Programming Languages Chapter 2 Review

Where are servlets executed?

In web server systems

What was the primary deficiency of ALGOL 60?

Orthogonality

What is the meaning of Plankalkül? Who developed Plankalkül?

Plankalkul means program calculus. German scientist Konrad Zuse developed it.

To what is a JSP document converted by a JSP processor?

A servlet

What are the inputs to an XSLT processor?

An XML data document and an XSLT document

What characteristic of Ruby's arithmetic operators makes them unique among those of other languages?

Arithmetic operators can be re-defined

Where was Lisp developed? By whom?

At MIT by John McCarthy

What deficiency of the switch statement of C is addressed with the changes made by C# to that statement?

At the end of selectable blocks of code, break statement was not mandatory

Where was Fortran developed? By whom?

Fortran was developed by John Backus at IBM

What are the concurrent program units of Ada called?

Tasks

What is the primary application area for which Ada was designed?

The Department of Defense (DoD)

What organization was most responsible for the early success of COBOL (in terms of extent of use)?

the Department of Defense (DoD)

What features of SIMULA 67 are now important parts of some object-oriented languages?

the concept of a class and data abstraction

In what version of ALGOL did the concept of data type appear?

ALGOL 58

What operators in C were modeled on similar operators in ALGOL 68?

The assignment operator,

What is the primary platform on which C# is used?

.NET

On what programming language was COBOL based?

FLOW-MATIC

In what year did the Basic design process begin?

1959

What do the Ada and COBOL languages have in common?

Both are high level languages, both support object oriented programming, future versions of these languages support the program written in these language, both are not good for beginners, and both are frequently used for the applications but not user friendly.

Under what environmental constraints was Fortran developed?

Computers had small memories and were slow and relatively unreliable, the primary use of computers was for scientific computations, there were no existing efficient and effective ways to program computers, and because of the high cost of computers compared to the cost of programmers, speed of the generated object code was the primary goal of the first Fortran compilers.

What are the two kinds of statements that populate a Prolog database?

Facts and Rules

What characteristic of Java is most evident in JavaScript?

Format of syntax

Which version of Fortran was the first to support object-oriented programming?

Fortran 2003

Which version of Fortran was the first to have local scopes?

Fortran 2008

Is Lua normally compiled, purely interpreted, or impurely interpreted?

Impurely interpreted

What are the goals of the new language developed by GAMM and ACM?

It can smoothly interoperate with any other .NET language, it supports both functional programming and procedural programming, and it also fully supports object-oriented programming.

What array structure is included in C# but not in C, C++, or Java?

Jagged arrays

How does the typing system of PHP and JavaScript differ from that of Java?

Java is a strongly typed language while JavaScript and PHP are dynamically typed.

What is the relationship between JavaScript and PHP, in terms of their use?

JavaScript and PHP are both scripting languages used for web programming, Js used in the browser while PHP is used on the server.

PHP's primary data structure is a combination of what two data structures from other languages?

JavaScript's array and Perl's hashes

In what ways do Scheme and metalanguage (ML) differ from each other?

ML does not use the parenthesized functional syntax that originated with lambda expressions.

What is the primary application for Objective-C?

Mac OS X and iOS

From what language does Objective-C borrow its syntax for method calls?

Smalltalk

Speedcoding was invented to overcome two significant shortcomings of the computer hardware of the early 1950s. What were they?

The computer hardware of that age never supported floating point operations and they did not allow some sort of indexing to use arrays easily.

How were data types specified for variables in Fortran I?

Variables whose names began with I, J, K, L, M, and N were implicitly integer type, and all others were implicitly floating-point.

For what application area is JavaScript most widely used?

Web applications

What element of the JSTL is related to a subprogram?

XML action element

What is the output of an XSLT processor?

XML format document, HTML, or plain text

What are the two fundamental characteristics shared by APL and SNOBOL?

dynamic typing and dynamic storage allocation

What was the most significant feature added to Fortran II to get Fortran IV?

explicit type declarations for variables

What syntactic changes did Fortran 90 include?

the required fixed format of code, which required the use of specific character positions for specific parts of statements, was dropped and only the first letter of keywords and identifiers would be uppercase

What data structure does Python use in place of arrays?

list

What was the simplest data type in Plankalkül?

The single bit

In what year was IBM 704 introduced?

1954

What were the objectives behind developing Basic?

It must be easy for nonscience students to learn and use, It must be "pleasant and friendly.", It must provide fast turnaround for homework, It must allow free and private access, and It must consider user time more important than computer time.

What were the most important modifications made to ALGOL 58?

Theconceptofblockstructurewasintroduced, Twodifferentmeansofpassingparameterstosubprogramswereallowed, Procedureswereallowedtoberecursive, and Stack-dynamicarrayswereallowed

What characteristic does Ruby share with Smalltalk?

They are both purely object oriented

What innovation of data structuring was introduced in ALGOL 68 but is often credited to Pascal?

User defined data structures