prepu for mod 6

Gastrostomy feedings are preferred to nasogastric feedings in the comatose patient, because the:

Gastroesophageal sphincter is intact, lessening the possibility of regurgitation and aspiration.

the pt dx with Inflammatory bowel disease has a serum potassium level of 3.4 mEq/L. which action should the nurse implement first.

assess the client for leg cramps

The nurse is obtaining a medication history from a client who is reporting erectile dysfunction. Which medication would the nurse identify as being least likely to contribute to the client's condition?

ibuprofen

Gastrin has which of the following effects on gastrointestinal (GI) motility?

increased motility of the stomach

Which response is a parasympathetic response in the GI tract?

increased peristalsis

aphthous stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

parotitis

inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps

the client is admitted to the medical unit with a dx of acute diverticulitis. which health care provider's order should the nurse question?

put pt on a clear liquid diet.

The nurse is scheduling gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostic testing for a client. Which GI test should be scheduled first?

radiography of the gallbladder

disequilibrium syndrome

rapid change of extracellular fluid composition during dialysis resulting in cerebral edema

A client tells the nurse that the stool was colored yellow. The nurse assesses the client for

recent foods ingested

ulcerative colitis starts in

rectum and lower portion of the colon

the pt dx with ulcerative colitis is prescribed a low residue diet. which meal selection indicates the client understands the diet teaching.

roast pork, white rice and plain custard.

The nurse cares for a client who receives feedings through a nasogastric (NG) tube and assesses the client for signs and symptoms of pulmonary complications. The nurse determines the client may be experiencing pulmonary complications when which sign is noted?

rr of 30

the nurse is caring for pt on a medical unit. which pt information should be brought to the attention of the HCP immediately

serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/l in a client dx with dx

The client is on a continuous tube feeding. The nurse determines the tube placement should be checked every

shift

phosphodiesterase type 5 pde5 inhibiters

sildenafil avanafil

A client is recovering from gastric surgery. Toward what goal should the nurse progress the client's enteral intake?

six small meals daily with 120ml fluid between meals

Crohn's disease have

skipping lesions

Which procedure is performed to examine and visualize the lumen of the small bowel?

small bowel enteroscopy

After teaching a group of students about the various organs of the upper gastrointestinal tract and possible disorders, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following structures as possibly being affected?

stomach

An older adult client in a long term care facility is concerned about bowel regularity. During a client education session, the nurse reinforces the medically acceptable definition of "regularity." What is the actual measurement of "regular"?

stool consistency and client comfort

The nurse is preparing to examine the abdomen of a client who reports a change in bowel pattern. The nurse would place the client in which position?

supine with knees flexed

A young client who awoke with sudden, severe testicular pain with edema arrives at the ED unable to walk and nauseated. After examination, what treatment would the physician likely order?

surgery

Specific disease processes and ingestion of certain foods and medications may change the appearance of the stool. If blood is shed in sufficient quantities into the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it produces which change in the stool appearance?

tarry black

the nurse writes a psychosocial problem of risk for altered sexual functioning related to new colostomy. which intervention should the nurse implement?

teach the client to protect the pouch from becoming dislodged during sex.

intussusception

telescoping of the intestines

Which of the following is a major site of cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption?

terminal ileum

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

-prazole

A client has been taking famotidine at home. What teaching should the nurse include with the client?

Famotidine will inhibit gastric acid secretions.

The nurse assesses a patient who recently had a nasoenteric intubation. Symptoms of oliguria, lethargy, and tachycardia in the patient would indicate to the nurse what common complication?

Fluid volume deficit

A client is prescribed tetracycline to treat peptic ulcer disease. Which instruction would the nurse give the client?

"Be sure to wear sunscreen while taking this medicine."

A client admitted for treatment of a gastric ulcer is being prepared for discharge. The client will follow a regimen of antacid therapy. Discharge teaching should include which instructions? Choose all that apply.

"Continue to take antacids even if your symptoms subside." "You may be prescribed H2-receptor antagonists for up to 1 year."

A client is scheduled for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). During the client teaching, what will the nurse discuss?

"Do you experience any claustrophobia

The nurse is caring for a man who has experienced a spinal cord injury. Throughout his recovery, the client expects to gain control of his bowels. The nurse's best response to this client would be which of the following?

"Having a bowel movement is a spinal reflex requiring intact nerve fibers. Yours are not intact."

The nurse determines that teaching for the client with peptic ulcer disease has been effective when the client makes which statement?

"I have learned some relaxation strategies that decrease my stress

When preparing a client for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen, which statement would indicate the need to notify the physician?

"I really don't like to be in small, enclosed spaces."

A nurse is performing discharge teaching with a client who had a total gastrectomy. Which statement indicates the need for further teaching?

"I will have to take vitamin B12 shots up to 1 year after surgery."

A patient has been diagnosed with acute gastritis and asks the nurse what could have caused it. What is the best response by the nurse? (Select all that apply.)

"It can be caused by ingestion of strong acids." "You may have ingested some irritating foods." "Is it possible that you are overusing aspirin."

A nurse is caring for a patient with a Salem sump gastric tube attached to low intermittent suction for decompression. The patient asks, "What's this blue part of the tube for?" Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"It is a vent that prevents backflow of the secretions."

A client with a peptic ulcer is diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori infection. The nurse is teaching the client about the medications prescribed, including metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin. Which statement by the client indicates the best understanding of the medication regimen?

"The medications will kill the bacteria and stop the acid production."

The nurse is instructing a client prior to a colonoscopy. The client states, "Why do I have to drink this disgusting liquid?" The nurse is most correct to verbalize the goal of the oral preparation as which of the following?

"To cleanse the bowel to promote clear visualization of structures"

Sialolithiasis (salivary stones)

*salivary gland lesion *calcification w/in a gland or duct: WHARTON'S DUCT most common site *could cause obstruction; swelling when eating

Levin tube

*single lumen nasogastric tube *used to remove gastric contents via intermittent suction or to provide tube feedings

A patient has a gastric sump tube inserted and attached to low intermittent suction. The physician has ordered the tube to be irrigated with 30 mL of normal saline every 6 hours. When reviewing the patient's intake and output record for the past 24 hours, the nurse would expect to note that the patient received how much fluid with the irrigation?

120

A nurse is caring for a client who has had extensive abdominal surgery and is in critical condition. The nurse notes that the complete blood count shows an 8 G/dL hemoglobin and a 30% hematocrit. Dextrose 5% in half-normal saline solution is infusing through a triple lumen central catheter at 125 mL/hr. The physician orders include the following:Gentamicin 80 mg IV piggyback in 50 mL D5W over 30 minutesZantac 50 mg IV piggyback in 50 mL D5W over 30 minutesOne unit of 250 mL of PRBCs (packed red blood cells) over 3 hoursFlush the nasogastric tube with 30 mL normal saline every 2 hours.How many milliliters should the nurse record as the intake for the 8-hour shift? Enter the correct number ONLY.

1470

the pt is diagnosed with Ulcerative colitis. when assessing this pt, which sign/symptom would the nurse expect to find?

20 bloody stools a day

When completing a nutritional assessment of a patient who is admitted for a GI disorder, the nurse notes a recent history of dietary intake. This is based on the knowledge that a portion of digested waste products can remain in the rectum for how many days after a meal is digested?

3 days

A patient is receiving continuous tube feedings via a small bore feeding tube. The nurse irrigates the tube after administering medication to maintain patency. Which size syringe would the nurse use?

30 ml

The nurse inserts a nasogastric tube into the right nares of a patient. When testing the tube aspirate for pH to confirm placement, what does the nurse anticipate the pH will be if placement is in the lungs?

6

The nurse fills a tube feeding bag with two 8-oz cans of commercially prepared formula. The client is to receive the formula at 80 mL/hour via continuous gastrostomy feeding tube and pump. How many hours will this bag of formula run before becoming empty? Record your answer using a whole number.

6 HOURS

Which client is most likely to develop prostate cancer according to a nurse working at a health screening at the local mall?

A 56-year-old African American man

A patient is scheduled for a Billroth I procedure for ulcer management. What does the nurse understand will occur when this procedure is performed?

A partial gastrectomy is performed with anastomosis of the stomach segment to the duodenum.

A patient tells the nurse that it feels like food is "sticking" in the lower portion of the esophagus. What motility disorder does the nurse suspect these symptoms indicate?

Achalasia

The nurse is conducting a community education session on the prevention of oral cancers. The nurse includes which cancer as being a type of premalignant squamous cell skin cancer?

Actinic cheilitis

A client comes to the clinic after developing a headache, abdominal pain, nausea, hiccupping, and fatigue about 2 hours ago. The client tells the nurse that the last food was buffalo chicken wings and beer. Which medical condition does the nurse find to be most consistent with the client's presenting problems?

Acute gastritis

The nurse is caring for a patient who has dumping syndrome from high carbohydrate foods being administered over a period of less than 20 minutes. What is a nursing measure to prevent or minimize the dumping syndrome?

Administer the feeding with the patient in semi-Fowler's position to decrease transit time influenced by gravity.

A client is recovering from percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement. The nurse

Administers an initial bolus of 50 mL water

A client is admitted with a new onset of pyloric obstruction. What client symptoms should the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply.

Anorexia Nausea and vomiting Epigastric fullness

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

Antiemetic

While caring for a patient who has had radical neck surgery, the nurse notices an abnormal amount of serosanguineous secretions in the wound suction unit during the first postoperative day. What does the nurse know is an expected amount of drainage in the wound unit?

Approximately 80 to 120 mL

A client is undergoing treatment for prostate cancer. He has chemotherapy sessions regularly. However, of late he is showing symptoms of food allergy and loss of appetite. He has lost considerable weight as a result. Which is an appropriate nursing task in this situation?

Ask the client to keep a diet diary.

A client is postoperative following a graft reconstruction of the neck. What intervention is the most important for the nurse to complete with the client?

Assess the graft for color and temperature.

A client with achalasia recently underwent pneumatic dilation. The nurse intervenes after the procedure by

Assessing lung sounds

A nonresponsive client has a nasogastric tube to low intermittent suction due to gastrointestinal bleeding. It is most important for the nurse to

Auscultate lung sounds every 4 hours.

The nurse teaches the client with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) which measure to manage the disease?

Avoid eating or drinking 2 hours before bedtime.

When assisting with preparing a client scheduled for a barium swallow, which of the following would be appropriate to include?

Avoid smoking for at least 12 to 24 hours before the procedure.

A longitudinal tear or ulceration in the lining of the anal canal is termed a(n):

anal fissure

A few hours after eating hot and spicy chicken wings, a client presents with lower chest pain. He wonders if he is having a heart attack. How should the nurse proceed first?

Further investigate the initial complaint.

The nurse is creating a plan of care for a client who is not able to tolerate brushing his teeth. The nurse includes which mouth irrigation in the plan of care?

Baking soda and water

A nurse is preparing to assist a health care provider with a peripherally inserted central catheter. The nurse demonstrates understanding of this procedure by preparing which insertion site?

Basilic vein

Kernicterus

Bilirubin encephalopathy, a form of brain damage resulting from unconjugated bilirubin entering the brain. Characterized by lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, irregular respiration, perhaps death

Crohn's Disease vs ulcerative colitis

Both IBD. Chron's: anywhere in GI tract, skip lesions, the entire thickness of the bowel wall. UC: Only colon, only mucosa and submucosal layers bloody diarreha

A patient comes to the clinic with the complaint, "I think I have an ulcer." What is a characteristic associated with peptic ulcer pain that the nurse should inquire about? Select all that apply.

Burning sensation localized in the back or mid-epigastrium Feeling of emptiness that precedes meals from 1 to 3 hours Severe gnawing pain that increases in severity as the day progresses

A client has a new order for metoclopramide. The nurse identifies that this medication can be safely administered for which condition?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

The primary source of microorganisms for catheter-related infections are the skin and which of the following?

Catheter hub

When examining the skin of a client who is dehydrated due to fluid losses from the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following would be most important?

Checking if the mucous membranes are dry

Which is an accurate statement regarding cancer of the esophagus?

Chronic irritation of the esophagus is a known risk factor.

A nurse is caring for a client with a long-term central venous catheter. Which care principle is correct?

Clean the port with an alcohol pad before administering I.V. fluid through the catheter.

A nurse administered a full strength feeding with an increased osmolality through a jejunostomy tube to a client. Immediately following the feeding, the client expelled a large amount of liquid brown stool and exhibited a blood pressure of 86/58 and pulse rate of 112 beats/min. The nurse

Consults with the physician about decreasing the feeding to half-strength

A client with gastric cancer is having a resection. What is the nursing management priority for this client?

Correcting nutritional deficits

A client with a 10-year history of Crohn's disease is seeing the physician due to increased diarrhea and fatigue. Additionally, the client has developed arthritis and conjunctivitis. What is the most likely cause of the latest symptoms?

Crohn's disease

Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? The preferred method of checking the placement of a nasogastric (NG) tube is to inject air through the NG while auscultating.

FALSE A properly obtained and interpreted X-ray is recommended to confirm placement of any blindly inserted NG tube before its initial use for feedings or medication administration.

Which characteristic is a risk factor for colorectal cancer?

Familial polyposis

A nurse is caring for a client receiving parenteral nutrition at home. The client was discharged from the acute care facility 4 days ago. What would the nurse include in the client's plan of care? Select all that apply.

Daily weights Intake and output monitoring Calorie counts for oral nutrients

The nurse anticipates that the initial treatment for small bowel obstruction will involve which of the following?

Decompression of bowel via nasogastric tube Decompression of the bowel through a nasogastric (NG) tube is necessary for all patients with small bowel obstruction to relieve the pressure and calm the intestine.

A nurse is preparing a presentation for a local senior citizen group about age-related changes in the body systems. Which of the following would the nurse include as associated with the male reproductive system? Select all that apply.

Decrease in sexual energy level Loss of testicular firmness Thickening of the seminiferous tubules

Which of the following appears to be a significant factor in the development of gastric cancer?

Diet

Which is the primary symptom of achalasia?

Difficulty swallowing

The nurse reviews dietary guidelines with a client who had a gastric banding. Which teaching points are included? Select all that apply.

Do not eat and drink at the same time. Drink plenty of water, from 90 minutes after each meal to 15 minutes before each meal. Avoid fruit drinks and soda.

A client receives a local anesthetic to suppress the gag reflex for a diagnostic procedure of the upper GI tract. Which nursing intervention is advised for this client?

Do not give any food and fluids until the gag reflex returns.

A nurse is providing follow-up teaching at a clinic visit for a client recovering from gastric resection. The client reports sweating, diarrhea, nausea, palpitations, and the desire to lie down 15 to 30 minutes after meals. Based on the client's assessment, what will the nurse suspect?

Dumping syndrome

Clients with Type O blood are at higher risk for which of the following GI disorders?

Duodenal ulcers

hairy leukoplakia is caused by

EBV. Appears as white plaques on lateral tongue

A health care provider suspects that a client has peptic ulcer disease. With which diagnostic procedure would the nurse most likely prepare to assist?

Endoscopy

An elderly client seeks medical attention for a vague complaint of difficulty swallowing. Which of the following assessment findings is most significant as related to this symptom?

Esophageal tumor

Cancer of the esophagus is most often diagnosed by which of the following?

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy and brushings

An elderly client states, "I don't understand why I have so many caries in my teeth." What assessment made by the nurse places the client at risk for dental caries?

Exhibiting hemoglobin A1C 8.2

When assessing whether a client is a candidate for home parenteral nutrition, what would be important to address? Select all that apply.

Family support Telephone access Motivation for learning Health status

A client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) comes to the clinic and is experiencing white patches on the lateral border of the tongue. What type of lesions does the nurse document?

Hairy leukoplakia

A patient is receiving parenteral nutrition. The current solution is nearing completion, and a new solution is to be hung, but it has not arrived from the pharmacy. Which action by the nurse would be most appropriate?

Hang a solution of dextrose 10% and water until the new solution is available.

Which component of client teaching helps the nurse assist a client following treatment for cancer of the prostate gland to manage and minimize the possibility of a recurrence of the primary cancer or metastasis?

Have regular prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels tested and repeat lymph node biopsies.

A client with severe peptic ulcer disease has undergone surgery and is several hours postoperative. During assessment, the nurse notes that the client has developed cool skin, tachycardia, labored breathing, and appears to be confused. Which complication has the client most likely developed?

Hemorrhage

The nurse is cautiously assessing a client admitted with peptic ulcer disease because the most common complication that occurs in 10% to 20% of clients is:

Hemorrhage

Which of the following should nurses teach all men, especially those who have had cryptorchidism?

How to perform a testicular self-examination

A 65-year-old man complains to his health care provider that, when he urinates, he has to start and stop several times over a period of minutes in order to fully empty his bladder. The nurse is aware that this is not uncommon in men over the age of 60. This "double voiding" is directly related to which of the following?

Hyperplasia of the prostate gland

The nurse is obtaining a health history from a 58-year-old client stating that he is having difficulty obtaining an erection during sexual activity. The client asks how an "erectile medication" works and if there are any side effects to the medication. The nurse explains the action of the medication and directions for use and warns of which side effect related to the client's history?

Hypotension with nitrate use

Potassium chloride may be administered in the patient with small bowel obstruction and dehydration to correct hypokalemia. The nurse knows that a patient experiencing decreased potassium levels would exhibit which of the following signs and symptoms?

Hypotension, muscle weakness Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia can include hypotension, muscle weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, polyuria, decreased bowel motility and decreased BP.

the pt dx with Crohn's disease is crying and tells the nurse, I can't take it anymore. I never know when I when I will get sick and end up here in the hospital. which statement would be the nurse's best response?

I can see you are very upset. I'll sit down and we can talk.

the pt with a new colostomy is being discharged. which statement made by the pt indicates the need for further teaching.

I should drink only liquids until the colostomy starts to work.

the pt dx with ulcerative colitis has had an Ileostomy. which statement indicates the client needs more teaching concerning the Ileostomy?

I will irrigate my ileostomy every morning.

basilic vein location

In between Bicep and Tricep

In the patient experiencing small bowel obstruction, vomiting can result in severe dehydration. Laboratory values that would reflect this include which of the following?

Increased Hematocrit The hematocrit (HCT) test can be used to diagnose abnormal states of hydration. A low HCT suggests anemia, hemodilution, or massive blood loss; a high HCT indicates polycythemia or hemoconcentration caused by fluid volume loss and dehydration.

Observing which of the following characteristics would lead the nurse to suspect metabolic alkalosis?

Increased pH, increased HCO3 Rationale:Metabolic alkalosis is a clinical disturbance characterized by a high pH (decreased hydrogen concentration) and a high plasma bicarbonate concentration (HCO3).

A client has a radical neck dissection to treat cancer of the neck. The nurse develops the care plan and includes all the following diagnoses. The nurse identifies the highest priority diagnosis as

Ineffective airway clearance related to obstruction by mucus

The nurse is assessing the abdomen of the client with an undiagnosed disorder. In which sequence would the nurse conduct the abdominal assessment? Use all options.

Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation

A client has a cheesy white plaque in the mouth. The plaque looks like milk curds and can be rubbed off. What is the nurse's best intervention?

Instruct the client to swish prescribed nystatin solution for 1 minute.

The nurse is managing a gastric (Salem) sump tube for a patient who has an intestinal obstruction and will be going to surgery. What interventions should the nurse perform to make sure the tube is functioning properly?

Keep the vent lumen above the patient's waist to prevent gastric content reflux.

When assisting with the plan of care for a client receiving tube feedings, which of the following would the nurse include to reduce the client's risk for aspiration?

Keeping the client in a semi-Fowler's position at all times.

A 66-year-old African-American client has recently visited a physician to confirm a diagnosis of gastric cancer. The client has a history of tobacco use and was diagnosed 10 years ago with pernicious anemia. He and his family are shocked about the possibility of cancer because he was asymptomatic prior to recent complaints of pain and multiple gastrointestinal symptoms. On the basis of knowledge of disease progression, the nurse assumes that organs adjacent to the stomach are also affected. Which of the following organs may be affected? Choose all that apply.

Liver Pancreas Duodenum

A client with cancer has a neck dissection and laryngectomy. An intervention that the nurse will do is:

Make a notation on the call light system that the client cannot speak.

The nurse is caring for a group of clients. Which client(s) would be a candidate for total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? Select all that apply.

Man with two-thirds of his colon removed Middle-aged man with acute pancreatitis Child with short bowel syndrome

The nurse is conducting a health instruction program on oral cancer. The nurse determines that the participants understand the instructions when they state

Many oral cancers produce no symptoms in the early stages."

The nurse is preparing a presentation for an older adult group of males at a senior center. Which of the following would the nurse expect to include when describing the effects of aging on the male reproductive system?

Men retain the ability to fertilize ova irrespective of age.

Which of the following medications, used in the treatment of GERD, accelerate gastric emptying?

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

The nurse cares for a client who receives continuous enteral tube feedings and who is at low risk for aspiration. The nurse assesses the gastric residual volume to be 350 mL. The nurse determines which action is correct?

Monitoring the feeding closely.

The nurse is preparing a presentation for a men's community group about health promotion. Which of the following would the nurse include as a current recommendation for screening?

Monthly testicular self-examination (TSE)

The nurse in the ED admits a client with suspected gastric outlet obstruction. The client's symptoms include nausea and vomiting. The nurse anticipates that the physician will issue which order?

Nasogastric tube insertion

A client is receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) through a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and will be discharged home with PN. The home health nurse evaluates the home setting and would make a recommendation when noticing which circumstance?

No land line; cell phone available and taken by family member during working hours

The nurse is admitting a client with a diagnosis of diverticulitis and assesses that the client has a board-like abdomen, no bowel sounds, and reports of severe abdominal pain. What is the nurse's first action?

Notify the health care provider.

The nurse working in the recovery room is caring for a client who had a radical neck dissection. The nurse notices that the client makes a coarse, high-pitched sound upon inspiration. Which intervention by the nurse is appropriate?

Notify the physician

A client recovering from gastric bypass surgery accidentally removes the nasogastric tube. What is the best action by the nurse?

Notify the surgeon about the tube's removal.

A client has been taking a 10-day course of antibiotics for pneumonia. The client has been having white patches that look like milk curds in the mouth. What treatment will the nurse educate the client about?

Nystatin

A nurse practitioner prescribes drug therapy for a patient with peptic ulcer disease. Choose the drug that can be used for 4 weeks and has a 90% chance of healing the ulcer.

Omeprazole

Which of the following medications is classified as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)?

Omeprazole

The nurse is creating a discharge teaching plan for a client after surgery for oral cancer. Which should be included in the teaching plan? Select all that apply.

Oral hygiene Follow-up dental appointment Follow-up medical appointment Use of humidification

Billroth 1 (gastroduodenostomy)

Partial gastrectomy with removal of distal 2/3 stomach and anastomosis of gastric stump to duodenum

A client is in the hospital for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The client reports vomiting and a sudden severe pain in the abdomen. The nurse then assesses a board-like abdomen. What does the nurse suspect these symptoms indicate?

Perforation of the peptic ulcer

The nurse is monitoring a client's postoperative course after an appendectomy. The nurse's assessment reveals that the client has vomited, has abdominal tenderness and rigidity, and has tachycardia. The nurse reports to the physician that the client has signs/symptoms of which complication?

Peritonitis

A client undergoing a diagnostic examination for gastrointestinal disorder was given polyethylene glycol/electrolyte solution as a part of the test preparation. Which of the following measures should the nurse take once the solution is administered?

Permit the client to drink only clear liquids.

A nurse practitioner, who is treating a patient with GERD, knows that responsiveness to this drug classification is validation of the disease. The drug classification is:

Proton pump inhibitors.

A patient has been diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. The nurse explains the diagnosis to the patient and his family by telling them that a hernia is a (an):

Protrusion of the upper stomach into the lower portion of the thorax.

A client with oral cancer reports dryness of the mouth. What is the nurse's best response?

Provide a humidifier for the client to use while sleeping.

The nurse observes dry mucous membranes in a client who is receiving tube feedings after an oral surgery. The client also reports unpleasant tastes and odors. Which measure should be included in the client's plan of care?

Provide frequent mouth care.

A client with a disorder of the oral cavity cannot tolerate tooth brushing or flossing. Which strategy should the nurse use to assist the client?

Provide the client with an irrigating solution of baking soda and warm water.

A nursing instructor is preparing a class about gastrointestinal intubation. Which of the following would the instructor include as reason for this procedure? Select all that apply.

Remove gas and fluids from the stomach Diagnose gastrointestinal motility disorders Flush ingested toxins from the stomach Administer nutritional substances

When a central venous catheter dressing becomes moist or loose, what should a nurse do first?

Remove the dressing, clean the site, and apply a new dressing.

Why was Stan Checketts NPO in the scenario?

Response:To prevent further vomiting Stan Checketts presented with vomiting for the past 1 to 2 days. NPO indicates the patient is to have nothing by mouth. This order was necessary to prevent further vomiting and decrease the likelihood of further complications. Until the bowel is free from obstruction, the patient will remain NPO.

The nurse determines a client scheduled to undergo an abdominal ultrasonography should receive which instruction?

Restrict eating of solid food for 6 to 8 hours before the test.

The nurse is preparing the client for an assessment of the abdomen. What should the nurse complete prior to this assessment?

ask the pt to empty the bladder

The nurse is instructing the client who was newly diagnosed with peptic ulcers. Which of the following diagnostic studies would the nurse anticipate reviewing with the client?

Serum antibodies for H. pylori

Which term is used to describe stone formation in a salivary gland, usually the submandibular gland?

Sialolithiasis

A client is recovering from gastric surgery. Toward what goal should the nurse progress the client's enteral intake?

Six small meals daily with 120 mL fluid between meals

An older client is diagnosed with parotitis. What bacterial infection does the nurse suspect caused the client's parotitis?

Staphylococcus aureus

The nurse should closely monitor a patient for which of the following potential complications of hypovolemic shock? (Select all that apply.)

Stress ulcer, Acute kidney injury, Dysrhythmias, Decreased level of consciousness Rationale:When the blood pressure decreases from loss of fluid volume, impairment of renal function can occur. A lack of adequate blood supply to the myocardium can lead to dysrhythmias. As blood flow to the brain becomes impaired, mental status deteriorates. Gastrointestinal ischemia can cause stress ulcers. Respiratory complications are hypoxemia, atelectasis, and pulmonary edema.

A client expresses concerns about future reproduction after a surgery to correct the cancer of the testes. For this client, treatment proceeded without first collecting and storing sperm. Which alternative should the nurse suggest to the client?

Suggest donor insemination or adoption

A nurse is monitoring a client with peptic ulcer disease. Which assessment findings would most likely indicate perforation of the ulcer? Select all that apply.

Tachycardia Hypotension A rigid, board-like abdomen

A client with an esophageal stricture is about to undergo esophageal dilatation. As the bougies are passed down the esophagus, the nurse should instruct the client to do which action to minimize the vomiting urge?

Take long, slow breaths

A patient comes to the emergency department and tells the nurse, "I took a pill to help me perform and then passed out." The nurse is assessing the patient and finds a nitroglycerin patch on his back. What is the first intervention the nurse must perform?

Take the patient's blood pressure.

What would the nurse recognize as preventing a client from being able to take a fecal occult blood test (FOBT)?

The client has hemorrhoidal bleeding

After having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a client returns to the unit with a three-way indwelling urinary catheter and continuous closed bladder irrigation. Which finding suggests that the client's catheter is occluded?

The client reports bladder spasms and the urge to void.

A client realizes that regular use of laxatives has greatly improved bowel patterns. However, the nurse cautions this client against the prolonged use of laxatives for which reason?

The client's natural bowel function may become sluggish.

The nurse is inserting a Levin tube for a patient for gastric decompression. The tube should be inserted to 6 to 10 cm beyond what length?

The distance measured from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and from the earlobe to the xiphoid process

When developing an educational program for a group of adolescents about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), what should the nurse inform the group about the single greatest risk factor for contracting an STI?

The number of sexual partners

The nurse is inserting a nasogastric tube and the patient begins coughing and is unable to speak. What does the nurse suspect has occurred?

The nurse has inadvertently inserted the tube into the trachea.

Which nursing instruction is correct to provide the client following a barium enema?

The stools may be a white or clay colored.

The nurse is inserting a sump tube in a patient with Crohn's disease who is suspected of having a bowel obstruction. What does the nurse understand is the benefit of the gastric (Salem) sump tube in comparison to some of the other tubes?

The tube is radiopaque.

A client is to have an upper GI procedure with barium ingestion and abdominal ultrasonography. While scheduling these diagnostic tests, the nurse must consider which factor?

The ultrasonography should be scheduled before the GI procedure.

A client informs the nurse that he is taking a stimulant laxative in order to be able to have a bowel movement daily. What should the nurse inform the client about taking a stimulant laxative?

They can be habit forming and will require increasing doses to be effective.

The nurse is assisting the health care provider with a colonoscopy for a client with rectal bleeding. The health care provider requests the nurse to administer glucagon during the procedure. Why is the nurse administering this medication during the procedure?

To relax colonic musculature and reduce spasm.

A client has a new order for metoclopramide. What extrapyramidal side effect should the nurse assess for in the client?

Uncontrolled rhythmic movements of the face or limbs

A client diagnosed with prostate cancer is to receive brachytherapy. Which of the following would the nurse include when discussing this therapy with the client?

Use of radioactive seeds implanted into the prostate

In the scenario, Stan Checketts was experiencing hypovolemic shock. The nurse understands that the cause of this shock was likely which of the following?

Vomiting Rationale:Stan Checketts had presented with the complaint of vomiting for the past 1 to 2 days. He also had a poor appetite and had not been eating or drinking because of an "upset stomach." Severe dehydration leading to hypovolemic shock was the result.

Which of the following assessment findings would be most important for indicating dumping syndrome in a postgastrectomy client?

Weakness, diaphoresis, diarrhea 90 minutes after eating

The client cannot tolerate oral feedings due to an intestinal obstruction and is NPO. A central line has been inserted, and the client is being started on parenteral nutrition (PN). What actions would the nurse perform while the client receives PN? Select all that apply.

Weigh the client every day. Check blood glucose level every 6 hours. Document intake and output.

The nurse checks residual content before each intermittent tube feeding. When should the patient be reassessed?

When the residual is greater than 200 mL

A graduate nurse is cleaning a central venous access device (CVAD) and is being evaluated by the preceptor nurse. The preceptor nurse makes a recommendation for relearning the skill when she notes the graduate nurse does the following action:

Wipes catheter ports from distal end to insertion site

A nurse is obtaining a male client's health history before performing a physical examination. Which information would most likely not be obtained?

age of first ejaculate

Which of the following digestive enzymes aids in the digesting of starch?

amylase

the pt is DX with an acute Exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. which intervention should the nurse implement?

monitor intravenous fluids.

When assessing a client during a routine checkup, the nurse reviews the history and notes that the client had aphthous stomatitis at the time of the last visit. How is aphthous stomatitis best described by the nurse?

a canker sore of the oral soft tissues

Crohn's disease

a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

ulcerative colitis

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

The nurse is caring for a client recovering from an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Which of the following client symptoms would require further nursing assessment?

abdominal distention

Which of the following is the primary function of the small intestine?

absorption

The nurse is aware that the most common cause of small bowel obstruction is which of the following?

adhesions Most bowel obstructions occur in the small intestine. Adhesions are the most common cause of small bowel obstruction, followed by hernias and neoplasms. Volvulus (twisting of the bowel) is another cause, but it is not the most common.

When caring for a client with an acute exacerbation of a peptic ulcer, the nurse finds the client doubled up in bed with severe pain in the right shoulder. What is the initial appropriate action by the nurse?

assess the client's abdomen and vital signs

The nurse is evaluating a client's ulcer symptoms to differentiate ulcer as duodenal or gastric. Which symptom should the nurse at attribute to a duodenal ulcer?

awaking in pain

During a colonoscopy with moderate sedation, the patient groans with obvious discomfort and begins bleeding from the rectum. The patient is diaphoretic and has an increase in abdominal girth from distention. What complication of this procedure is the nurse aware may be occurring?

bowel perforation

a pt is admitted to the hospital after not having had a BM in several days. the nurse observes the pt is having small liquid stools, a grossly distended abd, and abd cramping. what complications can this pt develop related to this problem

bowel perforation.

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

the pt is prescribed prednisone, a steroid, for an acute episode of inflammatory bowel disease. which intervention should the nurse discuss with the pt?

be sure the medication as prescribed.

Which of the following is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of liver disease?

biopsy

Which drug is considered a stimulant laxative?

bisacodyl

The nurse is preparing to examine the abdomen of a client who reports a change in bowel pattern. The nurse would place the client in which position?

black

Vitamin K1 (phytonadione)

blood clotting

Which treatment involves implantation of interstitial radioactive seeds under anesthesia to treat prostate cancer?

brachytherapy

colostomy can be or can't be irrigated

can be irrigated

A patient is scheduled for a fiberoptic colonoscopy. What does the nurse know that fiberoptic colonoscopy is most frequently used to diagnose?

cancer

the 85 yr old male pt dx with cancer of the colon asks the nurse, why did I get this cancer? which statement is the nurse's best response?

cancer of the colon is associated with a lack of fiber in the diet.

Which term describes a reddened, circumscribed lesion that ulcerates and becomes crusted and is a primary lesion of syphilis?

chancre

the Pt dx with IBD is prescribed TPN which intervention should the nurse implement?

check the client's glucose level.

the nurse is discussing the therapeutic diet for the client dx with diverticulosis. which meal indicates the client understands the discharge teaching.

chicken salad on whole wheat bread and water.

the nurse is irrigating a colostomy when the pt says" you will have to stop, I am cramping so badly" what is the priority action by the nurse?

clamp the tubing and give the pt a rest period.

The nurse prepares a client for a barium enema. The nurse should place the client on which diet prior to the procedure?

clear liquids day before

The nurse determines one or two bowel sounds in 2 minutes should be documented as

hypoactive

A client is scheduled for several diagnostic tests to evaluate gastrointestinal function. After teaching the client about these tests, the nurse determines that the client has understood the teaching when the client identifies which test as not requiring the use of a contrast medium?

colonoscopy

A client is scheduled to have an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Which structures are visualized during this procedure?

common bile duct, pancreatic duct, and biliary tree

a pt is having a diagnostic workup for reports of frequent diarrhea, right lower abdominal pain, and weightloss. the nurse is reviewing the results of the narium study and notes the presence of "string sign" what does the nurse recognize that this is significant of?

crohn's disease

Actinic cheilitis appearance

crusted, red, white, ulcerated, glossy

Which ulcer is associated with extensive burn injury?

curling ulcer

A client sustained second- and third-degree burns over 30% of the body surface area approximately 72 hours ago. What type of ulcer should the nurse be alert for while caring for this client?

curling's ulcer

To ensure patency of central venous line ports, diluted heparin flushes are used

daily when not in use

which ofthe following are assessment findings by the nurse that suggest a resolving bowel obstruction?

decreased ng tube output and passage of flatus Improvement in bowel function is assessed by passage of flatus or stool, decrease in nasogastric output, normal bowel sounds, decrease in abdominal distention, and report of improvement in abdominal pain and tenderness. A decrease in urine output suggests the complication of fluid volume deficit.

A client who can't tolerate oral feedings begins receiving intermittent enteral feedings. When monitoring for evidence of intolerance to these feedings, what must the nurse remain alert for?

diaphoresis, vomiting, and diarrhea

Crhon's Disease signs and symptoms.

diarrehea and cramping, right lower quad pain, wt loss, tenderness, nausea, flatulence, low grade fever.

A client with a gastrojejunostomy is beginning to take solid food. Which finding would lead the nurse to suspect that the client is experiencing dumping syndrome?

diarrhea

The nurse attempts to unclog a client's feeding tube. Attempts with warm water agitation and milking the tube are unsuccessful. The nurse uses evidence-based practice principles when subsequently using which technique to unclog the tube?

digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

A nurse is caring for a client who underwent a subtotal gastrectomy. To manage dumping syndrome, the nurse should advise the client to:

drink liquids only between meals

A client who had a Roux-en-Y bypass procedure for morbid obesity ate a chocolate chip cookie after a meal. After ingestion of the cookie, the client reported cramping pains, dizziness, and palpitation. After having a bowel movement, the symptoms resolved. What should the nurse educate the client about regarding this event?

dumping syndrome

The most common symptom of esophageal disease is

dysphagia

the nurse is teaching a class on diverticulosis. which interventions should the nurse discuss when teaching ways to prevent an acute exacerbation of diverticulitis.

eat a high fiber diet increase fluid intake walk 30 min a day.

The nurse prepares to administer all of a client's medications via feeding tube. The nurse consults the pharmacist and/or physician when the nurse notes which type of oral medication on the client's medication administration record?

enteric-coated tablets

A client is ordered continuous bladder irrigation at a rate of 60 gtt/minute. The nurse hangs a 2 L bag of sterile solution with tubing on a three-legged IV pole. She then attaches the tubing to the client's three-way urinary catheter, adjusts the flow rate, and leaves the room. Which important procedural step did the nurse fail to follow?

evaluating patency of the drainage lumen

A patient is receiving nasogastric tube feedings. The intake and output record for the past 24 hours reveals an intake of 3100 mL and an output of 2400 mL. The nurse identifies which nursing diagnosis as most likely?

excess fluid volume

Achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax

Which medication is classified as a histamine-2 receptor antagonist?

famotidine

A client has been receiving intermittent tube feedings for several days at home. The nurse notes the findings as shown in the accompanying documentation. The nurse reports the following as an adverse reaction to the tube feeding:

fasting blood glucose level

Rebound hypoglycemia is a complication of parenteral nutrition caused by

feedings stopped too abruptly.

The nurse was aware that the priority intervention for Stan Checketts was which of the following?

fluid replacement the priority intervention for Stan Checketts was to replace the fluids and electrolytes that had been lost through the vomiting.

The nurse is to discontinue a nasogastric tube that had been used for decompression. What is the first action the nurse should take?

flush with 10ml of water

Postoperatively, a client with a radical neck dissection should be placed in which position?

fowler

A client has a gastrointestinal tube that enters the stomach through a surgically created opening in the abdominal wall. The nurse documents this as which of the following?

g tube

The following appears on the medical record of a male patient receiving parenteral nutrition:WBC: 6500/cu mmPotassium 4.3 mEq/LMagnesium 2.0 mg/dLCalcium 8.8 mg/dLGlucose 190 mg/dLWhich finding would alert the nurse to a problem?

glucose level

A client is receiving leuprolide as part of his treatment for prostate cancer. The nurse would be alert for which of the following as a possible adverse effect?

gynecomastia

The nurse cares for a client who receives continuous parenteral nutrition (PN) through a Hickman catheter and notices that the client's solution has run out. No PN solution is currently available from the pharmacy. What should the nurse do?

hang 10% dextrose and water

A client with severe peptic ulcer disease has undergone surgery and is several hours postoperative. During assessment, the nurse notes that the client has developed cool skin, tachycardia, labored breathing, and appears to be confused. Which complication has the client most likely developed?

hemorrhage

The nurse auscultates the abdomen to assess bowel sounds. She documents five to six sounds heard in less than 30 seconds. How does the nurse document the bowel sounds?

hyperactive

The nurse prepares to administer the lavage solution to a client having a colonoscopy completed. The nurse stops and notifies the physician when noting that the client has which condition?

inflammatory bowel disease

A nurse is inserting a nasogastric tube in an alert client. During the procedure, the client begins to cough constantly and has difficulty breathing. The nurse suspects the nasogastric tube is

inserted into the lungs

When examining the abdomen of a client with reports of nausea and vomiting, what would the nurse do first?

inspection

A client is diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. The health care provider begins the client on cyanocobalamin (Betalin-12), 100 mcg I.M. daily. Which substance influences vitamin B12 absorption?

intrinsic factor

Which term describes a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that it can be absorbed?

intrinsic factor

A client asks the nurse why the physician ordered the blood test carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The nurse answers:

it indicates if a cancer is present.

ileostomy should be irrigated or not

it should never be irrigated. it will be cloudy

The nurse is planning care for a client with painful oral lesions. Which food should be included in the client's diet?

jello

a pt with IBS has been having more frequent symptoms lately and is not sure what lifestyle changes may have occurred. what suggestion can the nurse provide to id a trigger for the symptoms.

keep a 1-2 week symptom and food diary to identify food triggers.

ulcerative colitis affects

large intestine

a pt is not having daily BMs and has begun taking a laxative for this problem. what should the nurse educate the pt about regarding laxative use?

laxatives should not be routinely taken due to destruction of nerve endings in the colon

The health care provider orders the insertion of a single lumen nasogastric tube. When gathering the equipment for the insertion, what will the nurse select?

levin tube

For a client with salivary calculi, which procedure uses shock waves to disintegrate the stone?

lithotripsy

The nurse conducts discharge education for a client who is to go home with parenteral nutrition (PN). The nurse determines the client understands the education when the client indicates a sign and/or symptom of metabolic complications is

loose watery stools

the nurse is caring for an older adult pt experiencing fecal incontinence. when planning the care of this pt, what should the nurse designate as a priority goal?

maintaining skin integrity

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

malignant islet cell tumor secreting gastrin; peptic ulcers

the nurse caring for a client one-day post-Op sigmoid resection notes a moderate amount of dark reddish-brown drainage on the midline abdominal incision. which intervention should the nurse implement first

mark the drainage on the dressing with the date and time.

Which nursing assessment finding is most significant in determining the plan of care in a client with erectile dysfunction?

medication use

The nurse is providing discharge instructions for a slightly overweight client seen in the Emergency Department with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The nurse notes in the client's record that the client is taking carbidopa/levodopa. Which order for the client by the health care provider should the nurse question?

metoclopramide

A nurse is giving a client barium swallow test. What is the most important assessment a nurse would make to ensure that a client does not retain any barium after a barium swallow?

monitoring the stool passage and its color

I have bright red blood in my stool all the time

most likely from hemorrhoids.

What part of the GI tract begins the digestion of food?

mouth

Crohn's disease affects from the

mouth to the anus

the pt is dx with crohn's disease, also known as regional enteritis. which statement by the client would support the dx

my pain goes away when I have a bowel movement.

When bowel sounds are heard about every 15 seconds, the nurse would record that the bowel sounds are

normal

A nurse is caring for a client with active upper GI bleeding. What is the appropriate diet for this client during the first 24 hours after admission?

nothing by mouth

the nurse is admitting a pt with a DX of diverticulitis and assesses that the pt has a board like abd., no Bowel sounds, and reports severe abd pain. what is the nurse's first action?

notify the healthcare provider.

Which medication classification represents a proton (gastric acid) pump inhibitor?

omeprazole

The nurse is assisting the health care provider with a gastric acid stimulation test for a client. What medication should the nurse prepare to administer subcutaneously to stimulate gastric secretions?

pentagastrin

Which enzyme aids in the digestion of protein? a. Amylase b. Lipase c. Pepsin d. Trypsin

pepsin

Which condition is caused by improper catheter placement and inadvertent puncture of the pleura?

pneumothorax

A nurse is interviewing a client about past medical history. Which preexisting condition may lead the nurse to suspect that a client has colorectal cancer?

polyps

The nurse teaches an unlicensed caregiver about bathing clients who are receiving tube feedings. The most significant complication related to continuous tube feedings is the

potential risk for aspiration.

The most significant complication related to continuous tube feedings is

the increased potential for aspiration.

ulcerative colitis develops

the lower portion of the colon is affected, exudative inflammation develops abcesses are formed in the mucosa.

tje nurse is admitting a male pt to a medical floor with dx of adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon. which assessment data support this Dx.

the pt has diarrhea alternating with constipation.

cryptorchidism

undescended testicles

The client describes a test previously completed to detect a small bowel obstruction prior to admission to the hospital. The client states that the test involved insertion of a tube through the nose and lasted over 6 hours. The nurse determines which test name should be documented?

upper GI enteroclysis

The nurse monitors a client with nasoenteric intubation. When should the nurse contact the physician?

urinary output 20 mL/hr

Cardiac complications, which may occur following resection of an esophageal tumor, are associated with irritation of which nerve at the time of surgery?

vagus

The nurse recognizes which change of the GI system is an age-related change?

weakened gag reflex

A client presented with gastrointestinal bleeding 2 days ago and continues to have problems. The health care provider has ordered a visualization of the small intestine via a capsule endoscopy. What will the nurse include in the client education about this procedure?

you will need to swallow a capsule

The nurse asks a client to point to where pain is felt. The client asks why this is important. What is the nurse's best response?

"Often the area of pain is referred from another area.

The nurse is teaching a young adult male how to perform testicular self-examination (TSE). The nurse determines that the client has understood the instructions when he states which of the following?

"The best time to do it is once a month after I take my warm morning shower."

A client with erectile dysfunction is prescribed sildenafil (Viagra). Which of the following would the nurse include in the teaching plan for this client?

"You may experience headache and some flushing with this drug."

Crohn's disease develop

Adhesions develop, any part of GI tract is affected. complications related to fistulas often develop, granuloma are formed, leading to cobblestone appearance.

A patient is planning to use a negative-pressure (vacuum) device to maintain and sustain an erection. What should the nurse caution the patient about with the use of this device?

Do not leave the constricting band in place for longer than 1 hour to avoid penile injury.

After teaching a group of students about erectile dysfunction, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following as true?

Erectile dysfunction may be due to testosterone insufficiency.

The nurse is aware that untreated small bowel obstruction can progress to which type of shock?

Hypovolemic The vomiting that accompanies small bowel obstruction can lead to acute fluid losses, which can lead to hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemia can occur from the fluid shifts related to the edema and congestion occurring in the bowel.

The nurse anticipates that the IV fluid therapy for a patient with hypovolemia would be which of the following?

Isotonic Rationale:An isotonic solution that expands the extracellular fluid volume is used in hypovolemic states.

A patient with abdominal distention experiences reflux vomiting, which the nurse knows can lead to which of the following acid-base disturbances?

Metabolic alkalosis The reflux vomiting results in the loss of hydrogen ions and potassium from the stomach, leading to reduction of the serum electrolytes chloride and potassium in the blood and causing metabolic alkalosis.

In addition to hypokalemia, Stan Checketts developed hypochloremia. The nurse recognizes that signs and symptoms of hypochloremia include which of the following?

Muscle cramps Signs and symptoms of hypochloremia include muscle cramps, agitation, irritability, tremors, slow shallow respirations, tetany, dysrhythmias, and hypertonicity.

A client is prescribed a histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist. The nurse understands that this might include which medication(s)? Select all that apply.

Nizatidine Famotidine Cimetidine

Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder characterized by pulmonary and pancreatic dysfunction, usually appears in young children but can also affect adults. If the pancreas was functioning correctly, where would the bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the GI system?

duodenum

A client undergoes total gastrectomy. Several hours after surgery, the nurse notes that the client's nasogastric (NG) tube has stopped draining. How should the nurse respond?

notify the heathcare provider

Which term refers to the surgical removal of one or both testes?

orchiectomy

The nurse recognizes that the client diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer will likely experience

pain 2 to 3 hours after a meal

Which of the following is an enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa?

pepsin

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct

A group of students are studying for an examination on the gastrointestinal (GI) system and are reviewing the structures of the esophagus and stomach. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as the opening between the stomach and duodenum?

pyloric sphincter

Following ingestion of carrots or beets, the nurse would expect which alteration in stool color?

red