Pre-Work Cancer Module 2 Resources/Questions

Normal cell appearance

-Distinct according to tissue type -All cells of one type appear the same -Regular shape

Cancer cells require plenty of _______ and __________

oxygen and nutrients

As cancer develops, mutations accumulate because of rapid cell division. Most cancer cells

-Accumulate extra DNA. -Make mistakes when undergoing unregulated, fast-paced cell division.

Malignant tumors can-

Invade surrounding tissue using the body's transport systems: (The circulatory system/The immune system

Cancer cells have an enzyme, found in stem cells, that prevents the telomeres from shortening called _________ It repairs the telomeres after each division.

Telomerase

Cancer cell Life Span

-Are immortal + Can divide an unlimited number of times + Active telomerase enzyme * Repairs telomeres

Normal Cell Mutations-

None

Normally, after a cell undergoes a set number of cycles, its short _________ prevent it from entering a new cycle and it will undergo _________

Telomeres; Apoptosis

Malignant Tumor

-Have the ability to invade other tissue -Can move to other locations in the body -Cells do not resemble those of surrounding tissue, not even other tumor cells -Present a threat to the human body

The newly formed tumors undergo ________________, generating their own source of oxygen and nutrients to grow.

Angiogenesis

There are healthy, normal values for:

Body Temperature: 37 degrees Celsius Body Fluid pH: 7.4

Stage 2 breast cancer

Considered invasive. The tumor has begun to grow, but is still entirely in the breast. Stage 2A: Tumor is smaller than 2 cm or cannot be detected/Tumor is 2-5 cm in size Cancer cells in multiple lymph nodes/Has not spread to lymph nodes Stage 2B: Tumor is 2-5 cm Cancer cells have been detected in nearby lymph nodes

Cancer Cell Mutations-

Single mutation, then an accumulation of many

Biopsy

Small samples of tissue collected from lymph nodes surrounding the cancer

Since malignant tumors use the _______________________ to move in the body, these are the sites that are tested for metastasis- the spread of cancer

capillaries and lymph nodes

Telomeres are-

Repeating sections of nucleotides at the ends of each chromosome that shorten each time a cell completes a cell cycle.

Cancer is typically staged on a numerical scale from 0-4 or 1-4, where the stage relates to the basic characteristics of the cancer, including

-Degree of invasion of nearby tissue. -Extent of metastasis.

Cancer begins with a single mutation in one cell that allows to

-Divide more quickly -Begin to ignore regulatory mechanism

Cancer cell appearance

-Indistinct -Different from cells around them -Often have irregular shape

Cancer cell Nucleus

-Larger than normal cell -Vary in size and shape -Dark appearance from extra DNA

Normal cell Life Span

-Limited number of cell cycles -Telomeres shorten with each division +Then, undergo apoptosis

Benign Tumor

-Localized to one tissue type -Has not invaded surrounding tissue -Cells resemble those of surrounding tissue -Maybe be dangerous

Cancer Cells:

-Lose their ability to function as a part of a larger group of cells, like tissues or organs -Gain the ability to divide rapidly and move throughout the body.

Normal cell Nucleus

-Smaller than cancer cell -Uniform from cell to cell -Lighter (normal) than cancer cell

Stage 3 breast cancer

Has become more invasive, affecting more breast and surrounding tissue, but has not yet spread to distant organs of the body. Stage 3A Tumor is smaller than 2 cm/Tumor is larger than 5 cm in size Cancer cells in more than four lymph nodes/Has spread to lymph nodes near breastbone or arm Stage 3B Tumor has spread to either the wall of the breast or skin on the breast Infected more than 9 lymph nodes Swelling, inflammation, or ulcers on breast Stage 3C Tumor has spread either to the area of the collar bone or to more than ten lymph nodes

Unlike normal cells, cancer cells _______________________________

Ignore their genetic programming and become less specialized.

Cancer disrupts homeostasis. It interferes with the body's ability to maintain its internal environment, including:

Organ function - takes up space in organs, which blocks ducts, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels Body chemistry - alters chemicals in the body's fluids, such as calcium, causing coma or death

The body's normal ___________ - the function of its tissues and organs - is disrupted by cancer in multiple ways that can contribute to death.

Physiology

If they come across obstacles in spreading, malignant tumors have the special ability to digest protein, using an enzyme called-

Proteinase: Allows the cells of the tumor to move into the surrounding tissues.

At first, a tumor is small and limited to one area. Then, it begins to send out __________ that promote the growth of ______________________ from the body's own circulatory system.

Signals; New blood vessels

Biopsies are generally noninvasive, small surgical procedures that fall into two general categories:

Simple- uses a very thin needle to remove cells Other cases- small incisions are made to gain access to a suspected tumor

Stage 0 and 1 breast cancers

Stage 0: Tumor has not begun to invade surrounding tissues: Stage 1: Tumor has begun to invade surrounding tissues Stage 1A: Tumor is smaller than 2 cm Has not spread to nearby lymph nodes Tumor is smaller than 2 cm or cannot be detected Stage 1B: Small groups of cells are found in a few surround lymph nodes.

Stage 4 breast cancer

The cancer has fully metastasized and spread to organs outside of the breast. Typically, this includes the -Lungs -Heart -Brain -Liver This stage of cancer is often called incurable, though advances are being made to extend the lifespan of individuals with this stage of cancer

Angiogenesis

The process by which a tumor releases growth factors that cause the local capillaries to grow toward the tumor

Metastasis

The process by which an existing tumor moves to a new location in the body and forms new tumors.

Question: Which of the following accurately describes the role of enzymes in cells?eurkaryotic

They are like workers: they participate in chemical processes but are not part of the products. They can make chemical reactions more efficient.' They are proteins that interact with specific molecules in the cell.

The circulatory system:

Tumors use the capillaries, which usually carry nutrients and oxygen to cells.

The immune system

Tumors use the lymph nodes, which usually remove excess fluid from the tissues and participate in the immune response.

The ____________,_____________,_____________,________________ play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis.

cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems

The ___________ that power all chemical reactions require these conditions be maintained within a very narrow range.

enzymes

The human body maintains internal conditions, or _________, that allows the body to function properly.

homeostasis

Question: Stage 4 breast cancer has ______ subcategories.

no

Soon, new blood vessels begin to grow, providing the tumor with _____________________. Now, the tumor can grow and spread because it has the resources needed to increase its size.

oxygen and nutrients;

Cancer cells begin like normal cells, responding to signals to divide and become __________

specialized