's interaction with other countries until the 18th century. c. Ming was known for its porcelain, while Manchu focused on farming and road development due to a growing population. d. Japan developed independent of China, but borrowed the Buddhist religion, writing system, and other elements of Chinese society. e. Ruled by an emperor, Japan functioned on the Feudal system. They remained isolationist until the 19th century.

Describe the Phoenicians as well as early culture in India and China.

a. The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan and then his grandson, Kublai, unified the Mongol Empire. b. China was led by the Ming and then the Manchu Dynasties. They were isolationists, ending China's interaction with other countries until the 18th century. c. Ming was known for its porcelain, while Manchu focused on farming and road development due to a growing population. d. Japan developed independent of China, but borrowed the Buddhist religion, writing system, and other elements of Chinese society. e. Ruled by an emperor, Japan functioned on the Feudal system. They remained isolationist until the 19th century.

Define the two phases of the Reformation.

a. The Protestant Revolution - rose in Germany when Martin Luther protested abuses of the Catholic church. John Calvin led the movement in Switzerland, while Henry VIII used it to further political goals in England. b. The Catholic Reformation - as a response to the Protestant Revolution, leading to changes in the church. Provided wider tolerance of other religions, while some increased persecution of deemed heretics.

Explain the role of the Federal Trade Commission in eliminating trusts.

a. The Sherman Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act set guidelines for competition among corporations. The FTC was formed to enforce antitrust measures and ensure companies were operated fairly and did not create monopolies.

Major developments in transportation in America and how the affected America's growth.

a. The Transcontinental Railroad traversed the continent, making it easier for travel and shipment of goods from coast to coast. b. Canals and steamboats simplified water travel making shipping easier and less expensive. c. The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson, facilitating transportation of goods. d. With settlers moving west, wagon trails developed, including the Oregon, California, and Sante Fe trails.

Define Arms Race.

a. The US and USSR rushed to develop atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and other highly advanced weapons systems. b. The weapons were very expensive and dangerous. Under the threat that either side might use these weapons against the other, the war grew "cold".

Why did the British want to prevent US trade with France.

a. They saw the US as helping supply goods to France's war efforts with Britain. b. The US had grown into a British competitor, taking trade and money away from Britain. c. The British passed the Order in Council, which made French ports off limits to US ships. They also seized US ships and conscripted their crews.

Events leading up to the Spanish-American War.

a. The US was interested in Cuba, and offered Spain 130M in 1853. b. 1886, slavery ended in Cuba and another revolt was rising against Spain. c. 1898 another Cuban revolt began, but the US President (McKinley) refused to recognize the rebellion, preferring negotiation with Spain. d. The Maine, a US Battleship, was blown up in the Havana Harbor, killing 300. War was declared two months later, and war ended four months after that in a Spanish surrender.

How did the agricultural revolution change society.

a. The agricultural revolution started 6,000 years ago with the advent of the plow in Mesopotamia. A plow drawn by animals made large scale farming possible and replaced hunting-gathering and planting by hand. Communities formed around arable land, which started the formation of societies. Societies became dependent on a few crops and were subject to weather vagaries. Trading livestock and agri surplus led to the growth of commerce and trading/trade routes.

Define Wilson's 14 Points.

a. The basis for a peace settlement to end WWI. Presented to congress in 1918. They included: 1. Five points outlining general ideas 2. Eight points to resolve immediate political and territorial problems 3. One point proposing an organization to maintain world peace. b. Germany surrendered in Nov of 1918 assuming the 14 points would be adhered to. During the Paris Peace Conference, there was disagreement, leading to a final agreement to punish Germany and other central powers. c. Henry Cabot Lodge demanded an unconditional surrender. d. The League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles, however the Senate rejected the Treaty, and Wilson refused Lodge's demand. As a result, the US did not join The League.

The influence of the Roman Catholic Church over medieval society.

a. The church supplied education as there were no schools or universities. b. The church filled the power void left by invasions throughout the Roman Empire, filling a political void more so than a religious. c. The church influenced Kings, and owned large amounts of land throughout Europe.

Discuss Lincoln's assassination.

a. The civil war ended on April 9, 1865. Five days later, Pres. Lincoln and his wife Mary attended a play at the Ford Theater (Our American Cousin). John Wilkes Booth, not realizing the war was over, shot the Pres in the back of the head. He was carried to a house near the theater where he died the following morning. b. Booth was tracked down 12 days later and killed by Union Soldiers.

Define plate tectonics.

a. The earth is made up of 10 major and several minor plates. b. Plates are solid areas of the crust that float on the earths mantle. c. Because they float, they move, changing the earths surface. d. Changes can happen slowly (continental drift), or rapidly (earthquakes).

Explain factors that affect climate.

a. The earth is tilted which causes changes to come in seasons, making locations nearest the poles and close to the equator experience little change b. Large bodies of water affect climate. c. Ocean currents and wind patterns can change causing typically cold climates to a much more temperate one, such as England. d. Mountains affect short and long term climates. Some deserts are created due to the formation of mountain ranges that block precipitation. e. It is theorized that human activity can also lead to climate change.

Four phases of national economies.

a. The economy of a nation is stable when the output is equal to the aggregate demand. 1. Boom - GDP is high and economy prospers 2. Recession - GDP falls, unemployment rises 3. Trough - recession reaches lowest point 4. Recovery - economy stabilizes as employment and prices rise

The Mycenaean civilization.

a. The first major civilization in Europe. b. Unlike the Minoans they displaced, they relied on conquest more than trade. c. Mycenaean states included Sparta, Metropolis, and Corinth. d. The history of the civilization was recorded by the Greek poet Homer. His work was thought fictional until Troy was discovered in Turkey. e. It is theorized that the Mycenaean civilization was destroyed by either a Dorian invasion or by Greek invaders from the north.

Define the contributions of Johannes Muller and Herman van Hemholtz to psychology.

a. The first psychologists to conduct organized and scientific studies of sensation and perception. They showed it was possible to study physical processes that work to produce mental activity.

How does the constitution address the rights of the accused.

a. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendment addresses the rights: 1. Fourth - no unreasonable searches or seizures 2. Fifth - no self-incrimination or double jeopardy 3. Sixth - Right to trial by jury and legal counsel 4. Eighth - no cruel or unusual punishment

How does human interaction and conflict affect geographical boundaries.

a. The interaction of human societies have led to divisions of territories into countries and other subdivisions. While they are artificial, they are important to the discussion of interactions of populations. b. Geographical divisions occur through conflict. The reasons for conflict: 1. Control of resources 2. Control of trade routes 3. Control of populations c. Conflict can also occur due to religious, political, race or language differences.

How to interpret a map.

a. The legend provides interpretation information such as key and scale. b. The key defines symbols, abbreviations, and color schemes. c. The scale is a feature that tells how distance on the map relates to distance on the ground. d. Latitude and longitude are often shown on maps to relate their area to the world. 1. Latitude shows how far a location is north or south of the equator. 2. Longitude shows how far a location is east or west of the prime meridian. 3. Lat runs from 90 N to 90 S. 4. Long runs from 180E to 180W

Describe the geography and climate of South Asia.

a. The longest alluvial plain (plain caused by shifting floodplains of rivers) b. Three major river systems c. Large deposits of minerals including iron ore d. Geography consists of mountains, plains, plateaus, and islands e. Climate ranges from tropical to highlands to desert areas. f. Monsoon winds cause long rainy seasons

How to compare maps with datasets or texts to draw conclusions or generalizations.

a. Written datasets and texts enable map interpretation to become concrete and allow observed trends to be linked with specific causes. b. Without additional information, inferences from maps cannot be put into context.

The human systems that shaped Latin America.

a. The majority of countries in LA speak Spanish or Portuguese. b. LA shares a common history, having been dominated by native cultures before being conquered by European countries. c. Wide disparity between various countries economic and political factors. d. Most LA countries rely on one or two exports, primarily agriculture which is often controlled by rich families. e. Most LA societies feature major separations between classes. f. Challenges faced include geographical limitations, economic issues, sustainable development, and preserving the existing rain forest.

Why did the British tax the colonies after the French and Indian Wars.

a. The need to pay off war debt. b. The need for funds for the expanding empire. c. The need for funds to govern the 33 far-flung colonies.

Summarize the Reagan presidency.

a. The oldest American President at 69. b. Reaganomics, or trickle down economics, involved major tax cuts for the wealthy c. Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 d. Appointed Sandra Day O'Connor, the first female Supreme Court Justice e. Massive increase in national debt from 600B to 3T f. Reduction of nuclear weapons via negotiations with Gorbachev g. Loss of the shuttle Challenger h. Iran-Contra scandal - cover up of US involvement in Nicaragua and El Salvador i. Deregulation of savings and loans

Define the Gadsden Purchase and 1853 post-war treaty with Mexico.

a. The second treaty with Mexico determined the US SW border extending all the way to the west coast. b. In 1854, the Gadsden Purchase was finalized providing even more land for the transcontinental railroad. It added what would become CA, NV, UT, parts of NM, WY, CO and AZ, nearly finalizing the modern outline of the US.

Define political science.

a. The study of different governments, how they compare, interact, political theory, structure and function. Also how gov are administrated, elections are exercised, and how values such as freedom, power, justice and equality are expressed. b. Political science also encompasses other disciplines: 1. History - how it shaped political thought and process 2. Sociology - social development and its effect on gov and politics 3. Anthropology - effects of gov process on the culture 4. Economics - how gov policies regulate distro of products and influence the economy

Define anthropology.

a. The study of human culture, its development, and how cultural groups are similar or different.

Define anthropology.

a. The study of human culture. b. Anthropologists study groups of humans, how they relate, and their similarities to other groups. c. Research takes two approaches: cross cultural and comparative. d. There are three major divisions in anthropology: 1. Biological and cultural 2. Archaeology 3. Linguistics

Define archeology.

a. The study of past human cultures by evaluating what they left behind, including bones, buildings, art, tools, pottery, graves and trash. b. These elements can help scientists theorize how humans or near-humans existed for about 600,000 years.

What is Sociology

a. The study of societies. Societies are made up of institutions, groups, and individuals. How they interact is a major focus of sociology.

Define geography.

a. The study of the earth. b. Geographers study physical characteristics of the earth as well as man made borders and boundaries, distro of life on the planet, and how different life interacts. c. Major elements of geography: 1. Locations 2. Regional characteristics 3. Spatial relations 4. Natural or manmade forces that change the earth

Define ecology.

a. The study of the way living creatures interact with their environment. Biogeography is the way that physical features of the earth affect creatures. b. Ecology bases its studies on three levels of the environment: 1. Ecosystem - a physical environment and all the organisms that live there 2. Biomes - a group of ecosystems with similar flora, fauna, climate and soil 3. Habitat - an area where a specific species lives. It includes the necessary soil, water, and resources for that species.

Define Social Psychology.

a. The study of ways in which people interact and why/how they decide who to interact with. The way people react are defined as: 1. Social perception - how we perceive others based on our experiences and prejudices. 2. Personal relationships - relationships developed among people for various reasons, to include reproduction and forming a family unit. 3. Group behavior - people gather into groups with similar beliefs, needs, and characteristics. Sometimes group behavior differs from what might be practiced by an individual alone. 4. Attitudes - indiv. attitudes develop over time based on experience, history, and knowledge, can change over time, but can also lead to prejudice.

Define economics.

a. The study of ways that societies allocate resources to individuals and groups within that society. Since resources are finite, allocation becomes a reflection of that society's values. The economic system is based on: 1. What goods are produced. 2. How those goods are produced. 3. Who acquires the goods or benefits from them.

How did the Treaty of Paris affect native americans after the Revolution.

a. The treaty granted large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by native americans. The US tried to claim the land as conquerors, which proved unenforceable. b. The gov attempted to purchase the land via a series of treaties that were not honored. Native americans were forced westward as the country expanded, often by military action.

Name the southern colonies and their attributes.

a. The warm climate and rich soil led to long growing seasons. The economy of the south was thus agriculture, and was labor intensive. Crops included tobacco, rice, and indigo, cash crops owned by wealthy plantation owners. Labor on the farms came from slaves and indentured servants. The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. b. Colonies: 1. Virginia - the first permanent English colony. 2. Maryland 3. North Carolina 4. South Carolina 5. Georgia - the last permanent English colony.

Five major contributions of ancient Greek.

a. Theater - Greek playwrights laid the foundation for modern performance b. Alphabet - derived from Phoenician, and into our modern day alphabet c. Geometry - Pythagoras and Euclid pioneered much of the system we still use today. Archimedes made numerous discoveries, including the value of Pi. d. Historical writing - much of ancient history doubles as mythology or religious text. Thucydides and Herodotus made use of research and interpretation to record historical events. e. Philosophy - Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato serve as the fathers of western philosophy.

The development of the Whig, Democratic, and Republican Party.

a. Thomas Jefferson, an anti-Federalist, was elected President in 1800 and 1804, and Alexander Hamilton (leader of the Federalist) died in a duel with Aaron Burr, causing the decline of Federalist. By 1816, they virtually disappeared, leading to the creation of other parties. b. After 1824, there was a split in the Dem-Rep party. The Dems, in opposition to the new Whig party, who supported JQ Adams and industrial growth, got their candidate, Andrew Jackson, elected in 1828. c. By the 1850s, issues with slavery arose that led to the formation of the Rep party, which was anti-slavery. This division formed the basis of today's two party system.

Define the Gilded Age.

a. Time period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the WWI is referred to as the Gilded Age, or the Second Industrial Revolution. b. US was changing from an agricultural to an industrial base with rapid growth, as well as expanding West. c. Saw the beginning of banks, department stores, chain stores, and trusts. Also a large influx of immigrants swelled the urban ranks.

Five major elements of a map.

a. Title - basic information about the map, such as the area it represents b. Legend - aka the key, it explains the symbols on a map c. Grid - latitude and longitude marks d. Direction - compass rose used to indicate cardinal direction e. Scale - the relation of distance on a map to actual distance on the ground

Major accomplishments of Harry Truman as President.

a. Took over the war from FD Roosevelt, making the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan, and played a major role in treatment of Germany. b. Initiated a 21 point plan known as the Fair Deal. It expanded Social Security, provided public housing, and made the Fair Employment Practices Act permanent. c. Supported Greece and Turkey, who were under threat from USSR, and supported S. Korea in its conflict with N. Korea. d. Helped recovery of post-war Western Europe. e. Participated in the formation of NATO.

Four divisions of geographical study.

a. Topical - the study of a single feature of the earth or one human activity that occurs world-wide. b. Physical - physical features of the earth, how they are created, and forces that change them, and how they affect human activities. c. Regional - specific characteristics of individual places and regions. d. Human - how human activity affects the environment. Includes political, historical, social and cultural activities. e. Tools used to study geography include maps, field studies, interviews, math, and other scientific instruments.

Define totalitarian and authoritarian systems of government.

a. Totalitarian - everything under the control of the gov., to include all personal freedoms. Everything must conform to ideals of the gov. b. Authoritarian - widespread state authority but doesn't dismantle all public institutions, ex: churches that don't pose a threat.

The major military events of the War of 1812.

a. Two naval battles on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain stopped the British from invading from Canada. American counter attempts to conquer Canadian lands were unsuccessful. b. Another battle occurred when the British invaded DC and burned the White House. The first lady, Dolly Madison, purportedly saved the flag. c. On Christmas Eve, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the war. d. Unaware the war was over, Andrew Jackson managed another victory in New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815, leading to upped morale and nationalism that ushered in the Era of Good Feelings.

The progression of the Vietnam War from a US perspective.

a. US offered to support any country under the threat of communism; the country of S. Vietnam was being supported by the US in the struggles against the communist north. b. The war became very unpopular in the states, where Americans became discontent with the inability to meet goals it had for the country. c. Pres Nixon took office in 1969 and escalated the war. His actions drew protests at Kent State in Ohio, during which several students were killed by National Guard troops. d. Protests continued, eventually resulting in the end of the compulsory draft in 1973. That same year the US departed Vietnam.

Discuss growth of civil rights for African Americans and the major organizations.

a. Universal Negro Improvement Association - founded by Marcus Garvey, focused on building black nationalism. b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - NAACP formed in 1911 to combat Jim Crow laws. Helped prevent racial segregation from becoming federal law. Fought against lynching, helped black soldiers of WWI become officers, and defended the Scottsboro Boys, who were unjustly accused of rape.

What happens when industrialization comes about too quickly.

a. Use of technology not suited to the products being produced. b. Poor investment capital. c. Lack of time for population to adjust to new paradigm d. Lack of time for experience at all stages of development

Describe how timelines are used.

a. Used to show relationships between people, places, and events. b. Ordered chronologically, L to R, or top to bottom. c. Each event is associated with a date. d. Electronically, they often contain hyperlinks to more information. e. Cause and effect relationships can be observed. f. They help make the passage of time a concrete concept.

What caused the Vietnam War.

a. Vietnam was part of French Indochina through WWII. b. The war began as the French Indochina War from 46-54 as France battled the forces of the Dem Rep of Vietnam, ruled by Ho Chi Minh. c. In 54, the war ended in a Vietnam victory. The country was divided like Korea, with Communists in the North and a Democratic South supported by the US. d. Conflict ensued with the North, as the US led the fight for the South. e. The war became a political issue, and in 1976, S. Vietnam surrendered, and the state became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

List ways the average citizen can participate in the political process.

a. Voting for elected officials b. Volunteer in political parties c. Participate in caucuses or conventions d. Donate money to political parties, causes, or social welfare issues e. Participate in local gov. f. Run for election in local, state, or national offices

Summarize the events of WWI in Europe.

a. WWI began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian national, leading to a war with Serbia that quickly escalated. b. Europe split into the Allies (Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan and the US) against the Central Powers (Austria, Germany, and Turkey). c. The war left Europe deeply in debt, and devastated the German economy. The ensuing Great Depression made matters worse as economic devastation opened the door for Communist, Socialist, and Fascist leaders to gain power.

How did WWII lead to the Cold War.

a. WWII left Europe in disarray with cities destroyed and 12M killed. b. Communist gov. moved in with a promise of prosperity and economic stability. The Soviet Union backed communist gov. in E. Europe. c. In China, Mao Zedong led communist forces to overthrow the Chinese Nationalist Party. d. Communist gov restored a measure of stability, but brought dictatorships and oppressive police forces. e. The spread of communism brought tensions to the west as democracies tried to stop the spread of communism. f. With the possession of nuclear weapons by both sides, tensions rose, as both feared the other would attack. g. The standoff lasted until 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union dissolved two years later under Mikhail Gorbachev.

Three major regulations regarding labor passed during the Great Depression.

a. Wagner Act - established that unions are legal, protected members of unions, and required collective bargaining. b. Davis-Bacon Act 1931 - provided fair compensation for contractors c. Walsh-Healey Act 1936 - established a minimum wage, child labor laws, safety standards, and overtime pay.

Major events of WWII that led to the surrender of Japan.

a. War continued with Japan after Germany surrendered. b. Gen. Doolittle bombed Japanese cities as the US scored a major victory at Midway. c. Battle of the Coral sea further weakened Japan's position. d. The US dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing Japan to surrender on 2 Sep, 1945.

Major events of Pres George HW Bush presidency.

a. Was the VP of Ronald Reagan and ran on a Thousand Points of Light b. Fall of the Berlin Wall and German Unification c. Panama dictator Noriega captured and tried on drug and racketeering d. Dissolution of the Soviet Union e. The Gulf War, Desert Shield and Storm, after the invasion of Kuwait f. Tiananmen Square Massacre in China g. Ruby ridge h. The arrival of the WWW

What is the difference between weather and climate.

a. Weather and climate are physical systems that affect geography. b. Weather involves daily conditions in the atmosphere temperature, et al. It is short term. c. Climate is seasonal weather conditions measured over a long period of time. Accounts for average monthly and yearly temps and precipitation.

What is inflation and unemployment.

a. When demand outstrips supply price are driven artificially high. Caused by a spending imbalance in the economy where it is growing too quickly. b. When supply outstrips demand resulting in a surplus, causing companies to cut back on production or reduce employees. c. Both are controlled by government intervention.

Human systems that influenced Europe.

a. Wide variety of cultures, ethnic groups, resources, geographical features and climates, have all influenced the distribution of the varied population. b. It is industrialized and developed, with cultural differences giving each country its own characteristics. c. Greek, Roman, and Christian beliefs played a major role in shaping Europe. d. European countries spread their systems of belief throughout the world through migration and colonization, and have had major influence on every other continent in the world. e. Western Europe is democratic, while Eastern Europe functioned under communism for many years. f. The formation of the EU has increased stability and diplomatic relations among European nations. g. Europe is now focusing on environmental issues.

Four types of map projections used today.

a. Winkel triple - most common and is the standard since it balances size and shape and reduces distortion b. Robinson - east and west are less distorted but continental shapes are inaccurate c. Goodes interrupted equal area - size and shapes are accurate but distance is not. d. Mercator - distortion is high in areas farther away from the equator. Commonly used by seafarers.

The motivations behind the Louisiana Purchase.

a. With France waging war with Britain, Napoleon was in need of money. To secure funds, he decided to sell the Louisiana territory to the US for 15M. b. Pres Jefferson was wanting to buy New Orleans as the port made US trade vulnerable to Spain and France. c. The territory was larger than the entire rest of the US combined, and eventually added 15 states. d. Federalists were against it, saying expansion would increase slavery, and weaken the power of the North.

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act trigger additional conflict between free and slave states.

a. With the creation of the two territories, debate rose over slavery. The Missouri Compromise had already outlawed slavery in new territories, even though Congress tended to allow popular sovereignty. b. Two governments arose in Kansas due to the conflict, one pro and one anti slavery. Conflict rose to violence, leading to Kansas being nicknamed "Bleeding Kansas".

Civil liberty challenges that are currently being addressed.

a. Womens rights with regard to equal pay b. Affirmative action to hire minorities c. Civil rights of homosexuals with regard to marriage d. Compensation of minorities for past discriminatory actions e. Public right to know vice gov. national security needs f. Publics right to privacy vice gov. national security

Importance of the Panama Canal.

a. Work began by the French in 1880 to dig a canal through Panama that would greatly reduce the time needed to sail from Ocean to Ocean without going around S. America. b. French efforts fell apart, and the US picked up the effort, completing the canal in 1914. c. It is a lock and lake canal where ships are lifted on locks to travel from lake to lake over mountainous and rugged terrain. d. To maintain control over the canal, the US supported Panama in its independence struggle with Columbia.

Circumstances and opportunities for women during WWII.

a. Worked in the Flight Nurses Corps. b. Moved the workforce while men were deployed, leading to more than 19M women in the US workforce by 1944. c. Rosie the riveter stood as a symbol of these women and as a means of recruiting others to needed positions. d. Grew victory gardens to help provide food.

The origin and the basic ideas of the Declaration of Independence.

a. Written by Thomas Jefferson and signed 4 July, 1776, stated that King George violated the rights of the colonists as a tyrant. b. Many of Jefferson's ideas of natural and property rights were shaped by the 17th century philosopher, John Locke. c. His assertion of the right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness was a derivative of Locke's earlier statements. d. Both felt is was the responsibility of gov to protect individuals, but individual rights were more important than obligations to the state.

The Yalta and Potsdam Conference.

a. Yalta - Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met in Yalta to discuss post-war treatment of Europe, particularly Germany in Feb of 1945. Germany had not yet surrendered. b. Potsdam - Stalin, Roosevelt, and Clement Attlee met to formalize those plans after Germany surrendered. c. The basic provisions: 1. Divided Germany into four zones of occupation 2. Demilitarized Germany 3. Poland remained under Soviet control 4. Outlawed the Nazi party 5. Trials for Nazi leadership 6. Relocation of numerous German citizens 7. USSR joined the UN 8. Establishment of the UN Security Council consisting of US, UK, USSR, China and France.

Describe the role of the UN in international relations.

a. helps to form international policies by hosting representatives of various countries who then provide input on policy decisions. Member states not abiding by resolutions are subject to sanctions, often economic, though troops can be sent in from member nations.