Principles of Counseling Final

Which of the following is true of narrative therapy and solution-focused therapy?

The client is an expert on his or her own life

Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach?

The focus is on the exploration of the client's past

Which is not true of Gestalt therapy?

The focus is on the why of behavior

Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of behavior therapy?

There is an emphasis on client expression of feelings

You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as:

a response consistent with his or her cultural context.

Under what circumstances should a therapist consult with colleagues or specialists?

all of these options (client complains of physical symptoms, facing an ethical problem, working with a client for an extended period of time and losing objectivity)

The existential approach is:

both (a reaction against psychoanalysis and behaviorism)

The Smith family comes to therapy and both parents insist that their son, Frank, is the real problem in their family. The therapist notices that when the parents argue, Frank acts up and draws attention to himself. From a structural family therapy perspective, Frank is:

both the identified (or index) patient and trying to keep his parents together

In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except:

counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems

In the text, the main reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them:

learn to deal with countertransference.

Behavior therapy assumes that behavior is:

learned

To reduce the power of a family's covert rule:

make the covert overt.

The concept of "baby steps" in solution-focused therapy can best be described as:

making small moves toward your gal rather than trying to do everything at once

The behavioral therapist is likely to do the following early in the therapeutic process:

measure the frequency of the problem behavior

Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a feeling of being cheated?

middle child

When dad holds his temper while his child tries to start an argument, dad is:

modeling

The founder of person-centered therapy is:

none of the above (Rollo May, Frederick Perls, Abe Maslow, B.F. Skinner)

Which of the following is considered important in person-centered therapy?

none of the above (accurate diagnosis, accurate therapist interpretation, analysis of the transference relationship)

The person centered approach uses which technique?

none of the above (diagnosis, probing and questioning, interpretation)

In person centered therapy, transference is:

not an essential or significant factor in the therapy process

The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as:

personalization

Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the:

phallic stage

Internal thoughts and feelings are considered by behavioral therapists to be:

private behavior

"Brainstorming" is a step in:

problem solving

Triangles in family relationships can be explained by which factor?

reducing anxiety and emotional relationship tension in relationships.

What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem an provides a different interpretation for a problematic problem?

reframing

What type of boundaries results in disengagement?

rigid boundaries

Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on?

semantics

"Accurate emphatic understanding" refers to the therapist's ability to:

sense the inner world of the client's subjective experience.

Many ethical codes state that dual relationships

should be avoided whenever possible.

Which technique for treating phobias is aimed at teaching the client to emit a response that is consistent with anxiety (reduced expression of fear)?

systematic desensitization

Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which:

the client and therapist collaborate in co-constructing solutions to problems

Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to:

the client/therapist relationship.

"We can train our thoughts the way we train our bodies" is:

the continuity assumption or principle

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe life without the problem?

the miracle question

"Contingency" refers to:

the relationship between stimulus and response or behavior and consequence.

What is the central variable related to progress in person-centered therapy?

the relationship between the client and therapist

If a counselor is intent on directing your client toward his or her personal values, ethical practice states that:

you inform potential clients of those values that will certainly influence your intervention with them.

Which of the following IS NOT one of the three basic rules for solution focused therapy?

"You gotta accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative, latch on to the affirmative, don't mess with Mr. In-Between."

Cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that:

cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act.

According to Rogers, the three core conditions that create a growth-promoting climate are:

congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding

Mary is a solution-focused therapists. She asks her client about times when things were better than they are now. Mary is searching for:

exceptions

Person-centered therapy is a form of:

humanistic therapy

Attribution means:

implied causality

Which child is most likely to demand center stage, tends to have difficulties in life when he or she is no longer the center of attention, and is likely to become dependently tied to the mother?

only child

What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

According to the existential view, anxiety is seen as a:

part of the human condition.

The Gestalt therapist:

pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that:

there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge

The main focus of the ego is:

to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment

Artificial reinforcers (such as paper tickets or wooden coins) are used in:

token economies

Which techniques are most often used in the person-centered approach?

Active listening and reflection

Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?

He developed cognitive therapy

Family systems represents a paradigm shift that is sometimes called "the fourth force"

True

From a family systems perspective, an individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family as well as the larger community and societal systems

True

In narrative therapy, the role of the client is to create, explore, and co-author his or her evolving story

True

Over family rules are more easily broken than covert family rules.

True

Reframing is the art of putting what is known in a new, more useful perspective

True

A major characteristic of the psychoanalytic therapist is:

a sense of being anonymous

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to:

all of these options (be aware of their own cultural heritage, have a broad base of counseling techniques, consider cultural context of their clients, examine their own assumptions about cultural values)

Realistic tools for staying alive as a person and professional are:

all of these options (become aware of factors that reduce your vitality, deal with those factors that drain energy, look within yourself to determine what choices you are making to keep yourself alive, assume personal responsibility for finding strategies for remaining vital as a person and professional)

Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them:

all of these options (heal psychological wounds, gain experiential sense of what it's like to be client, understand own needs and motives, work through personal conflicts)

Research on personal therapy for therapists suggests therapy contributes to the counselor's professional development by

all of these options (providing experiential modeling, enhancing interpersonal skills, providing strategies for stress management)

Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests

all of these options (the therapists as a person is an integral part of successful treatment, the therapeutic relationship is an essential component of effective treatment, both the therapy methods and the therapy relationship make contributions to treatment outcome)

Clients have right to be informed about:

all of these options (their therapist's qualifications, general goals of counseling, approximate length of therapeutic process)

According to the text, research shows that counselor values influence:

all of these options (therapy goals, assessment strategies, treatment outcome)

The term "social interest" refers to:

all the above (an individual's attitude in dealing with the social world, a sense of identification and empathy with others, striving for a better future for all humans)

The person-centered approach has been applied to:

all the above (personal growth groups, training of workers in the Peace Corps and VISTA, family therapy, foreign relations)

Assessment is a useful method of

all these options (evaluating a client's current level of functioning, forming a case conceptualization, involving the client as an active participant in treatment, gaining insight into the client's subjective world)

Existential therapy is best considered as:

an approach to understanding humans

Pre-therapy change is a solution-focused therapy technique that:

asks clients to address changes that have taken place from the time they made an appointment to the first therapy session

In cognitive therapy, therapy techniques are designed to:

assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in their daily living.

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?

both (suggest a referral for her if your values might interfere with your objectivity) and (helf her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values)

The concept of "unconditional positive regard" implies:

both (the therapist's acceptance of the client's rights to all his or her feelings, the therapist's acceptance of the client without stipulations)

The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is:

both a and b (to treat specific learning disorders, to change overt behavior)

Countertransference occurs when:

both are true (the therapist has reactions toward the client that interfere with his or her objectivity, the therapist has a need to meet his or her own needs by keeping the client infantile)

In solution-focused therapy, which of the following kind of relationship is characterized by the client and therapist jointly identifying a problem and a solution to work toward?

customer-type relationship

Ignoring a child's tantrum illustrates a behavioral concept known as:

extinction

Adlerian therapy involves a phenomenological orientation. This means that the therapist attempts to view the world:

from the client's frame of reference.

A tool for collecting and organizing key turning points in three-generational extended family is:

genogram

"Therapist congruence" is a term that refers to the therapist's:

genuineness

According to the text, the challenge of providing informed consent consists of:

getting clients to read the ethical codes of profession.

According to the existential viewpoint, death:

gives significance to living.

All of the following are steps in the use of systematic desensitization except for:

hypnosis

In vivo flooding consists of:

intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli

The success of the casino is based on:

intermittent positive reinforcement on a variable schedule

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:

interpretation

From a family systems perspective, hierarchy is not consistent with functional family relationship

False

Solution-focused therapists are not particularly interested in what caused the client's problems

True

Solution-focused therapists assist clients in paying attention to the exceptions to their problem patterns

True

All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except for:

achieving self-actualization

Confidentiality can be considered as:

all but an absolute that guarantees clients that their disclosures will never be revealed

The role of the counselor's personal values in therapy is best described as:

counselors avoid imposing their values, but they are likely to expose their values to clients

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to:

learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma.

Which statement is most true of person-centered therapy?

The techniques a therapist uses are less important than are his or her attitudes

Which of the following aspects of family life are assessed when exploring a client's family constellation?

all of the above (birth order, interactions between siblings and parents, the child's psychological position in the family)

The person-centered view of human nature:

is rooted in a faith in the person's capacity to direct his or her own life

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is:

now established as part of mainstream behavior therapy

Giving a child a reward for doing a good job is an example of:

positive reinforcement

Taking away a privilege when a child doesn't clean their room is an example of:

punishment

Cognitive approaches are best associated with:

the post-modern era.

Behavior therapy is grounded in:

the principles of learning

Because solution-focused therapy is designed to be brief, it is essential that therapists teach clients specific strategies for understanding what caused their problems so that they can resolve these problems

False

In solution-focused therapy, gathering extensive information about a problem is a necessary step in handling clients to find a solution to the problem.

False

Solution-focused therapy is a "modern" approach (as opposed to a "post-modern" approach)

False

What results in the longest road to extinction?

Intermittent positive reinforcement on a variable schedule

Which is not a key concept of existential therapy?

It is based on well-defined set of techniques and procedures

What involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred?

Negative reinforcement

The Electra complex and Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development?

Phallic stage