Probation, Parole and Community Corrections Final

About ______ of all residential community correctional facilities are privately owned and operated, and the rest are operated by state and local Department of Corrections.

90%

During training, Trevor, a new probation officer, became sensitized to what juvenile probationers go through during arrest and detention. What type of training was this?

Empathy training

Of all the types of restorative justice, ______ are based most closely on tribal traditions of the medicine wheel and how an individual's physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health is interrelated with the community.

Sentencing circles

Which of the following was found to be one of the problems of indeterminate sentencing?

Sentencing disparity

Amanda is considered a typical female probationer. Which of the following profiles would probably describe her?

She has not completed high school and also lacks the skills for employment above the minimum wage.

Lara lives in a residential community correctional facility. Which of the following is a rule she must obey?

She must be preapproved to leave the facility for reasons other than work.

Which of the following is a reason a court might order correctional supervision of a defendant who is not yet convicted?

So the defendant can continue working and supporting dependents

Which of the following would be considered an acceptable reason for granting medical parole?

The prisoner has a medical condition that could be treated more cheaply in a community treatment facility than in the prison.

What is the function of sentencing commissions?

To monitor sentencing guidelines and judicial departures from guidelines.

The jurisdiction movement of a case from juvenile court to adult court for pretrial and/or trial proceedings is known as ______.

Transfer

______ DRCs provide a wide range of services, all on an outpatient basis, including job placement, drug abuse education, psychological counseling, and life skills training.

Treatment-oriented

_______ laws require that offenders serve at least 85 percent of their original sentence length before becoming eligible for release.

Truth-in-sentencing

Sammy is on mandatory release from prison. Consequently, ________.

he will be supervised by a parole officer and must meet certain conditions

Research has shown that the DRC should be limited to no longer than ______; spending more time than that contributes to being less likely to complete the program.

120 Days

What percentage of parolees is female?

13%

The directive issued by the Equal Opportunity Commission concerning the employment of people who have committed felonies applies to companies with at least ____________ employees.

15

About ______ states currently use the private sector for some form of supervision.

18

A meta-analysis of drug courts found that drug courts reduced recidivism by ______ for participants compared to nonparticipants.

37 to 50 percent

The American Correctional Association recommends that seasoned officers receive ______ of annual training.

40 hours

Daniel is serving a 15-year sentence and receiving good time of 20 days per month. When will he be eligible for parole consideration?

40 months

About _____ of all youths commit one or more technical violations while under supervision; most commonly drug use, truancy, and curfew violations.

50 percent

Which offender is most likely to be placed in diversion or deferred adjudication?

A juvenile misdemeanor offender.

Which of the following might be an appropriate negative sanction against a parolee who had one positive drug screening?

A one-week curfew

According to research, what has contributed the most to girls' pathways to delinquency?

Abusive family relationships

________ probation is for offenders who have committed minor crimes or satisfied their financial obligations.

Administrative

Which of these early prison reformers is considered to deserve chief credit for developing parole for his creation of the marks system?

Alexander Maconochie

In restorative justice cases, restitution amounts are determined ______.

At a victim-offender mediation session

What is the biggest advantage to diversion?

Avoids the stigma and label from a criminal conviction.

The three major decision points in the corrections system are _______.

Bail, sentencing, and reentry

One of the basic underlying assumptions of rehabilitation is that ______.

Behavioral change is possible

______ sentences came about due to a concern that a 17-year-old is no longer under juvenile court jurisdiction and the courts have no authority once a certain age is reached.

Blended

What makes diversion different from other forms of pretrial supervision?

Completion of diversion means the defendant ends up with no criminal record.

When evaluating the effectiveness of a program, the most rigorous method compares offenders who are randomly selected to receive a treatment compared to random assignments to a ______ group.

Control

_____ refer(s) to any problem or deficit that is directly related to criminal behavior.

Criminogenic needs

Which probation supervision style focuses on the probation officer as both a therapeutic agent and a rule enforcer?

Criminogenic needs-based supervision model

After his booking, Trevor was released on pretrial supervision. Which of the following is something that Trevor could have experienced?

Electronic monitoring

Which does a suspended sentence do?

Delays the imposition or execution of a sentence after a finding or plea of guilt.

Which of the following is the formal request an intake officer makes to a juvenile court judge to hear a juvenile case in family court or probate court and determine whether the juvenile is to be declared delinquent?

Delinquency petition

Most DRC programs exist in states that ______.

Do not have the option of intensive probation supervision

Which of the following is one of the most common instant offenses committed by undocumented individuals in the federal system?

Drug smuggling

The single most important element in preventing recidivism for adult probationers and parolees tends to be ______.

Employment

Under what circumstances would a released prisoner receive no post-prison supervision?

Expiration

Stan is supposed to appear in court on Tuesday to address charges resulting from a DUI incident. Instead, he spends the day in a bar across town. In addition to the original charges, Stan will also be charged with ________.

Failure to appear

Which of the following have researchers found to be a source of stress for community supervision officers?

Fear of being sued

While fines are meant as punishment, a(n) ______ is a court-imposed reimbursement that an offender pays directly to the courts to help defray administrative costs within the criminal justice system.

Fee

The court case ______ involved a man who was on probation for a felony when he was arrested for burglary. His probation was revoked without a hearing and without a lawyer present. The offender claimed his rights were violated and the Supreme Court agreed.

Gagnon v. Scarpelli

Which of the following has slowly replaced RF technology to monitor offenders in the community?

Global positioning systems

Which of the following would be considered the least restrictive residential placement for youths unable to live with their own families?

Group home

Which of the following types of probationers have been shown to be the most likely to have completed probation successfully?

High school graduates

Which of the following has proven to be one of the most effective programs for juvenile offenders?

Home-based family therapy

Which of the following questions is the best to ask an offender to encourage self-improvement?

How can you learn from this?

Spike was sentenced to 14 years in prison for aggravated assault. He was credited with two years for good behavior, so he was released after 12 years. This type of release is called __________.

Mandatory release

Where would RF be more reliable than GPS monitoring?

In areas where cell phone service is weak.

Why do sex offenders who are aggressive rapists require an entirely different treatment approach than more passive pedophiles?

In order to learn anger management.

Which best describes where probation in the United States is controlled?

In various ways depending on the state.

Which of the following was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States through the mid-1970s?

Indeterminate sentencing

_______ are community-based punishments that offer graduated levels of supervision.

Intermediate sanctions

What was distinctive about the Irish system developed by Sir Walter Crofton?

It involved graduated levels of institutional control leading up to release.

Which probation supervision style is characterized by the view that probation is a legitimate sanction in its own right?

Justice model

Which statement best describes the organization of juvenile probation in the United States?

Juvenile and adult probation are separate in about half of the states.

What is different about juvenile court judges as compared to adult criminal judges?

Juvenile court judges take a more active part in proceedings.

Officers who favor firearms while on duty tend to be individuals who favor ______.

Law-and-order case management strategies

Which of the following assessments seems to more accurately predict recidivism in adult men than adult women?

Level of Service Inventory-Revised

Community corrections acts would be required for which type of agency?

Local or county-run probation programs.

Offenders motivated by the need for ______ tend to have higher rates of rearrest than offenders convicted of such crimes as assault, rape, and murder.

Money

Which of the following individuals would likely have the least success with electronic monitoring?

Monica, a 24-year-old married mother of two young children.

Probation officers who carried a firearm experienced ______ incidents of confrontation than did officers not carrying a firearm.

More

Which core correctional practice promotes empathy and listening to establish mutual respect and trust to address the complex issues that women face?

Motivational interviewing

Which probation supervision style is characterized by working within smaller areas, developing relationships with service providers and community leaders, and providing public safety?

Neighborhood -based supervision model

Which of the following is an example of a static factor that might be included in an assessment?

Number of arrests

What is one of the risks of house arrest?

Offenders can still commit crimes from home.

What happens during an expedited revocation?

Offenders get to waive a preliminary hearing.

Which of the following offenders may be considered for house arrest?

Offenders who cannot afford bail.

About what percentage of sex offenders are supervised in the community—for either their entire sentence or the last part after their prison term?

Over 50%

The _______ is submitted to a court before sentencing and describes the nature of an offense, offender characteristics, criminal history, loss to victim, and sentencing recommendations.

PSI report

Restitution has been more often required for probationers than for people sentenced to prison. Why?

People on probation are more likely to have the means to pay restitution.

Keisha is part of a day reporting center program. At this point, she is receiving counseling once a week and reports to the day reporting center once a week. What phase is she in?

Phase 3

Parole boards today aim to maximize ____________.

Public safety

Participation process theory suggests that the three goals of community supervision are offender accountability, offender risk/need reduction, and ______.

Public safety

Alan is a sex offender who often groomed his underage victims for months before initiating any sexual contact. Which of the following techniques might be used on Alan during supervision?

Polygraph test

Which of the following describes evidence-based practices?

Practices shown through systematically evaluated research studies to be most effective

Halfway houses, boot camps, and therapeutic communities located separately inside a prison are all examples of ______.

Prerelease programs

Judge Kyriakakis sits on the bench in a structured sentencing state where she must use _________ sentencing; she must provide written justification if she wants to deviate from a narrow sentencing range.

Presumptive

Which of the following is an argument against mandatory release?

Prisoners under mandatory release may be less prepared to reenter society and lack social support at home.

Which of the following describes school-based probation supervision?

Probation officers supervise their caseloads in schools.

Jack pleaded guilty to drug possession and received a community corrections sentence. Which of the following would most likely be required for him because of this plea?

Probation supervision

Which statement best describes the creation of probation?

Probation was created as a way to mitigate the harsh penalties of the time.

A ______ is an agreement between one or more probation/parole agencies and one or more local law enforcement departments to share information for a specific purpose, and/or assist in the supervision and apprehension of known offenders on community supervision.

Probation/police partnership

What is absolute immunity?

Protection from liability unless workers engage in discretion that is intentionally and maliciously wrong.

What is the main concept of determinate sentencing?

Sentence length is determined by time served

This type of cognitive behavior program includes modules such as cognitive problem-solving, self-control, critical reasoning, values enhancement, emotional control, and victim awareness.

Reasoning and rehabilitation

______ refers to any activity or program that prepares former prisoners to live as law-abiding citizens upon their return to the community.

Reentry

______ defines the conditions in which treatment will be most effective.

Responsivity

Which of the following is most effective for nonviolent crimes committed by juveniles or first-time adult felony offenders partly because the victim is compensated for property losses?

Restorative Justice

Alex, a parole officer, suffers from ______, which comes from having to be both empathetic and understanding enough to help offenders, yet firm, consistent, and objective enough to make tough decisions.

Role conflict

Reentry programs that address ____________ are more effective at reducing recidivism in the long run.

Root causes of behavior

Under the ____________ program, employers provide equipment and instructors to train offenders while they are in prison and then guarantee them jobs upon their release.

STEP

________ are probation/parole conditions that are tailored to fit the problems and/or needs of an offender.

Special conditions

The ______ theory assumes that offenders consider the costs and benefits of their actions, and if the consequences of misbehavior are severe enough that the sanctions outweigh the benefits, the offender will refrain from committing violations and new crimes.

Specific deterrence

Loraine was brought to juvenile court for underage drinking. What category of case is this?

Status offense

What do drug court programs for women tend to focus on?

Stressful and abusive situations that can lead to drug use.

According to statistics from 2015, what was the primary reason for adults to leave parole?

Successful completion

Lawrence spends the hours from 6:30pm to 6am in jail, but leaves in the morning with a group to go to a work site for the day. The group is accompanied by at least one deputy officer and returns together in the evening. What type of work release does Lawrence have?

Supervised

What does early termination refer to?

Terminating probation after some time has been served due to good behavior.

In a research study that looked at the success rates and recidivism rates of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) experienced by low-risk versus high-risk offenders, what was the main conclusion?

The CBT that halfway house clients experienced was more effective with high-risk adult offenders than with low-risk offenders.

What is the purpose of a PSI report in states that use determinate sentencing?

The PSI report is used to identify mitigating circumstances allowing a judge to pronounce an alternate sentence.

Why do most offenders with mental illness qualify for either diversion or community correctional supervision as opposed to prisons?

The cost of confining an inmate with a severe mental illness is 2.5 times greater than for other inmates.

Which of the following would be considered a collateral contact in terms of the PSI report?

The defendant's girlfriend.

What is a work release option for a first-time offender who already has a job or is already going to school at the time the crime is committed?

The offender must reside in jail but can continue working or attending school.

How is a talking piece used in a sentencing circle?

The person who holds it is the only one authorized to speak.

Randall is receiving community supervision. His parole officer will use an assessment to determine the risks that Randall poses, as well as his criminogenic needs, which refer to ______.

The problems, habits, or deficits that are directly related to his involvement in criminal behavior

The Bail Reform Act of 1984 was passed in order to include ___________ as an important criterion in a decision to detain a pretrial defendant.

The safety of the public

Women who were supervised by more punitive officers tended to experience recidivism more often than women whose probation officers were more lenient. Why?

They believed their freedom was restricted.

Why do probationers generally present less of a recidivism risk than parolees?

They commit significantly fewer new crimes.

Why are female felons often ideal candidates for community placement?

They often do not require prison sentences.

How are mental health courts similar to drug courts?

They use a team problem-solving approach to supervise and treat offenders.

In states that use _________, the sentence for a first-degree felony could be incarceration for five to 99 years or five to 10 years on probation.

Unstructured sentencing

Max is a sex offender under supervision. Which of the following sudden risk factors would make his recidivism most likely?

Use of drugs or alcohol

What seems to be one of the positive outcomes of victim-offender mediation?

Victims feel less fear of being re-victimized

Which of the following describes community-based corrections?

When offenders serve their sentence in the community

Which of the following is a 120-day alternative to prison that teaches job skills and decision making using a cognitive-behavioral approach, followed by intensive supervision probation?

Work ethic camp

Which prison reformer was instrumental in getting an indeterminate sentence law passed in the state of New York in 1876?

Zebulon R. Brockway

Work release is considered both a type of institutional corrections and a community corrections program. Why?

c. Offenders are incarcerated, but are released into the community for a short duration every day.

DNA evidence that matches a parole candidate with a crime for which he or she was never prosecuted can lead to ____________ for crimes for which an offender was convicted.

denial of early release

Where does the money come from in a victim compensation fund?

convicted offenders

One of the main criticisms of boot camps is that ______.

costs increase because the program is more expensive than probation

Henry is on probation for an offense related to his compulsive gambling habit. If he enters a casino, his GPS device will sound an unauthorized area alarm. The casino is considered his ______.

exclusion zone

Warnings/admonishments, increased control, increased monitoring/programming, and modifying the special conditions pending approval by a parole panel are examples of ______ that parole officers use to keep parolees reporting and out of jail.

graduated sanctions

Conferencing in the United States is typically used ______.

in juvenile cases

Drug courts began in 1989 in Dade County, Florida, under the assumption that offenders with drug problems ______.

need treatment over punishment

A ____________ facility houses prisoners on good conduct who are within two years of their release date.

prerelease

Which concept is based on the idea that individuals who perceive that they have been fairly treated and respected are more likely to comply with court expectations?

procedural justice

Boot camp programs that ______ had lower recidivism rates than boot camp programs without this component.

provided counseling

Critics of probation privatization believe that employees in private companies, compared with those in the public sector, ______.

receive less training

Wanda thinks that rehabilitation should focus on treating high-risk offenders and implementing treatment according to offenders' learning styles and personal characteristics. Her belief closely aligns with the ______ theory.

risk/need/responsivity

Desiree sees her role as a community supervision officer as one of administering treatment, assisting a probationer or parolee, providing guidance and support, and rewarding offenders when they have completed supervision goals. Carl Klockars would classify Desiree as a ______.

therapeutic agent

About ____________ of state prisoners will never return to prison, according to a recidivism study in 17 states over a 13-year period.

two-thirds

Darla was hit by a drunk driver and suffered serious injuries. She is participating in a meeting with convicted drunk driving offenders in which she describes how her accident affected her life and the offenders discuss how the conviction has affected them. Darla is participating in a ______.

victim impact panel

Revocation proceedings begin for an offender with a ______ prepared by a supervision officer when enough information has been collected in chronological notes.

violation report

The most recent collateral consequence for convicted drug offenders is ____________.

withholding of welfare benefits