Principles on Investigation Revel Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, 6, 7, 8, 9

Officer Venable is being cross-examined by the defense attorney. The defense attorney asks, "How long did it take for the victim to die?" What is the proper response from Officer Venable?

"I cannot testify as to the truthfulness of another witness, only my own testimony."

Officer Giacomazzi is testifying in court. The defense attorney asks, "How long did it take for the victim to die?" What is the proper response Giacomazzi should give?

"The approximate time it took the victim to die was seven minutes."

Officer Tsai is fulfilling the role of expert witness in a court case about a drug manufacturing operation. Which of the following questions would she most likely be asked on the witness stand?

"What training have you received regarding narcotics manufacturing?"

Which of the following questions by an interviewer is likely to be part of a cognitive interview?

"You stated that you were at a pub last night. How did you get there and back home?"

A coroner has been called to the scene in which a decaying corpse was located on the side of a highway. It appears that the body is turning form green to black, and the abdominal cavity has ruptured. The coroner estimates that the person died how long ago?

15 days

Officer Mackenzie is facing a jury on charges that he used excessive force to control a situation. The jury concludes that, in a similar situation, a reasonable officer would have used chemical agents to exert control. Mackenzie is found guilty. Which of the following did Officer Mackenzie most likely use?

A firearm

Which of the following is an example of trace evidence?

A hair

Kevin is part of an intelligence-gathering team working on a case involving drug trafficking. He is given an overwhelming amount of information, which includes surveillance reports, police reports, information provided by confidential informants, and the investigative reports. To make sense of it all, Kevin decides to use a charting technique, whereby he maps out all of the relationships between individuals and organizations. This helps provide a visual for Kevin and assists him in the investigation. Which of the following techniques did Kevin use to help him analyze the information?

A link analysis chart

Which statement is true of both consensual encounters and investigative detentions?

A search warrant is not mandatory for either situation

What is a Miranda warning?

A warning required to be given by the police before an interrogation to inform a subject of his or her constitutional rights, especially their right to counsel and rights involving self-incrimination.

Caroline, a witness in an ongoing case, is called to attend a lineup at the police station. The administrator of the lineup does not know the identity of the suspect. Caroline is shown an array of six photos, including one of the suspect's, one after the other. She has to recognize the suspect from the list. Which of the following will Carolina employ to identify the suspect?

Absolute judgement

Which of the following is a self-incriminating statement made by a suspect that falls short of an acknowledgment of guilt?

Admission

To avoid reducing its evidentiary value, how should victim's soaked clothing be handled?

Air-dry it before bagging

Searching without a warrant Chimel v. California (1969) Maryland v. Buie (1990) Florida v. Bostick (1991)

Allowed searches incident to an arrest Allowed a "protective" sweep of a home during an arrest for additional suspects who might be there Permitted warrantless sweeps of inner-city buses

Admissibility Tests Frye Test Daubert Standard

Also known as the relevancy test Involves the admission of scientific evidence Expert witnesses' testimony must be both relevant and reliable Determines the admissibility of a witness as an expert

Which statement distinguishes admission from confession?

An admission is a self-incriminating statement; a confession is a direct acknowledgment.

Which statement is true regarding a law enforcement officer's testimony in court?

An officer should normally restrict his or her statements to those that are personally known by him or her to be the truth.

Which statement is true concerning the court testimony of law enforcement officers?

An officer's conduct on the stand often determines the degree of credibility that the jury will give the officer's statements.

Which type of evidence? Demonstrative

Anatomical dolls that aid in children's testimony in sexual molestation cases

Officer Omura is testifying on the witness stand. While the defense attorney questioned her during cross-examination, the attorney highlighted the difference between the statements in the official police report and what Omura said on the witness stand in order to attack Omura's credibility. What should Officer Omura do?

Answer the question as briefly and directly as possible

Criminal investigation field notes must be properly handled and preserved for use in preparing for or at trial. Once the suspect has been convicted and sentenced, field notes may be:

Archived in a safe place

Which of the following steps in assessing the crime scene would prevent the loss of evidence?

Assigning one officer whose primary responsibility is recording and collecting items of evidence

Michael was found dead in his apartment. He was found partially dressed in a female negligee, with underwear wrapped tightly around his neck. Also found at the scene was a vibrator and sexually explicit photographs. How would this death be categorized?

Autoerotic death

Which term refers to the broadcasting of a flash description regarding a suspect and the suspect's vehicle?

BOLO "Be On The Look Out"

Which term refers to the analysis of bloodstains at a crime scene in order to recreate the actions that caused the bloodshed?

BPA (Bloodstain Pattern Analysis)

For many years, the courts used the "Aguilar-Spinelli two-prong test" to evaluate whether information provided by an informant properly established probable cause. However, in Illinois v. Gates, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that probable cause is a fluid concept, rendering such tests unreliable. Rather, the Court stated that the test for probable cause under the Fourth Amendment should do what?

Be a totality of the circumstances.

The first officer's responsibilities First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh

Be alert to perpetrator fleeing scene Verify that a crime has been committed Assist victims Arrest perpetrator Communicate with headquarters Identify witnesses Brief investigators

An investigator receives a call to crime scene. What should he do?

Begin taking notes immediately after receiving the call to the crime scene

Which term refers to England's first paid, full-time police force that did way with old constables?

Bobbies

Kevin is an undercover drug enforcement agent. After a few months of being in communication with his informant Rob, Rob makes an initial introduction to his supplier, Andy. After this initial introduction, Andy takes Kevin under his wing and begins to spend some time with him to make sure he can trust him. What element of an undercover operation is Andy engaging in during this time with Kevin?

Bobbing, weaving, and circling

Alex wants to circumvent prohibition that illegalizes the manufacture, transport, and sale of liquor. He starts a cottage industry for making beer and alcohol near his home and sells it without the police's knowledge. What is Alex?

Bootlegger

Which of the following is a feature shared by both rough and finished sketches?

Both are admissible in court

According to the PERF study, who contributes more to the resolution of robbery and burglary cases?

Both contribute equally (Detectives and Patrol officers)

Which of the following terms represents parish constables who were familiar with watching over at night and were successful at thief catchers due to their ties with London's criminal underworld?

Bow Street Runners

Officer Brady is charged with abuse of authority and use of excessive force in a civil suit. In court, which of the following will be used to determine whether Brady's actions were lawful?

Brady's conduct compared to that of a reasonable officer's under similar circumstances

You are a police officer patrolling a local neighborhood. While passing a house you have been to before for domestic violence matters, you hear a male resident yell, "I'm going to kill you!" This is followed by a female resident screaming for someone to save her, along with loud banging and crashing sounds. You rush to the door and enter without a warrant. What court case allows your entrance?

Brigham City v. Stewart (2006)

An undercover agent buys heroin from a dealer two thinks the agent is an addict. Immediately after the transaction, the agent arrests the suspect. This is known as a _____.

Buy-bust.

Which statement is true of CODIS?

CODIS enables labs to share and compare DNA profiles electronically

Which of the following is a phenomenon wherein jurors are introduced to forensics through their exposure to television crime shows?

CSI Effect

Television crime dramas have greatly increased public interest in crime and forensic science. Because of this, jurors today expect more categorical proof than forensic science is capable of delivering. What is the term for this phenomenon?

CSI effect

As soon as news of a minor bomb blast reaches the police department, Gina, a patrol officer, is ordered to report to the crime scene. Which of the following should be her first duty?

Call for medical assistance for injured people

Which type of death is associated with natural causes?

Cancer

Which type of blood spatter is a result of an object swung in an arc?

Castoff

While investigating a shooting incident, forensic analyst Clark noticed that the blood spatters from several arcs. He thinks this would determine the number of blows delivered. What type of blood spatter is Clark most likely analyzing?

Castoff

Alice is a detective at the city police department. After arriving at a crime scene with her team, Alice's primary responsibility is the protection and storage of evidence. She preserves the evidence in containers with proper labels, and documents whom in the team is the custodian and handler of the evidence. Alice is tasked with maintaining what?

Chain of custody

Investigators should reexamine the ________ before trial to ensure that all necessary persons who were involved with the evidence will be available if needed to testify in court.

Chain of custody

Officer Strauss is reviewing a report of a drug case. The document describes how drugs were collected, who handled them after seizure, where and how they were stored, and who currently has possession of them. What is the officer reviewing?

Chain of custody

You are investigating the death of a child who was struck by an automobile in a residential area near a public playground. Accident reconstruction supported by video surveillance indicates that the striking vehicle did not exceed the posted speed. The driver left the scene, but drove directly to the police station and was given a blood alcohol test, which showed no signs of intoxication. What action should be taken?

Charge the driver with leaving the scene of an accident.

Which statement is true of preserving evidence in a crime scene?

Civilians and unauthorized personnel must be denied access to the crime scene.

Axel is at the station. Investigators have interrogated him relentlessly for hours. He is tired and wants to get back home to his family. He has to work in the morning. However, investigators insist they are not done with him and begin to physically assault him. Axel then gives in and confesses to a crime that he did not commit. What type of confession is this?

Coerced confession

What is the use, or threat of use, of illegal physical methods to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession?

Coercion

Which of the following are used for eliciting information from victims and witnesses, as opposed to obtaining confessions from suspects?

Cognitive interviews

Which component of the intelligence function involves comparing texts to clarify or give meaning to information?

Collation

Which of the following is true of exemplars?

Collected exemplars are those that were not written for the purpose of examination.

An intelligence-gathering team examined the bank account of a suspected bank robber. Their research revealed many transfers of large sums of money into the account within hours of the robbery. They followed the trail of the transactions and collected the details of all the bank accounts involved. How can this information best be represented?

Commodity flowchart

You are a police officer who will be testifying in court. Before the trial, which of the following actions is appropriate for you to take?

Communicate with the prosecutor

Forensic chemistry subunits General chemistry Toxicology Paints and polymers

Compare stains or markings Analyze controlled substances Analysis of food products Investigate product tampering Determine tape composition Compare caulks and sealants

Juanita is a trained artist who has expertise in drawing sketches of suspected criminals based on descriptions. After she finishes her drawings, investigators at the police department use them to create wanted posters and check leads during investigations. What are Juanita's drawings?

Composites

What requires only a microphone plugged into the computer to analyze the subject's responses?

Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA)

Which action is needed to develop a plan within the crime scene without unnecessarily destroying or contaminating evidence?

Conduct an overall assessment of the crime scene

Which of the following should officers do regarding their appearance in court?

Conform to departmental uniform/dress standards when testifying in court.

The follow-up investigator at a crime scene notices that a shirt under a table has been collected as evidence during preliminary investigation. He should seize the shirt and document it where?

Contamination log

Which of the following documents any evidence has been compromised or for which the chain of custody has not been observed?

Contamination log

Officer Chohan arrives at a house after a child who hasn't been seen in two days is reported missing. He visits the child's room and notices a broken windowpane. This is an example of what?

Corpus delicti

If the defense attorney gains access to the official report of the investigator, the report will be used to attack the _______ of the investigator.

Credibility

Which statement is true of criminal investigation functions?

Criminal investigations are usually reactive in nature.

Evidence seized from a homicide included a knife that was determined to be the murder weapon. Both the knife and the crime scene were free of fingerprints. After reviewing the case, it came to light that the victim's body had been dismembered with what appeared to be expert precision. Investigators concluded that such cuts are similar to the technique use for chopping beef. As a result, a local butcher was questioned and eventually identified as the murder. Which of the following techniques helped find the killer?

Criminal investigative analysis

What involves identifying psychological and social characteristics surrounding the crime as well as the manner in which it was committed?

Criminal investigative analysis

Joanne is an investigator studying the finished sketch of a house terrorists held hostages. The sketch is a top-down view of the house and shows the locations of bullet holes, temporarily constructed walls inside the house, and positions and postures of the dead bodies. Which method did Joanne use to draw her sketch?

Cross-projection

You are called to a crime scene in which a victim has been shot and blood has spattered upward and outward. What would be the best method of sketching this scene.

Cross-projection method

What is the process of questioning a suspect when his or her liberty has been restricted to a degree that is associated with arrest?

Custodial interrogation

Daniel, a criminal investigator, is collecting evidence at a crime scene, in which the dead body of a man is lying near a bloodstained hammer on the ground. Daniel needs to capture evidence of the murder scene in its unchanged state. Daniel has both a digital video recorder and a camera. Which of the following methods should Daniel use in this case?

Daniel should use both digital video and digital photography

Cole, a rookie detective, is investigating a child sex homicide. The focus of his investigation turns toward a registered sex offender residing in the area. The rookie detective assumes the sex offender must be guilty because all sex offenders are sick individuals who prey upon the innocent. What form of reasoning might Cole be using?

Deductive reasoning

Wayne is a detective working undercover as a cocaine distributor to gather information about a known drug mafia operating in the state. Wayne has gained the trust of Anthony, the head of the mafia and has worked for him for nearly a year. In fact, Wayne is often referred to as "Anthony's right-hand man." What kind of undercover operation is Wayne involved in?

Deep cover operation.

Securing the scene First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Define crime scene area Request backup Clear interior of crime scene area Record actions previously taken at scene Restrict access to the scene

You are an officer testifying in a case. Under cross-examination by the defense counsel, you are asked to state your opinion on an aspect of the crime. What should you do?

Delay your response, so that the prosecutor can object.

Which of the following examples can be considered police misconduct during an investigation?

Depriving the suspect of sleep

Derek, an investigating officer, is handling a criminal case in which Evan is the defendant. Evan is a minority and has a different ethnic background from Derek's. What should Derek do if he is accused of being racially biased?

Derek must testify only to the facts of the case that indicate the guilt of the defendant.

Rebecca is a criminal investigator examining her understudy's documentation of a drug case investigation. She finds that the initial complaint is too long and suggests to her understudy that some of the information be moved to the supplemental report. Rebecca is most likely to suggest removing _______ from the initial complaint.

Details of additional identifiers

Which of the following statements explains the true relationship between the romance and reality of crime solving?

Detective magazines, books, and movies, though they are entertaining, bear little resemblance to the real world of criminal investigation

Which statement is true about digital video recording at the crime scene?

Digital video can easily be used in the courtroom because many video players can play back such recordings

Which technique of good interviewers relates to the idea that the investigator must keep emotional reactions under control at all times?

Do not dispute the subject's answers.

Jacob, an investigator, was made to conduct mock interviews for five months to improve his interviewing skills. During this time, he learned a recommended practice to be followed while conducting interviews. What did he most likely learn?

Do not dispute the subject's responses.

When a criminal informant provides his criminal associate with information about the identity of an undercover agent, the informant is _____.

Double-dealing.

Which statement is true about the procedure of a pretrial conference

During a pretrial conference, if police have any evidence that could possibly be considered exculpatory, they need to share this with the prosecutor.

when climbing though a window to abduct a sleeping child, Adam placed his hand on a dusty table and then grabbed the curtains to climb into the room. What type of fingerprints did the police find the next day when the crime was discovered?

Dust fingerprints

An officer asks Avery, a small-time criminal, to act as an informant to help speed up an investigation the suspected trafficking of drugs. Avery seemed like the ideal candidate because he expressed a strong desire to associate with law enforcement. He regularly visited the department, claiming he had valuable information on high-profile dealers. Avery is most likely what type of informant?

Egotistical

Angelo is a suspect in a burglary case. One of the investigators interrogating him demonstrates appreciation for the intelligence and hard work required to carry out this burglary of a highly secured museum. Feeling that the he had impressed the investigators, Angelo divulged minute details of the burglary, which eventually resulted in his confession. This scenario exemplifies which interrogation style?

Egotistical

Officer Giacomazzi is interrogating a robbery suspect. During the interrogation he tells the suspect that the person who committed this crime was "too smart for his own good" and that he"committed the perfect crime." He mentioned to the suspect that he was impressed with how flawless the robbery was. What interrogation tactic was Officer Giacomazzi using?

Egotistical style

London Metropolitan Police

Englands's first paid, full-time police force Officers were dubbed "bobbies" after the department's founder

Undercover officer Chris has an intuitive feeling that Johnny has been selling drugs from his apartment. In an attempt to catch him, Chris shows up at Johnny's apartment undercover, telling Johnny that he is really sick and needs Johnny to sell him the drugs to help him feel better. Johnny refuses. However, Chris continuously shows up at Johnny's door until Johnny breaks down and sells him the requested drugs. Chris arrests him. However, the charge does not hold up in court. In fact, Chris is discharged from the force. Chris is guilty of what?

Entrapment

In a recent string of events, police notice that a number of fires have been set to local businesses across their town. What should the police create to chart the events in the sequence in which they occur?

Event flow analysis chart

The Supreme Court enforced Brady v. Maryland (1963) to include evidence maintained in a police officer's personnel files. Such evidence should be given to the defense during discovery. What sort of evidence found in an officer's personnel files might the defense find to be exculpatory?

Evidence affecting the credibility of the police officer, such as the finding of the officer's untruthfulness.

Which statement is true of the protective search that officers perform during exigent circumstances?

Evidence found in plain view during the search can be seized without a warrant

Which task would be performed after the preliminary investigation?

Examining the victim's background

What type of evidence was addressed in the case of Brady v. Maryland (1963)?

Exculpatory evidence

A(n) _______ is a sample of a suspect's handwriting

Exemplar

Craig is investigating a fraud case whose evidence includes several handwritten checks. In an attempt to identify who wrote the checks, he obtains multiple samples of the suspect's handwriting to compare with the handwriting on the checks. What has Craig obtained?

Exemplars

Antonio is a police officer who is currently off-duty. While standing at an intersection, he hears screeching brakes and observes two cars colliding. As he gets closer to the accident scene he sees skid marks and notes the distance from where the skid marks start and the point of impact. At trial he is asked to give his opinion on how fast the cars were going. Regarding his opinion of the speed of the vehicles, what type of witness is he?

Expert witness

Tyler is a defendant in a murder case. Rajiv, a forensic psychologist, testifies in court about the murder and offers his professional opinion regarding the defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime. What is Rajiv's role?

Expert witness

Which of the following is true of an expert witness?

Expert witnesses are usually allowed more leeway during trial than fact witnesses.

Which of the following would be an example of exculpatory evidence?

Eyewitnesses placing the defendant at a location other than the crime scene at the time of the crime.

What depicts an "at-a-glance" summary of an investigation?

Face sheet

During interrogation, the investigator says to the suspect that he can understand how someone would want to shoot a person who was having an affair with his spouse in his own house and was breaking up his family. This is an example of which interrogation style?

Face-saving

To develop an idea of the suspect's general description, one method is to have the witness provide information to a police artist in order to generate a _______.

Facial composite

Which of the following is a personal pitfall in a homicide investigation?

Failure to verify information received from other sources

While delivering cocaine to a buyer, Jackson was arrested for possession of drugs. During the interrogation, Jackson is asked to provide information about the drug cartel in exchange for a lenient sentence. Jackson agrees and provides regular feedback to the police regarding the cartel's operations. Jackson is most likely to be a(n) _____ informant.

Fearful

jovonna is an investigator at a local police department. one day she witnesses a drug buy on the streets of the neighborhood she is patrolling. by the time she reaches the spot of the drug deal, the parties are gone but she had recognized the individual that was selling drugs. jovonna then calls a friend of hers, shaun, who works for the dea and tells him what she saw. what group of informants does jovonna fall into?

Fellow law enforcement officers

What is an investigator's most personal and readily available record of the crime scene search?

Field notes

Which of the following is the result of the increases in the demand for scientific techniques by investigators?

Financial burdens on law enforcement agencies

Which of the following is an intelligence-gathering technique that demonstrates a chain of events or activities over a period of time?

Flowcharting

Stain Classification Passive stains Transfer stains Impact stains

Flows Drops Pools Wipes Swipes Pattern transfer Gushes and splashes Arterial spurts Spatter

After a crime has been committed, what part of the investigation involves gathering information on friends and associates of a suspect?

Follow-up

After finishing his duties at crime scene, investigator Andy sat his computer to review official departmental records and mode of operation files. What is he performing?

Follow-up investigation

Officer Kent paid a visit to Ella, the sister of a recent shooting victim named Troy. The officer asked Ella about the circle of friends Troy used to hang out with. What is Kent conducting?

Follow-up investigation

John is a detective who is analyzing the reports of a preliminary investigation. He checks the police intelligence files to develop potential suspects and compiles a crime-scene report. What is John's role in the investigation?

Follow-up investigator

Which type of evidence? Indirect or circumstantial

Footprint of a suspect found at a crime scene

Beth is investigating a burglary crime scene at a small house in the suburbs. She sees a cigarette butt in an ashtray, believes it to be the suspect's, and seizes it for DNA analysis. She then collects saliva samples from all members of the household for DNA testing. What is the most likely reason for collecting DNA from all members of the household?

For future elimination sample testing

A buried skeleton has been discovered in the woods behind a housing development. Foul play is suspected. The flesh has long since decomposed, and the police ask Jamie to examine the bones to identify the person. What is Jaime's role in the investigation?

Forensic anthropologist

Officer Carter arrives at the scene of a burglary. She sees a set of screwdrivers and metal pins scattered near the front door, through which she thinks the criminal entered the house. She collects the screwdrivers, pins, and the door lock as evidence. Which department will analyze this evidence?

Forensic ballistics unit

Which of the following is true about the Global Positioning System (GPS) used during a criminal investigation?

GPS tracking uses the concept of triangulation to calculate the location of a cell phone, using satellites and the cell phone as the landmarks.

During an incident, Officer Polonsky is reasonably led to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous criminal. However, he does not have a warrant. He wants to search the suspect and carry out a Terry stop. What course of action should Officer Polonsky take?

Go ahead and check, but make sure the detention does not last more than an hour and a half

As a police officer in the midst of preparing a link analysis, you are using deductive reasoning. What is deductive reasoning?

Going from general to specific

An investigator used tips from an informant to establish the probable cause needed to obtain a search warrant for a suspected drug house. The investigator served the warrant and searched the house and found a large number of illicit drugs. The owner, Carl, was arrested for drug trafficking. Shortly after, Carl tried to cite the exclusionary rule for his defense, claiming that the creditability of the informant did not establish the needed probable cause to obtain a warrant. However, the courts denied his claim. Which exemption to the exclusionary rule denied Carl the opportunity?

Good-faith exception

Which of the following statements is a recommendation resulting from the PERF study of police investigations?

Greater emphasis should be placed on the collection and use of physical evidence when applicable

Officer Jefferson has cordoned off a crime scene area in a public park by using rope to form multiple squares. This is the correct preparation for what type of search method?

Grid search method

Jeff has been Facebook friends with 13-year-old Simon for several months. They have never met in real life. Over the months, Jeff has developed a trusting relationship with Simon. Recently Jeff has begun making a few comments to Simon that may be construed as slightly sexual, but Simon is not bothered by them. To him, it does not seem like their relationship has changed. What is Jeff doing to Simon?

Grooming

Jack and Eli are two officers conducting a search with a warrant. They are investigating a house where a recent shoot-out occurred and anticipate finding a large cache of arms and ammunition. They are receiving some hostility from the home's occupants, who are known gang members. Which course of action should the officers take?

Handcuff the occupants to ensure that there are no serious repercussions during the search

Officer Rodriguez is testifying in court during a murder trial. What is most likely to be true of his testimony?

He may find that his testimony straddles the domains of fact witness and expert witness.

Officer Austin is testifying in court. Which of the following suggestions would be helpful for him to make his testimony credible and clear?

He must testify in plain language, without using police terminology or slang.

Diego is an investigating officer preparing for court. The defense attorney attacks his credibility by pointing out inconsistencies between the testimony given by Diego and the facts mentioned in the official report. What should Diego do?

He should acknowledge the discrepancy.

Officer Stephens is testifying in court. On the stand, the defense attorney asks him if he has spoken to other officers about the case. How should Officer Stephens respond?

He should admit whether or not he had spoken to other officers

Officer Gutierrez is testifying in a trial case, being cross-examined by the defense attorney. What should he do?

He should avoid expressing his opinions during the cross-examination.

Officer Baker is patrolling a highway, on the lookout for a hit-and-run driver. A vehicle hit a young child walking home from school and fled the scene. Baker then spots a car matching the description near where the incident occurred. He sees a man washing what appears to be blood from the front bumper of the car. Baker approaches the man and proceeds to search him and the car. The man refuses to cooperate and demands to see a search warrant. What course of action should Officer Baker take?

He should continue to conduct an emergency search due to the present conditions and circumstances

Officer Sakurai is investigating a criminal case and testifying in court. What would be his likely role during a direct examination?

He should not offer opinions or conclusions on direct examination, unless the prosecutor specifically requests an opinion or conclusion.

Rob, a truck driver, is arrested for possession of cocaine found in his vehicle. Rob insists that he is not a dealer, just a user. The officer asks him if he would be willing to help the department with its investigation to catch the dealer. Rob agrees to do this, but only if it involves "flipping." What does Rob want when he asks for "flipping?"

He wants his charges to be dropped in exchange for providing the police information about the dealer.

Elon operates a pub, which also doubles as a hangout for the petty crooks and small timers. Elon is very friendly with his customers and learns of their whereabouts. Elon offers discounts on everyone's bill and "helps" them out. However, he tips the cops off about some of his customers and gets them jailed. He also gets a handsome reward from the police. What is Elon?

Hireling

Officers interrogate John about the murder of a 15-year-old boy after they find evidence that indicates John as a suspect. The investigator observing his nonverbal behavior takes note of John's tendency to close his eyes as he is being asked key questions, as well as his change in posture. Which posture is most likely to indicate that John is lying?

His legs are crossed

Vanessa is reviewing a collection of interchangeable templates of facial features in order to develop an idea of a suspect's general description. What is she reviewing?

Identi-Kit

The preliminary information for a report includes what?

Identification of the location, time, and nature of the crime

when is an informant eligible to enter the federal Witness Security program?

If an informant testifies in a case of organized crime.

Which statement is correct regarding the process of a criminal trial?

If the prosecutor's office refuses to hold the pretrial conference, even after the request by the police officers, it should be noted in the appropriate departmental records.

Rachel, a suspect in a murder case, is being interrogated. She repeatedly denies her involvement in the crime. After some time, the investigator explains to Rachel that her lack of cooperation isn't going to hurt anyone other than herself. He is confident that she will receive a guilty verdict if she goes to trial. This realization eventually leads to her confession. Which of the following styles of interrogation did the investigator adopt in this scenario?

Indifferent style

Which of the following terms is a thought process that gathers particular observations in the form of premises, then reasons from these premises to form a general conclusion?

Inductive reasoning

Which of the following is an exception to the exclusionary rule?

Inevitable discovery doctrine

Which statement is true of losing crucial evidence in a crime?

Innocent parties are incarcerated

Which of the following pitfalls in homicide investigations are system errors?

Insufficient training

A medical examiner is examining the body of a gunshot victim. While examining the wound, she notices numerous reddish-brown lesions around the entrance to the wound. Based on this finding, which classification of gunshot wounds would she assign this wound?

Intermediate wound

Tim is an investigator attempting to obtain information from a suspect about the method of operation in a burglary case. He gathers information to build a logical structure of the crime and to provide information for the prosecutors. Tim is likely to be in which process?

Interrogation

What is the systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession?

Interrogation

Which information-gathering methods represents overt information collection?

Interviewing a witness

During what stage of police intervention is the interaction between an officer and an individual considered to be less than an arrest, but more than a consensual encounter?

Investigative detention

Dan, a law student, is curious about a burglary that occurred in his neighbor's apartment. If he wants to gather insight on how the case is being handled by law enforcement officers, which of the following documents should he read?

Investigative report

Undercover cyber-investigations conducted through chat rooms tend to be almost exclusively sexually oriented. What is one potential drawback to this method?

Investigators are catching naive offenders rather than more successful offenders.

Why are informants of the opposite sex considered a problem?

Investigators may fall victim to allegations of sexual misconduct.

How should investigators prepare for trial?

Investigators should reexamine the chain of custody to be sure that all necessary persons who were involved with the evidence will be available if needed to testify.

Annie, a member of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, wants to instruct their team of police investigators on improving their effectiveness within the department. As Annie draws upon recommendations from the National Institute of Justice's, "New Perspectives in Policing Study," what might she suggest the investigators do to improve their role?

Investigators should try to maintain knowledge of, and in some cases relationship with, criminals and criminal groups

Alec is a service technician repairing the engine of a car with the help of his assistant, Ricky. He tells Ricky to hold on to a part near the engine, and increases the throttle. Ricky is not given any precautionary instructions. His hands get sucked into the rotating blades of the fan, and he dies due to severe injuries and excessive bleeding. Alec can be charged with which crime?

Involuntary manslaughter

Bella was texting while driving. As her car started to veer off the road, she swerved back in an attempt to correct her position. However, it was too late, and she hit an oncoming vehicle. The head-on collision killed the driver of the other car. What could Bella be charged with?

Involuntary manslaughter

Which statement is true of an official investigative report?

It can be used as evidence during trials

You are a student living in a university dormitory. There is a knock at the door and two police officers state that there have been allegations of illegal drug use in the dormitory. They request to search your room. You deny the request, stating that they will have to get a warrant to search your room. The police tell you that a warrant is not necessary and enter the room. Is this search legal?

It depends

Why is the WITSEC program operated even when it is considered controversial?

It has a very high success rate in convicting organized crime members or Because it has a 92 percent success rate in convictions of organized crime members.

Which of the following is an advantage of profiling during investigations?

It highlights clues at the crime scene that are overlooked during first examination

What is covert information collection?

It is a process of data collection on criminal acts that have not yet occurred but for which the investigator must prepare.

What statement is true of the grid search method?

It is most suitable for outdoor scenes

Which statement is true regarding the admissibility of photographs as evidence in court?

It is not necessary for the person taking the photograph to be the one to testify about it in court

Which of the following is true regarding the RISSafe program?

It provides officer safety resources

Kyle is the prime suspect in a bomb blast case. He is charged with the crime and brought before a judge for trial. The investigator arrested Kyle later after conducting a show-up. Kyle later contested the legitimacy of the show-up method. However, the investigator was confident that the show-up would be valid. What would make it valid?

It was conducted right after the blast

Devin is a well-known criminal who is currently being held in a local county jail. Devin reaches out to officers, claiming he has some inside information that may be useful in aiding one of their investigations. However, Devin insists that he will only share this information in exchange for some form of leniency when his current case goes to trial. His intentions are not genuine. Which term best describes Devin?

Jailhouse snitch

Tom is an informant who reports to Henry, an undercover detective. On one occasion, Tom is incriminated in a robbery at a downtown jewelry store. When considering this scenario, what is both, likely to happen and a common problem associated with informants?

Joe mentions Henry in hopes of getting special treatment.

Which of the following is an example of a murder spree?

John Muhammad and Lee Malvo's random shootings that led to a total of 10 deaths over a three-week period in 2002. Muhammad and Malvo targeted random people throughout Maryland, Virginia, and Washington in a sniper-style attack.

Which of the following is considered an interrogation and not an interview?

John is taken down to the station and placed in a small room. He believes he is about to be questioned by an investigator who just entered the room. However, the investigator blatantly accuses John of the crime in question. John gets emotional after seeing the strong stance the investigator has taken regarding his participation in the crime. After some time John cracks and confesses.

Paul and his girlfriend Erin were enjoying a drink at a bar when an inebriated man came over and began spewing racial slurs at the mixed-race couple. Paul stood in defense of his girlfriend, after the man tried to hit her, and a violent fight broke out. The man then pulled out a pistol and aimed it at Paul. Paul reacted by quickly grabbing a broken beer bottle from a nearby table and stabbed the man in the chest. The man later died at a local hospital. What type of murder would Paul be charged with?

Justifiable homicide

After the crime scene technicians conclude their preliminary examination, Karen takes charge of a victim's body. She is now writing a detailed report on the cause of the victim's death and the circumstances surrounding it. What is Karen's role in the investigation?

Karen is a medical examiner

Amido black protein is generally used by which unit?

Latent print

Officer Abadi is a recently hired police officer. She only states facts and does not express opinions or engage in conjecture. She is testifying as what kind of witness?

Lay witness

In the case of a person found hanging, what should the first officer on the scene do?

Leave the body hanging?

Detective Smith has good reason to believe that Joe Brown committed an armed robbery, so he is interrogating him. Joe has refused an attorney and signed the waiver. Detective Smith knows that Joe is not being truthful with his answers. What options does Detective Smith have to get Joe to tell the truth?

Lie to Joe and tell him that the police have a security tape showing him robbing the store.

Officers investigating a murder case managed to obtain video footage of the suspect with the murder weapon stalking the victim minutes before the murder, about 50 yards away from the site of the murder. They arranged for an interrogation after the suspect denied his involvement in the murder. Which style of interrogation is recommended in this situation where the evidence is so overwhelming?

Logical style

In Chicago, a series of poisoning deaths occurred on September 29th and 30th, 1982, due to drug tampering. Seven people died after taking Tylenol capsules that had been laced with potassium cyanide. What type of crime is this?

Lust murder

Joe returns to his house to find his door kicked in. He informs the police and finds footprints and other prints leading away from the door. He takes photographs of the marks on the ground in a hurry, as it is cloudy and he feels it is about to rain. When trying to use these photographs to assist in the investigation, the investigator cannot accurately estimate the size of the footprints and the distance between them. Which of the following, if used while taking the photos, could have prevented this issue?

Markers

Which piece of specialized laboratory equipment is used to detect trace elements in glass, ashes, and other inorganic material?

Mass spectrometer

What type of photograph relates to and makes a substantive contribution to the specific case in question?

Material

Officer Jenkins is interrogating a suspect in a robbery case. He tells the suspect that the police have found his fingerprints linking him to the crime, although this is not true. What interrogation method is Jenkins using?

Maximization

Choosing the best sketch method Coordinate method Triangulation method Cross-projection method

Measure an object from two fixed points of reference One such procedure is the baseline technique Bird's-eye view of the scene that uses fixed objects from which to measure Particularly useful for sketching outdoor crime scenes Used in indoor crime scenes A top-down view of the crime scene

Officer Jacobs finds two dead bodies at a crime scene. He searches the area and collects evidence during the preliminary investigation. In the case, the bodies of the victims will be under whose custody?

Medical examiner

An investigator was chasing a suspect's car when the car crashed into a tree. After arresting the suspect, he took a photograph of the wreckage from a 15 foot distance. This is an example of a ______ view photograph.

Medium-range

Which type of evidence? Direct or prima facie

Minimum blood alcohol content set by state law

Which of the following is most likely to be categorized as a cold case?

Missing person

Andrei was pronounced dead on arrival at St. Luke's hospital. A close examination revealed that Andrei's death was a result of a heart attack brought on by his own failure to take his blood pressure medication. How would his death be classified?

Natural death

Officer Morrow is walking up and down the street, going door-to-door and speaking with residents in hopes of identifying witnesses to a recent crime in the area. What type of search is this?

Neighborhood canvas

Modern digital photographs and video can very accurately depict a crime scene. Is the crime scene sketch a relic of the past that is no longer needed?

No

The police obtained an arrest warrant for an individual accused of embezzlement. He is found living in an apartment above a garage on his parent's property that is set some distance from the main house and connected only by a 50-yard gravel path. After effecting the arrest, they proceed to search the parents' home against the parents' wishes and without permission. In the process, they find unlicensed firearms belonging to the father. They seize the weapons and arrest the father. Can evidence of the illegal firearms be used in a prosecution of the father?

No

You are walking home from the local bar. A police officer begins a polite conversation with you. You reply that you have nothing to say to the police. The officer says you are not free to go. Are you under arrest?

No

Interview Interrogation

Nonaccusatory First step in the process Asks open-ended questions Accusatory Systematic questioning Used to match information

North is an investigator working on a murder case with not much data and has to make certain assumptions. North's senior notices that North is very focused on certain aspects of the case alone and is unable to give due importance or appreciate other aspects of the case. What do you think is happening to North?

North is suffering from tunnel vision

Detective Parson found a piece of broken tooth in the crime scene and he has requested his second officer to call for a specialist to examine the evidence. Who should the second officer call?

Odontologist

Specific areas of expertise of AAFS members include which of the following?

Odontology

The local drugstore was robbed at gunpoint, and the clerk put money in a store bag and gave it to the suspect. The suspect was observed leaving the scene in an older-model red Camaro. En route to the crime scene, Officer Connolly spots an older-model red Camaro driving at a high speed. He pulls the car over and sees that the suspect matches the description of the robber. He also sees what looks like a bag from the drugstore on the front passenger seat of the car. What should happen next?

Officer Connolly should place the suspect under arrest, read him the Miranda rights, and then interrogate the suspect.

Texas Rangers

Oldest state law enforcement agency in the United States. Unofficially established by Stephen F. Austin in a call-to-arms written in 1823

Eugene Francois Vidocq

One of the founders of the French detective police The "father of criminal investigation"

Which types of questions should investigators use the most during interviews?

Open-ended questions

Which action is a follow-up investigator required to perform?

Organizing a neighborhood canvass

Which statement is true regarding the role of a patrol officer as an investigator?

Over the past decade. many police departments have expanded the role of the police officer to include responsibilities traditionally assigned to investigators. In fact, a patrol officer may be given the full responsibility of criminal investigation.

Which of the following statements is true of the patrol officers in criminal investigations?

Patrol officers have the authority to initiate and complete investigation of misdemeanors

Which statement is true of the role of patrol officers in criminal investigations?

Patrol officers have the authority to initiate and complete investigation of misdemeanors

Which principle forms the basis for handwriting experts in analyzing written content?

People have their own unique styles of writing

Marc, a local drug dealer, wants to eliminate his competition, another drug dealer named Paul. In order to do so, he provides information to police about Paul's drug operation in the hopes that Paul will be arrested. What type of informant is Marc?

Perversely motivated informant

Eric gets a surprise visit from the police who state that they are responding to a domestic disturbance call. As the officers speak to both Eric and his wife in the living room they spot some drugs on the kitchen table. Eric and his wife are arrested, but he threatens the officers with a lawsuit claiming they had no right to confiscate evidence because they did not have a search warrant. What protects the officers in this situation?

Plain-view doctrine

Phil calls the police to report the death of his wife at their residence, which he thinks was a suicide. An investigator is sent to the scene, and the investigator sees large amounts of marijuana on one of the tables. He seizes the marijuana and starts to interrogate Phil on this issue. Which of the following options is the investigator engaging himself in, while interrogating Phil?

Plain-view search

The police are investigating a case in which a victim was beaten to death. The adhesive tape used to subdue to victim is sent to the laboratory to be examined for any prints. In this case, what type of fingerprints are being examined?

Plastic

While burglarizing his neighbor's house, Jonathan searches the attic for valuables. He climbs onto a chair to reach the attic. The chair had recently been polished and the surface was slightly greasy. Which type of prints did Jonathan most likely leave on the chair?

Plastic fingerprints

What is the likely role of police officers in handling witnesses during the trial phase of a case?

Police officers should ensure that witnesses have been adequately informed of what is expected of them during testimony.

Which of the following is a mechanical device designed to aid investigators in obtaining information by measuring physiological responses from the subject?

Polygraph

Which of the following statements is a recommendation resulting from the RAND study of police investigations?

Post-arrest activities should be coordinated more closely with the prosecutor's office

Officer Reynolds finished the preliminary investigation of a crime scene and realized that he had to secure from encroachment. While securing the scene, he records the actions that he took, which may have resulted in changes to the crime scene. Ideally, which of the following will be his next action?

Preparing a contamination log

In the small town of Pearsonville, many members of a drug cartel are arrested and vigorously prosecuted. The town felt these actions were necessary in order to deter the criminal themselves and other would-be drug pushers. What type of investigative response would this be considered?

Preventive response

There are three responses to criminal investigations. Which response uses arrest and aggressive prosecution to deter criminal activities?

Preventive response

Which type of evidence is established by law that at face value proves a fact in dispute?

Prima facie evidence

Researchers Walsh and Wolak have discovered a link between online sex solicitation and what?

Prior arrests for sexual offenses against minors

Investigators applied for an arrest warrant fro three suspected thieves based on observation of the men at a stakeout indicating that they were likely targeting a convenience store. This is an example of what kind of police response?

Proactive response

A team of investigators is at a crime scene where they deactivated a crude live bomb. They are questioning passersby about the incident. One passerby seems to have a suspicious amount of knowledge about the materials used in the bomb. When an officer questions him further, he attempts to run away. Which of the following allows the investigators to obtain a search warrant?

Probable cause

Jane has been accused of processing narcotics. The DEA wants to search her home. What does the DEA need in order to acquire a warrant?

Probable cause

What is the minimum amount of information necessary to cause a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed by a particular person?

Probable cause

What is the minimum amount of information necessary to cause a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed?

Probable cause

What is the minimum requirement for a lawful arrest?

Probable cause

The intelligence unit at a police department is planning a surveillance operation on the associates of a drug smuggler in an effort to gather covert information. The unit fears that the operation will be sabotaged if they follow the suspect for too long. Which surveillance method will best help them keep the operation under wraps?

Progressive method

Officer Jackson is the first responder to a house which was set on fire a few hours earlier. Which of the following should be her priority before she proceeds to secure the area?

Protecting witnesses and bystanders

Which of the following is a characteristic of perversely motivated informants?

Providing information to eliminate competition

A special team is sent along with an investigator to a high profile murder scene. The team takes a close look at the evidence and then attempts to re-create the circumstances surrounding the crime. They notice that the body of the victim has several stab wounds to the head and neck. Due to the number of stab wounds, it is likely that the victim was continually stabbed even after death. This team infers from this that the offender's state of mind, at the time of the crime, was most likely one of anger. What technique is this team using?

Psychological profiling

Valentino is investigating a case where a handwritten note was found at the crime scene. It is unclear where the note came from and who wrote it. What form of evidence is this

Questioned document

Which statement is true about RISS programs and projects?

RISS is a nationwide program consisting of six regional centers and a technology support center for law enforcement agencies.

Which of the following RISS regions was first established?

ROCIC (Regional Organized Crime Information Center)

Which of the following is an objective of criminal investigations?

Recover stolen property

What does the first tier of the WITSEC program involve?

Relocating non-incarcerated persons from one area of the United States to another.

Crime scene photographs Advantages Disadvantages

Remove many inferences by practically placing the viewer at the crime scene A reference source as to the location of evidence at the scene Easy storage and retrieval of data on the crime scene Can distort color and perceptions Do not show true or actual distances Can be ruined by mechanical errors in processing

After a crime scene has been defines, cleared, and secured, Officer Paul directed all media personnel, nonessential county officials, and others to the supervisor in charge. What part of "securing the scene" is he performing?

Restricting access to the scene

Andy is a criminal with ties to organized crime. One day he approaches Officer Venable and says that one of his underworld associates disrespected him and he would like to give the officer some information about the associate that may help in a pending criminal investigation. What type of informant is Andy?

Revengeful informant

The DEA has accused Jerry of many crimes. He pleads not guilty to all of them and prepares to go to trial. However, he is unable to afford an attorney. What clause in the United States Constitution will help Jerry?

Right to counsel clause

Dave calls 911 and reports hearing gunshots near his house. While on patrol, Officer Jansen is dispatched to the scene. After tending to fundamental duties, such as the safety of the victim, the detention of a suspect, and the questioning of witnesses, Jansen turns his attention to the crime scene. He identifies any aspects of the scene that might be subject to chemical change, change by dissipation, or change because something was moved. Jansen is being what?

Scene-conscious

Samantha is an investigator working with the DEA. She has procured a search warrant and is searching Ray's house. Ray has been on the radar for drug dealing for a while. She finds Ray's friend Jim with a bag containing substances which resemble narcotics. Which of the following actions should Samantha take?

Search Jim because he has given her probable cause to do so

When transporting and storing DNA evidence, which of the following should be done?

Secure the DNA evidence in a sealed and labeled paper bag or envelope

19-year-old Gerald dropped out of college after his childhood sweetheart, Jamie, eloped with her new boyfriend. Afterward, Gerald vowed that "Jamie" will make no other man happy. This compelled him to search for her, but when he could not find her, he began targeting any girl who shared the same name as Jamie. Yearning for revenge, Gerald befriends the women before finally killing them. Over the next 10 years, he kills several "Jamies," all in separate incidents. What type of murderer is Gerald?

Serial murder

The BTK (bind, torture, kill) murderer, Dennis Rader, killed multiple people, in multiple separate events, between 1974 and 1991. He mailed letters to the police and media, describing the details of the killings, which made him particularly infamous. What type of murder did the BTK engage in?

Serial murder

Which term refers to a procedure that involves the study of human blood samples to distinguish them from the blood of other animals?

Serology

In phase 2 of the intelligence gathering process, data collection, pick the type of information below that should not be collected on a potential suspect as it could lead to liability issues for the department.

Sexual orientation of the subject

Officer Rofagha is testifying in court. Which of the following principles should she adopt to make her testimony clear and credible?

She should retain self-control by remaining courteous on the stand

Robyn is an investigator who has been called to a crime scene. Part of the crime scene is outdoors. Upon arriving at the scene, she notices that the sky looks like it could start raining anytime. Realizing that the rain could disturb or wash away valuable evidence, she takes immediate action to prioritize documenting and collecting evidence in the outdoor area first. Which description best fits Robyn?

She took immediate action to identify aspects of the scene that might be subject to change by dissipation.

Officer Marley investigated a criminal case, and has been summoned by the defense attorney as a witness on the defendant's behalf. Marley does not quash the subpoena. In this scenario, what should he do?

Since Officer Marley did not quash the subpoena, he is obligated to appear and testify in court.

Who was instrumental in the creation of the London Metropolitan Police?

Sir Robert Peel

Which type of evidence? Trace

Small amount of clothing fibers found at crime scene

Investigator Jamal is examining the body of a person who was shot and killed. He is looking for distinct marks that can help him gather more information about the crime. The examination reveals that, although the firearm did not touch the victim's skin, the victim was shot at a very close range. The presence of what led him to this conclusion?

Smudging

What is a ring with a dirty appearance that results from gunpowder being deposited around the wound?

Smudging

The investigation of a murder leads detectives to a suspect in a serial-murder case, who is known only through his or her method of operation. Intelligence gathered on the case predicts that a similar crime will occur next week at a nearby, empty warehouse. Which of the following procedures should the investigation team follow for the anticipated crime?

Stakeout

A rookie police officer is the first responder to a school that has received a bomb threat. Upon arrival, one student is standing in the parking lot alone taking pictures of the school building. The officer approaches and asks if the student knows anything about the bomb threat. The student says, "Yes, I did it." The officer does not give the student the Miranda warning and asks where the bomb is located. The student provides a location. Are the statements given by the student admissible at trial?

Statement is admissible

What constitutes an arrest? Contact Consensual encounter Investigative detention Arrest

Subject is free to walk Officer does not exert any authority over the subject Subject thinks he/she cannot walk away Subject is brought under officer's control

Which mode of death is a deliberate taking of one's own life?

Suicide

Blake is an investigator from the narcotics department who is investigating a case that involves the smuggling of drugs. During the process, he considers the connection of this case to another case which was solved earlier. He decides to compare the composition of the drugs seized in both cases. Which of the following will give him the required details of the earlier case?

Supplemental report

Which of the following is/are prepared as the case progresses and investigators develop new sources of information, such as new witnesses, physical evidence, and documents?

Supplemental report

Which type of evidence? Testimonial

Sworn pretrial deposition

The information that provides the investigator with specifics about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity is called ________ intelligence.

Tactical

Investigators are looking into a drug cartel operation. They discover the names and locations of key cartel members and the criminal activities in which they engage. What type of intelligence have the investigators discovered?

Tactical intelligence

The phase of the intelligence-gathering process that considers target utility is ________.

Target selection

Sarah is the lead investigator in a high-profile murder case, which involves the possible involvement of Congressmen. She interviews the only witness in the case, and anticipates the need for additional meetings with the witness as the investigation proceeds. Which consideration is most likely to encourage the witness's further cooperation?

Thanking the witness for their time after the interview

What legal precedent did the United States Court set in 1993, which created a two-pronged test of admissibility to determine whether an expert's testimony is both relevant and reliable?

The Daubert Standard

Which of the following is an example of an active shooter incident?

The Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting

Which factor differentiates an interview from an interrogation?

The accusatory or the nonaccusatory investigative approach

Ellen is a defense attorney representing a client who was arrested after a lineup. In court she points out that the lineup used was unfair and should be barred from practice. After hearing about the procedure followed to conduct the lineup, the judge agrees with Ellen and acquits the defendant. What would have led to the judge's decision?

The client was present in two of the three lineups conducted

An investigator is investigating a reported suicide of a 44-year-old married man. The wife reported the incident by calling 911. A suicide note was found on the victim's computer. The death of the victim and the writing of the note seem to have occurred at about the same time. A .38 caliber handgun was found in the victim's hand. The gunshot wound was in the forehead. A close examination of the wound indicates that no tattooing is present. What does the lack of tattooing indicate?

The death was likely a homicide

What type of information is a forensic entomologist likely to establish?

The duration of a corpse's exposure to the elements

What should a court consider regarding a police officer's use of force during an encounter with a citizen?

The evidence that was available to the officer at the time the he/she exerted force without the benefit of 20/20 hindsight

Nigel gets a surprise visit from the police who want to search his property for a wanted fugitive. The police claim that a tipster informed them that the fugitive was hiding out at Nigel's residence. When Nigel asks to see a warrant for the search, the police force their way inside. After learning that the suspect they were looking for was not at his residence, they arrest Nigel anyway for some bags of marijuana they saw lying on his coffee table. When he goes to trial, the judge renders the evidence in the case as inadmissible, and Nigel is acquitted. What might Nigel's defense have claimed to ensure his acquittal?

The exclusionary rule

The criminal intelligence division is debriefing their intelligence unit concerning a highly classified assignment. They discuss the targets of their investigation. The intelligence targets must be selected in a systematic manner. What might the unit consider in determining the targets utility?

The impact of the criminal activity being investigated

Who is the federal Witness Protection program designed to protect?

The informant who testifies against those involved in organized crime.

What is a preliminary investigation?

The initial inquiry by officers to establish facts and circumstances of a suspected crime and to preserve any evidence related to that crime

What is the best action for an investigator to take when he/she is required to testify in court?

The investigator should remember that he or she is not in court to volunteer information in order to convict.

Which of the following creates the most conflict between prosecutors and the police?

The issue of when a case presented by the police will be brought to trial by the prosecutor's office

Officer Hong arrives at the scene of a murder and begins observing the state of the victim's body. He infers that the body been moved after the death occurred. Which of the following led him to the above conclusion?

The lividity stain is on the front of the victim, but the body is lying on its back.

During a simultaneous lineup, the victim of a crime identified James as the person who robbed her. James is then taken into police custody. During the trial, he pleads innocent and claims that the lineup administrator might have been unfair. James's claim would gain more weight if the lineup had used what?

The nonblind method

While writing a police report, what should the investigating officer consider?

The officer should include factual information and not conclusions based on presumption

Photographs may be admitted into evidence at the discretion of the trial judge. This includes authentication of the photographs. Who can legally provide authentication?

The photographer, the lead investigator, and the witness

Which of the following is true about the collection of physical evidence in court cases?

The police should help the prosecution by ensuring that all of the physical evidence pertinent to the case will be available at the time of trial.

Which of the following is true about the process of the criminal trial?

The pretrial conference is a necessary step to maximize the collective efforts of the police and the prosecutors, and to work as a team.

Which of the following reasons might deter a prosecutor from prosecuting a case?

The prosecutor's workload is heavy.

Which of the following exception to Miranda is legally accepted?

The public safety exception

What is rigor mortis?

The stiffening or contraction of the muscles of a deceased person

Officer Blake conducted an interrogation and managed to get a confession from the suspect. Which of the following most likely influenced Blake's decision about the method used to record the statement?

The subject is illiterate

Which of the following correctly identifies methods of proper statement documentation?

The suspect may give a statement orally without direction from the investigator.

What is an advantage of short-term undercover assignments?

The undercover agent can be provided help through surveillance.

Which of the following statements is true of a crime lab's DNA analysis unit?

The unit uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique

Which statement is true regarding the use of field notes in investigation?

The use of spiral-bound notebook is recommended for writing field reports

For the last two months, Detective Raven has been working on the murder of a young woman in the Hamptons. He has been following every lead and talking to every possible witness. One day, he is re-assigned to a high-profile kidnapping case involving a senator's daughter. The murder case he was previously working on was handed over to two new detectives. Which practice should have been strictly followed to avoid undermining the importance of the murder case?

The use of the "no rotation policy" for homicide detectives

Which statement is true about capturing the details of a crime scene in investigation?

The video recording process should precede the taking of still photos

You are an investigator who recently submitted a request for intelligence gathering to your intelligence commander. The request has been turned down due to lack of utility. What is meant by "utility"?

The worth of the successful result

What statement is true of anticipatory search warrants?

They are not in effect until the mentioned triggering conditions have arisen.

Contrary to common stereotype about Internet predators, a study by the American Psychological Association found that most Internet predators interact with the victims in what manner?

They are open about their ages and sexual desires.

Which statement is true of criminal intelligence personnel?

They use inductive logic

Marisa, an investigator, is conducting an interview in which she encourages the subject to answer the questions aloud as he thinks about them. She then records the thought processes he used to reach his answer. What cognitive interview technique is Marisa using?

Think-aloud technique

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, what is the purpose of the exclusionary rule?

To act as a deterrent for police who abuse their authority

Which of the following is considered a goal of an interrogation?

To determine the method of operation

In order to minimize problems with its application, a polygraph should be specifically used for which purpose?

To identify deception

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

Today, is one of many federal investigative agencies that have made great strides in professionalizing the field of criminal investigation Originally had very few duties

What type of evidence consists of minute or microscopic bits of matter that are not immediately apparent to the naked eye?

Trace evidence

While collecting evidence at a crime scene, Officer Stuart finds chips of wood broken off from nearby furniture. He collects them in order to verify the source of the wood. Which departments will receive this material?

Trace evidence unit

Yvonne is one of the victims of a case involving a bomb blast. She states that she remembers the face of someone who was acting suspiciously before the blast. Detectives take her to the station to create a facial composite of the suspect. They create the composite based on Yvonne's input using the software FACES. What is the most likely reason why officers chose to use software to create the composite instead of an artist?

Trained artists are often not available

Rich is an investigator making a rough sketch of a crime scene. Being outdoors makes his task more challenging. He uses fixed objects, such as a shed, a fence, and a few trees as reference points from which he will measure the distance between them and the body of the victim. When finished, Rich's sketch provides viewers with a bird's-eye view of the crime scene. What sketching method is he using?

Triangulation method

Tim, a criminal investigator, is sent to a crime scene where an unidentified object crashed into open land. The area of the crash consists of a few scattered trees and boulders. Which of the following sketching methods should Tim adopt in this situation?

Triangulation method

Which term refers to an anticipated future event giving rise to a probable cause to search?

Triggering condition

Jasper, working with the police department, has been involved in a number of assignments that involved covert information collection. What is his role most likely to be?

Undercover officer

Which method of intelligence gathering represents covert information collection?

Undertaking electronic surveillance

The Fourth Amendment protects people from what?

Unreasonable searches and seizures

What is the best technique to use while doing a walkthrough of an indoor crime scene with hard floors?

Use oblique lighting

Officer Nash is dealing with delinquents. He talks a little harshly to them and controls their behavior during an altercation with them. What sort of force did Nash use to control the delinquents?

Verbal control

An investigator asks Shannon if she saw the suspect enter the victim's home. She replies by telling him that she did. The investigator then asks Shannon how the subject gained entry. What cognitive interview technique might the interviewer be using?

Verbal probing

Whenever possible, what should be the responding officer's first action upon arriving at a crime scene?

Verifying that a crime has been committed

A fingerprint was found at a crime scene, collected as evidence, and sent to the lab to be analyzed. The examiner noticed that the fingerprint formed as a result of the suspect having touched a clean surface with blood on their hands. What type of fingerprint was this?

Visible

Bo arrives home early to find his wife in bed with their neighbor, Zack. Blind with rage, Bo grabs a letter opener and stabs Zack to death. What type of crime is this?

Voluntary manslaughter

Jim is a patrol officer interviewing witnesses at a crime scene. Upon seeing Jim taking notes, one of the witnesses refuses to speak. Which action should Jim take?

Wait and make notes immediately after the interview

The Pinkerton Detective Agency

Was the first organization of its type in the United States Organizational structure was later adopted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Which type of evidence? Physical

Weapons and drugs

Officer Curtis obtains an arrest warrant against the prime suspect in an assault case. While on his way to the suspect's residence, Curtis happens to spot the suspect on the street. He follows the suspect, and shouts out to him that he has a warrant and he is under arrest. The suspect attempts to flee, but Curtis catches up to him and makes an official arrest. While doing so, he reads the suspect his Miranda rights. Which event marked the point of the suspect's arrest?

When Officer Curtis seized the suspect with physical force

When should intelligence files be considered for purging?

When the basic information of the files contains insufficient supporting documentation.

Which statement is true about auditing and purging intelligence files?

When the intelligence files are no longer accurate, they may be updated or improved through validation and other means.

In which situation would it be allowable to conduct a search without a warrant?

When there are exigent circumstances

Which of the following is one of the three large general groups of patterns of fingerprints?

Whorl

Adam is taken into custody and is accused of murder. He has been advised of his rights before police questioning begins. Adam indicates that he wants to waive his right to remain silent, and he also wants to waive his right to have a lawyer present during interrogation. The police interrogate him. Was the interrogation constitutional?

Yes

Marc was arrested for burglary. Upon arrest he requested the presence of an attorney. When his attorney arrived at the police station, Marc was still in the interrogation room with police investigators. Marc asked repeatedly if his attorney had arrived but was informed that the attorney was not yet there. His attorney also requested to be let into the interrogation room to speak with his client but was denied. Before being able to speak to his attorney, Marc finally confessed to the crime. Were Marc's rights to an attorney violated?

Yes

Police report to the scene of an automobile in the rear of a secluded property. The vehicle is partially in a garage with the door halfway down. Responding officers approach with fire extinguishers and lift the door. While extinguishing the fire, they notice banks of grow lights and marijuana along the back of the garage. Will the evidence of growing marijuana be admissible?

Yes

The police receive a call about a neighborhood house party. The caller expresses concern that there may be underage drinking at the party. The police arrive at the apartment and knock on the front door. A young man opens the door. The police ask for his identification. When he turns to go and get his wallet, police see a number of college-aged individuals inside the room. The police also see numerous bottles of alcohol. The young man returns with identification that shows he is not old enough to legally drink. The police then walk into the house and tell everyone to put down their drinks, line up, and produce identification. Do the police have the right to walk into the house and detain all party attendees?

Yes

The police stop you for running a stop sign. They pull you over, you roll down your window, and they ask for your license, registration, and proof of insurance. The police notice a half-empty liquor bottle in the backseat. They ask to search your car. You tell them no. Do the police have the right to search your car?

Yes

The police serve Alex with a warrant to search his home for illegal drugs. As they are rummaging through his belongings, the police notice Alex's friend, Brian. He has a bag of what appears to be illegal drugs. In this situation can the police also search Brian, even though they do not have a warrant for him?

Yes, they can search him without a warrant

Officer Jimenez is a first responder at the scene of a burglary. Upon arriving at the scene, she divides the room into four quadrants and searches the room with the help of another person from the team. Both search all the four quadrants once each. Which of the following search methods did they employ?

Zone search method

Tunnel vision

can result in the disregarding of other suspects who should be investigated

Which terms refers to a thought process wherein conclusions are based on concordance to multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true?

deductive reasoning

Preventive response

done via deterrence can involve arresting and aggressively prosecuting the criminal

A(n) ________ witness has personal knowledge of events about a case and is only allowed to testify to things he/she personally has observed.

fact

Which of the following qualities of the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is he most famous for?

his astute logical reasoning

Deductive reasoning

moves from general to particular top-down logic the premise may not be true but the argument is valid

Inductive reasoning

movies from particular premises to a general conclusion bottom-up logic draws conclusion based on collected evidence

The facial recognition software FaceIt defines the different peaks and valleys that make up facial features as ________ points.

nodal

bow street runners

originally called "Mr. Fielding's People" the first well-known investigative body in England

An investigator arrives at a crime scene. According to the National Institute of Justice, what is the first step of the investigation, and the most important goal of the investigator?

preserve the crime scene

The introduction of the ________ in fictional novels created an unrealistic, yet alluring, picture for many Americans regarding crime and "catching the bad guys."

private eye

Which of the following is a mode of investigation that addresses crimes that have already occurred, such as murder, robbery, and burglary?

reactive response

Officers at a local police department are developing a long-term plan to eradicate an organized gang that has been growing increasingly problematic over the past few years. Officers need to collect information concerning the capabilities and intentions of the target subjects. To gather this information, the officers will focus primarily on ________ intelligence.

strategic

Anchoring

strong influence of the starting point or first approximation on the final estimate

Availability

the ease with which previous examples come to mind, leading people to judge only what they remember

Proactive response

used to anticipate criminal activity used with many vice and organized crime investigations

Reactive response

used with murder, robbery, and burglary investigations addresses crimes that have already occured