Prejudice and Discrimination - Test 1

An individual who endorses the belief system of modern-symbolic prejudice is least likely to make which of the following statements? a. if Blacks worked as hard as Whites and other minority groups, they could raise their standard of living b. racial prejudice is a thing of the past c. Blacks get a larger share of the economic pie than they deserve d. Government programs favoring African American and other minorities are still needed to overcome race-based discrimination

d. Government programs favoring African Americans and other minorities are still needed to overcome race-based discrimination

According to your text, it is problematic to ask a successful Black person to serve as a spokesperson for her or his race because doing so a. assumes that all Blacks have similar views on an issue b. decreases the likelihood that that person's actions will be scrutinized c. gives the impression that the person is successful due to her or his ability. d. all of the above

a. Assumes that all Blacks have similar views on an issue

Which of the following has least been studied by researchers? a. Blacks' stereotypes about Whites. b. Men's stereotypes about women c. Whites' stereotypes about Blacks d. Heterosexual men's stereotypes about gays.

a. Blacks' stereotypes about Whites

_______ is specific to a person regardless of whether it is stereotypic to the person's group. a. Individuating information b. Prototypical information c. A subtype d. Motivated processing

a. Individuating information

________ helps to avoid treating outgroup members as though they were part of the ingroup. a. Ingroup overexclusion b. Outgroup underinclusion c. Minimal group paradigm d. Outgroup homogeneity effect

a. Ingroup overinclusion

People who value egalitarianism would agree with which of the following statements? a. We should help others who can't meet their own basic needs b. Everyone needs to take responsibility for his or her own success c. Hard work is the key to a happy life d. None of the above

a. We should help others who can't meet their own basic needs

Who is most likely to score high on a measure of social dominance orientation? a. a judge b. a feminist c. a minority group member d. a poor person

a. a judge

People with ________ are said to be predisposed to do and believe whatever their leader tells them. a. an authoritarian personality b. scapegoating tendencies c. high group identity d. a racist ideology

a. an authoritarian personality

Mark is the Director of Human Resources at his company and often bases hiring decisions on his stereotypic belief that older adults are less competent workers than are younger adults. In doing so, Mark is engaging in stereotype ________. a. application b. knowledge c. activation d. assessment

a. application

Dolores is a heterosexual woman who believes that gay men do not share her values. According to the value difference hypothesis, Dolores is likely to a. be prejudiced toward gay men b. be accepting of gay men anyway c. believe that gay men disrespect her values d. be motivated to defend her beliefs in interactions with gay men

a. be prejudiced toward gay men

The process of simplifying our environment by grouping people together on the basis of characteristics that a particular set of people have in common is labeled a. categorizing b. homogenizing c. subtyping d. stereotyping

a. categorizing

Researchers have found that grocery stores located in poorer neighborhoods stock less healthy foods than stores located in wealthier neighborhoods. This practice is an example of a. classism b. interpersonal discrimination c. commercial racism d. hostile prejudice

a. classism

The ________ function of stereotypes stems from the need to maintain a meaningful, stable, and organized view of the world. a. cognitive b. ego-defensive c. social adjustment d. psychodynamic

a. cognitive

Research on attributional ambiguity suggests that when a Black worker receives negative feedback from a White supervisor, he or she will usually a. discount the feedback and assume it's bias b. feel depressed c. assume negative feedback was deserved, but that positive feedback was not. d. None of the above

a. discount the feedback and assume its bias

Individuals who hold which value are least likely to be prejudiced? a. egalitarianism b. dissimilarity c. individualism d. symbolic threat

a. egalitarianism

The attribution-value model is most accurate at predicting prejudice toward groups that are high on _______ and low on ________ a. entitativity; naturalness b. naturalness; entitativity c. personal values; group values d. group values; personal values

a. entitativity; naturalness

According to your text, people who feel relatively gratified versus relatively deprived, may express prejudice because a. feeling superior to outgroup members justifies their success b. they fear things are unlikely to change c. they would rather be in a different ingroup d. they respond to the demands of people in authority

a. feeling superior to outgroup members justifies their success

When Whites are turned down for credit, they rarely wonder whether the decision was based on their race. This illustrates the idea of a. group privilege b. group cognition c. race-based denial d. couterstereotypic behavior

a. group privilege

Which factor most likely accounts for the reduction in other-sex prejudice that appears around high school age? a. heterosexual interest b. tolerance-related teaching c. exposure to role-models who do not exhibit this prejudice d. all of the above

a. heterosexual interest

__________ are sets of attitudes and beliefs that predispose people to view the world in certain ways and to respond in ways consistent with those viewpoints. a. ideologies b. personality traits c. dispositions d. orientations

a. ideologies

Prejudices that people are unaware of having are called a. implicit prejudices b. explicit prejudices c. old-fashioned prejudices d. post-modern prejudices

a. implicit prejudices

Cogntive busyness (also called cognitive load) a. makes stereotype activation more likely, but has no effect on stereotype application b. has no effect on stereotype activation, but makes stereotype application more likely c. makes stereotype activation less likely, but makes stereotype application more likely d. has no effect on either stereotype activation or application

a. makes stereotype activation more likely, but as no effect on stereotype application

Keysha enjoys being a member of Kappa Delta Gamma because of the diversity she sees in its membership. She believes that members of other campus sororites are too similar to each other. Keysha's beliefs illustrate the a. outgroup homogeneity effect b. outgroup perceptual bias c. ingroup homogeneity effect d. ingroup perceptual bias

a. outgroup homogeneity effect

The process of_________ in self-esteem is looking down on others to make one feel better about oneself a. self-enhancement b. self-protection c. outergroup anxiety d. ingroup protection

a. self-enhancement

Research results suggest that children become aware of racial categories because they see adults making distinctions between people on the basis of race. This finding is most consistent with _________ theories of the development of prejudice in children. a. social learning b. cognitive developmental c. inner state d. genetic

a. social learning

Individuals who are a statistical minority within a particular setting are called _______. a. tokens b. markers c. disidentified d. privileged

a. tokens

Which of the following is a reason why outgroup members appear more similar to us than do ingroup members? a. people have more information about outgroup members than ingroup members b. interactions with our ingroup are more likely to be governed by social norms c. People pay more attention to the individual characteristics of outgroup members d. People are more likely to see ingroup members in a variety of situations

d. People are more likely to see ingroup members in a variety of situations

In social interactions, people generally respond in the same way they are treated. This is known as a. assimilation b. stereotype inhibition c. source confusion d. a self-fulfilling prophecy

d. a self-fulfilling prophecy

What determines which groups are stigmatized by the dominant group? a. cultural norms b. historical events c. characteristics of the stigmatized group d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is likely to improve the chances for positive intergroup contact among students in a desegregated school? a. providing children from different backgrounds the opportunity to get to know one another b. choosing students from all backgrounds as school representatives c. having children from different backgrounds work together to reach a common goal d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following conditions is the minimum necessary to make people feel they are part of an ingroup? a. face-to-face interaction b. shared beliefs about the outgroup c. conflicts of interest d. being labeled as a group member

d. being labeled as a group member

John believes most African Americans are athletic, musical, and have strong family ties. These beliefs would reflect a/an _________ prejudice toward African Americans. a. hostile b. aversive c. old-fashioned d. benevolent

d. benevolent

The drop-off in expressed prejudice found in kids likely can result from a. real change; as children get older their ability to view people in terms of multiple categories increases, which is associated with reduced prejudice. b. as children get older, they come to realize that expressions of prejudice are considered to be bad, so they learn to control what they say and do. c. neither a nor b d. both a and b. e. authoritarian parents

d. both a and b

_________ propose(s) that prejudice is caused by a person's personality. a. Social learning theory b. Sociobiological theory c. Cognitive development theory d. Inner state theories

d. inner state theories

According to the linguistic intergroup bias model _________ descriptions of ingroups and _________ descriptions of outgroups tend to be made in abstract terms. a. inaccurate; accurate b. negative; positive c. accurate; inaccurate d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Carl tries to avoid all contact with Blacks, and when forced to interact with them, is usually polite but distant. Carl's behavior is best described as stemming from a. Jim Crow racism b. overt prejudice c. old-fashioned racism d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Evolutionary psychology proposes that all behavior derives from the psychological motivation to a. choose a strong leader b. minimize complex information processing c. encourage aggression d. none of the above

d. none of the above

In the Washington Post article a White University of Maryland student decided to change his appearance and live as an African American man for a semester. His experiment actually lasted _________. a. two weeks b. one month c. two months d. None of the above

d. none of the above

Liberals are most likely to exhibit _________ and conservatives are most likely to exhibit________. a. modern symbolic prejudice; quest religious orientation b. modern symbolic prejudice; aversive prejudice c. aversive prejudice; quest religious orientation d. none of the above

d. none of the above

People's tendency to overestimate the relationship between two categories when the information they observe is distinctive or stands out is called a(n) a. Ultimate attribution error b. ingroup homogeneity effect c. correspondence bias d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The ________ model proposes that prejudice stems from the perception that minority group members' characteristics are contrary to majority group values. a. value dissimilarity b. mortality salience c. quest religious orientation d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The component of gender-based prejudice that portrays women as weak, vulnerable, and needing protection is called _______sexism. a. hostile b. patronizing c. privilege-based d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The idea that prejudice can be explained by universal psychological processes such as defense mechanisms is based on a. scientific racism b. evolutionary psychology c. sociocultural theory d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The idea that researchers viewed prejudice as a natural response to "backward" people is known as a. White political domination b. social dominance theory c. group privilege d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The theory of __________ proposes that White people hold both positive and negative stereotypes of Blacks and so therefore respond positively and negatively to them. a. aversive racism b. response amplification c. modern-symbolic prejudice d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The two components of social dominance orientation are a. submission to authority and group-based aggression b. closed-mindedness and social projectivity c. social conventionalism and old-fashioned racism d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Which of the following is.are characteristic of social dominance orientation? a. a high degree of submission to authorities b. aggression that is perceived to be permitted by authorities c. a high degree of adherence to fundamentalism d. none of the above

d. none of the above

_________ is the value that places a strong emphasis on self-reliance a. Religiosity b. Egalitarianism c. Universalism d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Compared to White people's attitudes toward African Americans, Black people's attitudes toward Whites are more likely to be based on a. beliefs about Whites as an abstract group b. portrayals of White people in popular media c. political beliefs, such as liberalism-conservatism d. personal experiences with White people

d. personal experiences with White people

Research on patterns of change over time in racial attitudes of White children indicates that a. once prejudice develops, it is unlikely to decrease without specific intervention b. racial prejudice declines, but not until early adolescence c. older children give the most stereotypical responses d. prejudice begins to decline around age 7 and continues to do so until at least adolescence

d. prejudice begins to decline around age 7 and continues to do so until at least adolescence

The type of religious orientation that appears to be least associated with prejudice a. extrinsic b. intrinsic c. fundamentalism d. quest

d. quest

According to research on power and stereotyping, which of the following people is most likely to use stereotypes? a. a lab assistant b. union laborer c. a college dean's secretary d. the CEO of a major coporation

d. the CEO of a major corporation

by what age can most children correctly classify people as male or female? a. two months b. 6 to nine months c. one year d. three years

d. three years

Sarah recently outscored all the males in her class on a linear algebra test. Stereotyping research suggests that most males in the class are least likely to attribute this success to a. Sarah's lucky guessing b. Sarah's math ability c. the professor grading her more leniently d. the exam being unusually easy

b. Sarah's math ability

According to research on the Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy, why would people be motivated to assume that they are not being personally discriminated against? a. They believe others are personally responsible for reporting the discrimination b. There are social costs to claiming discrimination that people want to avoid c. People who complain get positive attention, which most people dislike d. None of the above

b. There are social costs to claiming discrimination that people want to avoid

Which of the following stigmas has the most negative consequences for the stigmatized group? a. a short term illness b. a gay sexual orientation that is seen as a choice c. HIV caused by a blood transfusion d. a scar that can be hidden by makeup

b. a gay sexual orientation that is seen as a choice

Which of the following is least likely to be characteristic of people who are likely to join hate groups? a. are searching for solutions to problems b. are female c. are engaging in youthful rebellion d. have pro-White racial attitudes

b. are female

A key tenet of the theory of symbolic prejudice is that anti-American prejudice is based on a. the belief that African American people are inherently inferior to white people b. beliefs that African Americans as an abstract group rather than from direct experiences with African American people c. a feeling of indifference toward African American people d. conflicting emotions about African American people

b. beliefs about African Americans as an abstract group rather than from direct experiences with African American people

Group Privilege a. is experienced only by white males b. can be based on race, sex, or sexual orientation c. is often overused as an excuse by people of color for their inappropriate behavior d. is an earned favored state

b. can be based on race, sex, or sexual orientation

The first step in the stereotypic application process is ________. a. assessment of stereotype content b. categorizing a person as a member of a stereotyped group c. prototyping a person d. activation of this stereotype

b. categorizing a person as a member of a stereotyped group.

A White person holding ________ values and ________ stereotypes is likely to be consistently positive in her behavior toward African American people. a. individualistic; negative b. egalitarian; positive c. individualistic; positive d. egalitarian; negative

b. egalitarian; positive

The _______ function of stereotypes protects an individual's self-concept against both internal and external threats. a. cognitive b. ego-defensive c. social adjustment d. knowledge

b. ego-defensive

People with a(n) _________ religious orientation use religion as a way to achieve nonreligious or social goals. a. intrinsic b. extrinsic c. quest d. fundamentalist

b. extrinsic

Seeing a member of a distinctive group perform an undesirable behavior can lead to the perception of a link between the group and the "natural" tendency to do the undesirable behavior. This perception is called a. social role development b. illusory correlation c. categorization d. one-trial stereotyping

b. illusory correlation

According to terror management theory, challenges to one's cultural beliefs a. leads to depression b. increases prejudice c. decreases mortality salience d. increases the outgroup homogeneity effect

b. increases prejudice

Discrimination based on people's personal beliefs about, evaluation of, and behavior toward members of other groups is called ___________ discrimination. a. emotion-based b. interpersonal c. institutional d. prejudice based

b. interpersonal

Compared to White children's racial attitudes, racial attitudes of other ethnic groups children are a. less likely to ever be negative b. less consistent c. more likely to indicate ingroup favoritism d. acquired at an earlier age

b. less consistent

Relative deprivation theory addresses people's a. absolute level of deprivation b. level of deprivation compared to what they had in the past c. level of deprivation compared to people who are very different from them d. all of the above

b. level of deprivation compared to what they had in the past

According to the theory of aversive racism, White Americans are most comfortable with Blacks in a. ambiguous situations b. low intimacy situations c. situations that involve prolonged contact d. intimate situations

b. low intimacy situations

According to social learning theory, children are likely to learn group stereotypes by a. being directly rewarded for holding those beliefs b. observing others being rewarded for holding those beliefs c. being directly punished for holding those beliefs d. all of the above

b. observing others being rewarded for holding those beliefs

Although direct teaching of racial prejudice is thought to not often occur, if and when it does, it is most likely to come from a. the media b. parents and peers c. observing adults' behavior d. none of the above

b. parents and peers

________ refers to the situation where minority group members realize they can be judged in terms of a negative stereotype and their fear of confirming that judgements affects their actual performance. a. Performance anxiety b. Stereotype threat c. Stigma consciousness d. Attributional ambiguity

b. stereotype threat

The finding that children are implicitly aware of social categories at an early age suggests that a. the influence of parental socialization begins at a very young age. b. the ability to organize the social world in meaningful ways is innate c. the influence of parental socialization cannot be meaningfully separated from innate influences on the propensity to develop such categories. d. young infants who are exposed to the media are more likely to be implicitly aware of social categories than those who are not.

b. the ability to organize the social world in meaningful ways is innate

Imagine you are about to meet a woman for the first time. Under what condition(s) are you going to categorize that woman on the basis of her race? a. when she is an ethnic minority in a group of male ethnic minorities b. when she has features prototypical of her race. c. when you have been asked to form an accurate impression of her d. all of the above

b. when she has features prototypical of her race

Under what condition(s) are people with modern-symbolic prejudice likely to exhibit racist behavior? a. When they are consciously aware of their prejudices b. when their behavior can be attributed to nonracial causes c. when doing so gives an advantage to Blacks d. Racist behavior is likely under all of the above conditions

b. when their behavior can be attributed to nonracial causes

________ relative deprivation is related to prejudice but ________ relative deprivation is unrelated to prejudice. a. Personal; egoistic b. Fraternal; group c. Fraternal; egoistic d. Egoistic; group

c. Fraternal; egoistic

_________ is based on the belief in hte biological inferiority of African Americacn people. a. symbolic racism b. pro-white bias c. old-fashioned racism d. aversive racism

c. Old-fashioned racism

________ refers to the finding that members of non-stereotyped groups perform better when they are aware of the cultural expectation that members of stereotyped will perform poorly. a. Disidentification b. Attributional ambiguity c. Stereotype life d. Self-enhancement

c. Stereotype lift

Which of the following is not an example of institutional discrimination? a. laws that define marriage as a union between a man and a woman only b. school segregation c. a taxi driver refusing to pick up a black person who is hailing a cab d. the relatively unavailability of Hispanic characters on television sitcoms

c. a taxi driver refusing to pick up a black person who is hailing a cab

When stereotype activation is triggered simply by stimuli associated with the stereotyped group, _______ processing has occured. a. motivated b. explicit c. automatic d. none of the above

c. automatic

Which of the following stigmas most clearly stems from perceived violation of North American aesthetics? a. mental illness b. homosexuality c. being overweight d. learning disabilities

c. being overweight

The powerful group establishes and maintains its dominance by rewarding those values that correspond to its views and punishing those values that do not. This is the definition of a. individual discrimination b. institutional discrimination c. cultural discrimination d. all of the above

c. cultural discrimination

________ involves only a mixture of groups; _______ also involves positive intergroup contact. a. segregation; desegregation b. integration; assimilation c. desegregation; integration d. assimilation; integration

c. desegregation; integration

Stereotype _______ is the extent to which a person agrees with the social stereotype of a group. a. Application b. Knowledge c. endorsement d. assessment

c. endorsement

Carlotta suffers from severe anxiety which she controls by medication and chooses not to talk about to others. Carlotta's stigma _______. a. is purely aesthetic b. is perilous to others c. is concealable d. None of the above

c. is concealable

Those individuals who have a stigma that is perceived to be uncontrollable are ________ than individuals who have a stigma that is perceived to be controllable. a. considered to be less dangerous b. better able to conceal their stigma c. more likely to be viewed with pity d. more likely to elicit angry reactions

c. more likely to be viewed with pity

People with ________ are likely to have the strongest negative attitudes toward African Americans. a. aversive prejudice b. subtle prejudice c. old-fashioned prejudice d. modern-symbolic prejudice

c. old-fashioned prejudice

Research on children's intergroup behavior shows that a. it is generally consistent with their attitudes, regardless of the method by which those attitudes are measured b. younger children are more likely to exhibit an own-race bias in their behavior than are older children c. positive cross-race interactions are more common at school than outside of school d. all of the above

c. positive cross-race interactions are more common at school than outside of school

Jamal is a baseball player who learns that a member of his own team used steroids before a recent game. According to research on the ultimate attribution error, Jamal is most likely to conclude that this steroid use was due to a. his teammate's lack of ethics b. his teammate's personal desire to succeed. c. pressure due to upcoming playoffs d. his teammate's lack of ability

c. pressure due to upcoming playoffs

Jackson has features that are similar to those of other typical African Americans; researchers refer to Jackson's features as _________ of his social category. a. representative b. exclusive c. prototypical d. inclusive

c. prototypical

The model that proposes that our judgements of others are influenced by the context within which those judgements are made is called a. social role theory b. correspondence bias c. shifting standards d. outgroup homogeneity

c. shifting standards

The theory that proposes that people want to have a positive self-identity, a large part of which is made up of group identity is a. cognitive theory b. intergroup relationship theory c. social identity theory d. psychodynamic theory

c. social identity theory

According to your textbook, race is a a. clearly defined biological category b. concept that has never been considered scientifically meaningful c. socially constructed category which is often supported by law. d. all of the above

c. socially constructed category which is often supported by law

Rod generally believes that men are better at math than women. However, her roommate is a math major with a 4.0 GPA in that major. To account for this exception, Rod thinks of her roommate as a 'woman math major.' Social psychologists call this process a. bookkeeping b. conversion c. subtyping d. reallocation

c. subtyping

Research exploring whether the implementation of school desegregation has been effective has shown that a. most minority students benefit from desegregation b. more often than not, desegregation reduces prejudice c. the effects of desegregation have been inconsistent d. none of the above

c. the effects of desegregation have been inconsistent

Hate group members are most likely to come from which social group? a. the poor b. the uneducated c. the middle class d. people in their 30s

c. the middle class

When meeting another person, which type of information are we likely to notice first? a. whether the person has a disability b. whether the person is physically attractive c. the person's face d. the person's facial expression

c. the person's face

What happens when a member of a privileged group associates with a member of a stigmatized group? a. the status of the stigmatized group member is raised b. the status of the privileged group member is raised c. the privileged group member can receive a courtesy stigma d. both a and c

c. the privileged group member can receive a courtesy stigma

Which of the following is not associated with the experience of racism? a. substance abuse b. headaches c. weight loss d. insomnia e. none of the above

c. weight loss

Which of the following is true about the relationship between ethnicity and self-esteem? a. African Americans have higher self-esteem than any other ethnic group, including Whites. b. People from collectivist cultures have higher self-esteem than Asians who do not. c. Asians who strongly identify with their culture have higher self-esteem than Asians do not. d. Whites have higher self-esteem than any other ethnic group

a. African Americans have higher self-esteem than any other ethnic group, including Whites