Professional Nursing
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Knights Hospitallers
- 11th Century - name of the medieval Catholic military order - provided care for the sick, poor and injured pilgrims coming to the Holy Land (Israel, Palestine)
Which centuries were marked by Social Reform
- 17th Century - 19th Century
Linda Richards
- 1st trained nurse in the US. Graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston in 1873; - Mother of Documentation; Keeping records; began the practice of keeping records and writing orders
Civil War (1861 - 1865)
- Almost 5,000 women served as Army nurses. - Clara Barton: Volunteered to care for Union soldiers. Organized hospitals and nurses. Established American Red Cross in 1882.
Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)
- Black nurse - Abolitionist of slavery, called "Conductor of the Underground Railroad." Key: Tubman = T = Train = Underground railroad movement;
Ancient Hebrews
- Developed rules through the Ten Commandments and the Mosaic Health Code for ethical human relationships, mental health, and disease control. - Nurses cared for sick people in the home and the community and also practiced as nurse-midwives. - Practiced of personal hygiene and sanitation. - Mosaic Health code: -Individual, family & community hygiene- personal (sleep, hours of work, cleanliness) -Environmental sanitation: Inspection of food, hand washing, detecting and reporting diseases
Mary Agnes Snively
- Director of the nursing school at Toronto General Hospital - One of the founders of the Canadian Nurses Association
Deaconesses
- Early Christian Era - Cared for the sick and homeless - Home health nurses - Buried the dead
Nursing School After WWII
- Efforts were directed at upgrading nursing education; Nursing Education established in colleges and universities - Increase in the variety of settings for practice: Industrial boom-> development of Public health; Not just in hospitals - Development of a specific body of nursing knowledge
Lillian Wald (1867-1940)
- Founder of Public Health Nursing - Established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick poor of the Lower East Side in New York City; Still in operation today
Florence Nightingale
- Founder of modern nursing - Changed the form and direction of nursing - Statistics: Data keeping; evidence based practice informed practice and improved outcomes -Monitored and reported outcomes of care (Outcome: Why does it matter? If we don't know them, how can we improve them?) - Set standard for nursing education - Defined nurse's role - Promoted concept of delegation - Made significant recommendations for: Hospital operations, public health, nursing practice
Mary Breckinridge (1881-1965)
- Founder of the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky - Started 1st midwifery education program in U.S.
Primary Care
- General care for overall patient education and wellness - Offices and clinics - PCP, NPs, PAs -Generally self-directed
What did Florence Nightingale's significant recommendations involve? (3)
- Hospital Operation: Sanitation, good nutrition, trained nurses - Public Health: Separating people from garbage and sewage, wholesome food, fresh air - Nursing Practice: Notes on Nursing (1859) - 136 pages. basis of curriculum
Differentiate between public and private (nonprofit and for-profit) hospitals and health systems including a discussion of different levels of care such as primary, secondary and tertiary;
- Hospitals are classified as public or private, and as for profit or nonprofit.
WWI (1914-1918)
- Lack of qualified nurses -Army School of Nursing organized in 1918. - England founded Royal College of Nursing in 1916.
Safety and Security Needs
- Level 2: person's need to be protected from actual or potential harm and to have freedom from fear -Have both physical and emotional component
Love and Belonging Needs
- Level 3 - A person's need to have affectionate relationships with people and to have a place in a group - Involve friends and family
Self-Actualization Needs
- Level 5: need for individuals to reach their full potential through development of their unique capabilities. - Nurse Role: nurse focuses on the person's strengths and possibilities rather than on problems; Nursing interventions are aimed at providing a sense of direction and hope and providing teaching that is aimed at maximizing potentials.
16th Century
- Many Western societies had pretty much shifted from what had once been a religious orientation of "nursing" to an emphasis on warfare, exploration - Expansion of knowledge in science and medicine as well.
Private Hospital
- May be for profit or nonprofit - Operated by communities, churches, corporations, and charitable organizations. - Catholic health ministry is the largest group of nonprofit health care providers in the nation. - Many patients cared for in private hospitals have some type of personal health insurance or health care plan
Self-Esteem Needs
- Need to feel good about oneself and to believe others hold one in high regard -Nurse Role: Nurses can help meet patients' self-esteem needs by respecting their values and beliefs, encouraging patients to set attainable goals, and facilitating support from family or significant others. These actions promote a sense of worth and self-acceptan
Crimean War (1854 - 1865)
- Nightingale was requested by the British to organize nursing care for a military hospital in Turkey. - Nightingale introduces concepts of hygiene - Reduces death rate
Florence Nightingale observed that successful patient care is affected by what factors?
- Noise - Colors (colors on wall) - Light - Music (music and mood - holistic approach)
Public Hospitals
- Nonprofit institutions -Financed and operated by local, state, or national facilities. Tax revenue or public funds cover the cost - Patients admitted to a public hospital may not have health insurance, and services are provided at little or no cost to the patient.
Ursuline Sisters
- Number of religious institutes of the catholic church in France and Canada. -First training of nurses in North America
Early Christian Era
- Nursing as we know it today began to develop; - Nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role in society. - Led by the idea that love and caring for others were important - Had women called Deaconesses who cared for the sick and the homeless; - Deaconesses visited the sick; Home health nurses; Fed hungry people, cared for sick people and buried dead people
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
- Pioneer crusader for elevation of standards of care for the mentally ill. - Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army during Civil War. - Recruited and equipped Army nurses. Army nurses. Pioneer in the Tx of mentally ill. Key: Dorothea from wizard of oz was mentally ill = Pioneer in the Tx of mentally ill. Key: Dorothea went around Oz collecting friends along the way. She had a basket full of stuff she brought with her = recruited and distributed things for corps of army nurses
What were Florence Nightingales significant recommendations about Hospital Operations?
- Sanitation - good nutrition - trained nurses
!!14th Century
- Science and medicine are in ascendancy, but ironically, the image of nursing took a hard dive. (Religious Image --> Servant Image) - The role of women was in the home, taking care of it, and that of bearing children. - Convents were closed which led to a shortage of people to care for the sick. - Criminal women who were often prostitutes and drunks were recruited to do the work instead of serving jail time. Long hours, poor pay, and unfavorable conditions. It was not a place for "civilized women" so to speak. - "Dark Ages"
What were Florence Nightingales significant recommendations about Public Health?
- Separating people from garbage and sewage, - Wholesome food - Fresh air
X Organized Religious Nursing Groups:
- Sisters of Charity in France and US - Ursuline Sisters in Canada - Catholic Religious Orders in Mexico and South America -Sisters of the Holy Cross in France and the US - Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth, Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -Nursing Sisters in England and Ireland
Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)
- Slave - nursed Union soldiers during the Civil War. - Worked for improvement in sanitary facilities, sought contributions of food & clothing for black volunteer force unit. Worked for women's movement.
19th Century (1801-1900)
- Social Reform - Status of women elevated - Nursing as we know it began - Nursing as a profession started gaining status and importance
17th Century (1601 - 1700)
- Social reform allowed for a re-direction in nursing and once again, the role of women. - Nursing groups organized, were educated and expanded to North America (Canada, USA, Mexico) and South America. Composed of intelligent women and good education led by religious/Catholic groups like the Sisters of Charity and the Ursuline sisters, this change made way for the beginning of what we know as nursing today.
Secondary Care
- Specialist referrals: Ex. Surgeons, oncologists, etc.; Usually through a "gatekeeper" or in a hospital - General or Community Hospitals - Routine hospitalization, routine surgery, and specialized outpatient care, such as consultation with specialists and rehabilitation. Compared to primary care, these services are usually brief and more complex, involving advanced diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Ancient Greeks
- Temples became the centers of medical care because of the belief that illness was caused by sin and the gods' displeasure (disease literally means "dis-ease") - First to study the causes of disease - Interested in healthy lifestyles to combat disease. Balance of 4 humors (Blood-RBC, Phlegm- Plasma, Yellow bile- Bilirubin, Black bile- clotting factor).
What did Florence Nightingale use statistics for?
- To understand care - To make recommendations
WWII (1939-1945)
- US Cadet Nurse Corps: More than 124,000 women graduated from Cadet Nurse Corps. (more than 1,100 of the nursing schools participated.) - Women as officers: Nurses were given commissions. They gave nurses level of status and authority that supported their work. - Nursing shortage: Who worked in hospitals? Nursing students.
Clara Barton
- Volunteered to care for Union Soldiers. - Organized hospitals and nurses. - Established Red Cross US in 1882. -U.S. EQUIVALENT OF FLORENCE Key: baRTON = R = Red, T = Cross= Red Cross; ON = Organized nurses and hospitals
Renaissance (14th - 16th Centuries)
- When nursing and medicine and science detached from church = healthcare became more independent; - Went from religious and respected → Non-religious and not respected; used criminals
11th Century
- hospitals were built for the enormous number of pilgrims needing health care. - Religious Knights of Christianity, nursed their own wounded - Knights Hospitallers (name of the medieval Catholic military order) provided care for the sick, poor and injured pilgrims coming to the Holy Land (Israel, Palestine)
Middle of 19th Century (Mid-1800's)
- nursing as a profession (an occupation with training and specific qualifications) was born; - Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): drastically changed the form and direction of nursing and succeeded in establishing nursing as a respected field of endeavor. - Industrial Revolution; factories built, schools established, travel and communication took giant leaps;
!!Sisters of Charity
- recruited young women for nurse training, developed educational programs, and cared for abandoned children -Educational program "intelligent young women" expanded to US (PPT)
Tertiary Care
- services requested by a specialist from another specialist -Medication Medical therapy Surgical treatment Rehabilitation Physical therapy Occupational therapy Job training
Mary Elizabeth Mahoney
-America's 1st African American Nurse -Graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1879
!!Mosaic Health Code
-Individual, family & community hygiene- personal (sleep, hours of work, cleanliness) -Environmental sanitation: Inspection of food, hand washing, detecting and reporting diseases
Between Middle Ages (5th Century) and the Crusades (11th to 13th Centuries)
-Nursing was a respected vocation - Nuns and monks stayed with dying people, console the families of the bereaved-> Role of hospice nurses
When the Crusades took place
11th to 13th centuries
When did the Renaissance take place?
14th - 16th Century
When the Middle Ages took place
5th century
Occupational Therapist (OT)
Assist patients to adapt to limitations
Social Worker
Counsel, assist with decisions, and refer
Physicians
Diagnosing and treating illness, Medical and surgical, Admitting privileges, Prescribe medications, Interpret results of diagnostic tests and labs and Perform procedures and surgery
Physical Therapist (PT)
Doctoral prepared, helps to restore function or prevent further injury
Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP)
Help nurses with direct patient care: CNAs, PCAs, etc.
PA
Licensed, varied prep and responsibilities
Between what eras/centuries was nursing a respected vocation that provided centralized care?
Middle Ages (5th Century) - Crusades (11th to 13th Centuries)
Ancient Egyptians
Performed advanced brain surgery -with the patient surviving, also kept records.
Speech Therapist
Speech and swallowing issues
Primary vs Secondary and Tertiary care
While primary care focuses on general care for overall patient education and wellness, secondary care and tertiary care treat more severe conditions that require specialized knowledge and more intensive health monitoring.
Physiologic Needs
oxygen, water, food, elimination, temperature, sexuality, physical activity, rest—must be met at least minimally to maintain life
War's impact on nursing? (5pts)
• Creation of important role in caring for wounded and dying • Expansion of role of nurses • Creation of new nursing techniques • The war itself created a need for more nurses. • Knowledge explosion in medicine and technology expanded the role of nurses.