Pre lecture quizes

Transport of molecules into and out of the mitochondria

About half of the inner memrbane proteins in mitochondria are involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Most of the other inner membrane proteins are involved in which ONE of the following? - synthesis of citrate - glycolysis - transport of molecules into and out of the mitochondria - oxidation of pyruvate to acetly CoA

50

How many carbons are there in the hydrophobic tail of the form of Coenzyme Q known as Q10? - 50 - 1 - 5 - 100 - 10

210 grams; 160 grams

How much glucose is stred in a human body in glycogen and in body fluids; How much glucose is consumed by the entire human body each day (on average)? - 210 grams; 160 grams. - 190 grams; 20 grams. - 1 kilogram; 120 grams. - 20 grams; 120 grams

1) Coenzyme Q; 2) Cytochrome C

In the respiratory cascade there are two steps where electrons must be carried from one respiratory complex to another respiratory complex. Which ONE of the following choices lists 1) a lipid soluble electron carrier and 2) a water soluble electron carrier that each carry electrons from one respiratory complex to another? - 1) NADH; 2) FADH2 - 1) NADH; 2) Cytochrome C - 1) Coenzyme Q; 2) Cytochrome C - 1) Iron Sulfur protein; 2) Coenzyme Q - 1) Cytochrome C; 2) Iron Sulfur protein

A phosphorylase cleaves a bond by addition of elements of phosphoric acid. A phosphatase catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of a phosphate ester bond

In which one of the following are both statements correct? - A phosphorylase catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of a phosphate ester bond. A phosphatase cleaves a bound by addition of elements of phosphoric acid. - A phosphorylase hydrolyzes glycogen. A phosphatase removes phosphate from glycogen. - A phosphorylase cleaves a phosphate group from a sugar like glucose. A phosphatase cleaves a phosphate group from proteins. - A phosphorylase cleaves a bond by addition of elements of phosphoric acid. A phosphatase catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of a phosphate ester bond.

Glycogen in skeletal muscle is the main energy source for muscle contraction. Glycogen in liver is a source of glucose for the blood

In which one of the following are both statements correct? - Glycogen in skeletal muscle is a source of glucose for the blood. Glycogen in liver is the main energy source for the liver. - Glycogen in skeletal muscle is the main energy source for export of glucose to the liver. Glycogen in liver is a source of glucose for the blood. - Glycogen in skeletal muscle is the main energy source for muscle contraction. Glycogen in liver is a source of glucose for the blood. - Glycogen in skeletal muscle is the main energy source for muscle contraction. Glycogen in liver is the main energy source for the liver.

beta; gamma

The _______ subunit of the ATP synthase can bind ADP and catalyze synthesis of ATP and the ________ subunit induces conformational changes in that subunit as the Fo portion rotates relative to the F1 subunit - beta; gamma - gamma; delta - alpha; beta - c; beta

Th high concentration of inorganic phosphate in the cytoplasm of the cell

The free energy change for the phosphorolysis reaction is +3.1 kJ per mole. What makes phosphorolysis of glycogen a favorable reaction in a cell? - The high concentration of inorganic phosphate in the cytoplasm of the cell. - The high concentration of ATP within the cell. - The high concentration of glucose within the cytoplasm of the cell. - The high concentration of phosphorylase within the cytoplasm of the cell.

PK-L is inhibited by F1,6BP

The liver form of pyruvate kinase (PK-L) is regulated in several ways. Which choice does NOT correctly describe one of the ways that PK-L is regulated? - High ATP levels reduce the apparent affinity of PK-L for PEP. - PK-L is inhibited by F1,6BP. - PK-L is inhibited by acetyl CoA. - PK-L is inhibited by alanine.

The reactions that transfer electrons to water to make O2 take place in the phtosystem that is activated by 680 nm light

The quantum efficiency for photosynthesis decreases abruptly when the wavelength of light being used becomes longer the 680 nm. Which ONE of the following is the explanation for this "red drop" - The reactions that transfer electrons to water to make O2 take place in the phtosystem that is activated by 680 nm light - Photosystem I requires 680 nm light - Red light is absorbed by CO2 to initiate the synthesis of carbohydrates - Red light inhibits photosynthesis

FAD

To get you to look carefully at these structures - answer this - which ONE has the highest molecular weight? Coenzyme A FAD NAD NMN FMN

To make 6 carbon sugars and to regenerate Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate

What are the two essential goals of hte reactions in the Calvin cycle? - to make 6 carbon sugars and to regenerate Ribulose 1,5 bisphospahte - to produce CO2 and H20 from glucose - to make ribose 5 phosphate and NADPH - to make ATP and NADPH

Joules per mole per volt

What are the units of the Faraday Constant? -ohms per square centimeter per volt - amps per volt - Joules per meter - Joules per mole per volt - Coulombs per mole per volt

Two non-reducing ends instead of just one non-reducing end

What is the change that occurs in glycogen as a consequence of the branching enzyme reaction? - One non-reducing end instead of two non-reducing ends - two reducing ends instead of just one reducing end - depolymerization of glycogen - reduction of a non-reducing end to a reducing end - two non-reducing ends instead of just one non-reducing end

A protein with carbohydrate linked to it.

What is the primer for glycogen synthesis? It is found in the core of glycogen particles. - A carbohydrate - A protein with a phospholipid linked to it - A phospholipid - A protein with a carbohydrate linked to it

It is used to make fatty acids and stored as fat

What one of the following is NOT something that happens to glucose that is made by gluconeogenesis? - it is used for catabolism by nervous tissue - it is used to make fatty acids and stored as fat - it is used as a precursor for other carbohydrates like glycoproteins and glycolipids - it is used for catabolism by skeletal muscle

Hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate product

What supplies the driving force for the reaction that synthesizes UDP-glucose from UTP and glucose-1-phosphate? - Hydrolysis of uridine from the final product. - The energy that was added during the phosphoglucomutase reaction. - Hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate product. - The formation of the new anhydride bond.

6

When Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate in the Citrate Synthase reaction how many carbons are in the product, citrate that is formed? 5 6 4 20

92%

When glucose is converted to ethanol by yeast (as in the production of beer) how much of the chemical energy that was originally stored in glucose still remains in the end product, ethanol, that is produced? 92% 50% 8% 0% 100%.

There is no radioactive carbon incorporated into the glucose

When pyruvate carboxylase incorporates a radioactive (carbon 14) CO2 into oxaloacetate where does the radioactive carbon appear in the glucose made from that oxaloacetate by gluconeogenesis? The 14C is incorporated into C6 of glucose. There is no radioactive carbon incorporated into the glucose. The 14C is incorporated into C1 of glucose. The 14C is incorporated into both C1 and C6 of glucose.

Oxidation of NADH to NAD+; Reduction of FMN to FMNH2; Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+; Reduction of CoQ to CoQH2.

Which ONE best describes the sequence of events that occur in Complex I? -Oxidation of NADH to NAD+; Reduction of Cyt cox to Cyt cred; Reduction of CoQ to CoQH2; Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. -Oxidation of NADH to NAD+; Reduction of Cyt box to Cytbred; Reduction of O2 to H2O. - Oxidation of NADH to NAD+; Reduction of FMN to FMNH2; Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+; Reduction of CoQ to CoQH2. - Oxidation of Succinate to Fumarate; Reduction of Cytbox to Cytbred; Reductino of O2 to H2O.

P680+ in its ground state

Which ONE has the greatest need for an electron? - P680+ in its excited state. - P680+ in its ground state. - P700+ in its excited state. - P700+ in its ground state.

P700+ in its excited state

Which ONE has the lowest need for an electron? - P680+ in its ground state. - P700+ in its ground state. - P700+ in its excited state. - P680+ in its excited state.

Thylakoid membrane

Which ONE is the part of a chloroplast that absorbs the light used to power photosynthesis? - stroma - chloroplast inner membrane - thylakoid membrane - chloroplast outer membrane

conformational changes caused by electron transfer cause the pKa of several amino acid side chains to change

Which ONE of the following best describes how complex I pumps protons? - Conformational changes caused by electron transfer cause the pKa of several amino acid side chains to change. - Protons are co-translocated as electrons are transferred across the membrane. Protons are carried across the membrane by NADH. - Phospholipid side chains bind and release the protons that move from one side of the membrane to the other. - Protons released by oxidation of NADH are released at the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Resonance Trasnsfer

Which ONE of the following describes how energy is transferred from antenna molecules to chlorophyll in the reaction center? - Emission of fluorescence that is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the reaction center - Resonance transfer -Breaking a chemical bond and forming a new one - Electron transfer

Complex IV

Which ONE of the following does not transfer electrons to CoQ to make CoQH2? - Glcerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - complex IV - complex II - complex I

ATP

Which ONE of the following is NOT a coenzyme or substrate involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction? Lipoamide. NAD+ Thiamine Pyrophosphate. Coenzyme A Flavin adenine dinucleotide. ATP`

Q cycle and light

Which ONE of the following pairs of molecules are LEAST ANALOGOUS to each other with respect to their functions in mitochondria and chloroplasts? - CF1 and F1 - Q cycle and light - Cytochrome C and plastocyanin - PLastoquinone and ubiquinine

Lipoamide

Which ONE of the following provides a long arm that can swing a substrate from one site to another in the PDH complex? NAD+ Flavin adenine dinucleotide. Thiamine Pyrophosphate. Lipoamide Coenzyme A ATP

Complex II

Which ONE of the following respiratory complexes does not pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane when it is actively transferring electrons from its substrate to its product? - complex II - complex IV - complex III - complex I

The process of electron transport causes release of protons into the thylakoid lumen

Which ONE of the following statements about protons and photosynthesis IS correct? -The process of electron transport does not cause translocation of protons - The process of electron transport causes release of protons into the thylakoid lumen - The process of electron transport causes translocation of protons out of the chloroplast across the chloroplast inner and outer membrane into the cytoplasm of the cell - The process of electron transport causes release of protons into the stroma

Photosynthesis in plants occurs in two stages. The first uses water to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates. The second uses NADPH to convert ADP into ATP.

Which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT? - Both atoms of oxygen in the O2 produced by photosynthesis come from water - Some organisms use hydrogen gas instead of water as a reducing agent - Photosynthesis in plants occurs in two stages. The first uses water to reduce to CO2 to carbohydrates. The second uses NADPH to convert ADP into ATP - The so-called "dark-reactions" are accelerated by light

mitochondria incubated with pyruvate and ADP

Which ONE would make the most ATP per O2 reduced (highest P/O ratio)? - mitochondria incubated with pyruvate and dinotrophenol and ADP - mitochondria incubated with succinate and ADP - mitochondria incubated with succinate and dinotrophenol and ADP - mitochondria is incubated with pyruvate and ADP

Liver

Which one is the primary gluconeogenic organ in animals. - Muscle. - Pancreas. - Brain. - Liver.

15-16 times as much

Which one is the ratio of ATP produced by complete oxidation of glucose by glycolysis compared to the amount of ATP produced by glycolysis alone?

Amylose; sucrose

Which one lists the form of carbohydrate that is used for storage and the form of carbohydrate that is exported to other parts of the plant? -Amylose; sucrose -Amylose, fructose -Glycogen, glucose -glucagon, fructose

The hexokinase reaction; the phosphofructokinase I reaction; the pyruvate kinase reaction

Which one lists the three irreversible reactions of glycolysis that must be bypassed to perform gluconeogenesis? - The phosphoglycerate kinase reaction; the hexokinase reaction, the pyruvate kinase reaction. - The enolase reaction; the glceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction; the aldolase reaction. - The hexokinase reaction; the phosphofructokinase I reaction; the pyruvate kinase reaction. - The hexokinase reactiondsdccscx the phosphoglycerate mutase reaction; the phosphoglucomutase reaction.

Phosphoglycerate kinase and glceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Which one of the choices includes two enzymatic activities that are needed for both photosynthesis and glycolysis? -Aldolase andhexokinase - Phophoglycerate kinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase - transketolase and transaldolase - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and enolase

Any of the substrate listed in this question can limit the rate of oxidative phosphorylation depending on metabolic conditions

Which one of the following describes which substrates can limit the rate of oxidative phosphorylation? - succinate - ADP - Pi - O2 - Pyruvate - Any of the substrate listed in this question can limit the rate of oxidative phosphorylation depending on metabolic conditions

Light stimulates phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Which one of the following does NOT describe a way that photosynthesis is regulated? -Light stimulates phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -light stimulates reduction of thioredoxin which reduces and activates several enzymes in the calvin cycle -light raises the pH in the stroma, which stimulates Rubisco activity -light increases the concentration of Mg2+ in the stroma, which stimulates Rubisco activity

Alpa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Which one of the following enzymes is most similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase? -isocitrate dehydrogenase -alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase -succinate dehydrogenase -malate dehydrogenase

Succinate dehydrogenase

Which one of the following enzymes of the citric acid cycle is an integral membrane protein? -isocitrate dehydrogenase -succinate dehydrogenase -succinyl-CoA synthetase -citrate synthase -malate dehydrogenase

NADH

Which one of the following inhibits many steps in the citric acid cycle? -NADH -Insulin -ADP -Ca2+

Oxaloacetate

Which one of the following intermediates of the citric acid cycle is least abundant in mitochondria? -alpha-ketoglutarate -oxaloacetate -malate -succinate -citrate

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Which one of the following is a type of enzyme found in liver but not in muscle? -phosphoglucomutase - debranching enzyme - Glucose-6-phosphatase - GLycogen synthase - Phosphorylase

Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate

Which one of the following is the acceptor molecule for CO2 in the Rubisco reaction? - Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate - Ribose-5-phosphate - Pyruvate - Ribulsoe 1,5 bisphosphate - Erythrose-4-phosphate

Thioester hydrolysis

Which one of the following is the part of the citrate synthase that is most exergonic and provides the driving force for the reaction? -thioester hydrolysis -formation of a new C-C bond -rearrangement of the pro-chiral center from pro-R to pro-S -proton transfers

To produce NADPH to support biosynthetic reactions; to produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis

Which one of the following lists the two primary functions of the pentose phosphate pathway? -to use NADPH and ATP to convert CO2 into sugars; to produce O2 -to produce NADPH to support biosynthetic reaction5-s; to produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis - to produce ATP; to regenerate NAD+ - to gerneate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis; to regenerate NAD+

Acetly CoA

Which one of the following molecules has the highest molecular weight? Oxaloacetate Isocitrate Citrate Alpha-ketoglutarate. Acetyl CoA

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Which one of the following reactions in the citric acid cycle produces ATP in heart muscle by substrate level phosphorylation? -Succinyl-CoA synthetase. -Isocitrate dehydrogenase. -Malate dehydrogenase. -Citrate synthase. -Succinate dehydrogenase.

The electrical potential in this matrix is 150-200 mV more positive than outside the mitochondrion

Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? - the pH outside an actively respiring mitochondrion is about 0.75 pH units lower than the pH in the mitochondrial matrix - about 10 protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for each pair of electrons transferred from NADH to O2 - The electrical potential gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane is as steep as the electrical potential gradient that generates a lightning bolt - the electrical potential in this matrix is 150-200 mV more positive than outside the mitochondrion

Neither of the two carbons that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA are removed as CO2 in the first round of citric acid cycle

Which one of the following statements is correct? -Neither of the two carbons that enter the citric acid cycle as acetly CoA are removed as CO2 in the first round of citric acid cycle. -Only one of the two carbons that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA is removed as CO2 in the first round of the citric acid cycle. -Both of the carbons that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA are removed as CO2 in the first round of the citric acid cycle.

Mitochondria isolated from brown fat

Which one of the following will produce the LEAST amount of ATP per O2 consumned? Mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle. - Mitochondria isolated from brain. Correct! - Mitochondria isolated from brown fat. - Mitochondria isolated from liver. - Mitochondria isolated from heart.

Lipoamide

Which part of the PDH complex is affected most directly by Arsenite? FAD TPP Coenzyme A Lipoamide NAD+

The one in which GAP and F6P are used to regenerate Glucose-6-phosphate

Which version of the pentose phosphate pathway will generate the most NADPH? -the one in which Ribose-5-phosphate is used to make nucleotides - the one in which GAP and F6P are used to regenerate Glucose-6-phosphate -the one in which GAP is used to make pyruvate - the one in which ribose-5-phosphate is made into ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate

Increased oxidative metabolism generates ATP to rebuild glycogen stores via gluconeogenesis

Why does your breathing rate increase after a short period of intense muscular exercise? Breathing lowers the pH of the blood to help transfer glucose to the liver. Increased oxidative metabolism generates ATP to rebuild glycogen stores via gluconeogenesis. Breathing removes the CO2 that was generated by glycolysis in the muscle. Breathing provides O2 that is incorporated into glucose by gluconeogenesis.