Programmed Learning Review

This total process where we have the animal learn to respond to the bell is called _ conditioning. Now suppose the animal is conditioned to respond to a certain tone called tone 1. After the conditioning we find the animal will respond to a tone (tone 2) which is similar but not exactly the same as the first tone. This responding to the second tone which is similar to the tone used in the conditioning is called generalization. In generalization the animal responds to tone 2 as it would respond to _.

Tone 1

Many times we are forced to learn something through a pick and choose guessing situation. We have never had any previous experience which could help us with the problem. We have to make a guess at each step we come to. This type of learning is known as trial and error learning. In this learning everyone starts out equal and intelligence does not help during the first attempts to solve the problem. In _ and _ learning everyone starts out equal.

Trial Error

If a response that is unlearned is called an unconditioned response then it seems logical to call the stimulus that gave rise to the response a(n) _ stimulus.

Unconditioned

In a famous study by Pavlov, dogs were placed in a harness and on apparatus was set up to measure the dog's flow of saliva. Pavlov then put some meat powder on the dog's tongue and the dogs began to salivate. This response of salivating is an unlearned response, because it does not require any prior learning or conditioning, and is automatically elicited. An unlearned response such as salivating to meat powder is called a(n) _ response.

Unconditioned

Operant conditioning is the strengthening of a stimulus response association by following the response with some type of reinforcement. A reinforcement is anything which strengthens a response when it is made contingent on the response. A reinforcement can be thought of as a reward for the response. Operant conditioning differs in many ways from classical conditioning. In operant conditioning the animal or subject must perform the desired response before there is any reinforcement. In classical conditioning the subject does not have to perform any special behavior before the unconditioned stimulus is presented. To condition the animal to salivate to a bell, the bell is rung then the meat powder, the _ stimulus, is delivered, no matter wha the animal is doing.

Unconditioned

The conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that would not normally by itself elicit the desired response but gains the power to cause the response by being associated with the _ stimulus.

Unconditioned

The next step in this experiment by Pavlov was to ring a bell just before placing the meat powder on the dog's tongue. Pavlov continued to do this until the dog would salivate at the sound of the bell alone. The dog learned the contingency between the sound of the bell alone. The dog learned the contingency between the sound of the bell and the arrival of the meat powder. The meat powder is called the _ stimulus of the experiment.

Unconditioned

If a puff of air is directed into the eye the person will blink. This too, is an unlearned response, therefore it is called a(n) _.

Unconditioned Response

Any response to a stimulus that does not require prior learning is called an unconditioned _.

response

To summarize, learning is a relatively permanent change in _ which occurs as a result of _, though the learned behavior may not be revealed in the person's _.

Behavior Practice Performance

Therefore we can conclude learning is a relatively permanent _ in behavior which occurs as a result of _ excluding behaviors that are due to maturation, development and _.

Change Practice Reflexes

`The experiment of Pavlov that shows a dog salivating to a bell after being conditioned is an example of _ conditioning.

Classical

In _ conditioning the animal can be passive and still be conditioned, while in _ conditioning the animal must give the correct response before we reinforce it.

Classical Operant

After conditioning an animal to respond to some stimulus we find the animal will respond to the _ stimulus with the same type of response it would to the unconditioned stimulus. If we, however, continue to present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, the animal eventually with time stops giving the response. The process where we continue to present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus and the animal stops responding is called extinction.

Conditioned

The bell becomes a learned stimulus, therefore the sound of the bell is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus through conditioning trials. The bell in Pavlov's experiment is called the _ stimulus.

Conditioned

The more times we pair the meat powder (unconditioned stimulus) with the bell (conditioned stimulus) the stronger the response will be to the bell (unconditioned stimulus). After conditioning the dog's response to the bell (conditioned stimulus) it is called the _ response.

Conditioned

If the response to an unconditioned stimulus is called the unconditioned response, the response to be the conditioned stimulus should be called the _. Just as the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus is learned, so is the association between the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment the unconditioned response (salivating) and the conditioned response (salivating) are the same, though in actuality Pavlov found the two salivations are not completely equal in strength, though they are the same type.

Conditioned Response

Let us say that on Monday we condition our dog to salivate through classical conditioning. We present a bell, the _, and then the meat powder. Eventually the dog will salivate to the sound of the bell alone.

Conditioned Stimulus

On Tuesday we present only the bell, the _. We continue to present only the bell until the animal stops salivating to it. This process is called _.

Conditioned Stimulus Extinction

CS stands for _ UCS stands for _ UCR stands for _ CR stands for _

Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Response

When the animal can distinguish between similar stimuli the animal has learned _.

Discrimination

In trial and error learning everyone starts out _ and the person's level of _ does not help during the first attempts.

Equal Intelligence

_ is the process where we can stop the animal from responding by presenting the _ stimulus without the _ stimulus. If we, however, go through the process of extinction and then wait a period of time, the animal will respond again to the conditioned stimulus. This process is called spontaneous recovery. In spontaneous recovery we find the animal can still respond to the conditioned stimulus after extinction if a period of time elapses. Spontaneous recovery shows that the animal does not completely unlearn the association between the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in the extinction process.

Extinction Conditioned Unconditioned

The process where the animal or subject responds to a similar stimulus as the one used in the conditioning process is called _. If we, however, were to present the unconditioned stimulus only when tone 1 is presented and not present it for tone 2, the dog will respond only to tone 1. This ability of distinguishing between the two tones is called discrimination learning, for the animal learns to discriminate between the tones and learns whihc one to respond to.

Generalization

In a typical learning experiment the independent variable is practice and the dependent variable, the one measured, is the behavior shown. Learning is the activity between these two variables. In a learning experiment, learning hypothetically occurs between the _ and _ variables.

Independent Dependent

In Pavlov's experiment, the bell eventually became a cue or stimulus for the response of salivation. The bell, however, does not normally cause salivation in a dog. Therefore, the connection between the bell and the coming of the meat powder had to be _.

Learned

The association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response must be _.

Learned

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice or other past experience. Since all behavior does not fit into this definition of _ we must narrow down the definition.

Learning

In _ conditioning, the subject must make the desired or correct response before it gets reinforced. Another difference between operant and classical conditioning is classical usually involves some type of involuntary, unlearned, automatic response while operant conditioning is concerned with voluntary emitted responses. Instead, in operant conditioning, we reinforce the animal when it gives the correct response.

Operant

Classical conditioning is the term given for the type of learning demonstrated in Pavlov's experiment. It can be defined as a learning situation in which a response is caused by a certain stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) because this stimulus was associated for a number of trials with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) which normally would cause the response. This type of learning was demonstrated by experiments done by _.

Pavlov

A young child gets lost at a major shopping center but is unwilling to tell the security personnel his name. The child does know his name but also been told not to talk to strangers. In this example the child has learned his name but his performance does not show it. Learning and performance are not the same thing. A person's behavior will not always show what the person has learned. In above example the child had learned what his name was, but this fact was not demonstrated by his _.

Performance

Learning refers to a relatively _ change in behavior. This excludes simple behaviors which are automatic. These types of behaviors are called.

Permanent

_ are simple automatic behaviors which are not included within the definition of learning. Learning also does not include changes in behavior which are a result of development or maturation.

Reflexes

On Wednesday we let the animal rest and present the bell again on Thursday without the presentation of the meat powder. The dog salivates to the bell this time. This process where the dog salivates to the bell after extinction and a period of rest is called _.

Spontaneous Recovery

_ shows that the extinction process is not permanent.

Spontaneous Recovery

In Pavlov's original experiment, the meat powder caused the unconditioned response of salivation; it is therefore called the unconditioned _.

Stimulus

Many times while we are attempting to solve a problem, the answer suddenly comes to us and the puzzle seems simple. This phenomena is called insight or the "aha phenomena." Insight or the "aha phenomena" is the _ solving of a problem or puzzle by perceiving the complete relationship.

Sudden