Principles of Biology test 1

components of nucleic acids

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

glycosidic linkages

The best method for determining whether bean plants require sodium is to __________

grow bean plants with and without sodium

What name is given to the bond between water molecules?

hydrogen

are hydrogen, covalent, or ionic bonds the weakest

hydrogen

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.

hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions

compounds that don't mix with water

hydrophobic

The use of energy by living organisms __________.

involves chemical cycling from light energy from the sun for the production of chemical energy in food to the decomposition and the returning of chemicals to the cycle

A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable and falsifiable means that __________.

some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is incorrect

function of cellulose

structural component of plant cell walls

what is true of polymers

they are always made of monomers

Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.

trace elements

The concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________

Charles Darwin

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.

DNA

What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?

DNA

The genetic material within cells is called __________ and is organized into structures called __________.

DNA; chromosomes

Which of the following observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?

Darwin synthesized his theory of natural selection from all of the listed observations and inferences.

Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived?

If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients.

Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?

Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?

The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein.

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

peptide bond is...

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

phospholipids are composed of...

a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids

The organic molecule called DNA is an example of ....

a polymer made of nucleotides

glycogen is...

a polysaccharide found in animals

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.

a single amino acid change; primary structure

A scientific theory is __________.

a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power

In the theme of biological organization, the approach called reductionism __________.

allows us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

amino acids molecules

_____ is formed from a-1,4-glycosidic linkages of glucose

amylose

An ionic bond involves _____.

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.

are different ions

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____

as a component of animal cell membranes

The tree domains of life are _______.

bateria, archaea, and eukarya

Feedback regulation includes __________

both negative feedback where the pathway shuts down and positive feedback where the pathway speeds up

Which of the following is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life?

cell

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

chaperonins

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.

cholesterol

______ is an important component of animal cell walls

cholesterol

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature

cis double bonds; liquids

Using models that represented camouflaged and non-camouflaged mice, Hoekstra and her students tested the hypothesis that coloration of beach and inland mice provides camouflage that protects them from predation. Regardless of whether the models were placed in the beach or the inland habitat, the camouflaged model always acted as the __________ group.

control

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

covalent

What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

covalent

With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________.

descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.

double helix; running antiparallel

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

electronegativity

The fundamental organizing principle of biology and core theme is __________.

evolution

Regulation of molecules within an organism in response to a changing level of chemicals and the ability to self-regulate is called __________.

feedback regulation

A nonlinear, realistic model of the scientific process is called the process of science. The core activity of this process is __________

forming and testing hypotheses

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

four...hydrogen

The process that directs the manufacture of a cell product from a gene is called __________.

gene expression

The units of inheritance are called __________.

genes

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

glycogen

animals store energy in the form of ____.

glycogen

of glycogen, lipid, starch, and cellulose, which is not a carbohydrate

lipid

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

lipids

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

molecule

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.

molecules called chaperonins

RNA is a _____

nucleic acid

an example of an unsaturated fat

olive oil

Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?

peptidoglycan

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

phospholipids

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

polar

what kind of bond is between a hydrogen and an oxygen in one water molecule

polar covalent

Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels?

population

What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?

population

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

primary

The two main forms of cells are __________ cells.

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Some properties and processes that are associated with life include all of the following except _____________

reductionism

the linking of monomers involves the ________

removal of water

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

water

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

water

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________

they are all disaccharides

cellulose, lactose, sucrose, glucose, galactose...which is a polysaccharide

cellulose

carbohydrates are used in our bodies for...

energy storage and release

Which of the following is an attribute of living things?

the must be able to evolve and adapt

The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from __________.

the sun

Which of the following statements best describes what is meant by "emergence"?

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

The information in a gene that directs the production of a cellular product is gene expression. The correct sequence for the transfer of information from a gene to a function protein is __________.

transcription, translation, and protein folding

True or false? Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.

true

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

wax, phospholipid, cholesterol, steroids, and RNA...which is not a lipid

RNA

Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.

adenine and guanine

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

Which series of terms is in the correct sequence of biological organization, from the simplest to the most complex?

cell, tissue, organ, population, community

the most abundant organic compound on earth

cellulose

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

chitin

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

ionic

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

peptide