Progressive Era

Granger Laws

a series of laws passed in several midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s; goal was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after Civil War

Selective Service Act 1917

authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through drafting

Creel Committee

independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.(famous Destory this mad brute; enlist by Hopps picture)

Effects of How the Other Half Lives

inspired many reforms of working-class housing; American Red Cross and other charities became involved; NY Tenement House Act 1895 (outlawed rear tenements) and 1906 (amount of light, fire safety, ventilation, etc)

Espionage Act 1917

intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of United States enemies during wartime. (schenck v us ruled did not violate freedom of speech)

liberal theology

interpretation of Christian theology which emphasizes a concern for the liberation of the oppressed;

Effects of 19th Amendment

led to laws such as Sheppard Towner Act; people became fearful that women's politics would interrupt;

Johnson-Reed Act, 1924

limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota; two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census, completely excluded immigrants from Asia

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1911

146 workers died from fire, inhalation, falling to death (most Jewish and Italian women); owners locked doors to stairwells and exits

Harry Emerson Fosdick

1878 american pastor; one most prominent liberal ministers early 20th century; saw the history of Christianity as one of development, progress, and gradual change

Booker T. Washington

American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States; lynchings in 1895 made Washington give Atlanta Compromise speech

14 points; 1918

statement of principles of peace to be used to end WWI; proposed by Wilson; allies skeptical about applying Wilson's idealism

Looking Backward, Edward Bellamy 1888

vision of the future such a tv, radio, credit cards; Inspired utopian communities, Marxist ideas, Eugene v Debs, John Dewey

Jane Addams

"mother of social work"; one of the most prominent reformers of Progressive era; focused on issues that were concerns of mothers

Birth of a Nation

1915 silent film the relationship of two families in the American Civil War and Reconstruction era over the course of several years; highly controversial for its portrayal of black men as unintelligent and sexually aggressive towards white women, and the portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s, cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York;

Scopes Trial

1925; John Scopes teacher violated teaching human evolution in state funded school; Scopes found guilty; first trial to be broadcasted

Alfred Smith

American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928; opponent of prohibition, brought out catholic vote, lost to Hoover and then FDR

Lusitania 1915

British ocean liner that a German submarine sank in WWI; enraged Americans; created American hatred toward Germans; engaged in war two years later

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian-born American anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during the April 15, 1920 armed robbery of the Slater and Morrill Shoe Company; executed

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a proponent of the Pan-Africanism movement, to which end he founded the (UNIA-ACL) and Black Star Line

Effects of The Jungle

Led to Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Effects of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Led to improved factory safety standards; spurred growth of International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union;

Muir vs Pinchot

Muir: naturalist, explorer, writer for preservation of wilderness, founded Sierra club, Yosemite Pinchot: forestry and head of U.S. Forest Service; popularized idea of conservation; believed public wilderness could be used for income if resources handled wisely

What did the Granger Laws lead up to?

Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois

Social Gospel

Progressive movement applied Christian ethics to social problems (issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, danger of war); Rauschenbusch leader 20th century

The Fundamentals

Series of pamphlets 1990s about religious conservatives who believe in the literal accuracy and divine inspiration of the Bible

WWI 1917

U.S. originally neutral (important supplier to Great Britain and other allies though); declared war on Germany, contributed in terms of supplies, raw material and money; victory 1918

Munn v. Illinois 1877

a grain storage company, Munn and Scott, was found guilty for violating the Illinois granger law, which set a maximum grain storage charge. The U.S. Supreme Court then ruled that because the company was in a business that affected the public interest, the government could in fact regulate the company.

Effects of Interstate Commerce Act

created a federal regulatory agency, the ICC, first federal law to regulate private industry in U.S.

1887 Interstate Commerce Act

designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. Made railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibit fare discrimination to smaller markets

Aftermath of WWI

dramatic expansion of government, increase in size of U.S. armed Forces, climax of Progressive era; establishment of the league of nations (U.S. did not join) ; treaty of versailles (senate did not ratify, made separate treaty with Germany and its allies)

Sedition Act 1918

extended espionage act to cover speech and expression of opinion against war effort; cannot say negative things about government or war

KKK 1915

extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration; opposed Catholics and Jews, and stressed its opposition to the Catholic Church at a time of high immigration from mostly Catholic nations of southern and eastern Europe

W.E.B. DuBois

first black to earn a doctorate; co-founder of NAACP; activist

How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis

photojournalism documenting terrible living conditions in NYC slums 1880s; served as basis for future muckracking

progressive

philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advancements in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to the improvement of the human condition

Effect of Scopes Trial

problems between separation of church and state;

19th Amendment

prohibited right to vote based on gender; 1920; women's suffrage took hold during Reconstructive Era

18th Amendment

prohibition of alcohol 1920; result of decades of effort by the temperance movement in the United States and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment

Red Scare 1917-1920

promotions/ fear of communism; first followed Bolshevik Revolution

Rauschenbusch

railed against what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economics

Muckrackers

reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt; tried to make people aware of urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, child labor; came from the ideas of yellow journalism

Impact of muckracking

resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact, (end of Standard Oil's monopoly over the oil industry, establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the creation of the first child labor laws)

Zimmerman telegram

secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany; supported U.S. interference into war

Palmer Raids 1919

series of raids conducted by the United States Department of Justice to capture, arrest and deport suspected radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States.

Hull House 1889

settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago to develop new roles for women; opened doors to recent European immigrants; turned into complex and almost 500 settlement houses by 1920;

The Jungle, Upton Sinclair 1906

shows harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities; but most readers were more concerned with his exposure of health violations and unsanitary practices in meatpacking

Impact of 18th Amendment

significant reduction in alcohol consumption, especially low income groups, general reduction in overall crime (except with distribution of alcohol),

Jim Crow Laws until 1965

state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. "separate but equal"

October Revolution 1917

the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime..

Effects of Granger Laws

to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular, in the states