Pre-exam unit 3

Which of the following is a diuretic that will help decrease BP?

???

In metabolic alkalosis, what is the compensation you would expect?

Hypoventilation

What particular structure of the kidney is highlighted?

Major Calcyes. collect urine from minor calyces, empty urine into renal pelvis

What particular structure of the kidney is highlighted?

Minor Calcyes. enclose the papillae of pyramids to collect draining urine to empty urine into major calyces

What particular structure of the kidney is highlighted?

Renal Cortex. outer region of the kidney

What particular structure of the kidney is highlighted?

Renal Pelvis. tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

lesser curvature of stomach

The smaller, inside curve of the stomach.

Which of these is NOT a fat soluble vitamin?

Vitamin C

Which of the following individuals would have the least amount of water (relative to their body size)?

a senior citizen

Which of the following is the correct order of the blood vessels?

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

The cortical radiate arteries will branch into the

afferent arterioles

In a urinalysis______may indicate glomerulonephritis or severe hypertension.

albuminuria

The main enzyme found in saliva is

amylase

What flows through the pancreatic duct

an alkaline mixture of digestive enzymes, water, and ions (NOT INSULIN)

Which source(s) of fluid loss would increase if your lived in an area that was hot and had very low relative humidity?

both sweat and insensible losses (transpiration through skin)

Lypolysis refers to

breakdown of fat

Glycogenolysis refers to

breaking glycogen down into glucose

Any mechanism that resists changes in pH is

buffer

Glycogenesis refers to

building and storing glycogen

Macronutrients include

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water

The sphincter found at the stomach entrance is the:

cardiac sphincter

This section of the large intestine (at tip of arrow) is the

cecum

Which is the correct order of the three phases of gastric activity?

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

Increasing the GFR (glomerular filration rate) will______reabsorption rate of the NaCl in the tubules

decrease

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system will

decrease urine output and stimulate the release of renin

Which of the following is the correct order of fat digestion.

emulsification, digestion by lipase, form micelles, absoption

Lipogenesis refers to

formation of fat

The cystic duct drains which of the structures?

gallbladder

Which of the following structures' primary function is to store and concentrate bile?

gallbladder

Which two capillary beds are found in juxtamedullary nephrons?

glomerulus and vasa recta

Which of the following hormones stimulates glycogenolysis:

glucagon

The presence of______in urine will distinguish a patient with diabetes mellitus from a patient with diabetes insipidus

glucose

What electrolyte does the pH scale measure?

hydrogen

Which of the following disorders is when too much water is ingested or retained compared to Na+?

hypotonic hydration (positive fluid balance)

What sphincter or valve is at the end of the highlighted structure?

ileocecal sphincter

Which of the following hormones and/or activities will increase blood calcium levels in an adult?

increase parathyroid hormone release

Which of the following hormones stimulates glycogenesis:

insulin

What are the hormones that are long-term regulators of appetite?

insulin and leptin

The blood vessels found in the columns of the medulla are the:

interlobar arteries and veins

Most of the body's fluid is found in which fluid compartment?

intracellular fluid

In a urinalysis, ________may indicate untreated diabetes mellitus or starvation

ketonuria

Which waste product(s) does anaerobic fermentation produce?

lactic acid???

common hepatic duct

large bile duct leading from liver; joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

Which of the following structures of the digestive system consists of haustra?

large intestine

Which of the following structures of the digestive system contains the majority of our "good" bacteria that provide us with certain vitamins?

large intestine

Which of the following structures of the digestive system have reduced longitudinal muscles called the teniae coli?

large intestine

Which of the following structures produces bile?

liver

Which two factors will stimulate the release of ADH?

low blood pressure or high blood osmolarity

What is the specific name of this (highlighted) section of the male urethra?

membranous urethra

Mechanical and chemical digestion of lipids requires secretions from which two organs?

mouth and stomach

Innermost layer of the digestive tract wall is the

mucosa

The layer of the digestive tract wall that contains the myenteric plexus of autonomic nerve fibers:

muscularis externa

Mastication occurs in the:

oral cavity

How does fluid move between compartments?

osmosis

If H+ is secreted (and bicarbonate is retained), what happens to blood pH?

pH increases making blood more alkaline

Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of:

pancreatic juice and bile

Which of the following is the correct order of structures in the renal sinus?

papillae->minor->major->pelvis

Which salivary gland is found anterior to your ear?

parotid gland

The main enzyme found in gastric juices is

pepsin

Without intrinsic factor, what disorder do you develop?

pernicious anemia

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

producing digestive enzymes

Gluconeogenesis refers to

producing glucose from a non-carb source

Which of the following hormones will decrease sodium reabsorption?

progesterone

What is the specific name of this (highlighted) section of the male urethra?

prostatic urethra

The area of the nephron where most reabsorption occurs is:

proximal convoluted tubule

The sphincter found at the stomach's exit is the:

pyloric sphincter

Which waste product(s) does aerobic fermentation produce?

pyruvate

When substances are transported from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron, this is termed:

secretion

Which of the following is the correct order of blood vessels?

segmental->interlobar->arcuate->cortical

Ghrelin is a_______ regulator of appetite and is secreted by the ________

short term; stomach

The type of epithelium the mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of is:

simple columnar epithelium

The two primary areas that glycogen is stored:

skeletal muscle cells and liver

Most of the chemical digestion and absorption occurs in the:

small intestine

Secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin) are produced by the wall of the:

small intestine

Segmentation is a muscular activity primarily found in the:

small intestine

Which of the following structures of the digestive system have circular folds and villi to increase the surface area?

small intestine

What specific part of the large intestine did food residual pass just before reaching the arrow (select best answer)?

splenic flexure???

Which of the following activities is NOT due to CCK?

stimulates pancreas to produce bicarbonate-rich juice

The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by:

stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity

Which of the following structures of the digestive system consists of three layers of smooth muscles instead of the typical two layers?

stomach

When the body's temperature falls too low, what homeostatic adjustments occur?

the cutaneous blood vessels vasoconstrict and shivering begins

When the body's temperature becomes too high, what homeostatic adjustments occur?

the cutaneous blood vessels vasodilate and sweating begins

The two types of cells that make up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) are:

the granular (JG) cells and the macula densa cells

T/F Acidosis can lead to hyperkalemia and hyperkalemia can lead to acidosis

true

When proteins are ozidized for energy, highly toxic ammonia is produced. This is converted to the less toxic:

urea

Which buffer system protects the best against changes in pH?

urinary system

The main source of fluid loss from the human body is:

urine

If a sample of urine shows a specific gravity of 1.030, it is

very concentrated

The world's most common vitamin deficiency is:

vitamin A

Which vitamin do your gut bacteria make that you need for blood clotting?

vitamin K

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

which sphincter or valve is at the end of the small intestine?

⭐️⭐️⭐️

The area of the nephron where filtration occurs is:

Bowman's (glomerular) capsule

Which of the following is the correct order of the parts of the nephron?

Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Which part(s) of the nephron are located in the cortex of the kidney?

Bowman's capsules and both types of convoluted tubules

T/F Vitamins are inorganic, but minerals are not.

False

Which of the following hormones will increase sodium reabsorption?

Aldosterone