Praxis World and Us History

"Let the working man and the employer make free arrangements, and in particular let them agree freely as to the wages; nevertheless, there exists a dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient than any bargain between man and man, namely that the wages ought not be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner. . . . [Employers] are reminded that, according to natural reason and Christian philosophy, working . . . is creditable, not shameful, to man, since it enables him to earn an honorable living." Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, official pronouncement, 1891 17. Based on the excerpt above, it can be concluded that Pope Leo XIII's main purpose in Rerum Novarum was to (A) argue that employers had an ethical and religious duty to treat their employees fairly (B) propose strict government regulations of labor markets (C) support the formation and growth of trade unions (D) warn against the danger of a possible communist revolution, if workers' conditions did not improve

A

"Man being . . . by nature free, equal, and independent, no one can be . . . subjected to the political power of another, without his consent." The statement above was most likely made by (A) John Locke (B) Edmund Burke (C) Bishop Jacques Bossuet (D) Adam Smith

A

"The political situation in Africa today is heartening and at the same time disturbing. It is heartening to see so many new flags hoisted in place of the old; it is disturbing to see so many countries of varying sizes and at different levels of development, weak and, in some instances, almost helpless. . . . The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to . . . [create] a political union which will by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. . . .We have to prove that greatness is not to be measured in stockpiles of atom bombs." Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana, 1961 16. The ideas expressed by Kwame Nkrumah in the passage above are most representative of the ideology of (A) Pan-Africanism (B) the international socialist movement (C) the anti-apartheid movement (D) the liberation theology movement

A

"The short-run effects should be very favorable to the United States. Unquestionably, the United States will emerge from this confrontation with increased prestige worldwide. The Soviet action should demonstrate once again the offensive nature of Soviet motivations more clearly than anything we could say. It should also demonstrate that the Soviets are not prepared to risk a decisive military showdown with the United States over issues involving the extension of Soviet power." This passage was most likely written in the aftermath of which of the following conflicts? • A.Cuban missile crisis • B.Vietnam War • C.Invasion of Afghanistan • D.Korean War

A

0. Which of the following events or concepts occurred first? A. Greek Civil War B. The Marshall Plan C. The Truman Doctrine D. The creation of NATO E. President Truman signed NSC-68

A

1. During the Cold War era, what was the main reason why were the United States and the Soviet Union reluctant to engage in direct military conflict? A. There was a great potential for global nuclear destruction. B. East and West German had been re-unified. C. Nonaligned nations were pressuring the United States and the Soviet Union to avoid fighting. D. There were greatly increased tensions in the Middle East.

A

13. Under the social hierarchies of Hinduism and Confucianism, the value of what group is demonstrated? A. Scholars B. Women C. Government officials D. Peasants

A

14. Of the following groups of religious, which two gave women access to spiritual salvation? A. Christianity and Buddhism B. Christianity and Judaism C. Confucianism and Buddhism D. Daoism and Christianity

A

15. Which of the following was the principal god of the Aztecs? A. The sun god B. The lion god C. The feather serpent god D. The moon god

A

2. The privileges and responsibilities of citizenship may include: A.Obeying the laws B.Owning a house C.Going to school D.All of the above

A

3. Economics is a: A.Social science B.Life science C.Biological science D.All of the above

A

3. What was the largest environmental problem for ancient Mesopotamia? A. The soil was no longer as fertile. B. Polluted water C. Rising sea levels D. Deforestation

A

30. Why was India partitioned as it gained independence in 1947? A. Muslims wanted their own state in South Asia. B. The British could not agree upon political boundaries. C. Sikhs from the Punjab demanded partitioning. D. Gandhi encouraged the idea.

A

40. Which best describes the role that the United States played in Latin America during the 1800s and early 1900s? A. The United States intervened politically and economically. B. The United States remained strictly hands-off. C. The United States was aggressive and warlike. D. The United States acted as a colonial overlord over the region.

A

41. What commodity did Western powers most seek from China during the late 1700s and 1800s? A. Tea B. Rice C. Soy sauce D. Wine

A

5. What can be said to have been the most important duty of a knight according to standards of medieval chivalry? A. All of the following duties can be said to have held equal importance in different areas of medieval chivalry B. None of the following duties can be said to have had importance by standards of medieval chivalry outside of literature C. Warrior: The knight's main duty was to his lord, as seen in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D. Courtly love: The knight's main duty was to his lady, as Sir Lancelot with Guinevere or Tristan with Iseult

A

51. Which of the following groups comprised the largest percentage of immigrants to arrive in the colonies in the late-17th century? A. African B. Russian C. Irish D. German

A

52. Why was Peter Zenger's 1735 trial so significant? A. His case set the precedent for freedom of the press in the United States. B. Peter Zenger was executed, marking the first instance of capital punishment in the Colonies. C. Peter Zenger was tried by entirely British officials. D. Peter Zenger was tried by entirely Colonial officials, marking the trial run in the Colonies by and all-Colonial jury.

A

57. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, why did the Southern states secede from the Union? A. To preserve the institution of slavery B. The Northern states attacked the Southern states. C. Lincoln enforced extremely high taxes upon the Southern states. D. They wanted to pledge allegiance back to British rule.

A

59. Why did many abolitionists find William Lloyd Garrison to be too radical? A. William Lloyd Garrison fully included women in his movement. B. William Lloyd Garrison believed in only gradual abolition. C. William Lloyd Garrison fought to send all emancipated slaves back to Africa. D. William Lloyd Garrison believed in the power of the Constitution to provide emancipated slaves with full rights as American citizens.

A

6. Geography studies: A.Places, cultures and ideas B.The origin of man C.Economic systems D.All of the above

A

6. Which of the following statements is not an accurate statement about the Puritans in England? A. The Puritans unconditionally gave all their support to the English Reformation B. The Puritans saw the Church of England as too much like the Catholic Church C. The Puritans became a chief political power because of the English Civil War D. The Puritans' clergy mainly departed from the Church of England after 1662 E. The Puritans in England disagreed on separation from the Church of England

A

60. Why did President Lincoln hesitate to free the slaves during the Civil War? A. Lincoln needed the full support of the Border States so that they would not secede. B. Lincoln feared that freed slaves would join the war effort. C. Lincoln actually believed in the institution of slavery. D. Lincoln himself believed in emancipation, but his party was fighting against it.

A

66. How did John D. Rockefeller create his immense fortune? A. Horizontal integration B. Vertical integration C. Building railroads D. Discovering gold in the West

A

67. Which of the following was the most damaging weakness of the League of Nations? A. The League of Nations did not include the United States. B. The League of Nations did not provide adequate collective security. C. The League of Nations did not include Germany. D. The League of Nations could not actually enforce any of its mandates.

A

68. Which of the following two acts both dealt with the issue of workers' rights to organize unions? A. The Wagner Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act B. The Wagner Act and the Indian Reorganization Act C. The Social Security Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act D. The National Industrial Recovery Act and the Triple Entente Act

A

7. Which of the following most influenced the economic changes during the Meiji Restoration in Japan? A. Industrialists from Great Britain and Germany B. The Samurai C. Traders from Portugal D. Merchants from China

A

8. Which Supreme Court ruling was the first to strike down a state law as unconstitutional? A. Fletcher v. Peck B. Marbury v. Madison C. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee D. McCullough v. Maryland E. Dartmouth College v. Woodward

A

9. Most likely, what was the main reason for the Jewish migration out of Hungary, Germany, and Crimea? A. Russia and Poland had much more tolerant policies towards minorities and immigrants. B. Ghettos and pogroms were established in places where Jews were forced to live. C. Access to Eastern Europe became easier with the expansion of the railroads. D. The crusades had a distinct impact upon Jewish settlements in Eastern Europe.

A

During the Renaissance, what did Europeans desire that eventually led to the discovery of the New World? A. To discover an all-water route to the East B. To establish a place where they could freely practice their religion C. To civilize all of the people around the world D. To spread Christianity

A

European exploration of the Atlantic Ocean in the second half of the fifteenth century was prompted in part by the • A.Ottoman conquest of Constantinople • B.expansion of Baltic trade routes by the Hanseatic League • C.expulsion of the Jews from Spain • D.political disunity of the Indian subcontinent

A

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were members of which of the following movements? • A. Transcendentalism • B. Utopianism • C. The First Great Awakening • D. Social Darwinism

A

Immigrants who settled in large cities in the United States between 1890 and 1914 primarily came from which of the following regions? • A.Southern and eastern Europe • B.Central and South America • C.Northern and western Europe • D.South and East Asia

A

In the late nineteenth century, economic development in the southern United States was largely characterized by • A.a continued reliance on agriculture and related enterprises • B.the rise of service-sector fields such as tourism and retail sales • C.a focus on finance and international trade • D.rapid industrialization, with former slaves as the primary workforce

A

The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 and the invasion of Panama in 1989 are examples of attempts by the United States to • A.eliminate unfriendly governments in the Western Hemisphere • B.cultivate peaceful relations with Latin American nations • C.combat the production and distribution of illegal narcotics • D.force countries to enter the North American Free Trade Agreement

A

The Radical Republicans supported a plan to reconstruct the South after the Civil War according to which of the following ideas? • A.Former slaves should be provided with the vote and equal protection under the law as citizens. • B.Radical abolitionists in the North had been more responsible for the Civil War than slaveholders. • C.Americans should put aside their past differences and join together in repairing the war's damage. • D.African Americans should have few political, social, and economic rights, and Whites should continue to rule the South.

A

The Tea Act passed by Parliament in 1773 angered American colonists primarily because it (A) gave the British East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade (B) dramatically increased the price of tea (C) hurt tea planters in the North American colonies by lowering prices (D) decreased the supply of tea available in the North American colonies

A

The Vietnam War serves as evidence for which of the following twentieth-century developments? • A.The relationship between decolonization and Cold War politics • B.Efforts by Great Britain to reassert colonial rule • C.The growing influence of the Soviet Union as a force in Southeast Asia • D.Rebellions against economic globalization in Third World nations

A

The elections of Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Jimmy Carter as president in the 1960s and 1970s provide evidence for • A.the growing electoral power of Sun Belt states • B.the domination of American politics by the Democratic Party • C.the preference of voters for lower taxes and smaller government • D.the unwillingness of voters to elect former members of Congress to the presidency

A

The main goal of the Civilian Conservation Corps was to provide • A.public work relief to young men during the Great Depression • B.economic recovery assistance for farmers affected by the Dust Bowl • C.financial assistance to United States citizens above the age of 65 • D.opportunities for civilians on the home front to help the European war effort

A

The post-Second World War United States foreign policy that called for supporting European countries against communist invasions or communist revolutions was the • A.Truman Doctrine • B.Marshall Plan • C.Roosevelt Corollary • D.Monroe Doctrine

A

Trade and warfare brought ancient Egypt into contact with other civilizations, and many of them began to adopt Egyptian ideas, cultures, and technologies. The term that describes this process is • A. cultural diffusion • B. socialization • C. social stratification • D. culture clash

A

Unlike Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of an independent India, worked to develop which of the following? • A.The industrialization of India through central state planning • B.Maximum investment by financiers from developed countries • C.A strong alliance with the United States during the Cold War • D.A strong alliance with the Soviet Union during the Cold War

A

Which of the following best describes a consequence of including the principle of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 ? • A.It reopened the issue of slavery in the area closed to slavery north of the 36° 30' line of the Missouri Compromise. • B.It gave New Orleans the best chance of becoming the eastern terminus of the first transcontinental railroad. • C.It eliminated the possibility of extending slavery west of the Mississippi River. • D.It resulted in a repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, thereby angering proslavery Southerners and increasing the chances of secession.

A

Which of the following best describes a major challenge that President Lyndon Johnson faced in 1968 as he completed his full term as president? • A.He struggled to make the federal budget support both the Vietnam War and the "War on Poverty." • B.He faced a Congress that was controlled by the Republican Party. • C.The majority of the country felt that the nation was falling behind in the space race. • D.His health insurance proposal for elderly Americans was stalled in Congress with little chance of passage.

A

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism in India? • A.Hinduism superseded Buddhism in India by the twelfth century C.E. but incorporated elements of Mahayana Buddhism, including the representation of the Buddha as an incarnation of the deity Vishnu. • B.Hinduism spread with Buddhism into Central, Southeast, and East Asia after the fourth century C.E., and both remain important religions in those regions today. • C.Buddhism originated in India in the fifth century B.C.E. but never gained a following there, because Hinduism was already well established. • D.Buddhism superseded Hinduism in India after the fourth century C.E. and remains the predominant religion on the Indian subcontinent today

A

Which of the following caused the largest number of deaths among Native Americans in the colonial period? (A) Diseases such as smallpox (B) Enslavement by European settlers (C) Famines caused by game depletion (D) Problems caused by relocation

A

Which of the following is a similarity between Christianity in western Europe and Islam in the Middle East before 1000 C.E.? • A.Both were strongly influenced by Judaism. • B.Both spread primarily by missionaries along trade routes. • C.Both encouraged the spread of literacy. • D.Both were led by one individual with supreme religious authority.

A

Which of the following is an example of the Double V Campaign during the Second World War? • A.The Congress of Racial Equality's efforts to end segregation • B.President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights • C.Government propaganda to draw women into the workforce to replace men • D.The United States military's decision to open a second front in Europe

A

Which of the following is not a correct statement regarding the Pilgrims? • The Pilgrims were a group of Puritans who left England to escape religious persecution • The Pilgrims were led by William Bradford with a charter from the London Company • The Pilgrims left England in 1620 on the ship known as the Mayflower and landed at Cape Cod • The Pilgrims wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact on the ship before going ashore • The Pilgrims were a group of separatists who migrated to leave the Church of England

A

Which of the following is not true regarding the early colonization of New York? • Colonel Richard Nicols granted very few civil or political rights to the New York colonials • New York colonial citizens, especially Puritans on Long Island, demanded self-government • King Charles II of England entitled his brother James to conquer New Amsterdam in 1664 • Dutch fur traders first created the New Amsterdam settlement on Manhattan Island in 1624 • James, Duke of York, prohibited assemblies in New York as he was against representation

A

Which of the following is true of the economic activities of African Americans in the South during Reconstruction? • A.Many African Americans lived and worked on farms in the South as sharecroppers. • B.Most African Americans became independent landowners. • C.Most African Americans left the South for jobs in Northern factories. • D.Many African Americans started factories in the South that employed former Confederates.

A

Which of the following is true of the wave of European imperialism that spread in the last decades of the nineteenth century? • A.It contributed to tensions leading up to the First World War. • B.It focused especially on Europe's domination of Latin America. • C.It resulted in the division of the Indian subcontinent among European powers. • D.It resulted in many people from newly independent colonies moving to Europe in the 1910s.

A

Which of the following regions was the first to develop settled agriculture? • A.Middle East • B.North America • C.West Africa • D.Western Europe

A

Which of the following statements is true regarding New Spain in the 1500s? • Conquistadores experienced shortages of labor in the New World • The Spanish originally imported Africans to use as slaves for labor • New Spain had not yet developed any kind of class system • About 300,000 Spanish came to America to escape overpopulation • The hacienda system eventually gave way to the encomienda system

A

Which of the following supported the unequal treatment of African Americans in the United States throughout the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century? • A.Jim Crow laws • B.Radical Reconstruction • C.Black Codes • D.Republicanism

A

Which of the following was a major reason why the Articles of Confederation were abandoned and replaced by the Constitution of the United States? • A.Under the Articles, the states were responsible for tax collection, but the federal government did not have the power to compel states to pay. • B.Under the Articles, the creation of new territories and states was forbidden, and Native American lands in the West could not be confiscated. • C.Under the Articles, the president was given too much power, and citizens feared a return to monarchy. • D.Under the Articles, the states lacked sovereignty and the ability to tax to cover their operations.

A

Which of the following was an economic policy instituted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the New Deal? • A.Increase government spending and job creation to stimulate the economy • B.Cut taxes on the wealthy to encourage private investment and the creation of new businesses • C.Limit the government's role in the economy and allow free markets to solve national economic problems • D.Borrow extensively from foreign governments to help the economy recover and repay the loans with future revenues

A

Which of the following was most significant in allowing river valley civilizations to flourish? • A.Agricultural production from relatively enriched soils • B.Religious traditions that provided regional stability • C.Protection from warring groups provided by hills and mountains • D.Use of waterways for long-distance trade with other civilizations

A

Which of the following was not an ancient Egyptian Ruler? A. Anubis B. Hatshepsut C. Ramses' II D. Tutankhamen

A

Why did the European revolutions of 1848 fail in the years immediately following the uprisings? • A.Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes. • B.Disagreement among the revolutionaries about the goals of socialism and nationalism split the revolutionaries into warring factions. • C.European leaders acted quickly to preserve their power and pacify their people by implementing reforms such as universal suffrage. • D.The movement toward national unification of city-states into nations was largely complete by 1849.

A

Which of the following were effects of European colonization on Latin America? Select all that apply. • A. Latin American society became highly stratified by race. • B. Catholicism declined as the dominant religion. • C. The standard of living increased for Native Americans. • D. The population of Native Americans decreased.

A and D

Which of the following were effects of the GI Bill on the United States following the Second World War? Select all that apply. • A.The growth of suburbia • B.Higher levels of education • C.Decreased wages for the working class • D.Decreased racial segregation

A, B

Which of the following strategies did the Union attempt as it sought to defeat the South during the American Civil War? Select all that apply. • A.Blockading all major Southern ports to disrupt commerce, especially in cotton, the proceeds of which could be used to fund the purchase of military supplies • B.Capturing and controlling the Mississippi River in an effort to cut the South in half and damage Southern efforts to keep troops resupplied • C.Campaigning to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and destroy the secessionist government of the South • D.Plotting to assassinate Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, leading to chaos in the Confederate government

A, B, C

Which of the following countries has had a woman president or prime minister? Select all that apply. • A.India • B.Israel • C.Mexico • D.Great Britain

A, B, D

Which of the following policies were pursued by President Ronald Reagan during his presidency? Select all that apply. • A.Easing of tensions with the Soviet Union • B.Increasing regulation of business • C.Increasing funding of social welfare programs • D.Lowering taxes to stimulate the economy

A, D

Which of the following caused Spanish, British, and French forces to fight wars in North America prior to the American Revolution? Select all that apply. • A.Disputes about controlling territory in the colonies • B.Religious and cultural differences among colonists of different nationalities • C.Competition for mineral resources, particularly gold and silver • D.International tensions caused by competing alliances among the three nations

A,B,D

"There were two forms of marriage in the Mesopotamian region, one more characteristic of nomadic tribes, the other of plow agriculture. The older form was marriage without joint residence. It allowed the woman greater autonomy and made divorce easier for her. The Code of Hammurabi formalized the other form, which gradually became predominant. In this marriage system the wife resides in the husband's house and is dependent on his support. Divorce is, for the wife, unobtainable. The marriage is a marriage by purchase even when the result is not ownership of the wife but legal power of the husband over the wife. It defines a new power relationship between husband and wife, for which there was no equivalent in earlier society." Gerda Lerner, historian, 1986 Question:In the above passage, the historian argues that the Code of Hammurabi illustrates which of the following developments in Mesopotamia? • A.Matriarchy • B.Patriarchy • C.Polygyny • D.Polyandry

B

. Lutheran doctrine states that good works are sufficient to achieve salvation. True or False? A. True B. False

B

1. The Phoenicians are best known for their achievements in which of the following areas? (A) Weapons technology (B) Trade and exploration (C) Literature (D) Agriculture

B

17. Who brought Islam to India? A. The Sunni Caliphate B. The Delhi Sultanate C. The Ottomans D. The Umayyads

B

18. During the eighth century C.E., which of the following pairs of empires competed for control of central Asia? (A) The Byzantine Empire and Han China (B) The Abbasid caliphate and Tang China (C) The Mongol empire and Gupta India (D) The Mughal empire and Sasanid Persia

B

2. During the third century BCE, which of the following was the biggest change in the Chinese political state under Emperor Qin Shihuangdi? A. The Chinese empire widely accepted Buddhism. B. The Chinese empire became centralized. C. Emperor Qin Shihuangdi had artisans create elaborate tomb sculptures. D. Emperor Qin Shihuangdi established civil service exams.

B

23. How have political developments changed in Taiwan and South Korea since the 1980s? A. Both Taiwan and South Korea have become more authoritarian. B. Both Taiwan and South Korea have become democratized. C. Both Taiwan and South Korea have become allies to the People's Republic of China. D. Both countries' leaders now prefer to unite with their communist counterparts.

B

24. The end of the Cold War allowed to the United States to (A) end its long-standing special relationship with Great Britain (B) reduce its nuclear arsenal and limit the numbers of its troops stationed in Western Europe (C) reduce its military and foreign policy involvement in the Middle East (D) renew its involvement in major military operations in Southeast Asia

B

33. What happened after the Islam expanded into West Africa? A. Civil war broke out B. Trade greatly increased C. The economy slowed D. Native beliefs disappeared

B

36. What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885? A. India was colonized by the British B. Africa was divided up among the European powers C. The German state was formed D. Spheres of influence were created in China

B

4. For which of the following was Charlemagne not known? A. Expanding a Frankish kingdom into an empire over Central and Western Europe B. Decisively beating the Basques at the Battle of Roncesvaux Pass in the Pyrenees C. Fighting a lengthy war against the Saxons, finally defeating and converting them D. Conquering Italy for the Franks by deposing the Lombard Kingdom from power E. Stimulating, encouraging, and presiding over the Carolingian Renaissance revival

B

4. Which of the following is not an economic system? A.Capitalism B.Imperialism C.Mercantilism D.Communism

B

43. Why did Great Britain grant Canada dominion status? A. Great Britain wanted to prevent Russia from expanding east out of Alaska. B. They feared armed uprisings and that angry Canadians might join the United States. C. They had already granted dominion status to Australia. D. They wanted to help prepare for invading the United States.

B

44. Why did President Truman believe that he could send U.S. armed forces to help South Korea, even though Congress had not officially declared war on North Korea? A. A special treaty with South Korea B. The power belonging to the President, as granted by the Constitution C. The NATO agreement D. The power that the United Nations Charter gave to United States presidents

B

48. What was the trading in slaves, rum, and molasses that took place in the 1700s called? A. Rum running B. Triangular Trade C. Moving Molasses D. Mercantilism

B

5. Which of the following caused the Second Age of Islamic conquest, which began in the 1200s? A. The Mongols were defeated in Persia and the Caliphate's power was restored. B. The Crusades had brought about new militaristic dynasties. C. The popularization of the Qur'an allowed Islam to spread further into Europe and Africa. D. A long period of peace had allowed Islamic trade routes to spread to the west and the north.

B

6. Who were the majority of people living in Russia during the 1600s? A. Muslims B. Serfs C. Mongols D. Free peasants

B

61. The January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation immediately freed all of the slaves in the United States. True or False? A. True B. False

B

64. Which of the following statements is true about the South in the years between the Civil War and 1900? A. The South enjoyed the same economic prosperity as the North. B. The South retained a largely agricultural economy. C. The South developed a large network of railroads. D. The South became totally economically independent from the rest of the United States.

B

69. Why was the Social Security Act of 1935 so important? A. The Social Security Act provided financial relief for businesses that had suffered loss during the Great Depression. B. The Social Security Act offered relief for eligible unemployed and disabled individuals. C. The Social Security Act helped to relieve financial strain on banks who suffered in the Great Depression. D. The Social Security Act reformed the national unemployment insurance program.

B

7. World history and geography are linked by: A.Map reading skills B.Location and Events C.Topography D.All of the above

B

73. What did President Truman's foreign policy focus on in the years immediately following World War II? A. A positive diplomatic relationship with Germany B. Containing Communism worldwide C. A positive diplomatic relationship with communist China D. Growth of nuclear technology

B

9. Similarities between science and technology may include: A.Are both social sciences B.Use empirical evidence C.Must be studied separately D.All of the above

B

After 1720 immigrants from Ireland and Germany tended to favor relocating to • A.the New England colonies, because of their religious diversity • B.the Middle Atlantic colonies, because of their expanding economic opportunities • C.the southern colonies, because of their high demand for skilled labor • D.unsettled territories, because American Indians there welcomed European immigrants

B

During the Cold War the term "Non-Aligned Movement" referred to a group of countries that (A) had rapidly developing economies based on technology and international finance, such as Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan (B) avoided formal political or economic affiliation with either the Soviet or the Western bloc, such as India, Indonesia, and Egypt (C) were former colonies with White elites who continued to govern after decolonization, such as Rhodesia and South Africa (D) harbored foreign militant organizations and were ostracized by the Western bloc, such as Libya and Iran

B

Former slaves who could not afford to buy land during Reconstruction often turned to which of the following? • A.Factory work • B.Sharecropping • C.Railroad building • D.Clerical work

B

How did the American Revolution affect the institution of slavery in the United States? • A.The American Revolution caused the collapse of the triangular trade, which ended the exchange of slaves within the country. • B.Some northern states began to end the practice of slavery, though the institution remained in place in the southern states. • C.The new Constitution called for an end to the institution of slavery after a period of twenty years. • D.The American Revolution led to the writing of the original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, which did not gain public acceptance until the Civil War.

B

In the decade after the end of the Cold War, United States foreign policy was most strongly characterized by which of the following? • A.A general retreat from world affairs and a renewed concern for the Western Hemisphere • B.A focus on expanding economic prosperity through globalization and free trade • C.An effort to prevent the reemergence of fascism by postponing the reunification of Germany • D.The modernization of the country's nuclear weapons stockpiles to deter foreign terrorist organizations

B

In the period 1890 to 1914, the majority of immigrants to the United States came from which of the following? (A) Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland (B) Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia (C) Ireland, Japan, and India (D) China, Brazil, and Scandinavia

B

Influential thinkers during the European Enlightenment often advocated for a rationalized form of religion called • A.atheism • B.deism • C.agnosticism • D.utilitarianism

B

Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were all advocates for the claim that • A.women should be encouraged to consume alcohol in public • B.women should be granted the same voting rights as men • C.women should be allowed to enlist in the armed services • D.women should receive equal pay for the same work done by men

B

Question:The cartoon above from 1898 shows President William McKinley as a waiter to Uncle Sam. What aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States foreign policy was the cartoon critiquing? • A.International food relief programs, which were designed to support domestic farmers rather than to feed famine-stricken countries • B.Imperial expansion, which was popular with the public although it ran counter to the country's own ideals of democracy and self-determination • C.Foreign commerce, which, against the specifications of the Constitution, was being increasingly directed by the president instead of Congress • D.Immigration, which was severely limiting entry to people from Spanish-speaking countries even though millions of people were arriving from southern and eastern Europe

B

Tenement housing in the United States was a response to which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? • A.The rapid growth of suburbs • B.Industrialization and urbanization • C.Legislation limiting immigration • D.Declining urban populations

B

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated that • A.the United States military provide equal opportunities for people of all races • B.places of public accommodation provide services to people of all races • C.Native Americans be granted dual citizenship as citizens of their respective nations and of the United States • D.public schools provide equal opportunities for English-language learners

B

The United States Supreme Court decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison was significant because it established the • A.right of the Supreme Court to original jurisdiction in federal cases • B.power of the Supreme Court to invalidate an act of Congress • C.number of United States Supreme Court justices • D.principle that presidents have the authority to expand United States territory by purchasing land

B

The admission of California into the Union as a free state in 1850 was hotly debated primarily because (A) many slaveholders wanted to move there (B) it disrupted the balance of power in the Senate (C) Californians wanted slaves to work in the vineyards (D) settlers in southwestern territories had already applied for admission as slave states

B

The early development of labor unions in the United States and Great Britain was similar in that union membership included • A.mostly women and children • B.artisans and craftspeople in urban areas • C.farmers in rural areas • D.civil service employees

B

The movement for the independence of the Canadian province of Quebec in the late twentieth century had its roots in which of the following events? • A.The loss in 1763 of Spanish holdings in North America to the British as a result of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) • B.The loss in 1763 of New France to the British as a result of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) • C.The acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase by Thomas Jefferson in 1803 • D.The Spanish sale of a large swath of territory west of the Mississippi River to France in 1800

B

The political conditions of Japan in the fifteenth century C.E. most closely resembled the political conditions of which of the following? • A.The Roman Empire in the second century • B.Western Europe in the eleventh century • C.The Mughal dynasty in India in the sixteenth century • D.The Middle East in the eighth century

B

The rapid economic growth of Japan in the 1970s and 1980s and, slightly later, of the group of countries that were known as the Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) was largely a result of • A.centrally planned economies on the model of the People's Republic of China and North Korea • B.government-backed industrialization, high tariffs on imported goods, and export of manufactured goods • C.the provision of raw materials to the United States and Europe and the resulting importation of finished goods from them • D.cultivation of direct foreign investment by the United States and encouragement of consumer spending over saving

B

Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with." Question:The thought of which of the following Renaissance thinkers is expressed by the passage above? • A.Francesco Petrarch • B.Niccolò Machiavelli • C.Dante Alighieri • D.Leonardo da Vinci

B

Which conquistador discovered the Mississippi River? • Coronado • De Soto • Cortes • De Leon • De Narvaez

B

Which of the following best characterizes the political structures of the Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens in the classical period (circa 510 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E.) ? • A.Sparta granted citizenship to women, banished slavery, and developed an early form of democracy; Athens granted women citizenship but kept the majority of its population as slaves and lacked institutions for citizen participation in government. • B.Sparta was a military encampment that required citizens to serve as soldiers most of their lives; Athens was a limited democracy in which citizens participated in government, including the military, but performed other work too. • C.Both Sparta and Athens were peaceful democracies that had wide participation in the polis (city-state) by all men who were property owners. • D.Both Sparta and Athens were military dictatorships that lacked political structures through which citizens could participate in running the state or making decisions about waging war.

B

Which of the following best describes the cause of suffering according to the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism? • A.Social injustice and oppression • B.Craving and desire • C.Sin and impurity • D.Death and impermanence

B

Which of the following best describes the political organization of Maya civilization circa 300-700 C.E.? • A.A large empire with a centralized bureaucracy • B.A collection of independent city-states • C.An early instance of democracy, with voting for property-holding men • D.A feudal state dominated by local warlords

B

Which of the following did Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia have in common as monarchs? • A.Both rulers attempted to isolate their countries and resist outside influence. • B.Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts. • C.Both rulers held a great interest in maritime technology and visited Dutch and English shipyards to learn their secrets. • D.Both rulers were enlightened despots who attempted to rule through the loyalty of their subjects.

B

Which of the following distinguishes the colonization of New France in the eighteenth century from that of New England? • A.French colonists were more likely to create permanent settlements and to engage in warfare with Native American tribes. • B.French colonists were more likely to pursue trade in furs with Native Americans and to intermarry with them. • C.French colonists held the territories they inhabited more securely over time and built more long-lasting settlements. • D.French colonists provided greater flows of raw materials and profit to the royal French government than did New England to the British royal government.

B

Which of the following effects of the Industrial Revolution most likely influenced Karl Marx's development of the Communist Manifesto? • A.Decreasing economic opportunities for agricultural workers • B.The widening socioeconomic gap between factory owners and factory workers • C.The increasing role of women in the workforce • D.Growing levels of pollution in urban areas

B

Which of the following identifies the two most important natural resources in the Middle East? • A. Oil and coal • B. Oil and water • C. Uranium and sulfur • D. Coal and water

B

Which of the following initiatives was a Progressive Era response to the threat of environmental degradation? • A.The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency • B.The creation of the national park system • C.The development of air quality legislation • D.The banning of synthetic pesticides

B

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the Virginia Companies? • One of these companies, the Virginia Company of Plymouth, made its base in North America • One of these companies, the Virginia Company of London, made its base in Massachusetts • The Virginia Companies were both joint-stock companies that raised funds by selling stock • One company had a charter to colonize America from the Potomac River to north Maine • One company had a charter to colonize America between the Hudson and Cape Fear rivers

B

Which of the following issues caused both the Whig and Democratic Parties to split internally in the 1850s along sectional lines? • A.The legalization of labor unions • B.The extension of slavery to newly acquired territories • C.The cost of acquiring the Louisiana Territory • D.The incorporation of Canadian provinces into the federal system of the United States

B

Which of the following most directly allowed early factories in the United States to appear outside the mill towns of New England? • A.Interchangeable parts • B.Steam power • C.Limited liability • D.Slave labor

B

Which of the following most directly played a role in shaping the hippie counterculture in the United States during the 1960s? • A.The writings of Benjamin Spock • B.Increased access to birth control • C.Increased ownership of automobiles • D.The Stonewall riots

B

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin? • A.It caused most slaveholders in the South to question the morality of slavery. • B.It highlighted the sectional polarization over the issue of slavery in the United States. • C.It emphasized the need to merge the abolitionist movement with the temperance movement. • D.It reinforced public approval of the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

B

Which of the following statements is not true regarding English expansionism in the 16th century? • Queen Elizabeth's support for the Protestant Reformation strengthened English expansionism • England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought a decisive end to their war with Spain • Sir Francis Drake's voyages to and conquests of new territories were supported by Elizabeth • King Henry VIII's desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon strengthened English expansionism • Sir Francis Drake and other English sea captains plundered the Spaniards' plunders of Indians

B

Which of the following statements regarding the circumstances of Canada, Australia, and South Africa within the British Empire during the nineteenth century is most true? • A.All three regions endured protracted and bitter wars between settlers and native peoples. • B.All three regions contained a large proportion of European settlers and had considerable autonomy. • C.All three regions were wrested from other European states by Great Britain in colonial wars. • D.All three regions served as centers of manufacturing and industrial production for British markets.

B

Which of the following technological innovations developed during the rise of the Ottoman Empire and helped propel its expansion? • A.The bow and arrow • B.Gunpowder weaponry • C.Horse domestication • D.The stirrup for cavalry

B

Which of the following was a central principle of feudal societies in Europe? • A. The absolute authority of the national monarch • B. The granting of land in exchange for military service • C. The separation of church and state • D. The primary importance of trade and merchants

B

Which of the following was a direct result of the Neolithic Revolution? • A.The establishment of long-distance trade networks • B.The growth of agricultural communities • C.The use of cave paintings • D.The development of metal tools and weapons

B

Which of the following was a major difference between the Federalist and the Anti-Federalist parties during the ratification process of the Constitution of the United States? • A.Anti-Federalists believed the new country should avoid involvement in foreign affairs, whereas Federalists favored an aggressive foreign policy. • B.Federalists believed in a strong central government, whereas Anti-Federalists favored more power at the state level. • C.Federalists favored the expansion of slavery into new territories, whereas Anti-Federalists favored ending slavery on a strict timetable. • D.Anti-Federalists believed women should have the vote, whereas Federalists opposed the measure.

B

Which of the following was a major reason the population of the English colonies in North America grew more rapidly than the population of the French colonies in North America? • A.Unlike British ships, French ships carrying settlers had to avoid English warships blockading the coast of France. • B.Land for settlement was scarcer in the French colonies than in the English colonies. • C.Unlike the French Crown, the English Crown allowed religious dissenters to leave the homeland for North America. • D.The discovery of gold in the English colonies attracted settlers from several western European nations.

B

Which of the following was an effect of the collapse of centralized communist governments on Eastern Europe in 1989? • A.Rapid development of technology industries • B.Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions • C.Successive waves of invasion by armies of the USSR • D.Establishment of neofascist military dictatorships

B

Which of the following was an important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? • A.Decreased power of the Catholic Church in Spain and Portugal • B.Increased literacy in predominately Protestant states • C.Improved relations between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches • D.Decreased military threat from the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe

B

Which of the following was most important in creating the conditions that stimulated the Harlem Renaissance? • A.The end of most racial segregation and discrimination in the northern United States • B.The growth of New York City's African American community as a result of the Great Migration • C.The patronage of wealthy New York City philanthropists who were eager to sponsor African American artists • D.The implementation of government-sponsored urban renewal programs designed to benefit disadvantaged communities

B

Which of the following was the most important contributing factor to the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979? • A.The desire to create a Westernized, secular state on the model of Turkey • B.The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force • C.The desire to liberate Iran from the political and economic control of the Soviet Union • D.The desire to nationalize oil fields to economically support a military regime

B

Which of the following was the most significant contribution of the Articles of Confederation government to the growth of the United States? • A.Providing an effective method for the taxation of the states by the national government • B.Passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which established the procedure for territories to become states • C.Establishing the precedent that later allowed Thomas Jefferson to acquire the Louisiana Territory • D.Developing a system of tariffs that enabled the national government to meet its expenses by taxing imports

B

Which of the following was the predominant trend in United States manufacturing in the mid-1800s? (A) Manufacturing jobs were increasingly held by married women. (B) Manufacturing increasingly shifted from small shops and households to factories. (C) Manufacturing was increasingly done by slaves. (D) Manufacturing increasingly relied on electric- powered machinery.

B

Which of the following was the underlying cause of the 1994 Rwandan genocide? (A) The small size and limited powers of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Rwanda (B) The ethnic, economic, and political rivalries between members of Rwanda's Hutu majority and Tutsi minority (C) The territorial ambitions of Rwanda's neighboring states, which led them to intervene repeatedly in Rwandan affairs with the goal of destabilizing the country (D) The religious divide between mostly Muslim northern Rwanda and mostly Christian southern Rwanda

B

sold the entire territory to the United States for 15 million dollars. Northern opposition to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to the creation of the • A.Whig Party • B.Republican Party • C.Liberty Party • D.Populist Party

B

Which of the following were important causes of the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905? Select all that apply. • A.The intervention of the United States on the part of its ally, Japan • B.The inadequacy of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as a military supply line for Russia • C.The continuing expansion of British control over the Japanese economy • D.The more advanced industrialization of Japan compared to that of Russia

B, D

"Communists have infiltrated into the school system. We know that teachers in Harvard are avowed Communists. They are spreading Communism in every way they can." Question: Which political figure came to prominence espousing the sentiments similar to those expressed in this quote? • A.Adlai Stevenson • B.Harry Truman • C.Joseph McCarthy • D.Dwight Eisenhower

C

"You may well ask: 'Why direct action? Why sit ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?' You are quite right in calling for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored." Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963) Question:Of the following, which is a strategy reflected in the passage above that the Civil Rights movement used to obtain racial equality? • A.Repudiation of the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s • B.Violent confrontation to destroy patterns of segregation in the South • C.Peaceful civil disobedience to obtain social change • D.Alliance with foreign critics of the United States' record of racial discrimination

C

10. Why did the development of agriculture lead to a dramatic increase in population? A. The development of agriculture led to the end of the nomadic life. B. People no longer had to hunt and gather, which was highly dangerous. C. Farming led to a more stable source of food, which allowed for larger families and permanent homes. D. Agriculture and farming provided a much healthier diet than hunting and gathering did.

C

11. Why are rivers thought to be so important to the development of the first civilizations? A. Rivers slowed down the growth of cities. B. Rivers greatly discouraged ocean travel. C. Rivers encouraged growth of urban areas and agriculture. D. River slowed down the invention of agriculture.

C

12. Why did the Zhou dynasty in China last so long? A. The leaders of the Zhou dynasty were positively ruthless. B. The Zhou dynasty's leaders prevented average citizens from acquiring weapons. C. The Zhou dynasty innovated technology and obligated leaders to rule fairly, due to an increase in political sophistication. D. The Zhou dynasty did not have to deal with the issues of Confucianism.

C

18. Despite the rapid spread of Islam on the continent of Africa, which of the following places remained Christian? A. Marrakesh B. Mali C. Ethiopia D. Tunisia

C

20. Which of the following is true about the Black Death? A. It was basically confined to South Asia and China. B. It was mostly only deadly in northern Europe. C. It was spread along the Euro-Asian trade routes. D. It stopped before reaching the Mediterranean.

C

21. Which of the following statements is true about Zen Buddhism? A. It placed heavy emphasis upon a heavenly afterlife, which appealed to the lower classes. B. Zen Buddhism began in Japan and then traveled to China and Korea. C. It became highly popular among the Japanese samurai. D. It had little to no impact on Japan and Japanese culture

C

22. What often led to alliances between European feudal lords? A. The Black Death B. A papal decree C. Mutual need for defense against the Vikings D. Trade relations

C

24. Of the following Native American societies, which one built huge mounds for what scientists and anthropologists believe to be religious purposes? A. The Pueblos B. The Sioux C. The Mississippians D. The Hopi

C

26. During the 18th Century, over what territories did France and England fight? A. South America and the Pacific B. Asia and the Caribbean C. North America and Asia D. Asia and Central America

C

29. What was one of the major causes of the Global Depression in 1930? A. Not enough agricultural goods were produced B. Totalitarian regimes were on the rise in Europe C. Trade tensions, which led to high protective tariffs D. War-debt restructuring

C

32. Which of the following best defines the political heritage of classical China? A. The people should always question the emperor. B. All citizens are encouraged to participate in government. C. As a father is to a family, so is the emperor to the state. D. The leader is chosen by the community elders.

C

34. Which of the following inventions was the most important source of power during the first half of the Industrial Revolution? A. The internal combustion engine B. The water wheel C. The steam engine D. The electric turbine

C

37. During which of the following Chinese dynasties was the Great Wall built? A. Shang B. T'ang C. Ch'in D. Chou

C

39. Which of the following was the basic unit of religious categorization in the Ottoman Empire? A. The caste B. The parish C. Themillet D. Theumma

C

4. What does the Swahili language demonstrate about African civilization during the 1200s and 1300s? A. Great influence from Mediterranean culture B. Great influence from Europe culture C. Connection to trade routes in Asia and the Middle East D. Continuance of the great Egyptian culture

C

42. Through Western leadership and luck, which Southeast Asian nation managed to keep free of domination by foreign powers? A. Burma B. Laos C. Thailand D. Vietnam

C

45. In 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt attended the Yalta Conference. When it came to negotiations, whose views was Roosevelt most concerned by? A. Kim Il Sung on Korea B. Charles de Gaulle on Western Europe C. Joseph Stalin on Eastern Europe D. Mao Zedong on Japan

C

47. Which of the following is true about the headright system? A. The system increased the number of slaves imported to the New World from Africa. B. It referred to the number of people on board ships sailing to the New World from England. C. It helped to populate the colonies of Virginia and Maryland. D. The headright system was a form of slavery.

C

50. What was the Mayflower Compact? A. A statement of religious principles signed by the Pilgrims B. A peace agreement between the Puritans in Massachusetts and surrounding Native American tribes C. A formal statement of democratic process created by the Puritans D. The government party in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

C

54. Why was George Washington's presidential administration so significant? A. His administration supported the British after the French declared war upon them in 1793. B. His administration abolished slavery. C. His was the very first administration. D. His administration established a strong connection with Native American tribes throughout the United States.

C

56. What is the idea that the Constitution was created by the states and so the states could, therefore, dissolve the Constitution at their will? A. Spoils system B. Ordinance of Nullification C. Compact Theory D. Tariff of Abominations

C

58. In 1861, the Confederate army fired on Fort Sumter. Which of the following statements about that incident is true? A. Lincoln had already decided to abandon Fort Sumter by 1861. B. Lincoln had previously sent troops to help defend the Fort. C. Lincoln had previously sent supplies-but not military protection-to the Fort. D. Jefferson Davis left the decision to fire upon Fort Sumter up to the Confederate army.

C

6. Which of the following was the major result of the work of India's Muslim League in the 1940s? (A) Unification of Indians across religious and ethnic lines to achieve independence from Great Britain (B) A growing division between the Westernized upper middle class and the majority of Indians (C) Partition of the independent subcontinent into Muslim Pakistan and a secular but predominantly Hindu India (D) The initiation of Indian nationalists' negotiations with Britain's wartime enemies of Germany and Japan

C

63. In 1898, Senator Henry Teller agreed to vote to declare war against Spain-one one condition. What was that one condition? A. Only racially integrated units would be used in the war. B. The United States would agree to give up all of its overseas territories. C. If the United States defeated Spain, Cuba would become independent. D. All of Spain's overseas colonies would be given to the U.S. if the United States won the war.

C

65. What led to President Andrew Johnson's impeachment? A. "Waving the Bloody Shirt" B. His unruly tactics during his election campaign in 1866 C. Johnson refused to adhere to the Tenure of Office Act D. John pardoned too many former leaders of the Confederate army

C

70. How did President Truman justify dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan? A. Truman stated that the bomb would only be dropped on remote, uninhabited islands. B. Truman feared that the communists would use the technology first if the United States did not. C. Truman explained that too many American lives would be lost if the United States needed to invade Japan. D. Truman believed that the United States was in danger of being invaded.

C

71. What is Margaret Sanger best known for? A. She was a staunch supporter of women's suffrage. B. She wrote the quintessential American book about new wave Feminism. C. She opened the first birth control clinic in the United States. D. She was the first female cabinet member.

C

72. What was the main goal of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference? A. To create equal representation of the races in Congress B. To challenge segregation in Congress and the Supreme Court C. To resist segregation in a non-violent manner D. To protect traditionally black neighborhoods from gang violence and police brutality

C

74. Which of the following, according to the 1965 Immigration Act, would be the main factor for admission to the United States? A. Race B. Gender C. Occupation D. Religion

C

75. During the 1950s, the United States government pushed huge sums of money into math and science education programs and research in response to which of the following incidents? A. Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba. B. The Soviet Union landed a shuttle and astronauts on the moon. C. The Soviet Union launched the Sputniksatellite, which successfully orbited Earth. D. The Soviet Union developed the world's first H-bomb.

C

8. What does the United States motto, E Pluribus Unum, symbolize? A.Freedom from England B.The Constitution C.Combination of many cultures D.All of the above

C

9. Which of the following best summarizes the attitude of most delegates to the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787 toward the development of political parties? (A) Parties would be beneficial to the growth of democracy. (B) Parties would eventually return the country to dependence on Great Britain because they were suggestive of rule by monarchy. (C) Parties would divide the country into hostile camps and would be disruptive to the conduct of political affairs. (D) Parties would ensure that the delegates would control the government of the new nation.

C

Between circa 1820 and 1840, the growing economy of the United States relied primarily on which of the following for transportation of goods between regions? • A.The extensive system of roads that had been installed by the British before the American Revolution • B.A new system of roads and railroads built by the federal government of the United States • C.Privately built roads and railroads as well as water transport, including canals • D.The postal service that had been established under the Articles of Confederation

C

Confucianism developed as a system of thought in China primarily in response to • A.social and economic dislocation brought about by rapid urbanization and industrialization • B.the introduction of European ideas and Christian missionary activity that challenged Chinese traditions • C.the instability and political crises brought about by frequent regional conflict during the Warring States period • D.the cultural shock caused by military reversals in the wake of nomadic invasions by the Xiongnu

C

During the Cultural Revolution in China from 1966 to 1976, which of the following groups were most subjected to persecution? • A.Students opposed to China's involvement in the Vietnam War • B.Business owners accused of restricting trade with the Soviet Union • C.Intellectuals accused of displaying bourgeois values • D.Politicians opposed to the resumption of relations with the United States

C

During which of the following decades did China first embrace aspects of capitalist development to grow its economy? • A.1950s • B.1960s • C.1970s • D.1990s

C

In the late nineteenth century, western European women who belonged to the middle-class were most commonly expected to • A.earn incomes from factory work • B.attend universities and earn advanced degrees • C.devote themselves to domestic concerns and child rearing • D.expand their participation in business

C

President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society program was inspired most directly by which earlier program? • A.Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal • B.Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom • C.Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal • D.John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress

C

The Reagan Revolution of the 1980s had which of the following effects on political party alignments in national elections? (A) Latino voters who formerly had tended to vote for Democrats in national elections turned decisively to the Republican Party. (B) White voters in the South who had voted for Republicans since the Reconstruction turned to the Democratic Party. (C) Working-class White voters who had formerly tended to follow the endorsements of labor union leaders and vote for Democrats began to turn to the Republican Party. (D) African American voters who had left the Republican Party in large numbers during the Jim Crow era returned to the party of Lincoln.

C

The decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) overturned the judicial precedent that had allowed (A) the teaching of evolution in public schools (B) gender segregation in private schools and social clubs (C) separate but equal public facilities for Black people and White people (D) federal funding of local public schools and state universities

C

The trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt was most closely associated with which African states from about 1000 C.E. to 1500 C.E.? • A.Axum and Kush • B.The Swahili city-states and Zanzibar • C.Ghana and Mali • D.Kongo and Great Zimbabwe

C

The transition to agriculture in Mesoamerica differed from the transition to agriculture in Southwest Asia in that the transition in Mesoamerica (A) occurred much earlier than the transition in Southwest Asia (B) was driven by political decisions made by Mesoamerican rulers, whereas the transition in Southwest Asia was driven by economic and demographic factors (C) was not accompanied by the domestication of draft or pasture animals, whereas the transition in Southwest Asia was accompanied by the domestication of such animals (D) did not involve the domestication of cereal grains, whereas the transition in Southwest Asia was based on the domestication of cereal grains

C

What takes place very largely automatically in a politically free country must in Russia be done deliberately and systematically by our organizations. A workingman agitator who is at all talented and promising must not be left to work eleven hours a day in a factory. We must arrange that he be maintained by the Party, that he may in due time go underground, that he change the place of his activity, otherwise he will not enlarge his experience, he will not widen his outlook, and will not be able to stay in the fight against the [police]. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, What Is To Be Done? (1902) Question:In the passage above, Lenin refers to an idea that he regarded as crucial to the success of the Bolsheviks in Russia. Which of the following statements best describes the idea? • A.The forces of history, particularly the clash between bourgeoisie and proletariat, will inevitably lead to a dictatorship of the proletariat in Russia. • B.Only in Russia could genuine revolution occur, because other countries possessed more freedom and had little need for socialism. • C.Political organization and discipline, including the development of a vanguard of leaders, were necessary for the revolutionaries to win. • D.The formation of a revolutionary vanguard of leaders was to be avoided, because it would create an elite that would oppose the principles of communism.

C

Where was the first great human civilization located? A. Egypt B. Greece C. Mesopotamia D. Samaria

C

Which of the following best describes the Japanese response to Western encroachment in the mid-nineteenth century? • A.The Tokugawa Shogunate and the later Meiji government pursued a policy of peaceful cooperation with Western powers and delayed militarization in favor of massive investment in education. • B.The Japanese fought against United States economic incursions, but became reliant on goods and currency from the West by the end of the nineteenth century. • C.The Tokugawa Shogunate capitulated under United States demands for an unequal trade treaty, but Japan soon industrialized under the Meiji and sought ties with the West from a position of strength. • D.The Tokugawa Shogunate and the later Meiji oligarchs retreated from engagement with the West and built defensive militaries with little industrialization.

C

Which of the following best describes the Monroe Doctrine, promulgated by President Monroe in 1823 ? • A.A publication from the first Continental Congress that outlined Federalist principles • B.The first plan for self-government adopted in the English colonies • C.A document intended to end European colonization in the Western Hemisphere • D.One of the first documents to oppose slavery in the United States

C

Which of the following conflicts represents the most immediate cause of the end of the Ottoman Empire? • A.The Napoleonic Wars • B.The Crimean War • C.The First World War • D.The Second World War

C

Which of the following conquistadores unwittingly gave smallpox to the Indians and destroyed the Aztec empire in Mexico? • Balboa • Ponce de Leon • Cortes • De Vaca • De Soto

C

Which of the following directly contributed to the spread of the Black Death across Europe during the mid-fourteenth century? • A.Invasions by the Abbasid caliphate • B.Refugees from the collapsing Byzantine Empire • C.Trade ships entering European ports from points east • D.Repression of scientific inquiry by the Catholic Church

C

Which of the following ethnic origins did the founders of the Ottoman Empire and Safavid and Mughal dynasties have in common? • A.Arab • B.Persian • C.Turkic • D.Indian

C

Which of the following is a similarity between Poland in the 1940s, Cambodia in the 1970s, and Rwanda in the 1990s? • A.All were communist states. • B.All were members of NATO. • C.All were locations of genocides. • D.All were sites of major civil wars.

C

Which of the following leaders is responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871 ? • A.Adolf Hitler • B.Archduke Franz Ferdinand • C.Otto von Bismarck • D.Emperor Wilhelm II

C

Which of the following led to Islam becoming the dominant religion in Indonesia from circa 1600 C.E. to the present? • A.Indonesia's importance as a key province of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates • B.The conquest of Indonesia by Shiite Muslims from Sri Lanka in the sixteenth century • C.Indonesians' trade with Arab and Persian merchants across the Indian Ocean • D.Indonesia's importance as a colony in India's trade empire in the fourteenth century

C

Which of the following mid-nineteenth-century reform movements had the most difficulty gaining adherents and influencing society? • A. Temperance • B. Public education • C. Women's rights • D. Abolition

C

Which of the following most likely led to the shift in human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture beginning circa 8,000 B.C.E. ? • A.Development of metallurgy • B.Larger-capacity braincases • C.Climate change • D.Spread of language

C

Which of the following peoples created the first civilizations in Mesopotamia? • A.Babylonians • B.Nubians • C.Sumerians • D.Persians

C

Which of the following resulted from the Bantu migrations in sub-Saharan Africa from circa 500 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E.? • A.The northward spread of Indo-European languages and culture • B.The northward spread of gold mining to Nubia and North Africa • C.The southward spread of agricultural cultivation and the domestication of animals • D.The southward spread of nomadic settlement patterns and hunting and gathering

C

Which of the following statements best describes the environmental consequences of the Columbian Exchange? • A.A wave of epidemic diseases from the Americas sharply diminished European and Asian populations. • B.Domesticated animals from the Americas became key to Europe's meat supply. • C.Native American populations were decimated by diseases spread through contact with Europeans. • D.Tobacco was transplanted to large central African plantations.

C

Which of the following was a central goal of the Populist movement as expressed by William Jennings Bryan when he ran for president of the United States in 1896? • A.Instituting restrictions on immigration from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa • B.Establishing a centrally planned economy with labor unions as the primary guide of economic policy • C.Unifying a coalition of farmers and laborers by advocating the end of the gold standard for currency • D.Mandating the teaching of Darwin's ideas about evolution in public schools and the rejection of Biblical literalism

C

Which of the following was an immediate cause of the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803? • A.The French feared that the United States would ally with the Spanish to invade the territory. • B.The British threatened to invade France if they did not reduce the size of their empire. • C.The French could no longer afford the territory after the loss of its sugar colonies in the Caribbean. • D.The Spanish preferred the United States as an immediate neighbor in North America to the French.

C

Which of the following was an important consequence of the development of the English textile industry during the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840 C.E.)? • A.Importation of finished cotton and silk from Indian textile mills soon outpaced British production. • B.The price of textiles skyrocketed, and production of cloth declined in world markets. • C.British demand for raw cotton from the southern United States greatly increased. • D.Production of raw cotton in Egypt collapsed after the British made Egypt a dependency in the 1840s.

C

local matters. Which of the following accusations did colonists make against King George III and the British Parliament in the Declaration of Independence? • A.Violating the law of eminent domain by seizing private property for use by the government • B.Embezzling tax money for the personal use of the Crown • C.Frustrating the working of representative government and the law in the colonies • D.Waging an illegal war against the French in Canada and mistreating Native Americans

C

Which of the following are accomplishments that were a result of the Progressive movement? Select all that apply. • A.Attainment of voting rights for black males • B.Implementation of laissez-faire economic policies • C.Regulation of the food and drug industries • D.Development of better sanitation in urban areas

C, D

1. Cultural diversity includes: A.Differences in traditions B.Understanding of moral issues C.Group interactions D.All of the above

D

1. Which of the following dynasties of China's Imperial Era was the most recent? A. Sui Dynasty B. Tang Dynasty C. Yuan Dynasty D. Quing Dynasty E. Ming Dynasty

D

16. What was the primary goal of the Christian Crusades? A. The conquer Asia Minor B. To spread Christianity to Africa C. To share Jerusalem with the Turks D. To retake the Holy Land from the Muslims.

D

20. Which of the following best summarizes the key policy goals of the New Feminism movement of the 1970s? (A) Defending traditional gender roles at home and in the workplace, and opposing the Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 (B) Obtaining for women the rights to vote, own property, and engage in legal and business transactions (C) Passing a legal prohibition of the sale of alcohol and limiting immigration (D) Demanding equal pay for equal work and removing restrictions on women's reproductive rights

D

21. The construction of an extensive road network funded by the federal government under the Interstate Highway Act of 1956 changed the built form of metropolitan areas in the United States by encouraging the (A) greater use of public transit for travel to work (B) concentration of manufacturing in central cities (C) shrinking of metropolitan areas in terms of the land area they occupied (D) expansion of housing and jobs in suburbs

D

25. Of the following rulers, who had the most religious tolerance? A. Philip II of Spain B. Henry VIII of England C. Louis XIV of France D. Akbar the Great of the Mughals

D

27. In what important way did the early Egyptian civilization resemble civilization in Mesopotamia? A. They both created strict law codes, protecting the poor. B. They both allowed women to serve as priests. C. They both buried their leaders in massive pyramids. D. Both developed a centralized society ruled by a monarchy and small group of priests.

D

28. Of the following African regions, which was able to defeat European powers in the 19th century? A. Morocco B. Egypt C. Liberia D. Ethiopia

D

3. The current definition of the term "Latin America" is most correctly described as: A. Everywhere in the Americas that Spanish or Portuguese predominantly is spoken B. Everywhere in the Americas south of the United States, including the Caribbean C. Everywhere in the Americas where a Latinate (i.e. Romance) language is spoken D. All of the previous choices can correctly describe a current definition of the term "Latin America" E. None of the previous choices is a correct description of the current definition of "Latin America"

D

35. Which of the following was a common feature of both European and Japanese feudalism? A. Christianity B. All classes participated C. Social mobility was possible and easy D. The social structure was very strict

D

46. What was the primary reason that Spain-and not its rival, Portugal-was the dominant power in the New World during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. Christopher Columbus's success in the New World B. Spanish ships were significantly faster than Portuguese ships. C. The very large treasury that had been accrued by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain D. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

D

49. Which of the following is true about indentured servants? A. They were usually forced into service. B. They were often considered to be members of their master's family. C. They were promised great monetary compensation for their service by the government. D. They came to the colonies voluntarily.

D

5. Forms of government include: A.Republic B.Parliamentary C.Monarchy D.All of the above

D

53. Which of the following was written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison in order to convince the states to ratify the Constitution? A.Common Sense B.On the Nature of Tyranny C.The Jungle D.The Federalist Papers

D

62. What did "blue laws," supported by the Republican Party in many states during the Gilded Age, do? A. "Blue Laws" regulated the amount of hours children could work. B. "Blue Laws" stated that producers of products in the United States must accurately describe the contents of those products. C. "Blue Laws" provided government subsidies and price support for struggling farmers in the Midwest. D. "Blue Laws" made a number of activities illegal-such as drinking and gambling.

D

9. Which of the following initial principles of Jacksonian Democracy changed most over time? A. Expanded suffrage B. Manifest Destiny C. Political patronage D. Strict constructionism E. Laissez-faire economics

D

At the beginning of the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln in his public statements said the main purpose of the war was to • A. abolish slavery across the Union • B. help Democrats win the South • C. punish the South for seceding • D. preserve the Union

D

During Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, those who protested against the leadership of the colony were chiefly • A.grandees (elite planters) who wanted to shift the tax burden to poorer farmers • B.slaveholders who sought harsh penalties for fugitive slaves • C.Native Americans who revolted against being displaced from their lands • D.small farmers who wanted to settle on Native American lands

D

In contrast to Karl Marx, Mao Zedong sought support from which of the following social groups for the communist movement in China? • A.Aristocrats • B.Urban merchants • C.Industrial workers • D.Peasants In contrast to Karl Marx, Mao Zedong sought support from which of the following social groups for the communist movement in China? • A.Aristocrats • B.Urban merchants • C.Industrial workers • D.Peasants

D

In the 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs ignited a national debate over which of the following policies? • A.Expanding the United States role in the civil war in Vietnam • B.Increasing military spending compared to social programs • C.Encouraging individual success and initiative • D.Expanding the role of the federal government through social programs

D

Meetings between Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference in 1945 resulted primarily in which of the following? • A.The indictment and trial of Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity • B.The creation of a postwar organization that would help maintain world peace • C.The finalization of plans for the D-day invasion of Western Europe • D.The agreement to partition Germany into four military-occupied zones

D

The destruction of which of the following natural resources most negatively affected the culture of Native American groups living in the Great Plains during the nineteenth century? • A.Forests • B.White-tailed deer • C.Farmland • D.Buffalo (bison) herds

D

The failure of the Roman Republic's system of government in the first century B.C.E. led to the establishment of the Roman Empire in the first and second centuries C.E. In the period described, the empire experienced • A.a plague that afflicted Roman citizens and the territories of the Empire • B.the conversion to Christianity by the majority of Roman citizens • C.a strong Senate that saved Rome from authoritarian rule • D.growing commerce as the territory commanded by Rome enjoyed peace

D

The spread of Greek culture into North Africa and Southwest Asia during the fourth century B.C.E. was the result of the • A.invasion of Greece by the Persian army • B.growth of maritime trade networks • C.establishment of Greek settler colonies • D.conquests of Alexander the Great

D

Which of the following United States programs provided money, supplies, and machinery to assist participating European countries in rebuilding after the Second World War? (A) Truman Doctrine (B) Atlantic Charter (C) Point Four Program (D) Marshall Plan

D

Which of the following ancient civilizations did not use written language but did have a complex messenger system to communicate over long distances? • A. Olmec • B. Maya • C. Aztec • D. Inca

D

Which of the following contributed most to the spread of Christianity in the fourth century C.E.? • A. The decline of trade and industry in the Roman Empire • B. A series of epidemic plagues • C. The use of German mercenaries by the Roman army • D. The support of the emperors Constantine and Theodosius

D

Which of the following contributed to the spread of Islam into East Africa before 1450 C.E.? • A.East African scholars studying in Saudi Arabia • B.Military invasions by Islamic caliphates • C.Missionaries sent into sub-Saharan Africa from Egypt • D.Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes

D

Which of the following describes an effect of the First World War on civil liberties in the United States before 1920? • A.Women were granted the right to vote and the opportunity to serve in military combat roles. • B.Prohibition was abolished as returning troops demanded the right to buy alcohol. • C.Immigration laws were changed to allow admission of large numbers of refugees from war-torn Europe. • D.Laws on espionage and sedition were expanded to target anti-American language and behavior.

D

Which of the following had objectives that are most similar in its objectives to the North American Free Trade Agreement? • A.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization • B.The United Nations • C.The League of Nations • D.The European Union

D

Which of the following statements best describes the importance of Nubia from 3100 B.C.E. to 350 C.E.? • A.Nubia marks the border below which the culture of the Middle East had no influence. • B.Nubian civilization dominated that of Egypt, and the Nubians spread their writing system to Mesopotamia. • C.Egyptian royalty was almost entirely descended from royalty of Nubian ancestry. • D.Nubia was the only consistently inhabited territory that connected sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa.

D

Which of the following was a major reason for the American colonists' decision to rebel against British rule in 1776? • A.The determination of the colonists to follow the example of the French Revolution and end the rule of monarchy • B.The determination of the British government to bring an end to slavery throughout the empire • C.The decision by Parliament to open the territory in the Ohio Valley to settlement by Spanish settlers from Florida • D.The refusal by the British crown to allow the colonists a say in decisions about issues such as taxation and trade

D

Which of the following was a major result of Japan's Meiji restoration? (A) Japan revived some aspects of feudal society. (B) Japan granted Korea political and cultural autonomy. (C) Japan sought alliances with Russia and China. (D) Japan created a modern industrial economy

D

Which of the following was an effect of the Mongol conquests under Genghis Khan and his successors during the thirteenth century? • A.The Pope's renunciation of crusades against Muslims • B.The rapid growth of literacy throughout Eurasia • C.The suppression of Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent • D.The revival of trade along the Silk Road

D

as domestic programs. The correct answer is (A). Which of the following developments contributed to the trends shown in the graphs above? • A.Increasing federal subsidies to support family farms • B.Decreasing rainfall across the United States • C.Increasing prices for United States agricultural products • D.Increasing mechanization of agriculture

D

immortality, none of which can be fully satiated. Which of the following significantly contributed to the decline of both the Western Roman Empire and the Han dynasty? • A.Climate change • B.The spread of epidemic disease • C.The collapse of major trade networks • D.Nomadic invasions and internal unrest

D

2. Saharan Africa includes Western Sahara, Egypt, and the Sudan. Which of the following geographical locations is not considered part of Saharan Africa? A. Libya B. Algeria C. Tunisia D. Morocco E. All of the above places are considered part of Saharan Africa

E

7. Which of the following is incorrect concerning the Articles of Confederation? A. They established the confederation's name as The United States of America B. They gave one vote apiece to each state in the Congress of the Confederation C. They established the freedom, sovereignty, and equality of individual states D. They limited declarations of war and foreign relations to central government E. They did all these things, among many others; therefore, all these are correct

E

Which of the following explorers was not involved in the search for a Northwest Passage? • John Cabot • Magellan • Verrazzano • Jacques Cartier • All of these answer choices explorers were involved in the search for a Northwest Passage

E

Which of the following is true regarding the Treaty of Tordesillas? • It moved a line of demarcation east • It was executed during the 1500s • It set up a "Line of Demarcation" • It was initiated by the Pope • It was between Spain and Portugal

E

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the colony of Jamestown? • The colony of Jamestown became the first permanent English colony in North America • The majority of settlers in early Jamestown died of starvation, disease, or Indian attacks • Many settlers were English gentry who would not farm or explorers looking for treasure • The colony of Jamestown was established by the Virginia Company of London in 1607 • John Smith's governance helped Jamestown more than John Rolfe's tobacco discovery

E