Project Management Module 2

Which condition is indicative that total slack has/will not be completely consumed (i.e. "used")?

When an activity begins before the late start date.

The lowest level of the WBS is called a .

Work Package

WBSs are products of efforts.

group

is a function of the number of critical or near-critical paths.

Sensitivity

Which statements are true about using a finish-to-finish precedence relationship? (Check all that apply.)

The finish of one activity is dependent on the finish of another activity. The successor activity may start at any time.

Which of the following are needed when using the yellow sticky approach to constructing a project network?

One yellow sticker for each activity Project team members and a facilitator Erasable whiteboard with marker pen

Why should time estimates use common units (hours, days, weeks, etc) across all project tasks?

Facilitates network analysis

Risk Assessment is the first step in the risk management process.

False

-to-start lags are frequently used when ordering materials.

Finish

slack is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying any immediately following (successor) activity.

Free

A key benefit of using a work breakdown structure (WBS) along with an organizational breakdown structure (OBS) is:

creating a project control point.

Free slack occurs at the of a chain of activities.

last

A is a significant event in a project that occurs at a point in time.

milestone

A giant Popsicle melting faster than expected is an example of risk. (Enter only one word per blank.)

negative

The time estimate should represent the level of resources.

normal

Work package estimates should assume or conditions, even though every work package will not materialize as planned.

normal average

The project answers the questions of what, when, how much, and at times where.

objective

More frequently than not, a product or service will have to ensure proper performance.

technical requirements

Time to implement new has a habit of expanding in an increasing, nonlinear fashion.

technology

Factors outside of the organization, project team, or project itself may influence which aspect of a time/cost estimate?

Accuracy of the estimate

Contractors frequently use number of square feet to estimate the cost and time to build a house. This is an example of the top-down method.

ratio

In the forward pass, activity times are added as one proceeds along the network. In the backward pass, activity times are ___.

subtracted

There is growing evidence that some project promoters the costs of projects and project benefits in order to win approval.

underestimate overestimate

For projects with a standard time unit of days (most typical), what is the rule of thumb for duration of an individual work package within a work breakdown structure?

1 - 5 days

How many predecessors does Activity D have?

2

What is a horizontal bar chart showing activities/tasks with duration and timing?

A Gantt Chart.

Identify the points that should be considered by a project team while developing a work breakdown structure (WBS).

A WBS should focus on the expected product. A WBS should focus on what outputs are required.

Historically, two methods have been used to develop project networks. Which of the following are they?

AON AOA

Which is a key benefit of using a hammock activity in a project network?

Assignment and control of indirect costs.

When should a project priority discussion(priority matrix) between the project manager and customer/sponsor take place?

Before the project begins

What is the first and most important step for a successful project execution?

Clearly defining the project objective

paths give the impression that the project does not have a clear beginning or ending.

Dangler

Match the following project abbreviations with their meanings.

ES matches Choice How soon can the activity start. EF matches Choice How soon can the activity finish. TE matches Choice How soon can the project be finished. LS matches Choice How late can the activity start. LF matches Choice How late can the activity finish. CP matches Choice This is the longest path in the network, which, when delayed, will delay the project. SL matches Choice How long can the activity be delayed.

Which of the following is true of activity numbering?

Each activity needs a unique identification code—a letter or a number.

What "people factors" influence the quality of the project estimates?

Familiarity with the task Individual skills

slack is the amount of time an activity can exceed its early finish date without affecting the early start date of any successor(s).

Free

Which of the following statements is true of the level of detail for activities?

In some cases, it is possible to end up with too much information to manage.

When the learning curve can be applied, what effect does it have on project estimation?

Increases accuracy of time and cost estimates.

In a backward pass, assume the preceding activity is not a burst activity. You carry the LS to the preceding activity to establish its .

LF

is an attempt by the planner to return to an earlier activity.

Looping

Who is responsible for developing a project communication plan?

Project Manager.

The hammock activity duration is determined the network plan is drawn.

after

Which approach to estimating project time and cost is usually completed by upper management?

Top Down

An is an element in the project that consumes time—for example, work or waiting.

activity

In a forward pass, as you trace along the path, you the activity times.

add

In a forward pass, you activity times along each path in the network.

add

A worker can perform a task the second time and each succeeding time she performs it.

better

Ultimately you will want to assign dates to your project activities. (Enter only one word per blank.)

calendar

Which of the following are potential impacts caused by padding time or cost estimates?

chances for realistic estimates are reduced the project duration and cost are seriously overstated

If the project scope needs to change, it is critical to have a sound control process in place that records the change and keeps a log of all project changes.

change

A project is a document that authorizes the project manager to initiate and lead the project.

charter

In a project scope checklist, the technical requirements will ___.

clarify the deliverables. state the performance requirements of a deliverable.

Drawing on the expertise of team members who will be responsible helps to build channels early.

communication

Many of the problems that plague a project can be traced back to insufficient time devoted to establishing a well-grounded internal plan.

communication

Project estimating is a process.

complex

What factors inherent to dedicated project team structures will improve the quality of time and cost estimates?

concentrated focus localized project decisions

Top management needs to create an extra fund for that can be used to cover unforeseen events.

contingencies

Work package estimates should not include allowances for .

contingencies

Development of templates in a can quickly reduce estimate errors.

database

If an activity on the critical path is delayed, the project is .

delayed

The product scope description is a detailed of the characteristics of the product, service, or outcome of the project.

description

Estimators should treat each task as of other tasks that might be integrated by the WBS.

independent

Knowing the four activity times of ES, LS, EF, and LF is invaluable for the , , and phases of a project.

planning scheduling controlling

Middle management might center on one of the project.

segment

are short-duration tasks that have a definite start and stop point, consume resources, and represent cost.

work packages

What is a project network?

A graphical representation of the project in flow chart form.

What is the relationship between a network activity and a work package?

A network activity is made up of one or more work packages.

Which process best describes phase estimating utilization of micro (bottom up) and macro (top down) methods?

A repetitive cycle of micro for short term and macro for the remainder of the project.

The end node's late finish is the first block to complete when doing the backward pass. Which are the two possible entries to use when you get started?

A scope imposed deadline. The calculated early finish.

criteria are a set of conditions that must be met before the deliverables are accepted.

Acceptance

How does total slack relate to a project network's critical path?

Activities with the minimum amount of slack make up the critical path.

For project managers, this is an element of the project that requires time. It may or may not require resources.

Activity

When identifying risk, a team should initially focus on what aspect of risk?

Actual events that increase the risk

What are the most likely negative outcomes of scope creep?

Added costs Project delays

Which of the following are examples of acceptance criteria?

All tasks and milestones are complete Third-party certification is required Customer on-site inspection is required

Which of the following correctly describe a network activity?

An activity defines the time required to complete. An activity usually represents one or more task from a work package.

Which approach to estimating is usually coordinated by a project manager/office and is a "roll up" of individual estimates from work breakdown structure elements?

Bottom Up

This activity has more than one activity immediately following it (more than one dependency arrow flowing from it).

Burst activity

How can a project manager best do his or her job of managing trade-offs among time, cost, and performance?

By understanding the project's priorities

Flyvbjerg advocates an external view based on the outcome of similar mega projects completed in the past. It is called reference class forecasting (RCF) and involves three major steps. Which of the following is not one of those steps?

Collect estimates of cost and duration from all of the top managers for the project.

Competing priorities require trade-offs in project management. Given a project in which time to market is the key factor, match each approach with how it affects a project criterion.

Constrain matches Choice No deviation from the criterion of time is allowed. Enhance matches Choice Improvements to the scope should be made where possible. Accept matches Choice Increases to cost are tolerated, if it means achieving other criteria.

Establishing cost and time estimates will allow a project manager to do which of the following?

Control the project

Which of the following represent trade off considerations for a project manager in times of conflict?

Cost. Scope (performance.) Time.

In a generic project life cycle, which phase would incur the highest cost if a negative risk event occurs?

Delivering

What are the reasons that most project networks "fail" or are never completed in practice?

Different people define the work packages and network activities. The work breakdown structure is poorly constructed.

costs represent real cash outflows and must be paid as the project progresses

Direct

Which are correct statements regarding the forward pass calculations and its algorithms?

Duration is added to the early start to calculate the early finish. The early finish date is "passed" to the successor activities.

What key pieces of activity related information are obtained after completing both the forward and backward passes?

Early and Late Start dates Slack durations

What is a primary reason for using several people to generate a time or cost estimate for a project rather than have a single estimator do all the estimating?

Eliminates extreme estimates.

Apportionment is a multi-faceted top down estimating approach used in which of the following situations?

Estimating a relatively standard project with small variation or customization Estimating a project that closely follows past projects in features and costs

Which statements are correct about the influence that a planning horizon has upon project estimates?

Estimating is more accurate after the individual work packages have been defined. Near term event estimating is more accurate than long range planning.

Why is top down estimating generally not effective at developing a low cost project estimate?

Estimators may be influenced by the proposed budget.

True or false: A learning curve is most applicable in non-repetitive tasks.

False

True or false: A project network with activity time estimates has no links to planning, scheduling and controlling of projects.

False

True or false: A risk breakdown structure should focus on task-level risks during the initial risk identification stage.

False

True or false: Conditional statements are allowed in project networks.

False

True or false: Direct project overhead is an immediate out-of-pocket expense.

False

This is common on software projects where developers add features that they think the end user will like.

Gold Plating

What is required for using the template method of bottom up estimating?

Good historical information. Understanding differences between projects.

estimating tends to refine extremes by bringing more evaluative judgments to the estimate and potential risks.

Group

What are the project characteristics that would benefit from phase estimating?

High degree of scope uncertainty Long duration with progressive design

What are the benefits of using the resource (person) most familiar with a task to do estimating?

Increases probability of accurate estimates. Establishes "buy in" for the project . Builds communication channels early.

Bottom up estimating is considered by the authors to be more accurate than top down because...

It considers specific tasks.

Identify the primary advantage of using a stakeholder communication plan?

It increases a project manager's autonomy.

Why is keeping task estimates independent of each other needed for sound project planning?

It prevents developing optimistic task time estimates. It considers the uncertainties of individual activities.

In a backward pass, minus = LS.

LF Duration

Which statements are true about using a start to finish precedence relationship?

Lags should be used with this type of relationship. The successor activity may start at any time.

Which of the following statements are true about laddering a series of activities in a project network? (Check all that apply.)

Large activities can be segmented so that the following activities can begin sooner and not delay the work. When one activity has a long duration and overlaps the start of another.

is not allowed in project networks.

Looping

projects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to complete, and involve multiple private and public stakeholders.

Mega

What is the benefit of a risk management plan for a project?

Minimizing the impact of risks occurring.

______ slack occurs in practice when the critical path is delayed.

Negative

The activities within a project network are taken from a work breakdown structure. Which statement about network activities is correct?

Networks consist of all activities that contain one or more work packages.

Match the factor that causes inaccurate time and cost estimates to its root cause because of which the factor occurs.

Normal conditions do not apply matches Choice Estimations should be based on past experience with resource availability, but while this is a good starting point, it rarely holds true during a project. Scope creep matches Choice As the project progresses, a manager better understands what needs to be done to accomplish the project; plans may change without adequate documentation. Things go wrong matches Choice The guideline is not to plan for disaster or accidents while estimating a specific task, but in reality, events happen which affect time and cost estimates.

Why should project task time, cost, and resource estimates be based on "normal conditions"?

Normal conditions prevent overly optimistic estimates. Normal conditions provide a common frame of reference for interpreting the estimates.

What estimating influence is described by the general statement that some organizations encourage padding of estimates while others discourage the practice and want the most realistic and/or accurate estimate?

Organization Culture.

These are activities that can take place at the same time, if the manager wishes.

Parallel activities

Which activities can occur while this activity is taking place?

Parallel relationship

techniques can be applied to specific tasks.

Parametric

What are the benefits of using past project estimates and actuals to create a new project estimate?

Past projects can provide specific work package information. Actuals from past projects provide benchmark measurements.

This is a sequence of connected, dependent activities.

Path

Which is a significant concern with using consensus for top-down project estimating?

People may yield to the opinion of the highest ranking person in the room.

One of the major advantages of a dedicated project team is the speed gained from concentrated focus and localized project decisions, what is the additional cost of that speed gained?

Personnel are 100% allocated to that project.

estimating is used when an unusual amount of uncertainty surrounds a project and it is impractical to estimate times and costs for the entire project.

Phase

Five of the most common causes of scope creep are listed below. Match each with its description.

Poor requirement analysis matches Choice Customers often don't really know what they want. Not involving users early enough matches Choice Too often project teams think they know up front what the end user needs, only to find out later they were mistaken. Underestimating project complexity matches Choice Complexity and associated uncertainty naturally lead to changes in scope, since there are so many unknowns yet to be discovered. Lack of change control matches Choice A robust change control process is needed to ensure that only appropriate changes occur in the scope of the project. Gold Plating matches Choice This refers to adding extra value to the project that is beyond the scope of the project.

Which statement regarding project priorities and the project priority matrix is true?

Priorities may change over the project life cycle.

The WBS has five levels with level level five having two sub-levels. Match each level with its description.

Project matches Choice Complete project. Deliverables matches Choice Major deliverables Subdeliverable matches Choice Supporting deliverables. Lowest subdeliverable matches Choice Lowest management responsibility level. Cost account matches Choice Grouping of work packages for monitoring progress and responsibility. Work package matches Choice Identifiable work activities.

Which of the following is true of a project charter and project scope statement?

Project charters may include a scope summary.

Which of the following factors will influence the quality of a project's time or cost estimate?

Project duration Project management structure Organization culture

Which type of projects are best suited for a process breakdown structure rather than a work breakdown structure?

Projects without clearly defined outcomes.

Which is a key benefit of using lags with finish to start relationships?

Proper accounting of resource cost.

Which of the following are key benefits of using lags with start to start relationships?

Reduction of network detail Reduction of project delay

What is the primary benefit of creating a communication plan?

Regular planned reporting prevents confusion and interruptions.

Good time and cost estimates are needed within project execution to allow a project manager to do which of the following?

Schedule work Monitor project progress Support decision making

What planning functions are available with a project network? (Check all that apply.)

Scheduling project progress Logical sequencing of activities

The product answers the question "What end result is wanted?" For example, if the product is a cell phone, its product scope will be its screen size, battery, processor, camera type, memory, and so on.

Scope Description

Which of the following statements are true of network sensitivity?

Sensitivity serves as a guide to where a project manager concentrates control efforts. In a sensitive network, the original critical path is much more likely to change once work gets under way on the project.

What term is used to describe the likelihood (probability) that a project network's original critical path will change over the course of executing the project?

Sensitivity.

Which type of project lends itself to the function point method of top down estimating?

Software development.

A project scope should define the results to be achieved in what type of terms?

Specific Measurable Tangible

Which two relationship extensions are the most common application of lags in project networks?

Start to Start Finish to Finish

Which two precedence relationships are typically combined when more than one precedence relationship is used on a predecessor - successor pair of activities?

Start to Start. Finish to Finish.

Over the life of a typical project, how does the cost to fix risk events behave?

Starts low and rises, ending high

According to project estimation guidelines, each task estimate is supposed to be done independently of other tasks. Why does this lead to inaccurate estimates?

Task interdependencies influence actual time and cost requirements.

What information is needed to build a project network?

Technical knowledge of deliverables. List of work packages. Work package durations.

Which of the following statements are true about project network sensitivity?

The higher the sensitivity, the more likely the critical path will change. High sensitivity is a result of many "near critical" (low slack) activities.

Identify which of the following is true about limits and exclusions in a project scope statement.

The limits of the scope should be well-defined. Exclusion defines the boundary of the project by stating what is not included.

Which statement best explains a "finish to start" precedent relationship?

The predecessor must complete before the successor may start.

What will a well defined project scope provide?

The project goal(s) in specific, tangible, and measurable terms. A stronger chance of project success.

What elements are included in a project network?

The sequence of activities to complete the project. Work packages within a work breakdown structure . Inter-dependencies of activities.

Which statement regarding project planning is correct?

The size and complexity of the project will influence the plan structure.

Which statement is correct regarding the five steps to create a work breakdown structure (WBS) outlined by the chapter?

The steps can overlap and be repeatedly reviewed/changed during development.

Identify the true statements about general and administrative (G&A) overhead costs. (Check all that apply.)

These represent organization costs that are not directly linked to a specific project. These costs include organization costs across all products and projects such as advertising.

In an AON diagram, what are the means of the length and slope of the arrow?

They are completely arbitrary

Which of the following aspects of a work package are used by a work breakdown structure to facilitate planning, scheduling, and budgetary control?

Time estimates Technical performance requirements Resource requirements

Why are work package durations generally limited to the length of the progress reporting period?

To allow for project planning changes if required To make sure progress reporting doesn't stretch out too far

What is the goal of numbering activities in a project network?

To define network paths, locate specific activities, and troubleshoot.

What are the two primary purposes in defining the project scope?

To define the end user's deliverables. To provide focus for the project plan.

Why should groups be used in the risk identification stage, rather than individuals?

To make more accurate judgments about risks.

Identify the main reasons why the project cost estimate is broken down into direct costs, direct project overhead costs, and general and administrative overhead costs.

To sharpen the control process To improve decision making

Top down and bottom up estimating both use parametric (ratio) estimating, the difference is that...

Top down looks at the project as a total unit, whereas bottom up looks at individual tasks.

Match the methods of top-down and bottom-up estimates.

Top-Down Estimates matches Choice Consensus , Choice Ratio , Choice Apportion , Choice Function point , Choice Learning curves Bottom-Up Estimates matches Choice Template , Choice Parametric , Choice WBS packages , Choice Range estimates

Match the intended uses of top-down and bottom-up estimates.

Top-Down Estimates matches Choice Strategic decision making , Choice Unstable scope , Choice Internal, small project Bottom-Up Estimates matches Choice Cost and time important , Choice Fixed-price contract , Choice Customer wants details

slack is the amount of time an activity can exceed its early finish date without affecting the project end date or an imposed completion date.

Total

slack tells us the amount of time an activity can be delayed and not delay the project.

Total

True or false: Poorly written scope statements for new technology lead to errors in estimating times and costs.

True

Which of the following statements summarize why estimates are generally so inaccurate?

Uncertainty in predicting the future Flaws in the estimating process

Why is the accuracy of estimates for current events greater than that for more distant events?

Uncertainty increases over time.

With respect to using software to build a project network, the authors contention is that...

Understanding the calculations used is vital to proper use.

Which costs are examples of G&A overhead costs?

VP of Sales Advertising

If the project is small, the entire project team may be involved in developing the .

WBS

Sometimes, top-down estimates are used until the tasks in the are clearly defined.

WBS

The project objective of a scope statement must answer which of the following questions?

What needs to be accomplished/delivered? What is the budget for the project? When does the project need to be completed?

When should a project utilize the "project network" tool?

When planning, scheduling, and control are important.

After project execution begins, at what point in a project should time and cost estimates be reviewed for change?

When there is any change to the project scope

In the context of a project network, which of the following questions relates to predecessor activities?

Which activities must be completed immediately before this activity?

Why is past experience the best starting point for creating quality time and cost estimates?

While projects are unique, many elements are similar to past work.

The serves as a framework for tracking cost and work performance. (Enter only one word per blank.)

Work Breakdown Structure

Direct costs are real cash outflows expended as a project progresses and may be influenced by which of the following?

Work Package Leader. Project Manager. Project Team Member.

Once the scope and deliverables have been identified, the work of the project can be successively subdivided into smaller and smaller work elements. The outcome of this hierarchical process is called what?

Work breakdown structure

The suggested method for planning projects is a selective outline of the project called what?

Work breakdown structure

What method will allow for detailed cost account reporting on a project team's efforts?

Work breakdown structure coding.

Why is the hierarchical process of managing work called the work breakdown structure (WBS)?

Work is successively broken down into smaller and more manageable chunks.

The manager derives activity time estimates from the task times in what?

Work package

Why is bottom up estimating generally considered more accurate than top down?

Work packages are individually considered/estimated.

Estimating a project's time and cost should be __.

a continual process rather than a one time event.

Range estimating works best when work packages have significant uncertainty, and Blank______ estimation will usually arrive at a more reasonable average.

a group

Which best describes the precedence relationship of activities within a project network? An activity cannot begin until ___.

all activities immediately before it are complete.

A deliverable in a process breakdown structure (PBS) is defined as:

an output of some activity allowing the start of a new project phase.

The method is an extension to the ratio method.

apportion

The dependencies among activities are depicted by between the rectangles (boxes) on the AON network.

arrows

It is important that project team members and stakeholders know why management the project. (Enter only one word per blank.)

authorized

basically breaks activities into smaller segments so that work can be done in parallel and the project expedited.

concurrent engineering

The method simply uses the pooled experience of senior and/or middle managers to estimate the total project duration and cost.

consensus

All task time estimates need time units.

consistent

A project priority matrix is used to visually identify which criterion is ___.

constrained, enhanced, or accepted.

A white elephant mega project is one that is ___. (Check all that apply.)

cost exceeds benefits over budget under value

Using several people to make an estimate is sometimes called "".

crowdsourcing

Organizational shapes every dimension of project management.

culture

Project promoters are often accused of using ___ to promote mega projects?

deception

How many tasks you include in each activity sets the level of .

detail

Cost of labor, materials, and equipment are examples of _____ costs.

direct

Learning curves describe the relationship where each time the output quantity , the unit labor hours are reduced at a constant rate.

doubles

define the boundary of the project by stating what is not included. For example, data will be collected by the client, not the contractor. (Enter only one word per blank.)

exclusions

As projects progress, a manager obtains a better understanding of the project. This may lead to major changes in project and .

expenses and costs

Concurrent engineering is also called in project management.

fast tracking

A project network that shows -- relationship assumes that all immediately preceding connected activities must be completed before the next activity can begin.

finish to start

In the software industry, software development projects are frequently estimated using weighted macro variables called or major parameters such as number of inputs, number of outputs, number of inquiries, number of data files, and number of interfaces.

function points

The WBS defines all the elements of the project in a Blank______ framework and establishes their relationships to the project end item(s).

hierarchical

Time and cost devoted to managing rises exponentially as the number of people and different disciplines involved increases on a project.

interactions

Activities can be broken into segments and the network drawn using a approach so the following activity can begin sooner and not delay the work.

laddering

A is the minimum amount of time a dependent activity must be delayed to begin or end.

lag

An activity identification number must be than that of any activities that precede it.

larger

In a forward pass, you carry the EF to the next activity. Assuming that activity is a merge activity, you select the early finish number (EF) of all its immediate predecessor activities.

largest

Codes are used in a WBS to define ____.

levels and elements.

A _____ is the contingency budget set aside to deal with risk events.

management reserve

The project is responsible for seeing that there is agreement with the owner on project objectives, deliverables at each stage of the project, technical requirements, and so forth.

manager

The is the framework for the project information system that will be used by the project managers to make decisions concerning project time, cost, and performance.

network

Some computer programs require a common start and finish event in the form of a for a project network.

node

A simple breakdown by , most , and for task time could provide valuable information regarding time and cost.

optimistic likely pessimistic

Deliverables are the expected, measurable over the life of the project.

outputs

Direct project costs can be tied to project deliverables or work packages.

overhead

In some cases people are inclined to estimates. (Enter only one word per blank.)

pad

Another name for this relationship is concurrent relationship.

parrallel

The factor can influence the quality of time and cost estimates.

people

At the work package level, estimates should be made by the most familiar with the task.

person

Risks can have both or consequences.

positive negative

Many firms collect time and cost data through the .

project office

Defining the project scope sets the stage for developing a detailed

project plan

Top down estimating for projects is best suited for situations when ___.

project proposals are being evaluated. a WBS cannot easily be defined.

Top-down methods, sometimes called parametric, usually use Blank______ to estimate project times or costs.

ratios or surrogates

Work packages are critical for planning and scheduling a project because they are the level within a work breakdown structure (WBS) that will define ___.

required time. required resources. costs.

In the context of a project scope checklist, deliverables and are often used interchangeably.

requirements

One tool that is widely used by project managers and task force leaders of small projects is the .

responsability matrix

No amount of planning can overcome , or the inability to control chance events.

risk

Project is the keystone interlocking all elements of a project plan.

scope

Research clearly shows that a poorly defined is the most frequently mentioned barrier to project success.

scope

The term describes what you expect to deliver to your customer when the project is complete.

scope

The tendency for a project scope to unofficially expand during project execution, and possibly change the requirements, specifications, and/or timing of a project is referred to as ___.

scope creep.

Milestones in a project:

should be natural, important control points. are a rough-cut project schedule.

LF - EF = .

slack

What key pieces of activity related information are obtained after completing both the forward and backward passes?

slack duration early and late start dates

Most computer programs will assign calendar dates automatically after you identify _____.

start dates time units non-working days

The main disadvantage of top-down approaches to estimating is simply that the time and cost for a specific are not considered.

task

First-line managers' interests may be limited to one or .

task work package

If the project is similar to past projects, then methods can be used as a starting point for the new project.

template

The critical path is the path with _____.

the longest duration through the network.

In the project scope checklist, the first step is to set ___.

the overall project objective.

In practice, external risk events are often referred to as "Blank______" to differentiate them from those that are not within a project manager's or team's responsibility area.

threats

The purpose of an organization breakdown structure (OBS) is to ___.

tie organizational units to cost control accounts. identify organizational units responsible for work packages. summarize organizational unit work performance.

A new technology usually carries more and cost than a proven process. (Enter only one word per blank.)

time risk

- estimates usually are derived from someone who uses experience and/or information to determine the project duration and total cost.

top down

Detailed work package estimates are aggregated and "rolled up" by deliverable to estimate the:

total direct cost of the project.

Use of must be coordinated with all participants in the activities that follow in the chain.

total slack

When constructing a project network for a project with 25 - 100 tasks, a common industry practice is to _____.

utilize the "yellow sticky" approach

The use of is the dominant choice for expressing task duration in project management.

workdays