Probation and Parole Test 3

Intervention

Officer identifies continued areas of need, trends in problems the offender experiences, recites relevant skills, targets problematic thinking.

Agencies focused on control have law enforcement feel or approach:

Officers carry guns Serve warrants Engage in surveillance and monitor offenders Conduct searches Make arrests and place offenders in jail Seen as peace officers

Restructuring thinking

A primary need of offenders is changing their belief systems that support crime. Referred to as thinking errors or criminal thinking. Beliefs that support crime are the drivers for criminal behavior.

Stigmatization

A process, in effect long after an offense has been committed, whereby an offender continues to experience social disapproval and bias and is never fully welcomed back into society nor provided an opportunity to start anew.

Reintegration

A broad correctional ideology stressing acquisition of legitimate skills and opportunities by criminal offenders, ads the creation of supervised opportunities for testing, using, and refining those skills, particularly in community settings

House arrest

A community-based sanction in which offenders serve their sentence at home. Offenders have curfews and may not leave their home except for employment and correctional treatment purposes. Also called home detention or home confinement.

Electronic monitoring

A correctional technology tool in intensive supervision probation, parole, day reporting, or home confinement, using a radio frequency or satellite technology to track offender whereabouts via a transmitter and receiver.

Intensive Supervision Probation/Parole

A form of probation/parole that stresses intensive monitoring, close supervision, and offender control. View as an alternative to incarceration. Most widely used community-based intermediate sanction. Those on intensive probation could have been sentenced to prison. ISP's emphasize punishment more than rehab. Offenders reoffend at no higher rate than those who were placed on regular probation. ISP's probationers absconded at higher rates. Charged more often with tech violations. Sentence to prison at higher rates. No two jurisdictions define intensive supervision exactly the same way. One common characteristic: - more control exerted over the offender - restrictions of liberty of movement - coercion into treatment programs - employment obligations - or all three mechanisms

Boot camps (shock incarceration programs)

A form of shock incarceration involves a military style regiment designed to instill discipline in young offenders. Technically are institutional programs, not community based, they are considered intermediate sanctions and are similar to shock probation programs. Programs not viewed as successful in rehabbing offenders. Well documented studies found programs did not reduce crime, but in fact, individuals often reoffended at higher rates (rearrest rates nearly double).

Community residential correctional programs

A long history in the US until recently known as halfway houses. Today referred to as community residential facilities (CRF). Concept first began in England and Ireland- 1800's - transitional residencies for criminal offenders - concept spread to the US (1817)- legislature feared "contamination" if offenders housed together, neutralizing prison experience - 1845 New York- private sponsorship- operates today as the women's prison association and Hopper Home - 1890 Hope Hall- NYC other around the country Halfway houses has become an obsolete term- community corrections residential facility now used. Shift in ideology also factor influencing rise of community residential centers. Prison overcrowding an issue- lack of prison capacity and need for better reentry services.

Surveillance

A method of community monitoring that ascertains offender compliance through one or more of the following means: - face-to-face home visits - curfew - electronic monitoring - phone verification - drug testing - internet site oversight/monitoring

Referee or coach- different approach

A referee is one who is interested primarily in procedural justice. Not concerned with the outcome, but whether the rules are applied fairly and equally. Have a strong understanding of the rules, a keen eye for spotting rule violations, and can exact the right penalty for the infraction. A coach is a person who is invested in winning. Concentrates on training those under their supervision to be successful, challenging them, reinforcing them. Ultimate goal is to help them succeed. Care about their justice system involved succeeding. Understand the skills an individual would need and provide the training to develop those skills.

GPS- Global Positioning System

A system that uses military satellites orbiting the earth to pinpoint an offender's exact location intermittently or at all times.

Increasing offender's skills

A third tool can be used to change an offenders behavior. - cognitive skills - considered a core function of cognitive-behavioral interventions - designed to teach offenders new ways of thinking or acting Offenders often develop maladaptive ways of handling situations in life. Cognitive skills teach offenders a way that does not result in negative consequences. Cognitive skills might include: - problem solving - learning to manage negative peers Combination of increasing motivation, targeting criminal attitudes and beliefs, and teaching offenders new skills results in significant reduction in recidivism.

Example of ABC model

Activating event (benign or specific) Beliefs about situation (rational or irrational) Consequences (feeling and behavior that follow)

Agencies focused on treatment and rehab:

Agencies focused on treatment and rehab tend to be more office-based, trained in communication, case management, and cognitive-behavioral techniques to influence change.

How an officer supervises offenders is influenced by:

Agency philosophy Societal pressures Personal views

Reinforcement systems

An aspect of graduated responses- a behavioral change technique. Designed to reinforce desired behavior. Two specific ways in which offenders can be reinforced: - positive reinforcement- delivery of something pleasurable - negative reinforcement- when something not desired is removed Improvement that the justice system (judge, officer, parole authority) acknowledge offender's positive change and reward.

Figure 8.4 Supervision Plan- Casework style

An example: Assessment Risk Barrier Strength Individual Needs Criminal friends Attitude/belief system Drugs & Alcohol Interventions Measuring Change Cost-benefit analysis or problem-solvong skills may be used with interventions. Some issues short-term others longer-term to solve. Tracking the progress of an offender has made each need area extremely important. - keeps offender on track - provide opportunity to reinforce amount of change made - helps keep offender engaged in supervision - aids in moving forward, incremental improvements over time Officers oriented as caseworkers- agents of change. Officers oriented as brokers- refer offenders to others. Depending on orientation- case plans may look different.

Agency philosophy

An important influence on how officers perform work. Factors: - mission of the organization - values of the agency - guiding principles - policies and procedures - training provided - daily communication and feedback

Homebased radio frequency

An intermittent or continuous radio-frequency signal transmitted through a landline telephone or wireless unit into a receiver that determines whether an offender is home.

Field contact

An officer's personal visit to an offender's home or place of employment for the purpose of monitoring progress under supervision.

Officer tasks:

Assess offenders needs Locate social service agency that can address those needs as its primary function Refer offender to appropriate agency Follow-up referrals to make sure offender has received services

Roles of Probation and Parole Officers

Balance between law enforcement and social work activities. Role influenced by legislation, agency's philosophy regarding offenders, the type of offenders the officer supervises, and the officer's beliefs about the job. Without clear direction- officer left to their own devices. Some probation officers work under the judicial branch, others the executive.

Basic assumptions of casework (4 categories)

Basic element in casework is the nature of the relationship between PO and offender. Emphasis is on changing offender behavior through one-on-one relationship. People Behavior problems Social work (officer) Relationship between society and the offender

Use of volunteers

Basic philosophy of community correctional programs- reintegration. - connecting offenders with legitimate opportunity and reward structures - uniting the offender with the community Cannot achieve this without assistance. Reintegration requires the assistance and support of the community. The use of volunteers is an asset. Can help alleviate the problem of excessive caseloads and contribute to rehab and reintegration goals for the offender. Volunteerism- situations in which individual citizens contribute their time, talents, wisdom, skills, and resources within the context of the justice system. Offenders might be helped by volunteer services. Minimal cost-cost savings. Direct or support service. Means of amplifying the time, attention, types of services given to the clients by the system. Agency cannot become over-reliant on volunteers.

Horizontal model (caseload):

Calculates average caseload size for the existing population (number of offenders/ number of officers) and maintain the average across officers. This model still ignores differences in officers and offenders. Agency or department assigns cases to keep the average caseload similar across the officers. Offenders still randomly assigned without consideration for geographic location, skills of the officer, type of offenders.

Characteristics of effective probation coaches

Can develop strong collaborative relationship with offenders. Change agent- firm but fair, sense of humor, believes offenders can change. Able to model behavior in concrete and vivid ways. A source of both punishment and also reinforcement for positive behaviors. Current probation and parole practices are more oriented toward "people processing" versus "people changing". Vast majority of officers do not target criminogenic needs and do not commonly use skills to influence long-term behavioral change in offenders.

Issue with Caseload basis:

Caseload equal but workload could be significantly unequal. Starting a new case is more work than maintaining a case: - Officers need to set up appointments - Review all paperwork with the offender - Complete an assessment - Build a case plan - Set future appointments Creates workload issues between officers. Some officers not appropriate for specific types of offenders. Some officers work well with some special populations.

Each session includes 4 components:

Check-in Review Intervention Homework and Rehearsal

Supervision strategies/Delivery services

Community safety- supervising offenders - protecting the community - helping offenders change Caseloads ebb and flow - political climate - fiscal climate - existing laws - size of prison (overcrowding) - prevailing philosophy about probation and parole

Role consistencies: Probation and Parole

Conduct assessments including pre-sentence investigations. Monitor conditions of probation and parole. Conduct office and home visits. Provide compliance reports to court and parole boards. Develop a supervision plan. Provide referrals to get needed services. Monitor drug use Collect fees Supervise the conditions of release

Correctional Philosophies (Probation/Parole)

Control- focused on public safety, surveillance monitoring, and offenders Treatment- social service delivery, treatment, rehab of offender Relationship is more fluid than opposing. Agencies and officers attempting to promote public safety while providing intervention. Mix of control, punishment, and rehab.

Types of community centers

Day reporting centers Restitution centers Work release and furlough programs

Techniques of neutralization (Matza)

Denial of injury Denial of responsibility Denial of victim Appeal to higher loyalties Condemn the condemner Neutralization techniques allow the offender to convince themselves that the behavior is justified. Officer uses tools that focus on the thought-behavior link.

Check-in

Determine if the offender has any crisis or acute needs, build rapport, discuss compliance issues.

Each has a different goal:

Diversion- a "front-door" program with goal to limit the number of offenders entering prison. Enhancement programs- select already sentenced probationers and parolees and subject them to closer supervision in the community than regular probation or parole (serious offenses, failure under routine supervision). Treatment/service component- drug/alcohol counseling, employment, community service, restitution payment. ISP's often have an increase in tech violations for ISP offenders as compared to offenders placed in other options. No significant decrease in new offenses. ISP's may not be effective in creating a safer community. As currently designed- fail to produce significant reductions in recidivism or alternative prison overcrowding. May encourage participation in treatment with lower failure rates.

Effective practices in community supervision

EPICS (new model)- purposes of this model is to teach probation and parole officers how to apply the principles of effective intervention (core correctional practices/relationship skills) to community supervision. Officers follow a structured approach to their interactions with their offenders. EPICS model is designed to use a combination of: - monitoring - referrals - face-to-face interactions Purpose is to provide the offender with a sufficient "dosage" of treatment interventions and make the best possible use of time to develop a collaborative working relationship. EPICS model helps to translate the risk, need, and responsivity (RNP) principles into practice. Officers are taught to increase dosage to higher risk offenders, stay focused on criminogenic needs, thought behavior link importance, and use a social learning, cognitive-behavioral approach to their interactions. EPICS not intended to replace other programming and services- an attempt to more fully utilize officers as agent of change- combines casework and brokerage.

Core correctional practices

Effective reinforcement Effective disapproval Effective use of authority Quality interpersonal relationship Cognitive restructuring Anti-criminal modeling Structured learning, skill building Problem-solving techniques

Concentration of officers needs:

Employment Education Substance abuse Peers Attitudes - Over 70% of the offenders falling within moderate to high risk in each of these categories

Fines and Fees

Fine- a fixed monetary sanction defined by statute and imposed by a judge, depending on the seriousness of the crime. Fee- a monetary amount imposed by a court to assist in administering the CJ system through an offender's repayment of the debt by an investigation, prosecution, and supervision of a case.

Case planning

Essential ingredient to successful supervision is planning. Supervision planning includes: - identifying the needs and problems of the offender - developing strategies to address those needs - evaluating the effectiveness of those strategies More high-risk offenders on probation and parole today due to jail and prison overcrowding. Offender population growing older. Changes bring a need to improve planning. Supervision plan takes risk, need, and responsivity factor and develops a plan or strategy to target or reduce those factors. Set priorities and establish criteria to measure offender progress. Case plans required by auditors, not used day-to-day. Supervision plan can be a meeting guide. Work on offender problems before trouble begins. Officer should be prescriptive and not reactive. Prescriptive approach is where an officer works with the offender to identify criminogenic and starts working on them before they become a threat. Complete an assessment prior to creating the plan. Within the plan gauge offender's: - risk factors - strengths - barriers Identify offender needs and engage interventions designed to address them. Develop ways to track progress on each need identified. A risk assessment is a tool to gather info. Designed to identify highest risk factors for an offender. Highlight areas of need. Officer must decide how an area or criminogenic domain applies to the individual offender.

Correctional practices in community supervision:

Establishing accurate roles Working with clients to define individualized goals Reinforcing prosocial values Important factors: Client-worker relationship Case planning Use of community resources Training families to support behavioral change

Inclusion zones

Exact locations, such as locus of employment, school, or appointment, where an offender is required to be at a certain time.

Caseworker skills- addressing needs

Focus on criminogenic needs. Relationship between an offender very important. Relationship necessary for change- but not sufficient. Relationship builds trust. - building on trust- interventions or tools officer uses can be introduced in a manner offender is receptive towards. Interventions address 3 broad categories: - increase offender motivation to change - restructure offender thinking about crime - increase offenders skills

Review

Focus on skills discussed in the prior session, application of those skills, troubleshooting of continued problems in the use of those skills.

Primary means by which cases are distributed:

Horizontal model Vertical model

Self-image of PO's

How individuals view themselves at work is important in how they do their job. Rural and urban officers have different tasks and roles. Officers today are asked to do even more, their role is more complicated.

Two emerging trends

Increase number of clients under correctional control Increasing use of alternatives to regular supervision

Addressing criminogenic needs

Increasing offender motivation to change - motivational interviewing Restructuring thinking - ABC Model Increasing offenders skills - cognitive skills The thought-behavior link- the connection between what we think and how we behave. - internal dialog Problem solving- a problem is a specific situation or set of related situations to which a person must respond in order to function effectively. Teaching steps to problem solving: - stop and think- identify the problem - clarify goals - generate alternative solutions - evaluation - implement the plan - evaluate the decision

Parole resembles Probation in Several ways:

Info gathered and presented to a decision making authority (judge or parole board). This authority has the power to release (parole) or suspend the sentence (probation) of the offender. Liberty the offender enjoys is subject to certain conditions imposed by the decision-making authority. If conditions are not obeyed- offender may be sentenced or returned to prison/jail.

Prison Costs

Initial cost to build a prison between $78 mil and $162 mil: - level of security - capacity - site-specific issues/factors - services Operating costs depend on location and the makeup of per diem costs is: - cost of security - healthcare - operators - admin - support - rehab programs There is also a social cost Individuals that spend time in jail/prison are exposed to other offenders, which can cause more harm than good. Collateral consequences: consequences of a criminal record/incarceration reach well beyond intended punishment. Civil/political rights that are lost temporarily in some cases, or permanently in others following a felony conviction/incarceration.

2 primary decision points for usage:

Initial screening- intermediate sanctioning Response to non-compliant behavior- graduated response

Graduated responses to behavior

Intermediate sanctions- a spectrum of community supervision strategies that vary greatly in terms of supervision level and treatment capacity, ranging from diversion to short term duration in a residential community facility. Intermediate sanctioning- a punishment option that is considered on a continuum to fall between traditional probation and traditional incarceration. Developed to relieve prison/jail overcrowding and satisfy public's desire for new correctional alternatives. Programs designed to: - punish - control - reform Front-end of the system- alternative ways to sentence offenders. Back-end of the system- respond to offender's behavior.

Front-end alternatives to incarceration:

Jail plus probation Intensive monitoring Sentencing to local residential programs

Pure brokerage supervision does have drawbacks:

Lack of relationship between officer and offender Community service might not be available Some services not designed to work with offender populations Resistant to accepting justice involved individuals More offenders in need of specialized treatment than there is space

"War on drugs" and "get tough on crime" ramifications:

Larger number of offenders on probation and parole Greater number of higher-risk offenders supervised in the community Heightened demand for community residential treatment facilities for transitional placement for offenders Response to special-needs populations as narcotics and drug abusers DUI offenders Mental health clients

Typology (Klockars)

Law Enforcer: Court order and obtaining offender compliance Authority and decision making power of PO Responsible for public safety Police work Time Server: Job has requirements to be fulfilled until retirement Therapeutic Agent: Supervisory officer that accepts role of administrator as a form of treatment Synthetic Officer: Attempts to blend treatment and law enforcement

Vertical model

Most complex and beneficial approach. Multiple factors considered when assigning cases. Use risk assessments to determine the likelihood those on supervision will be successful. Screen all offenders according to probability of success. Use this classification scheme to create caseloads composed of offenders who have roughly the same chances of success or failure. Divides the range of offender characteristics into vertical segments in order to create caseloads. Caseload size can be varied across both single and multi-factor classifications. There can be specialized case loads (sex offenders) while separating other caseloads by risk. This type of assignment permits an agency to manage resources and focus their workforce on those individuals who need more intense supervision. Low-risk offenders can be supervised on larger caseloads/fewer visits. Mentally ill/higher-risk offenders seen more often or specialized officers. Most departments use workload formulas to determine caseload size. Higher-risk cases have higher failure rates (more paperwork). Once strategy for managing offenders determined- officers must deliver needed services to clients identified needs.

Supervision

Most on probation under regular supervision 1 in 8 some other program: - intensive supervision - electronic monitoring - House arrest - other special programs Likely will be variation regarding the type and extent of conditions imposed Individuals under supervision will vary in problems (family, employment, money, educational needs)

Day reporting centers

Nonresidential programs typically used for defendants on pretrial release, for convicted offenders on probation or parole, or for probation or parole violators as an increased sanction. Services are provided in one central location, and offenders must check in daily.

Collateral consequences-Possibilities

Occupational: Hiring restrictions License requirements Bonding restrictions No union officer Military: Barred from serving Dishonorable discharge, denial of benefits Personal safety: Firearm prohibition Sex offender registry Family: Grounds for divorce Stress and conflict with the family Civil duties: Loss of voting rights Loss of right to serve on jury Loss of credibility in court Denial of government benefits: Welfare Section 8 housing (felony drug offense) Social security, medicare, medicaid Undocumented immigrants: Possible deportation Ineligible for naturalization Personal: Negative impact of incarceration (physical harm and psychological harm) Loss of income

Homework and Rehearsal

Offender given an opportunity to see the model the probation officer is talking about, role plays assigned homework, given instructions to follow before the next visit.

Probation and Parole officer (skills and needs)

Offender's needs Personality factors Demographics Type of offense Motivation to change (most agencies don't go to that extent in reality)

Assumptions

Offenders are capable of changing under the right circumstances. Behavior problems complex- treatment of those problems must be individualized. Officer is the treatment agent- quality of relationship critical. Client must be motivated to participate in the treatment process; development of the client's desire to change behavior is a key element. Common theme- offender must enter the casework voluntarily or willingly. Correctional supervision does not usually rest on offenders voluntary participation, rather on officer's authority. Important to resolve this conflict- "coercive casework". Sometime a spark or trigger mechanism required to get attention. Authority is power to help as well as power to limit (double edged knife). Authority can be a powerful tool. Casework is the norm in probation and parole. Follows the medical model of corrections. In reality- officer does not have the necessary time or energy to devote to individual cases. Officers try to be all things to all people-doesn't use available community resources. Probation and parole administrators have initiated both the brokerage approach and community resource management because of: - large caseloads - staff shortages - endless paperwork - officers unable to perform tasks of casework

Assigning offenders to officers

Offenders can be assigned to a primary officer or to teams that supervise offenders. Single officer assigned supervision responsibilities. Best case scenario offenders matched specifically to a probation or parole officer.

Horizontal model (geographic):

Offenders grouped by geographic location - solved the issue of field visits - officers assigned to specific zip codes or geographic location Within that geographic zone, cases were assigned the same way of the conventional model (one-by-one). Model does not solve other issues with random assignment. Still results in unequal caseload sizes.

Problems with the horizontal model:

Officers would need to be adept in dealing with a wide range of offenders. Caseload size will fluctuate significantly over time (no uniform sentence length, not all offenders will remain on supervision for full term of sentence) (revocation termination). Varied end points- caseloads will be different between officers. Geographic size of supervision jurisdiction- officers could be covering a wide area- significant barrier to field visits.

Consideration

Philosophical models of treatment delivery Planning process of supervision Different levels of caseload size Developments in officer/offender interaction Contracting for services Managing community resources

Treatment vs Punishment/Control Supervision

Philosophically their goals differ. Measures of success vary depending upon goals Two overriding themes of recent ISP's: - expected to divert offenders from incarceration- reduce overcrowding - avoid exorbitant costs of building and operating prisons - prevent negative and stigmatizing effects of imprisonment - expected to promote public safety- surveillance strategies - promoting a sense of responsibility and accountability through probation fees, community service work, restitution

Horizontal model

Pool of offenders that needs to be distributed and assigns them officer by officer until all are assigned. Simplest and straightforward method for case assignment. Each officer's caseload reflect general pool of offenders.

ISP's programs classified as:

Prison diversion Enhanced probation Enhanced parole

Responses to negative behavior

Probation and parole officers have a high degree of discretion as to what behavior they report to the judge or parole authority. Administrative review process in some jurisdictions (internal review and response) in lieu of having the court or parole board respond. Some behaviors warrant an immediate reporting (new offense).

Supervision requires an organizational structure:

Protect the community efficiently and effectively Provide the necessary support to aid the offender Complex issue- number of critical management problems and alternatives

Goals of electronic monitoring

Provide a cost effective supervision tool Administer sanctions appropriate to seriousness of the offense Promote public safety via surveillance and risk control Increase the confidence in ISP design as a viable sentencing option

Role typologies- Types of officers (Ohlin)

Punitive officer- guardian of middle class morality Protective officer- protect the community and the offender Welfare officer- improved welfare of the client Passive officer- inactive, nonengaging

Standards of classification- 10 elements

Purposeful Organizational fit Accuracy (reliability + validity) Parsimony Distribution Dynamism Utility Practicality Justice Sensitivity

Intermediate Sanctions- Range/Severity

Range from day fines to boot camps. Intermediate sanctions enable the CJ system to tailor punishment more closely to the nature of the crime and the criminal. Can hold offenders strictly accountable for their actions. Alternative sanctions in lieu of incarceration: - intensive supervision - day-reporting centers - community service - home confinement, electronic monitoring, GPS tracking - shock incarceration

Improving community supervision

Recent empirical evidence on the effectiveness of traditional community supervision to benefit offenders much more than incarceration challenges that assumption. Research indicates no significant relationship between community supervision and recidivism. Studies show that supervision is effective at reducing recidivism. A move to combine community supervision with "what works" literature. Relatively poor adherence to basic principles of effective intervention. Officers spend much time on enforcement aspect of supervision. - monitoring compliance with conditions of supervision Major criminogenic needs often ignored (antisocial attitudes, social supports for crime). Officers showed few of the skills (prosocial modeling, differential reinforcement) required to influence behavior change in the offender. Trained officers have higher caseload retention rates (fewer tech violations, new arrests, AWOLs).

Brokerage-Contracting for services

Recent events- change in officer's role. Instead of focusing on addressing the offender's individual needs- officers expected to broker relevant services. Acting as a managed care case manager. - working with community providers to address offender needs. Must understand needs and be knowledgeable about resources available. Build both informal and formal relationships with programs. Memoranda of Understandings (MOU's) formed between governmental and non-governmental agencies to define the relationship between probation and parole officers and the service provider. Sometimes probation or parole office will provide funding (contract).

Increased level of control obtained by:

Reduced caseloads Increased number of contacts Range of required activities for participating offenders Victim restitution Community service Employment Random testing Electronic monitoring Payment of probation fee

Examples of brokerage:

Residential programs (halfway houses) House arrest, restitution centers Group homes or foster homes for juveniles Counseling and treatment programs Administrative services (data processing, recordkeeping, evaluations) Programs for victims of crime pre-sentence investigations and develop sentencing alternatives for offenders. Dispute resolution, mediation programs, pretrial services. Testing (employment, education, urinalysis for alcohol and drugs). Stricter punishment- new offenders to the CJ system (drunk drivers, domestic violence offenders, child support violators). Private providers for these specialized groups.

Response matrix (figure 9.4)

Separated into 3 specific types of response: - treatment (behavior linked to criminogenic needs) - supervision (officer increases supervision requirements) - judicial (jail time, conditional community service, revocation)

Back-end responses:

Similar alternatives Graduated sanctions to non-compliant behavior. Structured reinforcement systems to incentivize compliant behavior.

Agencies created specialized workloads:

Single- factor, specialized caseload model: Designed to address barriers of previous models by identifying offenders with a single grouping characteristic (sex offenders) and assigning them to special trained officers for supervision. Benefits- officers trained to deal with specific issues Con- significant variation on other legal and extralegal characteristics

Casework supervision:

Style of supervision asks the officer to be an agent of change- directly responsible for helping the offender change behavior. Not synonymous with social work. One of three major specialties of social work. Social casework is an area in which knowledge of the science of human relations and skills in relationships are used to mobilize capabilities in the individual and resources in the community appropriate for better adjustment between client and all or any part of his/her total environment. Basic element in casework is the nature of the relationship between the casework and individual in trouble. Emphasis on changing offender behavior via one-on-one relationship.

Progressive sanctions

Supervision or treatment modifications in lieu of filing a revocation that can be used by a community supervision officer when a probationer or parolee shows initial signs of resistance or technical violations. These actions are taken upon supervisory approval or using written department guidelines.

Some agencies require officers to:

Teach psycho-educational classes Law enforcement activities - Serve warrants - Conduct searches - Arrest violators

Halfway House

The oldest and most common type of community residential facility for probationers or parolees who require a more structures setting than would be available if living independently.

Revocation hearing

The process of hearings that results when a probationer or parolee is noncompliant with a current level of probation or parole supervision. Revocation results either in modifying conditions to a more intensive supervision level or a complete elimination of probation or parole, with a sentence to a residential community facility, jail, or prison.

Reasons officer/offender interactions fail

Too brief Meetings focus on monitoring compliance conditions- external controls over developing a rationale for pro-social behavior Relationship is confrontational Issues not always assessment based More areas discussed= less effective for positive change

Brokerage Supervision

View that officer's role is connecting offenders to community resources, issuing referrals to external agencies, and monitoring the offender's compliance with those referrals. Officer is not charged with understanding or changing the behavior of the offender. Officer's role is to assess the concrete needs of the individual and send them to service that address identified needs. Less emphasis placed on the development of a close, one-on-one relationship between officer and offender. Supervising officer functions as a manager or broker of resources and social services available from other community agencies. Officer's relationship with community service agencies more important than relationship with offender. Focus on management of community resources and requires knowledge of the services in the community and conditions under which each service is available. If individual officers have specialized knowledge about community agencies and services it would be helpful for the agency. Closely related to the brokerage approach- the role of advocate. Probation and Parole officers should work with community agencies to develop necessary services.

Movement due to 3 factors:

Widespread correctional acceptance of the reintegration mission Success of the reintegration movement in mental health field Lower costs of halfway houses compared to prisons

Increasing offender motivation to change

Without motivation- difficult to get offender to engage. Motivational interviewing- an intervention technique. Applied to correctional populations- a counseling style that elicits behavioral change through strengthening motivation for change. Uses collaboration, reflective statements, and scaling to help offenders establish some motivation to change. Decisional balance tools assist with understanding long-term consequences of behavior. Tool helps point out both the positive and negative aspects of behavior.